textual
information
exists
within
the
scanned
image
.
Once
the
input
data
has
been
normalized
to
some
degree
,
the
most
challenging
field
of
recognition
takes
overÂsegmentation
.
Two
main
strategies
of
segmentation
can
be
applied
.
The
bottom-up
,
or
analytical
approach
builds
words
out
of
the
recognition
of
their
component
characters
.
This
is
the
more
traditional
meaning
of
segmentation
,
where
letters
(
or
parts
of
wordsÂword
units
)
are
intelligently
separated
from
the
rest
of
the
word
.
On
the
other
hand
,
top-down
,
or
holistic
models
attempt
to
recognize
the
attributes
present
within
words
.
They
operate
on
a
higher
level
of
abstraction
,
extracting
features
from
words
rather
than
partitioning
the
word
and
attempting
to
recognize
each
part
of
it
.
Segmentation
can
be
combined
with
the
removal
of
noise
and
extraneous
non-textual
strokes
,
such
as
when
characters
are
meant
to
be
printed
neatly
within
individual
boxes
.
This
requires
a
quite
simpler
segmentation
procedure
than
,
say
,
cursive
word
partitioning
.
In
address
and
zip
code
recognition
,
however
,
removal
of
noise
such
as
postal
symbols
and
markings
on
an
envelope
is
not
a
trivial
matter
.
One
method
accomplishes
this
by
following
paths
of
minimal
curvature
changeÂ"good
"
continuationÂto
intersect
the
boundaries
for
segmentation
(
Impedovo
,
10
)
.
Segmentation
can
also
be
a
byproduct
of
the
character
recognition
algorithm
.
This
"
implicit
"
segmentation
occurs
as
symbols
are
tentatively
drawn
from
pieces
of
the
word
in
question
without
as
yet
committing
to
the
exact
size
of
the
piece
.
Contextual
or
statistical
information
is
then
used
to
determine
a
match
for
the
tentative
symbol
.
Segmentation
is
more
a
byproduct
of
this
process
than
an
algorithm
in
itself
.
Segments
are
the
result
of
recognition
,
rather
than
vice
versa
(
Lecolinet
,
247
)
.
Methods
of
analytical
or
explicit
segmentation
involve
making
more
rigid
guesses
for
the
boundaries
of
characters
.
Vertical
and
horizontal
histograms
can
be
used
to
discover
variations
in
thickness
which
correspond
to
boundaries
.
Also
,
upper
or
lower
contours
can
be
used
to
pinpoint
them
(
Impedovo
,
12
)
.
On-line
character
recognition
can
provide
invaluable
temporal
information
to
aid
in
segmentation
.
Some
methods
even
attempt
to
extract
such
information
from
off-line
texts
.
After
initial
segmentation
,
individual
symbols
are
fed
to
a
contextual
post-processing
unit
which
then
recognizes
them
.
The
recognition
step
generally
can
modify
the
boundaries
produced
by
what
would
then
be
called
the
initial
process
of
"
loose
segmentation
.
"
No
segmentation
method
based
upon
pixels
alone
can
possibly
be
foolproof
.
The
contextual
analysis
stage
is
extremely
essential
in
resolving
the
unavoidable
ambiguities
and
errors
of
recognition
and
adjusting
further
segmentation
attempts
.
The
holistic
approach
to
segmentation
attempts
to
address
these
problems
more
directly
.
Instead
of
recognizing
characters
individually
,
it
mimics
the
way
in
which
a
human
may
perceive
text
.
This
scheme
can
sometimes
tolerate
dramatic
amounts
of
deformation
within
words
,
as
is
often
seen
in
cursive
script
.
However
,
it
is
greatly
dependent
upon
its
prescribed
lexicon
of
words
,
as
they
are
the
units
by
which
the
objects
of
recognition
are
compared
.
How
can
this
model
be
extended
to
support
the
nearly
infinite
variety
of
inputs
which
could
conceivably
be
handled
by
bottom-up
approaches
?
One
way
to
generalize
the
top-down
approach
is
to
provide
rules
for
deriving
the
lexicon
from
a
database
.
Representations
for
new
words
can
then
be
generated
by
a
reconstruction
model
which
uses
generic
information
about
character
and
ligature
formations
in
the
database
(
Lecolinet
,
239
)
.
Given
the
complexity
of
an
entire
word
as
opposed
to
a
single
character
,
how
can
the
holistic
approach
manage
to
match
a
word
shape
to
an
item
within
the
lexicon
?
Early
techniques
attempted
to
detect
the
"
middle
zone
"
of
a
word
and
then
note
where
ascenders
and
descenders
and
other
such
notable
features
were
located
.
However
,
these
comparison
techniques
were
not
robust
enough
to
withstand
large
word
deformations
.
More
advanced
practices
use
dynamic
programming
,
which
computes
and
optimizes
the
distance
between
the
given
word
and
another
in
the
lexicon
,
provided
a
set
of
simple
transformations
(
Lecolinet
,
243
)
.
Hidden
Markov
Models
are
also
worthy
candidates
for
word
as
well
as
letter
matching
.
They
construct
probabilistic
models
of
the
structure
from
a
set
of
unknown
primitives
.
HMMs
are
more
analytic
than
holistic
,
however
,
being
derived
from
lower-level
letter
or
intra-letter
states
.
Given
this
arsenal
of
tools
,
todayÂs
broad
range
of
multi-layered
handwriting
recognition
systems
show
great
promise
in
attaining
levels
of
recognition
approaching
that
of
humans
in
some
cases
.
Introducing
the
Newton
AppleÂs
Newton
MessagePad
has
found
success
in
on-line
printed
handwriting
recognition
using
the
Apple
Print-Recognizer
.
The
APR
incorporates
a
three-step
bottom-up
approach
:
(
1
)
character-level
analysis
and
loose
segmentation
,
(
2
)
classification
,
and
(
3
)
context-sensitive
search
(
Yaeger
,
74
)
.
An
artificial
neural
network
serves
as
a
classifier
for
each
character
.
The
top
finishers
within
its
output
vector
of
probabilities
is
then
entered
into
a
search
engine
within
a
lexical
context
which
provides
as
a
result
a
best
guess
of
the
most
likely
word
given
the
past
string
of
probable
characters
To
manage
the
near-impossibility
of
providing
segmentation
without
context
to
the
neural
net
,
the
net
must
consider
many
possible
segmentations
;
final
decisions
are
deferred
until
the
search
stage
.
As
the
user
inputs
characters
,
each
individual
stroke
is
enumerated
and
grouped
with
its
neighbors
in
every
possible
combination
to
be
fed
into
the
network
.
The
networkÂs
possible
classifications
are
finally
sent
to
the
search
engine
which
simply
looks
up
the
minimum-cost
path
through
its
dictionary
,
obeying
the
legal
transitions
between
the
tentative
segmentations
which
were
tried
.
Grammars
for
changes
in
case
,
the
improbability
of
numbers
embedded
within
words
,
the
use
of
punctuation
,
and
common
patterns
such
as
phone
numbers
dramatically
help
improve
accuracy
beyond
the
dictionary
look-up
.
A
Neural
Network
Character
Classifier
Neural
networks
were
chosen
for
the
classification
engine
of
the
Apple
Print-Recognizer
based
on
their
extensive
history
in
outperforming
other
recognition
approaches
.
Great
care
was
taken
in
generating
the
networkÂs
structure
and
preparing
its
input
to
form
a
representation
most
useful
for
the
network
.
A
fairly
standard
multilayer
feedforward
network
trained
by
backpropagation
was
chosen
but
modularized
into
two
parallel
recognizers
which
were
then
joined
at
the
final
output
layer
(
Yaeger
,
75
)
.
One
half
of
the
network
accepted
an
anti-aliased
image
of
a
stroke
feature
and
the
strokeÂs
enumeration
number
.
Beneath
this
were
two
fully-connected
hidden
layers
of
72
and
104
elements
each
.
Since
networks
respond
best
to
smoothly
varying
inputs
,
anti-aliased
image
data
was
chosen
for
input
because
of
the
clear
improvement
over
straight
binary
data
.
The
other
half
of
the
network
accepted
a
14x14-pixel
anti-aliased
image
of
a
character
,
and
this
was
then
connected
to
eight
partially-connected
hidden
layers
.
These
layers
selectively
accepted
activations
from
the
input
layer
in
order
to
become
more
sensitized
to
certain
features
of
the
input
character
.
For
instance
,
a
hidden
layer
matrix
measuring
1x7
would
take
the
average
pixel
value
over
every
odd
horizontal
line
of
the
image
in
the
input
layer
.
This
would
generate
a
sort
of
vertical
histogram
of
the
pixels
.
Other
matrices
likewise
favored
the
top
,
bottom
,
left
,
and
right
sides
of
the
input
image
.
Also
,
5x5
and
7x7
grids
were
included
to
observe
features
of
the
input
existing
on
larger
scales
.
These
parallel
hidden
layers
were
fully
connected
with
one
large
hidden
layer
of
112
units
.
The
resulting
outputs
from
both
independent
halves
of
the
network
were
merged
together
simply
by
the
networkÂs
architecture
,
into
one
final
output
layer
expressing
a
probability
for
each
of
95
discrete
characters
.
These
outputs
would
decide
the
possible
candidates
for
the
next
character
in
the
current
word
.
The
networkÂs
second-
and
third-choice
outputs
were
very
poor
,
however
,
as
a
result
of
the
mean-squared
error
minimization
which
occurs
in
backpropagation
.
Also
the
training
sets
consisted
entirely
of
0Âs
except
for
a
1
marking
the
correct
output
,
and
indeed
the
network
attempted
to
mimic
this
behavior
at
all
costs
.
To
resolve
these
issues
,
the
backpropagation
error
for
non-target
nodes
was
reduced
by
normalizing
the
error
seen
at
a
given
output
relative
to
the
error
seen
at
the
target
node
.
(
Error
at
the
target
output
remained
unchanged.
)
As
a
result
of
this
training
modification
,
the
networkÂs
outputs
gracefully
degraded
away
from
the
top-choice
classification
and
hence
provided
more
useful
second-
and
third-choices
(
Yaeger
,
77
)
.
While
this
method
slightly
reduced
the
accuracy
of
the
primary
character
classification
,
the
net
effect
was
always
an
increase
in
word
accuracy
.
Besides
reliably
producing
the
correct
classification
for
well-segmented
inputs
,
the
classifier
network
must
also
carry
the
weight
of
processing
input
patterns
resulting
from
poor
segmentation
.
Consequently
,
an
integral
part
of
network
learning
was
"
negatively
training
"
in
which
badly-segmented
input
and
a
target
output
of
all
zeros
was
applied
.
However
,
what
mechanism
would
prevent
the
network
from
immediately
unlearning
its
correct
classification
of
characters
such
as
"
l
"
or
"
o
"
when
such
inputs
could
conceivably
be
presented
as
examples
of
incorrect
segmentation
?
Two
methods
reduced
the
undesirable
impacts
of
negative
training
:
reducing
the
learning
rate
and
discarding
70
%
to
95
%
of
all
possible
negative
examples
.
Again
,
this
may
seem
contradictory
to
the
goal
of
developing
a
set
of
weights
for
the
network
which
produces
accurate
classifications
,
but
the
tradeoff
results
in
significant
increases
in
whole-word
recognition
.
Several
other
mechanisms
helped
increase
the
APRÂs
robustness
.
Repeatedly
applying
the
same
input
images
after
varying
combinations
of
scaling
,
skewing
,
and
rotation
provided
improved
generalization
of
input
,
decreasing
its
dependency
upon
the
handwriting
supplied
by
the
training
data
set
.
Symbols
which
occur
very
frequently
in
the
English
language
were
applied
to
the
network
less
often
.
Throughout
the
entire
training
process
,
the
learning
rate
was
moderated
by
a
type
of
simulated
annealing
.
At
the
end
of
any
epoch
whose
total
squared
error
increased
on
the
training
set
over
the
previous
epoch
,
the
learning
rate
was
decayed
by
a
factor
of
0.9
.
This
adjustment
happened
to
take
place
every
few
dozen
epochs
,
allowing
a
starting
learning
rate
of
nearly
1.0
.
Judging
by
the
favorable
results
,
this
apparently
aided
a
great
deal
in
the
escaping
of
local
minima
.
Conclusion
Operated
by
a
meticulous
and
trained
person
,
the
Apple
Print-Recognizer
can
achieve
100
%
accuracy
in
hand-print
recognition
.
Only
80
%
accuracy
is
yielded
by
uninformed
complete
novice
users
.
Many
users
,
however
,
have
unscientifically
reported
accuracies
above
95
%
and
up
to
98
%
,
proving
this
technology
extremely
workable
.
Many
of
the
techniques
of
APR
which
force
the
network
to
allocate
resources
to
underrepresented
stimuli
proved
extremely
valuable
to
the
entire
systemÂs
high
accuracy
.
Some
of
these
design
choices
included
output
error
normalization
for
otherwise
stifled
second-
and
third-choice
outputs
,
biasing
against
the
most
often
occurring
inputs
,
and
reduced-probability
negative
training
.
These
techniques
acted
together
to
temper
the
inherent
inclination
of
neural
networks
to
closely
converge
upon
the
trained
output
.
Instead
,
the
network
was
steered
toward
more
balanced
results
which
a
context
grammar
could
dependably
exploit
.
The
advantages
of
the
multi-layered
model
have
been
shown
through
the
robust
performance
exhibited
by
this
practical
commercial
solution
to
on-line
handwriting
recognition
.
About
this
paper
I
wrote
this
paper
while
earning
my
Masters
of
Computer
Science
degree
at
the
University
of
Illinois
at
Urbana-Champaign
,
May
1998
.
This
was
my
final
assignment
for
CS
442
:
"
Artificial
Neural
Networks
,
"
taught
by
Dr.
Sylvian
Ray
.
Unfortunately
I
do
n't
have
any
additional
information
on
handwriting
recognition
other
than
what
appears
in
this
paper
.
I
can
only
recommend
checking
out
the
books
listed
below
.
I
did
n't
write
any
actual
algorithms
which
could
recognize
handwriting
.
é
2000
Scott
Teresi
.
This
text
is
available
on
my
web
site
:
http://www.teresi.us
Please
notify
me
if
you
re-distribute
this
paper
.
I
would
be
glad
to
hear
it
!
Works
Cited
Dori
,
Dov
,
and
Alfred
Bruckstein
,
ed
.
Shape
,
Structure
and
Pattern
Recognition
.
New
Jersey
:
World
Scientific
Publishing
Co.
,
1995
.
Gorsky
,
N.D.
"
Off-line
Recognition
of
Bad
Quality
Handwritten
Words
Using
Prototypes
.
"
Fundamentals
in
Handwriting
Recognition
.
Ed
.
Sebastiano
Impedovo
.
New-York
:
Springer-Verlag
,
1994
.
Impedovo
,
Sebastiano
.
"
Frontiers
in
Handwriting
Recognition
.
"
Fundamentals
in
Handwriting
Recognition
.
Ed
.
Sebastiano
Impedovo
.
New-York
:
Springer-Verlag
,
1994
.
Licolinet
,
Eric
,
and
Olivier
Baret
.
"
Cursive
Word
Recognition
:
Methods
and
Strategies
.
"
Fundamentals
in
Handwriting
Recognition
.
Ed
.
Sebastiano
Impedovo
.
New-York
:
Springer-Verlag
,
1994
.
Simon
,
J.C.
"
On
the
Robustness
of
Recognition
of
Degraded
Line
Images
.
"
Fundamentals
in
Handwriting
Recognition
.
Ed
.
Sebastiano
Impedovo
.
New-York
:
Springer-Verlag
,
1994
.
Wang
,
Patrick
Shen-Pei
.
"
Learning
,
Representation
,
Understanding
and
Recognition
of
Words
-
An
Intelligent
Approach
.
"
Fundamentals
in
Handwriting
Recognition
.
Ed
.
Sebastiano
Impedovo
.
New-York
:
Springer-Verlag
,
1994
.
Yaeger
,
Larry
S.
,
Brandyn
J.
Webb
,
and
Richard
F.
Lyon
.
"
Combining
Neural
Networks
and
Context-Driven
Search
for
Online
,
Printed
Handwriting
Recognition
in
the
Newton
.
"
A.I.
Magazine
.
19(1
)
:
73-89
,
1998
Spring
.
Young
,
Tzay
Y.
,
and
King-Sun
Fu
,
ed
.
Handbook
of
Pattern
Recognition
and
Image
Processing
.
New
York
:
Academic
Press
,
Inc.
,
1996
.
</text>
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Boy
Meets
Book
Best
Boy
Reads
When
you
go
into
the
Young
Adult
section
of
your
public
or
school
library
,
does
it
seem
like
all
the
books
are
for
girls
?
Are
Sweet
Valley
High
and
Teen
Angels
threatening
to
overwhelm
you
with
their
sickening
pastel
covers
?
Well
,
never
fear
,
Best
Boy
Reads
are
here
!
Believe
it
or
not
,
there
are
some
great
books
out
there
for
the
teen-aged
males
of
the
world
who
like
a
little
more
testosterone
in
their
paperbacks
.
Girls
for
Breakfast
by
David
Yoo
Why
ca
n't
Nick
Park
score
?
Is
it
because
he
's
just
too
desperate
around
the
female
objects
of
his
desire
,
and
has
been
since
he
discovered
Playboy
in
third
grade
?
Is
it
because
he
lives
on
uncool
Summit
Road
while
all
the
popular
kids
live
up
in
the
tony
suburb
of
Renfield
Hills
?
Is
it
because
he
lacks
the
He-Man
pectorals
of
his
fellow
varsity
soccer
players
no
matter
how
many
push-ups
he
does
?
(
I
mean
,
GOD
,
he
's
up
to
50
!
)
Or
could
it
be
that
everyone
thinks
he
is
a
"
whitewashed
Banana"ÃÂwhite
on
the
inside
and
yellow
(
Korean
)
on
the
outside
?
Nick
's
secret
fear
is
that
his
very
Korean-ness
in
the
lily
white
suburb
of
Renfield
Connecticut
is
what
's
keeping
him
from
realizing
his
dream
of
getting
past
third
base
with
a
girl
-
ANY
girl
.
Deeply
funny
and
painfully
realistic
,
David
Yoo
's
novel
does
what
Melvin
Burgess
's
flashy
Doing
It
fell
short
ofÃÂgives
readers
the
true
inner
life
of
an
adolescent
boy
,
warts
and
all
.
It
is
n't
pretty
,
and
it
is
n't
at
all
comfortable
,
but
man
oh
man
,
is
it
compulsively
readable
.
A+++
!
-
Added
June
22
,
2005
.
Funny
Little
Monkey
by
Andrew
Auseon
In
clearly
the
best
debut
of
2005
so
far
,
a
pissed
off
teenage
midget
named
Arty
screws
with
his
bullying
fraternal
twin
's
mind
by
hiring
a
skinhead
named
Kerouac
to
come
up
with
a
prank
so
diabolical
,
it
will
set
their
entire
school
on
a
mad
goose
chase
for
a
giant
,
concrete....turtle
.
Weird
?
Yes
.
Bizarre
?
Heck
ya
!
One
of
the
most
original
coming
of
age
stories
I
've
ever
read
?
Abso-frickin'-lutely
.
If
you
're
into
David
Sedaris
or
like-minded
writers
who
pull
no
punches
when
dealing
with
the
absurdity
of
life
,
you
simply
cannot
afford
to
miss
Funny
Little
Monkey
.
-
Added
March
13
,
2005
.
Looking
for
Alaska
by
John
Green
Miles
is
looking
for
the
"
Great
Perhaps
,
"
and
he
knows
he
's
not
going
to
find
it
in
any
of
the
ordinary
places
.
So
he
's
off
to
boarding
school
,
where
he
will
be
free
to
reinvent
himself
and
shed
his
safe
(
read
,
"
boring
"
)
image
.
Once
ensconced
at
Culver
Creek
,
he
is
befriended
by
the
Colonel
,
a
Culver
Creek
veteran
who
shows
him
the
ropes
,
and
the
unbelievably
sexy
Alaska
,
who
's
husky
voice
and
gorgeous
face
keep
him
up
at
night
.
Miles
finally
learns
what
it
is
like
to
belong
,
as
he
is
adopted
into
Alaska
's
inner
circle
and
nicknamed
"
Pudge
,
"
(
because
he
is
so
skinny
)
The
novel
starts
each
chapter
with
a
countdown
that
is
marching
towards
what
?
Miles
'
discovery
of
his
"
great
perhaps
"
?
He
and
Alaska
's
first
kiss
?
Or
something
deeper
,
more
sinister
?
As
Alaska
's
self
destructive
behavior
is
demonstrated
over
and
over
,
readers
will
begin
to
fear
not
only
for
her
,
but
also
for
the
fragile
Miles
.
Head
over
heels
for
the
first
time
in
his
life
,
what
will
Miles
do
if
something
happens
to
Alaska
?
Is
this
your
typical
coming
of
age
novel
?
Yes
,
but
in
many
ways
it
is
so
much
more
.
If
you
're
tired
of
the
same
old
"
life
lesson
learned
"
YA
novel
,
try
Looking
for
Alaska
.
I
promise
you
'll
find
something
different
and
better
within
these
pages
.
-
Added
February
25
,
2005
.
The
Unthinkable
Thoughts
of
Jacob
Green
by
Joshua
Braff
During
the
late
70
's
and
early
80
's
,
Jacob
Green
comes
of
age
in
a
Jewish
family
where
his
narcissistic
father
Abram
rules
supreme
.
There
is
no
getting
around
his
father
's
demand
for
perfection
in
all
things
,
so
Jacob
just
tries
to
hide
his
worsening
learning
disability
from
Abram
's
prying
eyes
.
He
lives
a
vicarious
life
through
his
older
brother
,
Asher
,
who
never
shrinks
from
confronting
their
father
,
and
often
belittles
the
one
thing
Abram
reveres
most--their
Jewish
religion
.
Jacob
also
escapes
by
having
"
unthinkable
thoughts"--fantasies
about
his
hippie
babysitter
and
what
he
wishes
he
could
REALLY
write
on
his
bar
mitzvah
thank
you
cards
.
But
when
Jacob
's
mother
Claire
leaves
Abram
for
another
man
,
the
shaky
family
finally
falls
apart
and
Jacob
is
left
to
pick
up
the
pieces
of
his
father
's
shattered
ego
.
You
may
have
noticed
that
the
author
shares
a
last
name
with
a
certain
brilliant
actor/writer
who
penned
the
incredibly
cool
"
Garden
State
"
screenplay
.
You
go
on
with
your
bad
selves
,
burgeoning
literary
genius
Braff
brothers
!
!
-
Added
October
24
,
2004
.
Bucking
the
Sarge
by
Christopher
Paul
Curtis
Fifteen
Luther
Farrell
wants
a
lot
of
things
:
to
win
the
state
wide
science
fair
,
to
ask
out
Shayla
Patrick
,
the
secret
love
of
his
life
,
to
save
up
enough
money
that
he
can
someday
blow
out
of
the
depressed
factory
town
of
Flint
,
Michigan
and
never
look
back
.
There
's
only
one
thing
standing
in
the
way
of
all
these
dreams
.
Luther
's
tight-fisted
,
tough-talking
mother
,
the
Sarge
.
The
Sarge
needs
Luther
too
much
to
let
him
waste
his
time
with
a
girlfriend
or
leave
her
after
graduation
.
Otherwise
,
who
will
help
her
run
her
evil
empire
of
illegal
housing
projects
and
shady
half
way
houses
?
But
when
Luther
learns
that
the
Sarge
never
intended
to
give
him
the
money
she
claimed
to
be
saving
for
his
college
education
,
he
hatches
an
ingenious
plan
to
hit
her
where
it
will
hurt
her
most--in
the
wallet
.
At
turns
funny
and
achingly
sad
,
this
is
Christopher
Paul
Curtis
's
most
edgy
novel
to
date
.
Taking
a
risk
with
both
audience
and
fan
base
,
the
author
dared
to
take
the
image
of
the
self-sacrificing
single
African
American
mother
and
literally
turn
it
on
its
head
,
with
great
success
.
Fans
of
former
CPC
novels
be
warned
,
this
is
no
Watsons
Go
to
Birmingham
.
So
do
n't
go
reading
it
aloud
to
your
little
brother
or
sister
!
-
Added
October
24
,
2004
.
Project
X
by
Jim
Shepard
Edwin
Hanratty
and
his
only
friend
,
Flake
,
are
two
marginalized
8th
graders
who
spend
their
miserably
long
days
at
school
dodging
the
twin
bullets
of
bullying
jocks
and
sarcastic
teachers
.
Edwin
,
who
worries
chronically
about
getting
his
locker
open
,
spends
many
sleepless
nights
reminiscing
about
his
childhood
,
when
he
felt
connected
to
his
parents
and
school
was
a
place
he
enjoyed
going
.
As
Flake
's
unstable
temper
grows
shorter
,
he
begins
to
convince
Edwin
that
the
only
way
to
solve
their
problems
is
to
kill
themselves
with
his
father
's
guns
and
take
as
many
people
as
they
can
with
them
.
Edwin
loves
his
parents
and
little
brother
Gus
,
but
ca
n't
see
his
future
ever
being
anything
but
wretched
.
But
when
the
moment
of
truth
comes
,
and
the
gun
is
in
his
hands
,
Edwin
is
surprised
and
humiliated
by
his
own
extreme
reaction...This
is
one
for
parents
and
teens
to
read
together
,
to
start
discussions
that
help
us
avoid
another
Columbine
.
There
's
powerful
stuff
between
these
pages--do
n't
be
fooled
by
the
short
length
.
It
really
packs
an
emotional
wallop
.
-
Added
October
24
,
2004
.
Out
of
Order
by
A.M.
Jenkins
Colt
Trammel
is
masquerading
as
a
dumb
jock
.
He
plays
a
mean
game
of
baseball
,
which
is
what
most
of
school
career
is
riding
on
,
since
his
grades
are
nothing
to
write
home
about
.
However
,
Colt
's
first-person
narrative
reveals
a
sharp
wit
underneath
his
coarse
exterior
,
and
a
painful
self-knowledge
of
how
stupid
he
appears
to
others
.
But
the
whole
school
scene
is
nothing
compared
to
dealing
with
the
women
in
his
life
.
There
's
his
gorgeous
girlfriend
Grace
who
refuses
to
give
him
any
real
play
;
green-haired
Corinne
who
is
the
first
person
to
ever
stand
up
to
his
wisecracks
and
see
beneath
his
carefully
constructed
surface
;
and
finally
quiet
Dory
,
with
a
rep.
as
the
school
slut
,
who
would
give
him
what
Grace
wo
n't
,
even
though
Colt
knows
he
should
n't
take
it
.
Not
much
happens
plot-wise
in
this
book
,
but
it
is
one
of
the
best
character-driven
novels
I
have
ever
read
,
and
gives
great
insight
into
the
mind
of
a
guy
.
Teenaged
males
,
do
you
agree
?
Email
me
if
you
think
Jenkins
has
nailed
the
male
high
school
persona
.
-
Added
January
19
,
2004
.
The
Afterlife
by
Gary
Soto
In
a
few
memorable
days
,
Chuy
makes
it
a
point
to
fulfill
all
the
dreams
he
's
ever
had
as
a
17
year
old
chico
growing
up
in
the
barrios
of
Fresno
,
California
.
He
asks
out
a
beautiful
girl
,
gets
great
seats
to
a
Raiders
game
,
and
tells
his
mother
how
much
he
really
loves
her
.
Why
is
Chuy
doing
all
this
now
,
when
he
never
had
the
courage
to
do
it
before
?
Because
on
page
2
of
Soto
's
daring
novel
,
Chuy
is
knifed
to
death
on
the
dirty
bathroom
floor
of
a
club
,
and
as
his
spirit
begins
to
float
away
,
Chuy
decides
to
make
the
most
of
his
quickly
dissolving
Afterlife
.
A
sort
of
Lovely
Bones
for
guys
(
and
the
girls
who
love
them
)
-
Added
January
19
,
2004
.
The
Curious
Incident
of
the
Dog
in
the
Night-Time
by
Mark
Haddon
Christopher
Boone
's
life
is
full
of
rules
.
Rule
#1
:
No
touching
.
Rule
#
2
:
No
lying
.
Rule
#3
:
5
red
cars
in
a
row
on
the
way
to
school=Super
Good
Day
.
Rule
#4
:
4
yellow
cars
in
a
row
on
the
way
to
school=Black
Day
.
Rule
#5
:
Nobody
goes
to
heaven
when
they
die
because
there
is
no
heaven
,
only
the
universe
,
and
so
on
and
so
forth
.
Christopher
's
rules
make
sense
to
him
because
he
has
a
mental
illness
called
autism
.
Because
of
his
illness
,
he
feels
very
little
emotion
,
and
needs
strictly
enforced
routines
and
patterns
to
make
himself
feel
safe
.
When
he
discovers
his
neighbor
's
dog
dead
on
her
lawn
in
the
middle
of
the
night
during
one
of
his
nighttime
rambles
,
he
is
frightened
(
because
it
does
n't
conform
to
his
rules
and
routines
)
but
also
intrigued
(
because
it
seems
like
the
beginnings
of
a
good
mystery
;
who
killed
the
dog
?
and
why
?
)
As
Christopher
begins
to
conduct
an
amateur
investigation
into
the
dog
's
mysterious
death
,
he
uncovers
not
only
who
was
behind
this
brutal
neighborhood
crime
,
but
also
some
deep
and
uncomfortable
truths
about
himself
and
his
family
.
Christopher
's
voice
is
utterly
unique
,
and
I
have
found
this
original
,
brilliant
book
impossible
to
forget
.
I
think
you
will
,
too
.
-
Added
November
3
,
2003
.
33
Snowfish
by
Adam
Rapp
Boobie
is
a
teenage
pyromaniac
who
has
killed
his
parents
and
kidnapped
his
baby
brother
with
the
intention
of
selling
him
to
the
highest
bidder
.
Custis
is
an
orphan
who
,
for
most
of
his
wretched
life
,
has
been
the
sexual
slave
of
middle-aged
pedophile
.
Curl
is
a
teenaged
prostitute
who
has
a
dangerous
crush
on
Boobie
.
These
three
miserable
outcasts
have
formed
a
tenuous
bond
and
are
all
on
the
run
for
Boobie
's
murder
.
The
heartbreaking
struggles
they
experience
together
as
a
sort
of
nightmarish
family
unit
will
leave
two
of
them
dead
,
and
only
one
left
to
learn
what
real
love
and
trust
feel
like
through
the
kindness
of
an
elderly
black
man
named
Seldom
,
and
his
chicken
Deuce
.
This
is
a
hard
,
hard
book
to
read
.
It
is
disturbing
and
graphic
and
strange
and
sad
.
Snowfish
contains
great
rewards
for
those
who
can
handle
its
horrific
descriptions
,
but
go
easy
on
yourself
if
you
think
this
sounds
like
something
you
're
not
ready
for
yet
.
I
'm
30
years
old
,
and
I
was
n't
ready
for
how
truly
sad
this
book
is
.
Read
this
one
cautiously
,
maybe
even
with
a
friend
or
parent
,
so
you
can
help
each
other
understand
the
terrible
beauty
of
this
story
.
-
Added
November
3
,
2003
.
Prep
by
Jake
Coburn
Just
as
Nick
is
getting
confident
that
he
can
handle
the
straight
and
narrow
life
,
ghosts
from
his
old
life
as
rich
,
upper
east
side
Manhattan
punk
graffiti
artist
start
beckoning
him
back
with
a
spray
can
and
a
smile
.
Almost
against
his
will
,
he
's
getting
drawn
back
into
the
gang
life
when
he
tries
to
help
out
the
mixed-up
little
brother
of
his
best
friend
and
secret
crush
,
Kris
.
Now
he
's
found
himself
in
the
middle
of
a
turf
war
,
when
all
he
wanted
to
do
was
to
see
how
close
he
could
get
to
Kris
before
she
pushed
him
away--again
.
Can
Nick
save
himself
a
second
time
,
and
make
Kris
see
how
much
he
really
cares
about
her
?
It
feels
like
author
Jake
Coburn
is
channeling
the
voice
of
Ponyboy
,
the
amazing
narrator
of
S.E.Hinton
's
classic
The
Outsiders
,
and
giving
that
voice
an
urban
spit
and
polish
through
Nick
.
This
is
an
authentic
and
strongly
felt
first
novel
.
-
Added
November
3
,
2003
.
Tribes
by
Arthur
Slade
Percy
Montmount
is
the
ultimate
loner
.
Ever
since
his
dad
,
an
anthropologist
,
died
on
the
Congo
three
years
ago
from
a
tsetse
fly
bite
,
Percy
's
been
acting
a
little
strange.(not
like
he
was
Mr.
Popularity
before
,
but
stranger
than
usual
)
He
's
started
keeping
an
extensive
field
journal
of
his
observations
of
that
exotic
group
known
as
Grade
Twelve
.
He
has
identified
several
different
strains
of
that
larger
group
,
including
the
Lipstick/Hairspray
tribe
,
the
Logo
tribe
,
and
the
Madonna
Cult
.
All
this
observation
leaves
very
little
time
for
actual
human
interaction
,
but
Percy
does
n't
mind
.
As
long
as
he
's
writing
,
he
does
n't
have
to
think
about
his
dad
's
death
,
his
mom
's
weird
hippie
habits
,
or
his
best
friend
's
suicide
that
resulted
from
an
unrequited
love
with
a
member
of
the
Lipstick/Hairspray
tribe
.
But
then
,
Graduation
,
that
huge
Rite
of
Passage
,
approaches
,
and
with
it
,
a
secret
about
Percy
's
family
that
could
be
just
what
Percy
needs
to
shock
him
out
of
observation
mode
and
back
into
the
real
world.(and
I
do
n't
mean
the
TV
show
)
-
Added
February
24
,
2003
.
America
by
E.R.
Frank
America
started
out
in
this
world
with
a
lotta
strikes
against
him
.
Born
to
a
drug-addicted
mother
and
shuffled
through
foster
home
after
foster
home
,
America
has
been
molested
,
abandoned
and
broken
too
many
times
to
count
.
Now
,
after
a
botched
suicide
attempt
,
he
has
ended
up
in
the
office
of
Dr.
B
,
a
caring
psychiatrist
who
has
decided
to
help
America
no
matter
what
,
despite
his
potty
mouth
and
huge
attitude
.
Rock-star
YA
author
Frank
(
who
is
my
all-time
fav.
,
check
out
my
rave
for
her
first
book
on
the
Short
Cuts
list
)
avoids
the
notorious
sophomore
slump
and
scores
another
hit
record
with
her
awesome
follow-up
to
Life
is
Funny
.
America
is
a
smart
,
scared
teen
whose
heart
of
gold
can
be
glimpsed
periodically
under
his
nasty
exterior
.
And
Frank
can
write
in
both
a
convincing
kid
and
teen
voice
.
My
favorite
part
of
this
book
is
when
America
is
forced
to
go
and
visit
his
crack-head
mom
and
she
leaves
him
and
his
two
half
brothers
(
all
under
the
age
of
8
)
alone
for
days
and
America
,
in
a
confused
,
little
boy
way
,
keeps
writing
his
foster
mom
's
phone
number
over
and
over
on
any
surface
he
can
reach
,
because
he
does
n't
want
to
forget
it
since
there
's
no
working
phone
in
the
apartment
.
Both
heartbreaking
and
amazing
,
America
is
so
moving
that
Rosie
O'Donnell
has
already
bought
the
film
rights
.
Which
means
America
could
be
coming
soon
to
a
theatre
near
YOU
!
Keep
your
peepers
peeled
for
it
!
-
Added
April
10
,
2002
.
Point
Blank
by
Anthony
Horowitz
Just
some
good
,
James-Bond-ian
fun
,
Point
Blank
is
an
exciting
,
thrill
ride
of
a
spy
story
,
that
grabs
you
from
the
first
line
of
the
first
chapter
,
and
rockets
you
all
the
way
to
the
end
.
Alex
Rider
is
a
14
year
old
spy
who
works
for
M16
,
England
's
version
of
the
CIA
.
His
latest
assignment
is
to
check
out
what
's
going
on
behind
the
scenes
of
the
posh
,
ultra-exclusive
French
boy
's
boarding
school
,
Point
Blanc
.
Outfitted
with
all
kinds
of
cool
spy
toys
(
including
a
single
gold
stud
he
wears
in
his
ear
that
,
if
pulled
out
,
becomes
a
tiny
bomb
that
detonates
into
a
big
explosion
!
)
Alex
discovers
that
the
evil
,
red-glasses
wearing
headmaster
and
his
goony
female
assistant
(
who
is
built
like
WWF
's
former
Chyna
,
but
has
the
face
of
a
bulldog
)
are
using
the
school
in
the
remote
French
Alps
as
a
cover-up
for
a
much
nastier
,
diabolical
plot
to
take
over
the
free
world
!
!
Evil
clones
,
secret
passageways
and
heart-stopping
snowmobile
chases
are
just
a
few
of
the
close
encounters
Alex
has
as
he
searches
for
the
truth
hidden
in
the
walls
of
Point
Blanc
.
And
the
ending
is
a
kick-ass
cliff
hanger
that
can
only
be
answered
in
a
follow-up
sequel
that
I
ca
n't
wait
to
read
!
If
you
become
as
hooked
on
Alex
's
"
Alias"-like
existence
,
be
sure
to
read
about
how
he
first
came
to
work
for
M16
in
Horowitz
's
first
Alex
Rider
book
,
Stormbreaker
.
-
Added
April
10
,
2002
.
Three
Clams
and
an
Oyster
by
Randy
Powell
High
school
juniors
McCallister
,
Beaterson
and
Deshutis
are
the
four-man
flag
football
team
Three
Clams
and
an
Oyster
,
except
there
's
only
three
of
them
.
There
used
to
be
four
,
but
their
best
bud
Cade
Savage
ca
n't
be
depended
on
anymore
since
he
's
become
so
interested
in
drinking
and
partying
.
Now
it
's
the
final
weekend
before
the
September
deadline
of
listing
your
team
members
on
the
roster
,
and
the
three
Clams
are
up
a
creek
.
Do
they
officially
dump
Savage
for
a.
)
Big
Man
on
Campus
Thor
,
who
's
a
local
football
legend
,
but
smokes
a
little
too
much
weed
,
b.
)
Tim
Goon
,
he
of
the
unfortunate
last
name
,
"
man
breasts
,
"
and
Wayne
Newton
resemblance
,
but
also
owner
of
a
ski
cabin
he
might
let
the
guys
use
,
c.
)
or
Rachel
Summerfield
,
the
best
jock
of
them
all
,
but
so
pretty
and
confident
that
the
guys
are
n't
sure
they
can
deal
with
her
upstaging
them
.
Over
the
course
of
one
weekend
,
these
three
dudes
have
some
of
the
most
realistic
conversations
and
arguments
I
've
ever
read
in
a
teen
novel
that
range
from
hilarious
to
heart-breaking
as
they
try
to
make
the
most
mature
decision
,
learning
a
lot
about
themselves
and
each
other
in
the
process
.
And
if
you
're
not
a
huge
fan
of
flag
football
,
do
n't
worry
about
it
.
Because
this
super-smart
,
funny
book
is
about
just
about
everything
else
BUT
football
.
-
Added
April
10
,
2002
.
Whale
Talk
by
Chris
Crutcher
TJ
,
a
high
school
senior
of
black
,
Japanese
and
white
heritage
,
is
tired
of
all
the
jocks
making
the
rules
at
his
school
,
especially
when
he
's
just
as
gifted
athleticallyÃÂhe
just
chooses
not
to
be
a
"
team
player
.
"
He
decides
to
challenge
all
the
muscle-heads
by
assembling
a
swim
team
made
up
of
the
school
's
biggest
"
losers
,
"
knowing
it
will
just
kill
all
the
jocks
to
see
the
guys
they
make
fun
of
on
a
daily
basis
sporting
letter
jackets
.
Can
he
handle
the
fallout
and
his
own
uncontrollable
anger
when
the
situation
gets
out
of
control
?
A
great
guy
read
full
of
flying
fists
,
brave
hearts
and
tough
decisions
.
-
Added
November
16
,
2001
.
The
Rag
and
Bone
Shop
by
Robert
Cormier
Jason
is
a
loner
,
and
one
of
those
sweet
guys
who
likes
babysitting
and
helping
out
with
younger
kids
.
Except
now
one
of
his
little
friends
Alicia
has
been
murdered
and
dumped
in
the
woods
,
and
Jason
was
the
last
one
to
see
her
alive
.
Now
the
local
police
have
brought
in
their
top
interrogator
,
Trent
,
a
mysterious
man
known
for
ALWAYS
getting
his
confession
.
And
Jason
has
a
secretÃ
or
does
he
?
Will
Trent
force
Jason
to
confess
,
whether
he
's
guilty
or
not
?
Become
a
fly
on
the
wall
of
the
interrogation
room
in
this
tense
,
hyper-suspensful
psychological
thriller
by
the
late
,
great
Robert
Cormier
.
-
Added
November
16
,
2001
.
The
Buffalo
Tree
by
Adam
Rapp
Sura
has
been
thrown
into
a
hard
core
juvie
center
for
"
clipping
hoodies
.
"
His
cock-sure
,
sensitive
,
yet
unsentimental
voice
chronicles
the
abuses
and
brutal
conditions
he
suffers
in
authentic
sounding
street
slang
that
sounds
like
The
Clockwork
Orange
meets
One
Flew
Over
the
Cuckoo
's
Nest
.
While
madness
and
rage
swirl
all
around
him
and
threaten
to
beat
him
down
,
Sura
manages
to
keep
the
evil
of
the
place
at
bay
by
concentrating
on
the
sanctity
of
his
home
,
which
he
never
plans
to
take
for
granted
again
.
With
more
instinct
than
intellect
,
he
knows
how
to
keep
his
head
low
even
as
both
of
his
roommates
get
sucked
in
and
destroyed
by
the
system
.
With
a
perfect
ear
,
Adam
Rapp
has
done
the
nearly
impossible--written
a
book
about
a
boy
that
sounds
like
it
was
written
by
a
boy
and
not
a
well-meaning
adult
.
He
joins
the
ranks
of
Laurie
Halse
Anderson
and
E.R.
Frank
as
one
of
my
all-time
,
stand-out
YA
favs
.
-
Added
March
13
,
2001
.
Tribute
to
Another
Dead
Rock
Star
by
Randy
Powell
Hardcore
skater
Grady
Grennen
is
n't
too
thrilled
about
what
life
's
been
dishing
out
to
him
lately
.
First
,
his
heavy
metal
rock
star
mom
overdosed
a
year
ago
,
leaving
him
high
and
dry
with
his
grandma
.
His
half-brother
,
Louie
,
while
loveable
,
is
mentally
retarded
,
which
does
n't
exactly
make
him
the
greatest
sounding
board
for
Grady
's
thoughts
and
feelings
concerning
his
mom
's
death
.
Now
,
he
's
been
sucker-punched
with
more
bad
news
:
his
grandma
wants
to
take
off
across
America
in
a
Winnebago
with
her
octogenarian
lover
,
so
Grady
has
to
decide
if
he
wants
to
go
to
school
abroad
on
his
mom
's
remaining
fortune
,
or
live
with
Louie
and
his
rigid
,
religious-right
stepmom
(
and
she
's
no
Julia
Roberts!)Plus
,
there
's
going
to
be
this
big
concert
in
honor
of
the
first
anniversary
of
his
mom
's
death
,
and
the
band
wants
Grady
to
say
a
few
words
.
But
all
Grady
can
do
is
wonder
what
the
hell
he
's
going
to
say
about
his
absentee
mom
who
toured
constantly
and
died
choking
on
her
own
vomit
.
This
book
is
just
too
cool
for
school
.
I
recommend
reading
it
as
soon
as
possible
before
it
is
watered
down
and
made
into
a
WB
Wednesday
night
series
.
-
Added
July
27
,
1999
Monster
by
Walter
Dean
Myers
Steve
Harmon
is
on
trial
for
a
crime
he
may
or
may
not
have
committed
.
And
by
using
a
unique
viewpoint
,
W.D.
Myers
turns
you
,
the
reader
,
into
Steve
's
judge
and
jury
.
By
telling
Steve
's
story
in
alternating
chapters
of
his
personal
journal
entries
and
a
transcript
of
the
trial
proceedings
,
you
are
presented
with
all
the
evidence
of
the
supposed
crime
and
allowed
to
come
to
your
own
conclusions
by
novel
's
end
.
Did
Steve
act
a
lookout
in
a
convenience
store
robbing
and
murder
,
or
was
he
just
an
unsuspecting
witness
who
happened
to
be
at
the
crime
scene
?
Will
Steve
's
dream
of
becoming
a
screenwriter
be
fulfilled
,
or
will
he
spend
the
most
important
years
of
his
life
behind
bars
?
Well
?
What
do
YOU
think
?
-
Added
July
30
,
1999
Stone
Cold
by
Pete
Hautman
Everybody
's
good
at
something
.
Most
of
us
have
a
talent
for
stuff
like
soccer
,
playing
the
piano
,
or
even
geometry
.
In
the
book
Stone
Cold
,
16
year
old
Denn
finds
out
what
he
's
REALLY
good
at--playing
poker
.
And
not
just
for
matchsticks
,
either
.
Denn
is
so
good
that
he
's
winning
thousand
dollar
pots
from
adult
players
and
buying
cars
and
jewelery
with
no
problem
,
because
money
talks
.
But
the
more
Denn
wins
,
the
colder
he
feels--towards
his
parents
,
his
friends
,
even
his
best
girl
.
Denn
may
be
raking
in
the
dough
,
but
he
's
selling
his
soul
doing
it
.
Everybody
's
good
at
something
.
But
the
thing
you
're
good
at
is
n't
always
good
for
you
.
If
you
liked
the
movie
Rounders
,
give
the
reading
roulette
wheel
a
spin
with
Stone
Cold--you
'll
come
out
a
winner
.
-
Added
March
30
,
1999
The
Falcon
by
Jackie
French
Koller
Luke
is
a
typical
teenage
guy
.
Which
means
that
introspective
journal
writing
does
n't
exactly
appeal
to
him
.
He
'd
much
rather
be
wrestling
or
rock
climbing
.
But
his
English
teacher
has
other
ideas
,
so
Luke
begins
to
write--about
his
parents
,
his
coach
,
his
girlfriend
.
There
's
just
one
thing
Luke
does
n't
ever
want
to
write
about
or
remember
.
But
once
you
start
taking
a
look
at
your
life
through
writing
,
it
's
pretty
hard
to
stop
,
and
Luke
finds
himself
facing
his
greatest
fear
in
the
pages
of
his
journal
.
A
really
engrossing
read
that
will
keep
you
guessing
about
Luke
's
secret
until
book
's
end
.
-
Added
March
30
,
1999
Sons
of
Liberty
by
Adele
Griffin
Rock
Kindle
is
a
Revolutionary
War
buff
.
He
knows
every
battle
,
general
,
and
weapon
.
But
all
those
facts
and
figures
do
n't
always
help
Rock
when
it
comes
to
the
war
he
wages
with
his
father
.
Rock
's
dad
is
a
militaristic
control
freak
who
enjoys
snapping
orders
at
his
two
sons
and
his
fearful
wife
,
who
rarely
leaves
the
house
.
When
Rock
and
his
brother
Cliff
help
their
friend
Liza
run
away
from
her
abusive
home
,
Rock
starts
to
wonder
if
he
should
start
making
plans
to
leave
his
own
.
But
Rock
does
n't
know
if
he
has
the
courage
to
turn
traitor
against
his
father
,
even
it
means
saving
his
brother
,
his
mother
and
even
himself
.
A
good
read
for
the
teenage
underdog
in
all
of
us
.
-
Added
March
30
,
1999
The
Killer
's
Cousin
by
Nancy
Werlin
The
plot
of
this
book
is
so
stuffed
full
of
murder
,
mayhem
,
suicide
,
ghosts
,
romance
and
redemption
that
I
hardly
know
where
to
start
.
So
here
goes--17
year
old
David
,
after
being
accused
and
acquited
of
his
girlfriend
's
murder
,
moves
out
of
his
house
and
in
with
his
aunt
and
uncle
,
in
an
attempt
to
forget
all
the
crap
he
's
been
through
in
the
past
year
.
But
its
hard
to
deal
with
his
own
pain
when
his
aunt
and
uncle
are
giving
each
other
the
silent
treatment
and
his
freaky
little
cousin
Lily
is
giving
him
the
evil
eye
.
Then
,
to
make
things
even
worse
,
he
starts
to
see
a
lighted
form
that
may
or
may
not
be
the
ghost
of
his
other
cousin
,
Lily
's
big
sister
who
supposedly
committed
suicide
.
In
the
middle
of
all
this
creepiness
,
David
still
finds
time
to
fall
in
love
with
the
artsy
hippie
chick
who
lives
in
the
front
apartment
of
his
uncle
's
house
.
So
,
what
's
a
guy
to
do
?
David
starts
sluething
around
in
his
family
history
to
try
and
learn
a
little
more
about
his
cousin
's
death
and
why
Lily
is
such
a
little
weirdo
.
What
he
finds
out
will
make
your
toes
curl
as
this
novel
comes
to
a
crashing
climax
.
A
satisfyingly
scary
,
psychologically
thrilling
read
.
-
Added
March
30
,
1999
Tangerine
by
Edward
Bloor
Paul
Fisher
may
be
a
geek
with
glasses
,
but
he
can
see
a
lot
of
stuff
that
his
clueless
parents
seem
to
miss
.
For
one
thing
,
Paul
is
the
only
one
who
notices
that
his
older
brother
Eric
is
a
registered
psycho
,
who
tortures
his
classmates
with
his
goonish
buddy
.
But
dear
old
dad
is
too
caught
up
in
the
"
Eric
Fisher
Football
Dream
"
to
notice
that
his
place-kicking
son
is
also
a
wacko
,
and
Paul
's
too
busy
trying
to
get
in
good
with
the
soccer-jocks
to
try
and
explain
.
It
's
going
to
take
a
bolt
of
lightening
and
a
lost
memory
to
finally
make
his
family
see
what
he
's
seen
all
along
.
A
gripping
,
suburban
gothic
read
.
-
Added
October
22
,
1998
The
Fat
Man
by
Maurice
Gee
The
Fat
Man
has
come
home
and
no
one
,
least
of
all
young
Colin
Potter
,
can
escape
his
twisted
plot
of
revenge
!
Overweight
Herbert
Muskie
has
come
back
to
wreak
havoc
on
the
town
of
his
miserable
and
isolated
childhood
.
It
turns
out
that
Colin
's
mum
and
dad
were
Muskie
's
chief
tormentors
in
school
,
and
he
's
not
about
to
let
them
forget
it
!
Gee
has
written
a
very
original
and
psychologically
thrilling
tale
set
in
New
Zealand
during
the
Depression
.
-
Added
September
11
,
1998
Making
Up
Megaboy
by
Virginia
Walter
and
Katrina
Roeckelein
Robbie
Jones
has
just
shot
the
local
convenience
store
owner
with
his
father
's
gun
and
nobody
really
knows
why
,
least
of
all
Robbie
himself
.
Robbie
's
story
is
told
by
all
the
bystanders
of
this
crime
that
jumps
right
out
of
the
headlines
:
his
parents
,
his
one
good
friend
,
the
store
owner
's
wife
and
the
girl
that
he
wanted
as
his
girlfriend
,
but
who
wanted
nothing
to
do
with
him
.
The
only
way
Robbie
communicates
at
all
after
the
shooting
is
through
drawing
his
comic
strip
of
Megaboy
,
superhero
and
protector
of
Earth
.
Was
Robbie
pretending
to
be
Megaboy
when
he
shot
the
gun
?
Or
did
he
imagine
that
his
crush
,
Tara
,
would
be
impressed
with
his
actions
?
The
reader
has
to
come
to
his
own
conclusions
about
why
Robbie
did
it
,
which
is
really
the
greatest
strength
of
this
slim
,
graphic-packed
novel
.
You
can
read
it
over
lunch
,
then
think
about
it
all
day
.
-
Added
July
27
,
1998
Dear
Miffy
by
John
Marsden
Seems
like
the
Aussies
get
all
the
good
stuff
:
Mel
Gibson
,
great
camping
in
the
Outback
and
now
,
John
Marsden
.
Before
I
go
into
this
review
,
I
better
state
up
front
that
this
book
is
only
available
in
Australia
.
I
'd
tell
ya
where
I
got
it
,
but
then
I
'd
have
to
kill
ya
.
So
many
of
us
American
are
'
phening
for
more
Marsden
after
reading
Letters
from
the
Inside
or
Tomorrow
when
the
War
Began
,
but
we
just
ca
n't
get
it
!
Anyway
,
Dear
Miffy
is
about
Tony
,
a
genuine
juvie
in
a
straight-up
world
who
's
been
abandoned
by
his
father
,
forsaken
by
his
aunt
and
uncle
,
and
pretty
much
forgotten
by
the
system
in
general
.
His
foul-mouthed
and
danger-fraught
ways
are
finally
matched
by
the
ill-named
Miffy
,
who
fulfills
both
his
sexual
desires
and
his
need
to
belong
.
However
,
she
just
may
be
using
him
as
a
blunt-edged
tool
to
stick
it
to
her
wealthy
,
snobby
parents
.
The
ending
's
somewhat
of
a
shocker
and
not
real
happy
,
but
this
couple
is
n't
exactly
Prince
Charming
and
his
Cinderella
.
A
quick
and
spicy
read
.
-
Added
July
30
,
1998
Rule
of
the
Bone
by
Russell
Banks
I
should
have
included
this
book
a
long
time
ago
,
but
as
the
pregnant
chick
said
on
the
way
to
the
shot-gun
wedding
,
better
late
than
never
.
If
you
were
bored
out
of
your
skull
reading
The
Adventures
of
Huckleberry
Finn
in
English
class
,
than
ditch
that
dusty
classic
and
pick
up
Rule
of
the
Bone
.
Russell
Banks
has
basically
re-written
the
Huck
Finn
epic
and
made
it
way
,
way
hipper
.
Huck
is
now
Chappie
,
a
fourteen
year
old
trailer-park
punk
who
gets
kicked
out
of
his
house
,
hangs
with
bikers
,
and
gets
a
tattoo
.
It
's
only
when
he
meets
I-Man
,
a
pot-smoking
enlightened
Rastafarian
(
who
makes
a
great
contemporary
"
Jim")and
travels
with
him
to
Jamaica
,
that
Chappie
realizes
the
potential
that
his
life
has
and
the
man
he
will
become
.
So
much
stuff
happens
in
this
book
,
including
fires
,
break-ins
and
homeless
people
living
in
abandoned
school
buses
that
now
you
HAVE
to
read
it
to
find
out
how
it
all
ties
together
!
It
's
hokey
for
me
to
say
it
,
but
this
is
really
a
gem
of
a
boy
book
.
-
Added
June
30
,
1998
Youth
in
Revolt
:
The
Journals
of
Nick
Twisp
by
C.D.
Payne
Nick
Twisp
is
man
with
a
plan--which
is
to
ultimately
drive
his
selfish
divorced
parents
insane
,
keep
his
hapless
friend
Lucky
out
of
trouble
,
and
bed
his
beautiful
long-distance
girlfriend
Sheeni
Saunders
as
soon
as
possible
.
There
are
only
a
few
roadblocks
on
his
highway
to
heaven--he
's
14
,
car-less
,
job-less
and
broke
.
But
with
sheer
will
and
a
very
silly
sense
of
humor
,
Nick
can
and
will
conquer
all
.
Not
too
terribly
deep
,
this
over-thick
novel
is
good
for
a
few
laughs
on
those
long
car-trips
with
your
parents
.
-
Added
June
12
,
1998
Tenderness
by
Robert
Cormier
Eric
Poole
may
be
a
reformed
teen
serial
killer
.
But
when
beautiful
prey
like
Lori
Cranston
throws
herself
at
him
,
what
's
a
murderous
madman
to
do
?
The
only
one
who
can
save
Lori
is
old
Lt.
Proctor
,
one
of
the
only
people
who
does
n't
buy
Eric
's
cool
line
of
bull
.
These
three
people
will
be
drawn
together
into
an
ever
tighter
triangle
of
murder
and
mayhem
.
Who
will
get
the
axe
in
the
end
,
if
anyone
?
If
ya
wanna
know
,
ya
gotta
read
...
-
Added
June
12
,
1998
Tex
by
S.E.
Hinton
Does
that
author
look
familiar
?
It
should
,
since
you
've
probably
been
assigned
to
read
the
Outsiders
in
about
every
English
class
since
6th
grade
.
But
did
you
also
know
that
Hinton
wrote
other
books
about
guys
on
the
outs
?
(
She
writes
pretty
good
boy
books
for
a
girl
author
!
)
Tex
,
our
title
hero
,
is
just
trying
to
get
through
life
with
as
little
conflict
as
possible
,
despite
the
fact
that
his
dad
is
never
around
,
he
's
in
love
with
his
best
friend
's
sister
,
and
his
big
brother
just
sold
his
horse
.
It
may
sound
corny
as
a
Garth
Brooks
song
,
but
it
's
not
.
There
's
just
enough
rodeo
grit
in
this
story
to
make
it
real
,
and
I
promise
you
wo
n't
fall
off
.
Blue-Eyed
Son
Series
by
Chris
Lynch
:
Mick
--
Blood
Relations
--
Dog
Eat
Dog
Where
do
you
find
the
strength
to
get
out
of
a
bad
neighborhood
,
a
bad
family
,
and
a
bad
life
,
without
losing
your
sense
of
humor
?
Well
,
if
you
're
Mick
,
a
skinny
Irish
kid
with
an
awakening
conscience
,
you
get
"
by
with
a
little
help
from
your
friends
,
"
but
a
lot
of
it
has
to
come
from
within
yourself
.
Follow
Mick
's
trials
,
in
the
three
named
books
above
,
as
he
tries
to
make
a
clean
break
from
his
bigoted
brother
,
his
alcoholic
parents
and
his
narrow-minded
neighborhood
.
But
breaks
like
those
are
never
clean
,
and
Mick
fights
hard
to
resist
the
pull
of
his
violent
up-bringing
to
find
a
place
where
he
can
be
himself
.
Do
n't
be
scared
off
by
the
serious
themes
,
because
there
's
a
lot
of
laughs
in
between
the
fist
fights
and
racial
tension--
just
like
life
.
These
books
are
so
real
it
's
scary
.
Stotan
!
by
Chris
Crutcher
What
's
a
Stotan
?
Walker
,
Nortie
,
Lion
and
Jeff
are
about
to
find
out
as
they
undergo
the
hardest
week
of
their
lives
.
They
agree
to
accept
the
Stotan
Challenge
--
a
series
of
difficult
physical
tests
of
endurance
.
Four
best
friends
on
the
swim
team
in
their
senior
year
,
they
think
they
are
ready
to
face
anything
as
long
as
they
face
it
together
.
Do
n't
be
fooled--despite
the
plot
this
is
not
just
a
book
for
swim
jocks
.
No
matter
what
group
you
belong
to
or
belonged
to
in
high
school
,
you
will
dive
into
this
read
and
swim
all
the
way
to
the
end
!
Christine
by
Stephen
King
Yeah
,
yeah
,
you
've
seen
"
The
Shining
"
and
"
Children
of
the
Corn
"
half
a
dozen
times
at
Halloween
parties
,
and
you
know
Stephen
King
supposed
to
be
a
really
scary
writer-dude
.
But
what
a
lot
of
teens
do
n't
realize
is
that
what
King
writes
are
books
about
REAL
people
,
people
who
are
a
lot
like
you
and
your
friends
.
Then
he
just
kind
of
adds
a
supernatural
twist
.
Take
Christine
for
instance
.
It
's
just
a
book
about
a
nerdy
guy
named
Arnie
who
finds
this
great
old
car
and
decides
to
buy
it
and
fix
it
up
.
How
can
he
possibly
predict
that
the
old
car
that
he
affectionately
calls
Christine
is
POSSESSED
BY
AN
EVIL
SPIRIT
THAT
IS
DETERMINED
TO
CRUSH
OUT
ALL
THE
POSITIVE
THINGS
IN
ARNIE'S
LIFE
INCLUDING
HIS
CUTE
GIRLFRIEND
!
!
!
!
Whew
!
Not
for
the
faint-hearted
,
this
book
packs
a
punch--between
Christine
's
playful
antics(oh
,
just
running
over
the
bullies
that
make
Arnie
's
life
hell
)
and
the
great
characterization
of
teens
,
this
is
not
a
novel
to
be
passed
over
like
some
used
car
on
the
lot
!
Take
Christine
for
a
test
drive
and
I
promise
you
'll
be
hooked
.
This
ai
n't
no
Christopher
Pike
,
baby
!
Rats
Saw
God
by
Rob
Thomas
Steve
's
got
a
problem
.
His
famous
astronaut
dad
is
getting
on
his
nerves
,
he
's
flunking
out
of
school
,
and
he
just
lost
his
girlfriend
.
The
answer
?
?
His
school
counselor
thinks
he
needs
to
write
about
the
last
year
of
his
life
so
that
he
can
figure
out
where
it
all
went
wrong
.
Steve
is
n't
crazy
about
the
idea
(
would
YOU
want
to
write
a
100
page
paper
all
about
your
life
?
?
)
but
he
starts
to
write
and
finds
out
a
lot
about
himself--maybe
more
than
he
wanted
to
know
,
but
enough
to
find
out
what
happened
in
his
life--and
how
to
make
it
right
.
And
what
's
with
that
funky
title
?
Well
,
as
they
say
here
in
library
land--check
it
out
,
baby
,
and
find
out
!
</text>
<text id="http://www.usdat.us/archives/10_21_04_event.html">
For
Immediate
Release
Office
of
the
Press
Secretary
October
21
,
2004
"
Speech
for
the
End
of
the
World
"
Delivered
at
White
Box
At
the
Opening
of
Democracy
is
Fun
&#8220;Speech
for
the
End
of
the
World&#8221
;
October
21
,
2004
White
Box
New
York
City
7:30
P.M.
EST
WASHINGTON
,
DC
-
On
October
21
,
7:30
PM
Secretary
Randall
M.
Packer
of
the
US
Department
of
Art
&
Technology
delivered
a
speech
at
the
opening
of
Democracy
is
Fun
,
outlining
artistic
efforts
to
lift
the
shroud
of
darkness
over
the
nation
in
the
final
days
before
the
election
.
The
following
is
the
transcript
:
Speech
by
Randall
M.
Packer
Secretary
,
US
Department
of
Art
&
Technology
Presented
by
White
Box
"
Speech
for
the
End
of
the
World
"
New
York
City
,
NY
October
21
,
2004
****
THE
SECRETARY
:
Thank
you
all
.
(
Applause.
)
Michele
Thursz
and
Defne
Ayas
,
Esa
Nickle
and
Juan
Puntes
of
White
Box
,
fellow
artists
,
esteemed
guests
,
citizens
,
and
of
course
my
wife
Phyllis
,
our
beloved
Under
Secretary
for
Domestic
Affairs
,
thank
you
.
I
would
first
like
to
honor
the
great
documentary
filmmaker
Michael
Moore
,
our
Under
Secretary
of
the
Bureau
for
Counter-Propaganda
,
who
was
unfortunately
not
able
to
attend
tonight
.
Michael
Moore
is
receiving
the
Department&#8217;s
prestigious
US
Medal
in
Arts
&
Letters
for
his
service
to
our
nation
.
Receiving
the
medal
for
him
will
be
Juan
Puentes
,
Director
of
White
Box
.
Please
,
a
round
of
applause
to
Michael
Moore
for
his
great
achievement
,
and
to
Juan
for
heroically
keeping
the
White
Box
alive
and
strong
for
the
past
7
years
.
Thank
you
.
Ladies
and
Gentlemen
,
at
no
time
in
history
has
there
been
a
more
important
exhibition
,
or
a
more
necessary
gathering
,
than
this
one
in
New
York
City
,
tonight
at
the
White
Box
.
(
Applause.
)
I
am
honored
to
be
speaking
to
you
this
evening
,
and
I
am
proud
to
be
your
Secretary
of
the
US
Department
of
Art
&
Technology
.
When
I
said
those
words
three
years
ago
in
my
acceptance
speech
,
none
of
us
could
have
envisioned
what
these
years
would
bring
.
In
the
heart
of
this
great
city
,
we
saw
tragedy
arrive
on
a
quiet
morning
.
We
saw
the
bravery
of
artists
grow
by
advocating
intervention
during
times
of
political
and
cultural
urgency
.
We
learned
of
the
social
mechanism
of
art
in
politically
tense
times
.
(
Applause.
)
We
had
already
seen
Americans
belief
in
the
importance
of
voting
decline
into
a
sea
of
apathy
and
disillusionment
.
(
Applause.
)
We
have
since
seen
greedy
tycoons
and
extreme
capitalism&#8217;s
quest
for
global
domination
.
We
have
seen
the
Republicans
,
like
other
totalitarian
movements
,
seek
to
impose
a
grim
vision
in
which
dissent
is
crushed
,
and
every
man
and
woman
must
think
and
live
in
colorless
conformity
.
We
have
seen
Americans
in
uniform
storming
the
streets
of
Baghdad
,
charging
through
sandstorms
,
to
lay
hold
the
Dragon
,
the
Devil
and
Satan
,
and
cast
him
out
of
his
pit
to
shut
him
up
,
that
he
should
deceive
nations
no
more
.
And
we
have
heard
a
great
voice
rise
out
of
the
Oval
Office
saying
to
the
seven
angels
,
&#8220;Go
your
ways
,
and
pour
out
the
vials
of
the
wrath
of
God
upon
the
Earth.&#8221
;
Since
2001
,
American
artists
have
been
given
hills
to
climb
,
and
we
have
found
the
strength
to
climb
them
.
Now
,
because
we
have
made
the
hard
journey
,
we
can
see
the
valley
below
.
You
see
,
with
the
very
future
of
our
world
threatened
by
the
Republicans
,
art
must
not
be
petrified
in
the
art
world
;
its
true
spirit
must
take
flight
in
the
sudden
arrival
of
freedom
and
the
endless
possibilities
it
seems
to
offer
.
And
nothing
will
hold
us
back
.
(
Applause.
)
SECRETARY
:
Tonight
I
will
tell
you
where
we
stand
and
what
we
can
do
to
lift
our
minds
and
rise
above
the
shroud
of
darkness
that
hangs
over
our
shoulders
.
(
Applause.
)
My
friends
,
we
can
explode
the
material
representation
intrinsic
to
propaganda
.
We
can
re-interpret
the
Presidential
Seal
by
spinning
cigarette
butts
,
crotches
,
booze
and
graffiti
around
the
image
of
Cary
Grant
and
a
bird
of
paradise
(
Applause.
)
We
can
reveal
the
vapidity
of
daytime
trash
television
,
telemarketing
,
and
televangelism
by
creating
a
smoothly
produced
futurism
to
inhabit
this
lonely
,
encapsulated
reality
.
We
can
confirm
the
illusion
of
truth
in
media
by
transforming
the
New
York
Times
into
a
work
of
art
.
My
fellow
Americans
,
nothing
will
hold
us
back
!
(
Applause.
)
AUDIENCE
:
Nothing
will
hold
us
back
!
SECRETARY
:
We
believe
that
the
most
solemn
duty
of
the
artist
is
to
protect
the
American
people
.
If
the
artist
shows
uncertainty
or
weakness
in
the
final
days
before
the
election
,
the
world
will
drift
toward
tragedy
and
ruin
&#8211
;
ravaged
by
conflict
and
war
,
struck
by
hurricanes
,
earthquakes
,
and
volcanic
eruption
,
the
sun
and
the
air
darkened
by
smoke
&#8211
;
the
wrath
of
the
right-wing
,
fundamentalist
Christians
claiming
dominion
over
all
the
earth
.
This
will
not
happen
on
my
watch
.
(
Applause.
)
In
our
world
,
and
here
at
home
,
we
will
extend
the
frontiers
of
artistic
freedom
,
we
will
revel
in
sculpting
transformative
moments
for
ourselves
and
for
the
world
around
us
.
We
are
on
the
path
to
the
future
&#8211
;
and
we
're
not
turning
back
!
(
Applause.
)
My
fellow
artists
and
citizens
,
our
strategy
is
clear
:
We
will
appropriate
with
magisterial
fearlessness
,
transforming
CNN
and
FOX
News
into
magical
images
,
and
bring
about
the
systematic
reordering
of
the
senses
through
the
deconstruction
of
live
broadcast
media
.
We
have
tripled
funding
for
the
Homeland
Insecurity
Advisory
System
,
training
millions
of
citizens
as
first
responders
,
because
we
are
determined
to
protect
our
homeland
from
our
government-in-action
.
We
are
supporting
the
Armed
Artists
of
America
,
reforming
and
strengthening
our
brave
artists
on
Active
Duty
.
We
are
working
hard
to
confront
the
loss
of
free
speech
,
power
and
powerlessness
.
And
we
are
staying
on
the
offensive
&#8211
;
striking
Republicans
wherever
they
are
most
dangerous
.
With
the
Experimental
Pary
DisInformation
Center
,
we
were
poised
and
ready
to
capture
,
remix
and
transform
every
moment
of
the
Republican
National
Convention
.
(
Applause.
)
Our
strategy
is
succeeding
.
Less
than
two
months
ago
,
Madison
Square
Garden
was
a
haven
for
Republicans
,
a
transit
point
for
right-wing
fanatics
,
fertile
ground
for
fear
mongering
,
the
palace
of
George
W.
Bush
.
The
Republicans
were
largely
unchallenged
as
they
unleashed
their
political
attacks
.
(
Applause.
)
Thanks
to
Commanding
General
Andrew
Nagy
and
the
brave
efforts
of
our
troops
in
the
elite
branch
of
the
USA
Exqusite
Corpse
,
we
demonstrated
to
the
world
that
artistic
forces
could
move
at
will
.
We
are
proud
to
say
we
were
greeted
as
liberators
.
Democracy
is
on
the
march
!
We
are
fighting
for
freedom
.
We
have
led
and
many
have
joined
.
Yes
,
we
have
prevailed
!
(
Applause.
)
Mission
Accomplished
!
My
friends
,
America
and
the
world
are
now
a
safer
place
.
(
Applause.
)
In
George
W.
Bush
,
we
saw
a
threat
.
And
we
acted
.
Faced
with
that
choice
,
I
will
defend
America
every
time
.
(
Applause.
)
But
,
my
fellow
artists
,
although
we
acted
to
defend
our
country
,
George
W.
Bush
is
still
on
the
loose
,
he
is
still
on
the
run
,
for
re-election
.
But
my
friends
,
he
can
run
,
but
he
can&#8217;t
hide
!
(
Applause
)
In
order
to
bring
freedom
to
our
nation
,
democracy
must
be
brought
to
Middle
America
,
to
the
nation&#8217;s
Heartland
,
where
the
Government
continues
to
harbor
right-wing
Christian
fundamentalists
.
(
Applause.
)
The
faith-based
have
done
everything
they
can
to
intimidate
people
&#8211
;
the
nation&#8217;s
executive
mansion
is
now
honeycombed
with
prayer
groups
and
Bible
study
cells
,
like
a
whited
monastery
&#8211
;
a
resounding
indictment
of
the
dangerous
extremism
that
resides
in
the
White
House
.
(
Applause.
)
We
are
dealing
with
a
messianic
militarist
who
worships
the
theology
of
war
!
(
Applause
)
George
W.
Bush
,
this
is
my
message
to
you
:
Put
back
your
sword
,
for
all
who
fight
by
the
sword
shall
perish
by
the
sword
.
Our
battle
will
take
time
and
resolve
.
But
make
no
mistake
about
it
:
We
will
win
.
This
will
be
a
monumental
struggle
between
art
and
evil
,
but
art
will
prevail
.
The
American
people
need
to
know
we&#8217;re
facing
a
different
kind
of
enemy
than
we
have
ever
faced
.
This
enemy
hides
in
the
shadows
behind
a
veil
of
prayer
and
has
no
regard
for
reality
.
This
is
an
enemy
who
preys
on
innocent
and
unsuspecting
Americans
under
the
hypnotic
spell
of
Fox
News
.
We
must
restore
the
reality
of
our
robotic
brethren
,
for
it
is
our
nation
of
robot
worshippers
that
reigns
supreme
!
(
Applause
)
We
are
involved
in
a
struggle
of
historic
proportion
.
For
they
are
working
their
faith-based
miracles
to
go
forth
and
dismiss
the
rulers
of
the
earth
,
to
gather
their
following
into
battle
on
that
great
day
.
You
see
,
our
President
gathers
his
people
together
into
a
place
called
,
in
the
Hebrew
tongue
,
Armageddon
!
The
great
ancient
city
of
Babylon
has
fallen
!
And
out
of
the
Pentagon
goeth
a
mighty
military
,
that
with
it
they
should
smite
the
evil
nations
with
pre-emptive
strikes
,
and
they
shall
rule
them
all
with
a
rod
of
iron
so
that
the
winged
neo-cons
shall
declare
the
Empire
supreme
with
all
the
fierceness
and
wrath
of
Almighty
God
.
And
he
hath
on
his
Presidential
Limo
and
Air
Force
I
a
name
written
in
gold
:
President
of
Presidents
and
Lord
of
Lords
!
And
he
saw
an
angel
standing
in
the
sun
:
and
he
cried
with
a
loud
voice
,
saying
to
all
the
faithful
that
flock
to
his
campaign
rallies
,
&#8220;Come
and
gather
yourselves
together
unto
the
re-election
of
God
and
myself
,
George
W.
Bush
.
That
ye
may
eat
the
flesh
of
terrorists
,
and
the
flesh
of
liberals
,
and
the
flesh
of
homosexuals
and
abortionists
and
anti-war
radicals
.
I
have
seen
the
beast
,
the
rulers
of
the
earth
and
their
United
Nations
,
gathered
together
to
prevent
our
making
war
,
and
the
beast
was
defeated
,
and
with
it
the
false
prophets
,
who
worshiped
the
image
of
International
Law
,
that
Global
Test
,
to
which
our
nation
shall
never
Submit
.
I
have
cast
them
all
into
a
lake
of
fire
burning
with
brimstone
and
weapons
of
mass
destruction!&#8221
;
My
fellow
artists
,
because
of
you
,
with
your
service
and
sacrifice
,
we
can
defeat
George
W.
Bush
wherever
he
may
hide
.
We
can
make
America
safer
.
My
fellow
artists
,
because
of
you
,
we
can
encourage
anti-Bush
participants
to
create
&#8216;moments
of
ad-hoc
solidarity&#8217
;
using
Bluetooth-enabled
devices
.
Because
of
you
,
we
can
develop
technologies
and
digital
art
in
public
social
systems
to
generate
,
disrupt
and
synthesize
the
socio-political
landscape
,
an
intervention
intended
to
provide
a
voice
for
the
people
.
Because
of
you
,
we
can
bring
tools
to
activists
,
artists
,
and
hackers
to
engage
,
distribute
and
document
critical
information
without
the
use
of
advertising
,
promotion
or
marketing
.
Because
of
you
,
artists
can
defend
our
nation
in
ways
that
portray
a
frighteningly
direct
and
coolly
stylized
presence
of
President
Bush
and
his
cadre
of
colleagues
that
is
both
dark
and
shimmering
,
like
the
blade
of
a
knife
.
We
will
spare
no
effort
to
protect
the
American
people
.
(
Applause.
)
The
Republicans
are
fighting
us
with
all
their
cunning
and
cruelty
because
artistic
freedom
is
their
greatest
fear
&#8211
;
and
they
should
be
afraid
,
because
artistic
freedom
is
on
the
march
!
(
Applause.
)
AUDIENCE
:
Artistic
Freedom
is
on
the
March
!
This
is
the
everlasting
dream
of
the
avant-garde
,
for
which
we
all
yearn
--
and
tonight
,
in
this
artist
space
,
in
this
city
,
in
our
great
nation
,
our
dream
is
renewed
.
(
Applause.
)
Now
we
go
forward
&#8211
;
grateful
for
artistic
freedom
,
faithful
to
our
cause
,
and
confident
in
the
power
of
virtualization
to
invoke
the
deconstruction
of
all
things
politic
.
Yes
,
my
fellow
artists
,
I
hereby
declare
,
beyond
the
shadow
of
a
doubt
:
Democracy
is
Fun
!
So
help
us
God
.
Thank
you
and
may
God
Bless
Art
&
Technology
.
END
07:52
P.M.
EDT
Contact
:
Press
Secretary
of
the
US
Department
of
Art
&
Technology
press@usdat.us
#
01-143
Return
to
the
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and
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U.S.
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and
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,
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,
USA
</text>
<text id="http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/char_ed/focus.htm">
Fall
1997
Vol
.
8
No.
1
THE
UTAH
STATE
BOARD
OF
EDUCATION
250
EAST
500
SOUTH
SALT
LAKE
CITY
,
UTAH
84111
Student
FOCUS
...ON
CHARACTER
EDUCATION
At
a
statewide
character
conference
in
August
1997
,
federal
project
coordinators
CeCie
Scharman
of
Salt
Lake
City
District
,
Susan
Schumacher
of
Alpine
,
Sharlene
Linford
of
Granite
,
and
Ron
Tree
,
Vickie
Todd
,
and
John
Moss
of
Wasatch
make
real
the
character
education
"
umbrella
"
under
which
all
school
programs
should
operate
.
The
event
,
attended
by
more
than
350
educators
,
had
to
turn
away
many
more
,
evidence
of
the
growing
strength
of
character
education
in
Utah
.
"
Public
education
has
a
responsibility
to
reinforce
and
emphasize
the
values
and
character
traits
children
should
learn
from
their
parents
.
Our
students
will
need
them
in
order
to
become
productive
,
caring
citizens
who
are
able
to
interact
easily
and
confidently
with
people
on
all
economic
and
social
levels
in
our
increasingly
diverse
society
.
"
...Scott
W.
Bean
State
Superintendent
of
Public
Instruction
THE
BIG
PICTURE
Schools
have
always
taught
citizenship
along
with
academic
knowledge
.
The
U.S.
Constitution
and
Bill
of
Rights
define
the
roots
of
our
moral
heritage
and
still
inspire
in
us
a
spirit
of
patriotism
.
John
Dewey
knew
America
could
not
endure
unless
the
democratic
principles
and
civic
virtues
on
which
it
was
founded
were
handed
down
to
the
next
generation
.
One
hundred
years
ago
,
pioneer
children
in
Utah
and
throughout
the
nation
were
pledging
allegiance
to
the
flag
"
with
justice
for
all
"
and
learning
heroic
fables
about
hard
work
,
truthfulness
,
and
thrift
in
their
McGuffey
Readers
as
they
practiced
reading
,
writing
,
and
arithmetic
.
In
1953
,
Utah
law
asserted
that
"
honesty
,
temperance
,
morality
,
courtesy
,
obedience...and
other
skills
,
habits
,
and
qualities
of
character
"
must
be
taught
in
connection
with
regular
schoolwork
.
Responding
to
alarming
reports
of
increasing
numbers
of
high
school
dropouts
and
of
students
who
,
if
they
did
attend
school
,
possessed
neither
self-discipline
nor
a
desire
to
learn
,
the
State
Board
of
Education
in
1992
approved
a
Character
Education
Plan
.
Basic
values
,
it
stated
,
must
not
only
be
taught
in
a
formal
manner
but
also
emerge
from
discussions
with
parents
and
teachers
as
a
consistent
"
umbrella
"
over
all
school
programs
.
In
its
official
position
statement
,
the
Board
declared
that
"
teaching
positive
character
traits
is
a
clear
and
necessary
responsibility
of
schools
"
and
that
the
mission
of
character
education
is
"
to
create
an
educational
climate
in
which
all
individuals
discover
within
themselves
the
principles
of
self-worth
,
courage
of
one
's
convictions
,
self-motivation
,
respect
for
others
,
moral
judgment
,
and
critical
thinking
"
that
empower
each
student
to
become
a
caring
and
responsible
citizen
.
The
1992-1997
Utah
State
Public
Education
Strategic
Plan
cites
character
education
as
a
vital
component
of
the
responsive
school
system
we
must
create
for
the
21st
century
.
Much
has
been
accomplished
since
then
.
Utah
is
now
in
its
third
year
of
implementing
four
pilot
Partnership
in
Character
Education
projects
funded
by
the
U.S.
Department
of
Education
in
Alpine
,
Granite
,
Salt
Lake
City
,
and
Wasatch
school
districts
.
North
Summit
District
and
Washington
District
will
soon
join
them
in
placing
high
priority
on
character
education
activities
.
Utah
,
along
with
California
,
Iowa
,
and
New
Mexico
,
were
the
first
states
in
the
nation
so
chosen
.
In
1995-96
,
11
character
related
school
district
projects
were
funded
by
the
Utah
Legislature
.
That
total
has
now
risen
to
24
as
more
schools
and
communities
become
proactive
.
Under
the
tireless
leadership
of
State
Character
Education
Specialist
Kristi
Fink
,
teachers
from
all
regional
areas
are
constructing
rubrics
of
core
character
traits
and
strategies
for
each
grade
level
;
writing
essential
questions
that
shape
their
lesson
plans
around
values
;
and
looking
carefully
at
State
Core
Curriculum
content
through
a
values
filter
to
connect
it
with
habits
and
attitudes
students
need
for
success
.
As
this
work
progresses
,
the
conviction
among
these
educators
that
what
they
are
doing
is
important
and
that
they
can
make
a
genuine
difference
in
the
lives
of
their
students
is
gaining
momentum
.
Some
schools
and
districts
have
adopted
established
programs
with
a
proven
track
record
of
success
such
as
Community
of
Caring
,
I
Care
,
Tribes
,
Aegis
,
Love
and
Logic
,
Building
Capable
People
,
Positive
Action
,
BEST
(
Behavior
and
Education
Strategies
for
Teachers
)
,
Covey
's
Seven
Habits
of
Highly
Effective
People
,
and
the
Renaissance
program
of
attendance
and
achievement
incentives
.
Kearns
High
School
was
a
trailblazer
in
the
merging
of
character
building
strategies
with
business
partnerships
and
involving
its
feeder
schools
,
local
community
leaders
,
and
law
enforcement
officers
in
the
Kearns
Coalition
.
Other
schools
find
character
lessons
to
be
a
natural
outcome
of
existing
programs
like
Service
Learning
,
Substance
Abuse
Prevention
,
Life
Skills
,
School-to-Careers
,
and
Comprehensive
Counseling
and
Guidance
.
Athletic
directors
teach
sportsmanship
.
Student
courts
and
conflict
resolution
teams
practice
fairness
.
Multicultural
festivals
spread
global
awareness
.
Inclusion
of
students
at
risk
in
regular
programs
teaches
respect
for
individual
differences
.
Advisory
classes
and
field
trips
offer
opportunities
for
students
and
their
teachers
to
examine
the
issues
of
humane
treatment
of
animals
and
conservation
of
the
environment
.
A
new
era
has
come
.
Character
education
is
no
longer
being
taught
by
default
but
by
design
.
Improvement
in
academic
performance
is
sure
to
follow
as
today
's
teacher
education
students
receive
instruction
in
character
education
strategies
as
a
specific
part
of
their
training
.
For
every
program
that
is
structured
and
ongoing
,
there
are
other
supportive
and
independent
ones
which
deliver
the
same
underlying
messages
.
On
the
following
pages
,
StudentFOCUS
looks
at
some
randomly
selected
examples
that
reflect
the
remarkable
diversity
and
quality
of
Utah
's
current
character
education
endeavors
.
SNOWBIRD
CONFERENCE
SPOTLIGHTS
VALUES
Energized
by
fresh
air
and
ageless
words
of
wisdom
adorning
the
meeting
room
walls
,
educators
and
others
from
throughout
the
state
met
last
August
at
Snowbird
in
the
Wasatch
Mountains
above
the
Salt
Lake
Valley
,
site
of
Utah
's
annual
character
education
conference
.
The
agenda
included
reports
from
each
of
Utah
's
four
federal
character
education
project
districts
,
plus
presentations
from
a
wide
variety
of
other
character
building
efforts
taking
place
in
rural
as
well
as
urban
school
districts
"
to
be
the
world
we
want
to
see
.
"
Gary
Carlston
,
the
Governor
's
Deputy
for
Education
,
reminded
those
present
that
education
has
dealt
with
principles
of
character
throughout
its
history
.
He
pointed
out
that
Horace
Mann
knew
that
teaching
common
values
was
a
dynamic
tool
to
nourish
human
potential
and
that
Thomas
Jefferson
encouraged
the
development
of
an
inner
moral
sensibility
in
the
individual
that
would
hopefully
embrace
our
nation
as
a
whole
.
Declared
State
Character
Education
Specialist
Kristin
Fink
,
"
Our
students
need
civic
virtues
and
moral
reasoning
skills
to
succeed
.
"
Daryl
Barrett
,
as
co-chair
of
Governor
Michael
Leavitt
's
Commission
on
Centennial
Values
,
spoke
about
the
need
to
reach
out
to
those
different
from
ourselves
,
bring
everyone
to
the
table
,
and
seek
common
ground
for
agreement
on
the
fundamental
beliefs
we
share
.
"
We
must
advocate
for
and
insist
on
the
best
for
every
child
in
Utah
,
"
she
insisted
.
Then
Barrett
challenged
each
person
to
seek
out
someone
else
in
the
audience
representing
a
different
gender
,
ethnic
background
,
age
,
geographical
area
,
or
religion
and
to
spend
a
few
minutes
getting
to
know
that
person
.
In
1996
,
the
Commission
on
Centennial
Values
encouraged
Utah
parents
,
educators
,
and
citizens
from
all
walks
of
life
to
examine
the
values
they
hold
.
Agreement
was
ultimately
reached
on
the
following
:
families
,
commitment
to
community
and
country
,
integrity
,
honesty
,
respect
for
self
and
others
,
learning
,
caring
service
,
work
,
personal
responsibility
,
respect
for
the
rule
of
law
,
fairness
of
justice
of
freedom
,
and
respect
for
the
environment
.
Utah
has
grounded
its
character
education
thrust
in
the
traditional
bonds
of
home
and
community
.
"
Building
character
is
a
little
like
weathering
a
storm
,
"
commented
a
smiling
Sharlene
Linford
,
holding
the
umbrella
as
she
and
her
fellow
coordinators
made
their
presentations
.
CeCie
Scharman
said
firmness
,
praise
,
and
love
are
as
effective
as
ever
in
reaching
a
student
who
is
troubled
and
wants
desperately
to
do
well
.
"
Administrators
and
support
staff
must
be
role
models
as
well
as
teachers
,
"
she
stated
.
"
Schools
should
shape
good
kids
as
well
as
smart
kids
,
"
echoed
Susan
Schumacher
.
And
Wasatch
High
School
coach
Ron
Tree
reflected
that
over
time
,
it
's
not
the
victories
on
the
field
but
relationships
that
matter
.
"
PROVO
WORKSHOP
INTEGRATES
CURRICULUM
An
intensive
week
of
brainstorming
,
conceptualizing
,
and
old
fashioned
hard
work
was
in
store
for
almost
60
teachers
and
administrators
at
a
workshop
on
Designing
Units
for
Character
Education
Integration
held
at
the
Provo
Park
Hotel
last
July
.
Participants
were
rewarded
with
a
clear
understanding
of
integration
theory
and
a
rich
array
of
plans
that
suggest
the
myriad
ways
in
which
character
education
can
blend
with
day-to-day
lessons
in
healthy
lifestyles
,
science
,
and
social
studies
and
at
any
grade
level
K-12
.
The
completed
units
will
soon
be
available
.
Representing
Nebo
District
,
which
co-sponsored
the
workshop
with
the
State
Office
of
Education
,
Debbie
May
explained
how
teachers
can
weave
ethics
into
everyday
lessons
in
science
,
math
,
and
language
by
looking
at
issues
from
a
student
perspective
.
State
Curriculum
Integration
Specialist
Julie
Baker
urged
the
teachers
to
provide
ways
for
students
with
different
learning
styles
to
excel
and
to
keep
asking
themselves
what
they
are
doing
and
can
do
to
help
students
become
better
people
.
Synergy
took
hold
as
each
small
team
of
educators
sat
down
to
piece
together
their
own
character
education
curriculum
matrix
.
Conference
participants
utilized
the
Pamela
Bloom/John
Samara
Curriculum
Project
materials
to
construct
integrated
curriculum
units
that
identify
specific
ways
to
teach
character
traits
and
apply
a
values
filter
to
subject
matter
content
ranging
from
the
simple
to
the
complex
.
Emerging
were
a
refreshing
variety
of
concepts
for
activities
ranging
from
hands-on
,
independent
research
to
dioramas
,
speeches
,
skits
,
and
journal
writing
.
Reflective
and
logical
reasoning
;
critical
,
creative
,
and
abstract
thinking
;
and
predicting
and
memorizing
are
among
the
many
skills
these
units
were
designed
to
teach
.
For
example
,
the
team
from
T.H.
Bell
Junior
High
School
in
Weber
District
,
directed
by
Principal
Robert
Stillwell
,
developed
a
curriculum
map
and
activity
menu
to
share
with
their
colleagues
.
They
plan
to
teach
effective
communication
skills
through
role
playing
in
peer
pressures
situations
;
examine
the
meaning
of
sacrifice
and
persistence
by
studying
the
courage
of
early
American
pioneers
;
and
nurture
teamwork
,
group
responsibility
,
and
loyalty
through
cooperative
games
and
service
projects
.
Day
planners
will
be
used
to
encourage
goal
setting
.
Experience
has
motivated
T.H.
Bell
Junior
High
to
offer
its
seventh
,
eighth
,
and
ninth
graders
an
expanded
home
room
period
of
30
minutes
per
day
this
year
to
assure
adequate
time
for
meaningful
character
and
confidence
building
conversations
.
Sixty
percent
of
the
time
will
be
focused
on
character
and
the
rest
on
school
and
community
service
projects
.
As
caring
adults
,
Stillwell
and
his
faculty
have
made
a
long-term
commitment
to
instilling
in
their
students
the
Search
Institute-based
developmental
assets
they
will
need
to
succeed
.
Wasatch
High
School
RESPECT
CAN
BE
MUTUALLY
REWARDING
"
Mr
.
Turner
treats
us
as
responsible
adults
who
can
be
trusted
to
use
the
answers
to
our
math
problems
as
a
learning
tool
,
not
to
cheat
.
He
does
n't
quit
trying
until
everybody
fully
understands
what
they
're
doing
and
why
.
When
students
get
respect
and
trust
from
teachers
,
they
respect
and
trust
the
teachers
back
.
Going
to
class
is
not
a
chore
if
each
person
's
opinion
is
valued
.
Education
needs
to
be
up-close
and
personal
.
"
"
Wasatch
High
has
changed
a
lot
since
we
began
to
focus
on
character
education
.
Students
do
n't
fight
in
the
halls
anymore
.
In
the
past
,
when
there
was
a
scuffle
,
kids
would
congregate
around
to
watch
,
but
not
anymore
.
We
used
to
treat
freshmen
as
if
they
were
stupid
,
but
not
anymore
.
Now
it
's
not
important
what
grade
a
person
is
in
.
We
make
friends
across
all
levels
for
all
sorts
of
reasons
.
We
are
all
kind
of
knitted
together
.
It
's
a
good
feeling
.
"
If
comments
like
these
from
seniors
at
Wasatch
High
School
in
Heber
City
sound
refreshing
,
the
district
's
emphasis
on
character
education
and
the
high
school
's
Character
Enhancement
Program
are
the
reason
.
A
federal
project
district
,
Wasatch
is
implementing
one
of
the
state
's
most
fully
developed
character
education
models
.
Like
other
high
schools
in
small
towns
,
Wasatch
has
struggled
to
break
down
rigid
social
attitudes
as
it
absorbs
a
significant
rise
in
population
and
enrollment
.
Coach
and
driver
education
teacher
Ron
Tree
deplores
the
negative
public
image
projected
these
days
by
some
professional
athletes
who
earn
million
dollar
paychecks
.
He
works
hard
to
get
across
to
his
players
that
what
really
matters
is
how
they
behave
both
on
and
off
the
basketball
court
and
football
field
,
and
that
real
success
in
life
comes
from
being
a
person
of
integrity
and
behaving
in
a
civilized
way
.
That
can
at
times
be
a
frustrating
task
.
Wasatch
's
program
grew
out
of
eight
different
committees
dealing
with
everything
from
the
physical
environment
to
a
unique
student
forum
.
Seniors
act
as
mentors
for
six
to
eight
freshmen
throughout
the
year
and
present
an
in-depth
orientation
session
for
them
.
Sophomores
are
trained
in
respectful
relationships
.
An
adventure-based
ropes
course
is
being
planned
to
challenge
11th
graders
to
take
risks
.
Seniors
will
travel
to
the
Utah
State
Capitol
to
study
ethics
in
government
.
Many
other
kinds
of
activities
strengthen
this
multifaceted
effort
.
An
improvisation
troupe
directed
by
Kathy
Day
dramatizes
everyday
problems
and
solutions
.
According
to
Principal
Harvey
Horner
,
students
have
written
and
produced
TV
and
radio
public
service
announcements
through
a
partnership
with
Nuskin
International
.
High
school
athletes
are
planning
to
make
character
development
presentations
at
district
elementary
schools
and
the
junior
high
.
When
he
administered
the
driver
education
exam
recently
,
coach
Tree
announced
he
was
testing
both
the
integrity
and
the
knowledge
of
the
students
and
put
them
on
the
honor
system
.
Despite
how
eager
they
were
to
get
their
license
,
like
most
teens
,
several
reported
scores
that
missed
the
cutoff
by
only
a
point
or
two
.
The
personal
pride
of
such
students
and
others
who
would
have
done
that
is
bound
to
send
a
message
that
rubs
off
on
the
tightly
knit
school
community
.
Like
Tree
,
John
Moss
,
who
teaches
English
,
television
production
,
and
journalism
,
suspects
that
teachers
burn
out
not
from
working
hard
but
from
feeling
somehow
isolated
from
the
dream
so
many
of
them
share
and
that
motivated
them
to
become
teachers
to
begin
with
.
That
dream
is
not
simply
to
deliver
information
to
the
minds
of
their
students
but
to
touch
their
hearts
as
well
,
to
make
a
real
difference
in
the
human
beings
they
turn
out
to
be
.
The
secret
of
Wasatch
High
's
success
is
that
the
entire
faculty
and
student
body
are
buying
into
good
character
as
a
part
of
everything
they
do
,
even
if
nobody
else
happens
to
be
watching
.
Teachers
and
students
alike
are
comfortable
being
visible
role
models
of
good
character
.
That
takes
tremendous
commitment
and
courage
,
but
the
reward
is
worth
it
of
a
school
that
welcomes
and
empowers
all
who
come
there
to
teach
and
to
learn
.
Pahvant
Elementary
School
IT'S
WHAT'S
INSIDE
THAT
COUNTS
September
is
friendship
;
October
of
courage
to
say
NO
;
November
of
gratitude
;
December
of
kindness
;
January
of
self-improvement
;
February
of
love
;
March
of
respect
;
April
of
responsibility
;
and
May
of
dependability
.
For
each
of
these
monthly
themes
,
Pahvant
Elementary
School
in
Richfield
has
identified
four
subthemes
.
For
example
,
in
October
the
school
focused
on
saying
NO
to
profanity
,
to
cheating
,
to
vandalism
,
and
to
drugs
and
violence
.
The
start
of
each
new
month
and
new
theme
is
a
major
event
.
By
the
time
Halloween
came
,
every
nine
and
ten-year
old
had
grasped
how
important
it
is
to
say
NO
in
all
those
situations
.
Pahvant
students
love
wearing
their
T-shirts
inside
out
which
is
where
the
logo
is
printed
.
Sevier
District
's
character
education
program
,
coordinated
by
Craig
Sorensen
,
is
called
Inside-Out
.
The
city
of
Richfield
bought
brackets
for
the
colorful
banners
purchased
with
state
character
education
funds
that
proclaim
each
monthly
theme
at
the
corners
of
Main
Street
.
Radio
stations
introduce
each
new
character
trait
with
an
hour-long
talk
show
.
The
public
library
does
a
display
of
each
theme
with
suggested
books
.
The
Richfield
Reaper
publishes
a
monthly
Inside-Out
column
with
tips
for
parents
and
tributes
to
heroes
who
embody
that
character
trait
.
Pahvant
Elementary
Principal
Ray
Hunt
enjoys
freeing
his
teachers
to
work
on
in-depth
character
related
curriculum
projects
they
create
as
collaborative
teams
.
Faculty
teamwork
is
doing
what
comes
naturally
at
Pahvant
.
The
school
serves
only
fourth
and
fifth
graders
who
come
from
K-3
Ashman
Elementary
.
With
only
one
grade
level
separating
them
,
the
teachers
can
afford
to
focus
more
deeply
on
the
common
bonds
of
content
and
how
character
traits
tie
in
than
they
might
in
a
traditional
K-5
elementary
school
.
There
is
more
time
to
nurture
students
at
their
particular
developmental
level
at
an
age
when
lifelong
character
traits
are
still
being
formed
.
The
talented
Jim
Garman
is
usually
on
hand
to
compose
a
poem
for
each
theme
,
and
Jana
Ames
is
sure
students
are
paying
attention
.
Theme
bulletin
boards
feature
a
contribution
from
every
child
including
one
named
Natalie
.
Though
she
uses
a
wheelchair
and
cannot
raise
her
head
up
very
far
,
Natalie
has
been
warmly
accepted
as
a
fellow
student
who
just
happens
to
be
interesting
in
a
special
way
.
Her
parents
have
allowed
some
of
her
friends
to
see
how
she
eats
,
for
example
,
so
they
understand
her
better
.
"
The
other
children
do
n't
think
of
Natalie
as
inferior
,
just
different
,
"
said
Ames
.
"
We
all
have
differences
.
This
is
one
kind
.
"
When
the
school
formed
its
1,000
Minutes
Club
last
year
,
Natalie
's
friends
took
turns
reading
aloud
to
her
so
she
would
qualify
along
with
them
as
having
completed
1,000
minutes
of
reading
.
The
teamwork
lessons
Arlene
Andersen
teaches
must
be
taking
effect
.
Andersen
recently
explained
how
a
migrating
goose
will
fall
out
of
formation
if
its
partner
becomes
injured
or
tired
and
stops
to
rest
.
If
one
Pahvant
student
needed
someone
's
assistance
,
a
whole
flock
of
others
would
soon
be
there
,
quicker
than
you
can
blink
an
eye
and
without
the
slightest
hesitation
,
offering
to
help
in
any
way
they
can
.
Syracuse
Junior
High
School
LIFELINES
ARE
VITAL
FOR
ADOLESCENTS
Syracuse
Junior
High
Principal
James
Schmidt
is
an
experienced
,
down-to-earth
sort
of
administrator
who
does
not
hesitate
to
make
bold
changes
if
they
will
make
teaching
and
learning
better
at
his
school
.
Back
in
1991
,
he
and
his
dedicated
faculty
were
already
asking
themselves
two
persistent
questions
:
what
can
we
do
to
make
sure
our
students
acquire
the
solid
study
skills
they
will
desperately
need
for
high
school
,
and
how
can
we
help
them
navigate
the
twisting
,
rocky
road
of
adolescence
as
social
beings
with
a
solid
core
of
beliefs
and
the
willpower
to
resist
the
dangers
they
will
face
?
In
addition
,
the
teachers
decided
they
wanted
their
students
to
develop
trust
in
themselves
and
others
,
the
traits
of
responsible
citizenship
,
and
a
strong
work
ethic
.
The
idea
of
a
daily
20-minute
advisory
period
,
set
aside
on
purpose
to
explore
personal
and
social
values
,
seemed
like
a
good
idea
and
was
adopted
.
For
the
next
two
years
,
every
Syracuse
Junior
High
teacher
presided
over
an
advisory
class
of
approximately
26
students
.
Using
the
text
Life
Lessons
for
Young
Adolescents
of
An
Advisory
Guide
for
Teachers
,
the
Syracuse
teachers
and
their
students
faithfully
followed
the
directions
in
each
chapter
.
This
guide
offered
plenty
of
discussion
topics
and
suggestions
for
group
activities
about
teamwork
,
communication
,
conflict
resolution
,
relationships
,
and
the
world
of
the
community
.
Teachers
who
saw
themselves
first
and
foremost
as
nurturers
felt
comfortable
in
this
advisory
role
.
However
,
others
who
viewed
themselves
primarily
as
knowledge
facilitators
were
less
at
ease
.
Highly
skilled
in
generating
the
excitement
and
curiosity
of
students
in
academic
subjects
,
they
felt
equally
confident
of
their
ability
to
offer
social
and
emotional
support
when
a
naturally
occurring
incident
arose
during
the
instructional
process
.
By
1993
,
a
better
method
was
found
,
one
that
every
member
of
the
staff
could
actively
endorse
.
Character
education
at
Syracuse
Junior
High
would
be
taught
as
a
companion
piece
to
the
Utah
Studies
course
that
is
part
of
the
required
curriculum
for
Grade
7.
"
That
is
not
to
say
we
do
n't
all
function
as
daily
role
models
for
the
traits
of
character
we
want
students
to
possess
,
"
said
Schmidt
.
"
We
do
.
We
send
out
those
signals
all
the
time
in
the
way
we
treat
students
and
the
way
we
treat
each
other
.
But
we
also
feel
the
character
education
curriculum
works
best
when
it
is
taught
deliberately
as
a
subject
for
its
own
sake
.
"
For
her
seventh
grade
character
education
unit
,
teacher
Jackie
Holbrook
uses
Changes
and
Challenges
of
Becoming
the
Best
You
Can
Be
,
a
Lions
Club/Quest
International
publication
.
The
student
workbook
features
realistic
scenarios
of
junior
high
school
life
that
describe
how
tough
it
can
really
be
to
resist
peer
pressure
,
feel
awkward
,
say
or
do
something
foolish
,
and
risk
telling
parents
the
truth
,
even
if
it
means
missing
out
on
some
fun
.
Also
included
are
hard
facts
about
alcohol
,
tobacco
,
and
other
drugs
,
and
the
value
of
having
a
relationship
of
trust
with
one
's
family
to
toss
you
a
lifeline
if
you
need
it
.
Parent
Lori
Hess
has
high
praise
for
the
way
Holbrook
reaches
out
to
challenge
students
like
her
son
to
stand
on
their
own
.
Holbrook
tells
them
about
the
ordeals
of
civil
rights
activists
such
as
Malcolm
X
who
were
caught
in
the
crossfire
of
violent
confrontation
but
held
true
to
their
vision
of
equality
.
They
identify
with
the
real
lives
of
real
heroes
.
In
the
process
,
this
school
's
11
and
12-year-olds
are
becoming
thoughtful
and
outspoken
advocates
of
a
drug
free
lifestyle
and
the
habit
of
listening
to
one
's
conscience
before
making
decisions
.
Those
are
behaviors
all
parents
and
teachers
can
feel
good
about
.
Kanab
Elementary
School
VALUES
WEAVE
BOND
BETWEEN
YOUNG
AND
OLD
In
Kane
District
,
character
education
is
a
multifaceted
program
involving
every
school
.
Since
1995-96
,
Kane
's
grant
has
funded
a
summer
theater
camp
for
elementary
students
at
risk
;
middle
school
student
painting
of
Kanab
's
municipal
swimming
pool
,
planting
of
trees
on
the
town
golf
course
,
and
building
of
an
archery
range
;
Valley
Elementary
classes
in
Spanish
;
Kanab
High
School
leadership
training
;
and
a
three-day
hike
and
river
trip
for
teens
from
Big
Water
.
One
project
will
not
be
soon
forgotten
by
Kanab
Elementary
Principal
Doug
Jacobs
or
some
Kanab
Middle
School
students
.
Last
spring
,
while
they
were
still
attending
Kanab
Elementary
,
these
boys
and
girls
and
their
teachers
,
Melissa
Byers
,
Joyce
McAllister
,
and
Julie
Nannenga
,
applied
to
the
district
ACT
(
Achieving
Community
Together
)
Committee
for
money
to
implement
a
service
project
.
They
were
successful
.
Last
April
,
each
five-member
Tribe
group
in
Kanab
Elementary
's
three
fifth
grade
classes
adopted
an
elderly
person
or
couple
who
lived
in
or
near
Kanab
.
Each
Tribe
then
brainstormed
questions
,
invited
the
senior
citizens
to
school
,
and
interviewed
them
about
the
historical
events
they
had
witnessed
first
hand
that
matched
the
subject
matter
of
the
fifth
grade
social
studies
Core
.
The
students
then
wrote
an
oral
history
based
on
their
interviews
.
Then
nine
values
were
chosen
by
all
the
participants
.
The
nine
were
goodness
,
peace
,
love
,
patience
,
caring
,
respect
,
honesty
,
kindness
,
and
integrity
.
A
design
was
chosen
that
symbolized
each
value
,
such
as
a
heart
for
love
,
a
clock
for
patience
,
the
sun
and
the
American
flag
for
goodness
,
and
a
student
helping
someone
cross
the
street
for
caring
.
Then
each
Tribe
painted
their
design
for
each
value
on
a
square
of
cloth
.
Next
,
homemaking
students
at
Kanab
High
School
stitched
the
nine
individual
quilt
squares
of
each
Tribe
together
on
a
sewing
machine
.
Then
the
fifth
graders
stitched
the
top
,
bottom
,
and
batting
inside
their
lap
quilts
together
.
Finally
,
the
students
invited
their
new
friends
back
to
school
,
gave
them
the
quilts
as
a
gift
,
and
shared
refreshments
.
A
powerful
firsthand
experience
in
cooperative
decision
making
,
leadership
training
,
civic
pride
,
and
history
appreciation
was
the
result
.
Pleasant
Grove
High
School
WHAT
GOES
AROUND
COMES
BACK
AROUND
"
Good
character
takes
form
as
an
outcome
of
the
ongoing
process
of
living
.
It
is
a
way
of
life
,
an
attitude
that
expresses
how
we
feel
about
ourselves
.
It
is
nourished
first
and
foremost
by
parents
and
families
and
then
spreads
from
there
into
a
desire
to
help
others
as
fellow
travelers
on
life
's
journey
.
It
hopefully
motivates
us
to
contribute
in
ways
that
make
our
community
a
more
pleasant
place
to
live
.
It
permeates
everything
we
do
.
"
That
is
how
Alpine
District
federal
project
coordinator
Susan
Schumacher
feels
about
character
education
.
Schumacher
finds
lessons
in
core
values
nearly
every
day
in
the
Family
and
Consumer
Science
classes
she
teaches
at
Pleasant
Grove
High
.
If
one
cooking
group
cooks
and
eats
double
its
share
of
spaghetti
,
the
group
who
uses
that
cubicle
and
stove
next
is
shortchanged
.
As
a
consequence
,
the
first
group
is
deprived
of
credit
for
the
next
assignment
.
Most
employers
,
she
reminds
them
,
will
allow
for
an
honest
mistake
if
the
person
responsible
is
open
and
up-front
about
it
,
but
not
if
the
employee
tries
to
ignore
it
or
cover
it
up
.
We
all
must
take
responsibility
for
our
actions
.
The
month-by-month
character
traits
Pleasant
Grove
schools
have
chosen
this
year
are
conflict
resolution
,
courtesy
,
dependability
,
friendship
,
cooperation
,
trust
,
accountability
,
self-control
,
and
worth/potential
.
Acting
as
mentors
and
significant
older
friends
to
children
at
nearby
Central
Elementary
,
ten
high
school
sophomores
love
going
over
there
to
work
on
a
quilt
destined
for
a
soon-to-open
Columbia
HCA
hospital
in
Orem
.
Together
,
the
high
school
and
elementary
students
are
also
building
window
screens
to
keep
out
Central
's
aggressive
bees
.
Character
education
in
Alpine
District
is
moving
in
many
directions
.
Businesses
enjoy
advertising
the
monthly
themes
.
Students
at
Valley
View
Elementary
thought
seriously
about
life
's
opportunities
following
live
visits
by
former
astronaut
Jake
Garn
and
explorer
John
Goddard
.
Parents
are
encouraged
to
read
value
linked
tales
to
their
children
such
as
Pinocchio
,
The
Emperor
's
New
Clothes
,
and
The
Boy
Who
Cried
Wolf
.
Surely
The
Wizard
of
Oz
is
another
possibility
.
During
hero
weeks
,
students
dress
up
as
their
favorite
heroes
in
American
history
or
their
own
lives
.
Pleasant
Grove
High
student
body
officers
Bobbie
Maxwell
and
Emily
Box
insist
that
character
education
is
something
no
high
school
can
afford
to
ignore
or
take
for
granted
.
They
feel
the
priority
Pleasant
Grove
High
places
on
values
is
healthy
.
Would
they
cheat
on
a
test
if
they
knew
they
could
get
away
with
it
?
Of
course
not
.
They
said
it
would
be
a
foolish
thing
to
do
because
what
goes
around
comes
around
.
Dishonesty
will
eventually
catch
up
to
you
.
Maxwell
hopes
to
pursue
politics
or
music
education
,
and
Box
wants
to
be
a
physician
specializing
in
anorexia
.
Central
Elementary
teachers
Joanna
Meacham
and
Debbie
Wallis
are
impressed
by
the
small
miracles
they
have
witnessed
since
their
students
began
to
participate
in
service
activities
.
Several
of
Meacham
's
fifth
graders
recently
announced
they
wanted
to
"
write
letters
to
lonely
people
.
"
Students
in
Wallis
'
resource
class
are
doing
a
study
of
Hopi
Indians
that
is
opening
their
minds
to
other
cultures
and
how
different
the
people
on
earth
can
be
.
"
You
ca
n't
hate
what
you
love
and
understand
,
"
declared
Wallis
.
"
We
are
discovering
that
all
societies
have
value
.
"
Alice
C.
Harris
Intermediate
School
EVERYONE
NEEDS
TO
FEEL
IMPORTANT
Running
a
school
for
Grades
6-7
that
smoothes
the
path
from
childhood
to
early
adolescence
must
be
a
special
pleasure
for
the
principal
of
Alice
C.
Harris
Intermediate
School
,
Mary
Kay
Kirkland
,
and
her
energized
faculty
.
To
them
,
shaping
the
values
and
stretching
the
minds
of
students
at
the
brink
of
social
,
emotional
,
and
physical
changes
as
well
as
an
expanding
capacity
to
absorb
and
utilize
information
is
a
uniquely
rewarding
task
as
well
as
a
complicated
one
.
Being
a
builder
makes
sense
to
the
720
boys
and
girls
at
Harris
.
Through
this
year
's
advisory
activities
,
they
are
building
positive
attitudes
,
the
self-esteem
of
others
,
their
own
strengths
,
peace
,
pride
,
respect
,
and
skills
for
the
community
,
the
environment
,
and
physical
fitness
.
Last
fall
,
soon
after
school
began
,
one
advisory
class
of
sixth
grade
students
learned
a
lot
about
each
other
by
bringing
from
home
,
in
a
bag
they
could
carry
,
10
things
that
had
personal
meaning
for
them
.
Each
child
had
a
chance
to
be
the
center
of
attention
and
feel
important
.
Avid
athlete
Janell
Cox
showed
her
classmates
her
baseball
awards
.
Dallas
Fonnesbeck
brought
a
stuffed
rabbit
.
He
raises
real
rabbits
at
home
.
The
students
listened
carefully
to
match
the
names
of
their
classmates
with
their
likes
and
dislikes
on
paper
in
a
sort
of
people-based
bingo
game
.
Who
is
a
twin
?
Who
loves
ice
cream
?
Soon
they
were
no
longer
feeling
so
self-conscious
.
Harris
Intermediate
draws
its
growing
student
population
from
three
disparate
sources
:
isolated
rural
areas
,
small
town
Tremonton
,
and
Wasatch
Front
escapees
.
The
mix
makes
for
some
interesting
contrasts
that
Kirkland
hopes
will
teach
them
to
develop
a
healthy
tolerance
and
sensitivity
for
others
.
Bonding
some
of
them
together
can
be
a
zest
for
learning
that
has
managed
to
endure
from
the
days
when
school
was
still
a
magical
place
to
be
,
an
exciting
world
of
discovery
.
Harris
bases
its
efforts
on
Peter
Benson
's
20
developmental
assets
.
It
plans
to
implement
them
through
its
instructional
program
as
well
as
its
monthly
themes
,
awards
,
service
projects
,
parent
involvement
in
the
daily
schoolwide
program
,
and
teacher
inservice
.
A
school-within-a-school
for
students
at
risk
will
soon
be
staffed
with
a
teacher
who
has
expertise
in
asset
building
,
conflict
resolution
,
and
anger
management
.
As
many
students
as
possible
are
honored
for
their
accomplishments
.
No
student
at
Harris
is
labeled
a
failure
.
If
necessary
,
an
incomplete
grade
is
assigned
and
the
student
is
encouraged
to
complete
the
work
that
is
lacking
.
In
almost
all
cases
,
that
is
what
happens
.
As
Kirkland
points
out
,
half
of
being
successful
is
feeling
you
are
successful
.
This
school
works
day
after
day
to
build
in
students
a
positive
view
of
their
future
.
"
The
bottom
line
for
everything
we
do
here
is
to
motivate
students
to
do
their
best
,
"
Kirkland
insisted
.
"
Failure
does
not
motivate
them
.
"
Thomas
W.
Bacchus
Elementary
School
SINGING
SPARKS
A
SPIRIT
OF
BELONGING
Remember
the
Mickey
Mouse
March
?
Hum
the
melody
in
your
mind
and
pretend
you
are
singing
the
following
:
"
Who
's
the
one
who
's
always
there
,
no
matter
what
you
need
?
F-A-M-I-L-Y
,
family
indeed
!
"
It
works
,
does
n't
it
?
Instead
of
When
You
're
Smiling
,
try
When
You
're
Caring
,
starting
halfway
through
:
"
When
you
stop
caring
,
you
bring
on
the
rain
,
so
keep
on
caring
,
be
happy
again
!
When
you
're
caring
,
when
you
're
caring
,
the
whole
world
cares
with
you
!
"
Just
imagine
the
fun
elementary-age
children
would
have
joining
together
to
sing
these
familiar
melodies
and
cheerful
words
!
They
were
enjoying
each
and
every
moment
of
it
during
a
spirited
schoolwide
Community
of
Caring
assembly
last
September
at
Thomas
W.
Bacchus
Elementary
School
in
Kearns
.
As
Ann
McLean
played
the
piano
and
Julie
Larsen
pointed
to
the
words
projected
on
a
giant
screen
,
the
voices
of
everyone
from
the
youngest
kindergarten
child
to
grown
up
sixth
graders
could
be
heard
singing
in
unison
the
lyrics
of
Judy
Giles
about
the
five
Community
of
Caring
core
values
of
family
,
caring
,
trust
,
respect
,
and
responsibility
of
with
as
much
enthusiasm
as
high
school
students
cheering
for
the
victory
of
their
football
team
.
To
Giles
,
whose
talent
adds
so
much
to
the
school
's
character
education
assemblies
,
the
response
of
the
students
and
fellow
teachers
is
no
mystery
.
Not
very
long
ago
,
returning
in
a
school
bus
from
a
field
trip
,
they
spontaneously
broke
into
song
.
Children
of
all
ages
love
to
sing
together
,
she
says
,
because
it
simply
makes
them
feel
good
and
that
they
belong
.
The
same
is
true
of
staff
members
who
bond
together
as
they
sing
and
use
the
common
language
of
caring
.
At
the
assembly
,
every
classroom
in
turn
received
the
spotlight
as
its
teacher
and
several
students
presented
their
banner
.
Each
banner
held
the
name
of
every
child
in
that
class
.
School
psychologist
Randy
Hanks
enjoys
the
festivities
as
much
as
the
children
do
.
Delighting
in
the
way
they
respond
to
make-believe
as
do
all
who
are
young
at
heart
,
he
often
puts
on
dark
glasses
and
a
costume
and
appears
by
surprise
to
chat
with
the
boys
and
girls
about
all
sorts
of
things
,
helping
them
in
the
process
to
develop
a
framework
for
reasoning
about
appropriate
behavior
.
He
wants
them
to
remember
that
what
they
do
and
say
affects
others
.
Do
you
think
Goldilocks
was
acting
responsibly
when
she
tasted
Father
Bear
's
porridge
and
laid
down
in
Mother
Bear
's
bed
without
permission
?
The
children
remember
the
idea
.
Principal
Linda
Manwill
cannot
help
noticing
and
appreciating
the
side
benefits
from
her
school
's
Community
of
Caring
activities
.
Students
are
instinctively
correcting
themselves
before
tempers
flare
on
the
playground
.
Instead
of
yelling
or
hitting
,
they
are
getting
quite
good
at
stopping
to
remember
that
Bacchus
students
show
respect
,
not
anger
.
Manwill
believes
that
incorporating
the
affective
and
academic
facets
of
education
is
important
.
Parents
think
so
too
.
On
a
popular
,
large
bulletin
board
in
the
main
hallway
of
the
school
hang
over
a
hundred
candid
photos
of
its
many
"
Caring
Bacchus
Families
.
"
Mound
Fort
Middle
School
SEEK
ADVICE
FROM
WISE
PEOPLE
During
the
past
school
year
,
SAT
reading
scores
of
90
percent
of
all
the
sixth
grade
students
at
Mound
Fort
Middle
School
in
Ogden
improved
by
at
least
one
whole
grade
level
.
By
accident
?
Counselor
and
lead
character
education
teacher
Eileen
Nicholas
does
n't
think
so
.
At
Mound
Fort
,
Community
of
Caring
is
providing
that
certain
"
missing
something
"
,
the
sense
of
direction
that
gives
adolescents
the
tools
to
cope
with
the
pressures
they
face
,
interpret
the
mixed
message
they
receive
from
our
society
,
and
take
charge
of
their
destiny
in
a
confusing
and
violent
world
.
Mound
Fort
is
proof
that
academics
and
values
can
work
hand-in-hand
.
For
example
,
the
value
of
responsibility
is
being
taught
in
all
subjects
of
the
school
curriculum
.
A
boy
is
told
how
disappointed
the
teacher
is
that
he
forgot
his
homework
or
how
proud
that
he
acted
responsibly
by
turning
it
in
on
time
.
Last
fall
,
for
the
school
's
kickoff
advisory
activity
,
the
newly
formed
leadership
class
performed
skits
demonstrating
the
dress
code
,
honesty
,
and
both
good
and
bad
classroom
behavior
.
The
entire
student
body
has
pledged
to
give
up
put-downs
in
both
words
and
actions
,
to
right
wrongs
,
to
seek
advice
from
wise
people
of
all
ages
,
and
to
praise
people
every
day
for
good
things
they
do
.
Service
learning
has
become
a
primary
means
for
all
students
to
apply
Community
of
Caring
values
so
that
they
become
meaningful
in
their
lives
.
In
the
project
called
Reading
Across
the
Ages
,
students
are
acting
as
peer
tutors
for
young
readers
at
nearby
Gramercy
Elementary
School
.
When
Mound
Fort
students
like
Amanda
Huffman
and
Julene
Adams
visited
their
elderly
friends
at
Manor
Care
Retirement
Home
in
October
,
they
not
only
read
aloud
to
the
residents
but
were
often
able
to
switch
places
and
persuade
the
residents
to
read
to
them
and
to
share
some
of
their
memories
of
Ogden
life
in
the
"
old
days
"
.
"
It
's
basic
to
human
nature
that
self-esteem
rises
when
we
connect
with
others
in
a
meaningful
way
,
no
matter
how
old
we
happen
to
be
,
"
explained
Mound
Fort
's
Lou
Anderson
.
"
We
're
not
sure
who
benefits
most
,
the
kids
or
their
'
adopted
grandparents
'
.
Service
is
the
rent
we
pay
for
living
on
this
earth
.
Many
of
our
students
come
from
families
who
are
struggling
to
establish
a
stable
home
environment
and
become
economically
self-sufficient
of
to
pay
the
bills
on
time
.
So
their
children
may
be
finding
out
for
the
very
first
time
that
giving
of
themselves
in
an
altruistic
way
can
be
immensely
satisfying
.
"
The
lives
of
Manor
Care
residents
can
be
profoundly
affected
as
well
.
When
one
remarked
that
he
was
not
worth
coming
so
far
to
see
,
his
shocked
young
visitor
replied
,
"
You
just
do
n't
understand
how
much
I
care
about
you
.
There
is
a
lot
I
can
learn
from
you
.
"
Nicholas
knows
her
character
lessons
are
working
,
and
not
just
because
test
scores
are
rising
or
more
accelerated
classes
in
geometry
,
algebra
,
and
history
have
been
added
.
She
leaves
candy
or
loose
change
on
her
office
desk
occasionally
and
returns
to
see
it
still
there
,
undisturbed
.
That
pleases
her
.
It
means
that
at
Mound
Fort
,
trust
and
honesty
are
real
.
Hillside
Middle
School
SERVICE
PROJECTS
NURTURE
CARING
COMMUNITIES
For
years
,
the
steep
hillside
behind
Hillside
Middle
School
in
Salt
Lake
City
was
full
of
weeds
.
When
winter
snow
melted
,
mud
seeped
and
slid
down
to
the
pavement
behind
the
building
,
making
an
unsightly
mess
and
interfering
with
parking
.
That
will
not
happen
next
spring
,
however
.
On
a
Saturday
morning
last
July
,
students
,
parents
,
teachers
,
and
residents
of
all
ages
turned
out
at
7
a.m.
to
eat
a
pancake
breakfast
,
clear
debris
from
the
hill
,
and
plant
tree
seedlings
,
shrubs
,
flowers
,
and
groundcover
.
Loving
every
minute
was
character
education
coordinator
CeCie
Scharman
.
Scharman
,
who
teaches
student
government
and
healthy
lifestyles
at
Hillside
,
sent
a
flyer
to
families
last
March
explaining
that
digging
trenches
and
planting
plants
would
halt
soil
erosion
as
well
as
beautify
the
area
.
The
project
appealed
to
people
throughout
the
neighborhood
,
even
citizens
who
had
no
students
attending
the
school
.
Several
hundred
people
showed
up
and
by
11
o'clock
,
the
job
was
done
.
Students
learned
to
take
satisfaction
in
hard
work
and
responsibility
for
the
environment
.
The
bold
leadership
of
Superintendent
Darline
Robles
is
making
another
kind
of
impact
on
character
education
in
Salt
Lake
City
schools
as
well
.
Training
is
now
mandatory
for
all
district
high
school
coaches
and
assistants
who
work
with
student
athletes
.
In
August
,
a
sports
psychologist
taught
them
methods
to
fuel
pride
and
self-esteem
in
young
players
and
lessen
the
"
win
at
any
cost
"
mentality
.
"
Hitting
,
screaming
,
swearing
,
intimidation
,
and
other
forms
of
abuse
will
no
longer
be
tolerated
,
"
said
Scharman
.
"
Coaches
can
reach
kids
in
ways
other
teachers
ca
n't
.
"
Central
High
School
EVERYONE'S
OPINION
COUNTS
AT
TEEN
FORUMS
Teen
forums
are
a
unique
kind
of
character
education
activity
that
allows
high
school
students
to
be
at
ease
,
share
their
doubts
and
fears
,
and
learn
more
about
themselves
.
Growing
up
has
never
been
easy
,
but
today
the
temptations
teens
face
can
make
it
tougher
than
ever
.
Character
education
experts
believe
that
if
we
respect
them
,
they
will
be
more
interested
in
what
we
have
to
say
.
How
can
our
youth
become
adults
,
they
ask
,
unless
they
are
given
opportunities
to
develop
trusting
relationships
with
adults
who
are
willing
to
show
them
how
?
That
was
the
goal
when
students
of
Marilyn
Bailey
from
Central
High
School
,
an
alternative
high
school
in
Granite
School
District
,
met
last
May
at
the
Hilda
B.
Jones
Center
.
Through
a
series
of
questions
about
preferences
and
behavior
patterns
,
State
Office
of
Education
coordinator
Linda
Alder
helped
them
discover
that
some
were
action-centered
,
others
knowledge-centered
,
and
still
others
vision-centered
or
people-centered
.
That
got
the
students
thinking
about
different
ways
to
solve
a
given
problem
and
that
there
is
not
a
right
or
wrong
answer
for
everything
.
Then
Kristin
Fink
told
the
students
to
form
a
line
in
the
exact
sequence
of
their
birthdays
from
January
to
December
without
any
talking
.
They
were
able
to
do
it
in
record
time
with
a
perfect
score
.
Miss
Teen
Utah
Katie
Ballinger
described
how
volunteering
at
Primary
Children
's
Hospital
changed
her
life
.
"
Being
a
leader
does
n't
just
happen
to
people
who
are
famous
,
"
she
said
.
A
video
supporting
the
Covey
Leadership
principles
offered
a
related
message
:
Even
one
person
can
change
the
world
.
We
all
have
choices
and
hope
.
Learn
to
love
and
to
forgive
.
ALL
OF
US
DESERVE
DIGNITY
AND
RESPECT
For
the
past
eight
years
,
a
unique
Utahn
has
been
spending
the
majority
of
his
time
as
an
ambassador
to
students
,
special
education
teachers
,
and
other
interested
citizens
for
the
Golden
Rule
of
treat
others
,
regardless
of
their
differences
,
the
way
you
want
to
be
treated
,
with
dignity
,
kindness
,
and
understanding
.
That
is
the
straightforward
message
of
46-year-old
Kim
Peek
,
the
primary
role
model
of
Dustin
Hoffman
in
Rain
Man
,
the
1989
Oscar
winning
motion
picture
.
Instead
of
lingering
in
the
Hollywood
spotlight
,
Kim
,
with
the
wise
and
steady
guidance
of
his
father
,
Fran
Peek
,
has
been
visiting
schools
and
civic
groups
throughout
Utah
and
across
the
country
as
living
proof
that
people
with
disabilities
are
like
the
rest
of
us
and
worthy
of
our
friendship
.
As
he
answers
a
rapid
stream
of
math
,
music
,
literature
,
sports
,
and
geography
questions
,
Kim
inspires
the
members
of
his
audiences
to
be
lifelong
learners
and
to
broaden
their
circle
of
friends
.
Kim
is
a
savant
,
born
with
the
right
and
left
hemispheres
of
his
brain
fused
together
.
But
beneath
his
astounding
mental
prowess
is
a
warm
,
trusting
human
being
who
touches
in
all
of
us
a
deep
longing
to
be
accepted
for
who
we
are
.
The
book
Real
Rain
Man
Kim
Peek
is
available
at
Deseret
Book
.
Fran
was
recently
honored
by
Arc
,
the
National
Association
for
Retarded
Citizens
,
for
having
enabled
Kim
to
reach
more
than
700,000
people
with
his
profound
message
.
For
more
information
,
contact
Fran
Peek
at
262-4784
.
IMPROV
THEATRE
HELPS
TEENS
COMMUNICATE
Teenagers
benefit
in
many
ways
when
they
are
trained
in
schools
and
communities
to
portray
real
life
situations
that
are
meaningful
in
their
lives
.
Through
spontaneous
role
playing
in
a
detached
,
non-threatening
setting
in
which
they
are
less
vulnerable
to
embarrassment
and
ridicule
,
they
can
communicate
their
true
feelings
.
That
process
helps
them
to
become
well
adjusted
individuals
,
ready
to
confront
a
daunting
world
which
all
too
often
seems
to
advocate
getting
what
you
want
at
any
cost
.
Lori
Hargraves
,
Director
of
Improvisational
Teen
Theatre
Training
,
can
verify
that
such
experiences
improve
the
decision
making
,
peer
counseling
,
leadership
,
and
thinking
skills
of
teenagers
,
as
well
as
improve
their
awareness
and
coping
skills
in
responding
to
abuse
,
suicide
,
pregnancy
,
drug
use
,
and
depression
.
They
feel
more
in
control
and
better
able
to
analyze
crises
in
a
positive
way
.
They
discover
inner
resources
they
never
before
realized
that
they
had
.
When
Hargraves
'
theatre
troupe
makes
presentations
at
Salt
Lake
City
District
schools
,
the
players
present
an
ethical
dilemma
through
drama
and
then
ask
audience
members
to
explore
and
recommend
alternative
solutions
.
A
relationship
is
thus
built
between
the
players
and
student
observers
that
brings
good
character
traits
to
the
surface
so
they
can
be
identified
.
Those
traits
are
then
accessible
in
solving
real
life
crises
,
some
of
which
may
be
a
matter
of
life
and
death
.
For
more
information
,
contact
Lori
Hargraves
at
578-8394
.
WE
NEED
CARETAKERS
FOR
OUR
EARTH
Multimedia
technology
cannot
dampen
the
appetite
of
today
's
youngsters
for
real
life
adventure
.
Exploring
the
natural
world
around
them
can
feed
their
curiosity
about
history
and
their
desire
to
protect
artifacts
that
represent
a
living
legacy
of
the
civilization
they
have
inherited
.
An
archaeology
education
program
for
fourth
,
fifth
,
sixth
,
and
seventh
graders
is
being
offered
by
the
U.S.
Department
of
the
Interior
Bureau
of
Land
Management
to
provide
just
this
sort
of
opportunity
.
Intrigue
of
the
Past
is
an
innovative
,
interdisciplinary
program
that
demonstrates
how
archaeologists
discover
clues
to
the
past
,
presents
the
perspective
of
Native
Americans
,
and
examines
the
ethics
and
values
related
to
preservation
of
sites
that
belong
to
the
people
of
Utah
.
A
teaching
guide
explains
how
to
assist
students
to
develop
higher
level
thinking
and
teamwork
skills
as
they
join
in
hands-on
activities
that
involve
science
,
math
,
social
studies
,
and
language
arts
.
Project
Archaeology
Coordinator
Jeanne
Moe
enjoys
encouraging
preteens
to
become
detectives
of
the
past
.
In
one
lesson
,
students
imagine
they
are
interviewing
an
American
Indian
about
the
looting
and
vandalizing
of
ancestral
graves
in
order
to
sell
artifacts
,
and
the
destruction
of
irreplaceable
scientific
data
about
past
human
populations
.
The
students
write
down
and
share
their
thoughts
and
feelings
about
who
is
responsible
and
why
it
is
important
to
obey
the
law
.
For
more
information
,
contact
Jeanne
Moe
at
539-4060
.
"
Our
founding
fathers
knew
that
in
order
for
society
to
function
properly
,
everyone
had
to
adhere
to
a
basic
moral
code
.
When
teachers
and
their
classes
establish
rules
that
allow
everyone
to
learn
,
students
can
go
about
the
task
of
developing
an
inner
compass
to
determine
right
from
wrong
.
"
Kristi
Fink
Character
Education
Specialist
Utah
State
Office
of
Education
CELEBRATE
LIFE'S
BIG
AND
LITTLE
MILESTONES
Families
,
schools
,
and
communities
can
fortify
themselves
by
celebrating
people
and
their
accomplishments
.
By
doing
so
,
they
connect
their
past
to
their
future
.
By
honoring
an
individual
,
we
validate
that
person
's
experiences
and
show
that
changes
are
a
natural
and
normal
result
of
the
passing
of
time
.
At
a
recent
Rituals
and
Rites
of
Passage
workshop
for
middle
schools
in
Logan
,
the
participants
realized
that
before
their
students
could
feel
a
sense
of
belonging
,
they
themselves
as
teachers
needed
to
establish
a
school
culture
and
their
own
set
of
classroom
rituals
.
According
to
Adult
Education
Specialist
Nikki
Lovell
,
who
conducts
the
workshop
in
Utah
,
celebrating
milestones
,
even
little
ones
,
blends
with
the
benefits
of
character
education
,
safe
and
drug
free
school
education
,
community
service
,
and
good
health
habits
to
empower
our
youth
to
emerge
from
personal
crises
with
their
inner
identities
intact
.
"
Rites
of
passage
connect
us
to
the
values
of
the
larger
world
,
no
matter
how
much
we
may
differ
from
each
other
,
"
she
indicated
.
"
Rituals
at
home
and
in
school
tell
students
that
they
are
important
,
that
they
do
matter
.
"
Lovell
believes
that
students
who
are
recognized
for
the
contributions
they
make
as
members
of
their
families
,
classrooms
,
and
communities
develop
a
reserve
of
self-esteem
that
can
help
them
ward
off
destructive
influences
later
on
.
"
By
showing
people
that
we
value
them
,
we
nourish
their
physical
,
social
,
emotional
,
and
spiritual
wellness
,
"
she
explained
.
"
As
adolescent
students
move
along
the
path
to
independence
,
parents
and
teachers
can
ease
the
journey
by
sustaining
appropriate
rites
that
provide
stability
and
balance
in
their
lives
.
"
For
more
information
,
contact
Nikki
Lovell
at
538-7580
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/core/plans/int/rocks.html">
1a
Makes
observations
and
measurements
2b
Formulates
research
questions
2e
Analyze
data
and
draw
inferences
2g
Construct
models
and
simulations
Description
of
Activity
Title
:
Weathering
of
Rocks
and
Minerals
Overview
:
Skill
building
introductory
labs
will
help
students
learn
how
to
measure
volume
and
mass
of
rocks
in
preparation
for
their
experiment
.
Then
each
student
will
receive
a
sample
of
rock
common
to
their
general
area
.
Each
student
or
group
of
students
will
design
an
experiment
to
show
how
chemical
and/or
physical
weathering
might
breakdown
their
rock
in
nature
.
Duration
of
Activity
:
The
skill
building
labs
will
take
50
min.
periods
each
,
research
and
development
of
the
experiment
should
take
another
50
minute
period
,
and
setting
up
the
experiment
will
take
another
50
minute
period
.
Some
of
the
experiments
may
need
to
"
set
"
for
several
days
before
final
measurements
are
made
.
Materials
and
Resources
:
Carbonate
rocks
(
limestone
,
marble
)
as
well
as
granite
,
sandstone
or
shales
would
be
good
rocks
to
provide
.
They
need
to
be
about
8
cc.
in
size
.
Carbonated
water
(
carbonic
acid
)
,
a
heat
source
,
tongs
,
containers
and
a
freezer
will
be
necessary
.
Background
Information
Weathering
is
nature
's
way
of
breaking
down
rocks
into
smaller
particles
.
Weathering
is
a
slow
,
continuous
process
that
affects
all
substances
exposed
to
the
atmosphere
.
There
are
two
major
types
of
weathering
,
mechanical
and
chemical
.
Mechanical
weathering
causes
the
parent
rock
to
break
into
smaller
fragments
without
changing
the
chemical
makeup
of
the
rock
.
Chemical
weathering
is
the
process
of
changing
the
makeup
of
the
parent
rock
through
chemical
reactions
.
Most
chemical
weathering
is
caused
by
water
.
Water
can
dissolve
most
minerals
that
hold
rocks
together
.
Some
rocks
dissolve
very
easily
in
water
and
are
called
soluble
.
Oxidation
is
the
process
in
which
oxygen
chemically
combines
with
another
substance
.
The
result
of
oxidation
is
the
formation
of
an
entirely
different
substance
.
When
carbon
dioxide
dissolves
in
water
,
a
weak
acid
called
carbonic
acid
is
formed
.
This
acid
can
dissolve
some
types
of
minerals
.
Another
acid
that
causes
chemical
weathering
in
rocks
and
minerals
is
sulfuric
acid
.
Sulfuric
acid
emitted
from
factories
causes
acid
rain
.
Acid
rain
corrodes
,
or
wears
away
,
rocks
,
metal
,
and
other
materials
.
Plants
are
also
known
to
produce
weak
acids
that
dissolve
minerals
.
There
are
several
different
agents
,
or
causes
of
mechanical
weathering
.
Temperature
,
frost
action
,
organic
activity
,
and
abrasion
are
examples
.
Temperature
variations
over
a
period
of
time
allow
the
rock
to
expand
and
contract
repeatedly
causing
curved-shaped
pieces
to
break
off
.
Frost
action
occurs
as
water
seeps
into
tiny
cracks
in
the
rock
and
freezes
at
night
.
As
the
ice
expands
it
breaks
rock
fragments
free
.
Organic
activity
occurs
as
plant
roots
slowly
pry
apart
the
rock
as
the
plant
grows
larger
.
Abrasion
caused
by
blowing
winds
weathers
rocks
by
rounding
sharp
and
protruding
edges
to
smooth
surfaces
.
Teaching
and
Learning
Strategies
A
discussion
of
the
breakdown
of
rock
would
be
a
good
way
to
begin
this
experiment
.
The
formation
of
the
earth
from
it
's
molten
rock
beginnings
to
it
's
current
form
indicates
that
changes
have
taken
place
.
In
order
to
measure
changes
,
instruments
have
to
be
used
.
Allow
students
to
complete
the
"
Volume
Lab
"
and
the
"
Mass
Lab
"
to
ensure
they
know
how
to
properly
use
the
measuring
devices
indicated
.
The
two
skill
building
labs
will
help
the
students
know
how
scientific
measurements
are
made
.
The
"
Volume
Lab
"
will
give
them
some
knowledge
about
the
eventual
products
of
weathering
(
soil
)
.
As
the
students
begin
to
discuss
their
own
experiment
,
it
is
important
to
stress
that
they
must
model
natural
processes
in
their
procedures
.
This
will
avoid
the
quick
and
easy
"
hit
it
with
a
hammer
"
approach
.
You
may
want
to
discuss
a
definition
of
chemical
and
mechanical
weathering
at
this
time
but
do
not
give
them
more
information
.
To
ensure
inquiry
they
should
have
to
think
about
what
forces
exist
in
nature
.
Development
of
Laboratory
Skills
and
Tools
The
two
skill
building
activities
are
included
.
Each
has
it
's
own
specific
safety
procedures
and
write-up
forms
.
It
is
assumed
that
basic
lab
safety
guidelines
have
been
outlined
previously
and
students
know
where
emergency
equipment
is
.
If
students
are
using
a
piece
of
equipment
for
the
first
time
,
its
'
use
and
safety
issues
should
be
discussed
.
In
this
experiment
heat
and
acids
may
be
used
.
Have
appropriate
tongs
and
goggles
available
.
Student
forms
and
a
teacher
page
are
included
on
the
following
pages
.
Invitation
to
Learn
Provide
each
student
or
group
of
students
will
their
rock
sample
.
Give
them
time
to
handle
it
.
Have
them
imagine
this
rock
in
an
outdoor
setting
.
Ask
the
question
:
What
forces
are
breaking
down
this
rock
and
how
could
you
prove
it
?
Hand
out
the
Student
Designed
Experiment
form
and
give
students
time
to
work
on
it
.
Show
them
what
materials
you
have
available
and
indicate
that
they
are
free
to
use
other
materials
with
your
approval
.
When
they
have
a
plan
,
go
over
it
with
them
and
initial
it
.
As
students
set-up
their
experiments
,
determine
a
time
line
for
finishing
it
.
Summary
of
Learning
Multiple
Choice
1.
Which
of
the
following
is
NOT
considered
an
agent
of
physical
weathering
?
a.
abrasion
b.
carbonation
c.
frost
action
d.
organic
activity
answer
:
b
2.
What
causes
most
chemical
weathering
?
a.
abrasion
b.
roots
of
plants
c.
sulfuric
acid
d.
water
answer
:
d
Essay
:
1.
What
natural
forces
produce
weathering
in
our
state
?
2.
What
is
the
difference
between
mechanical
and
chemical
weathering
?
Verification
and
Communication
of
Results
:
1.
Have
students
rank
the
types
of
weathering
used
in
their
class
by
how
effective
it
was
.
(
what
percent
of
the
rock
weathered
)
2.
Have
students
write
a
life
story
for
their
rock
and
read
it
to
the
class
or
publish
in
a
journal
.
Student
Designed
Experiment
TITLE
:
Weathering
of
Rocks
and
Minerals
PURPOSE
:
What
forces
are
breaking
down
this
rock
and
how
can
I
prove
it
?
PREDICTION
:
(
What
is
a
possible
answer
?
)
MATERIALS
:
(
What
will
I
use
to
find
out
and
what
safety
equipment
do
I
need
?
)
PROCEDURES
:
(
What
steps
will
I
take
to
find
out
?
)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
instructor
approval
________
DATA
:
(
What
happened
?
)
ANALYZE
RESULTS
:
(
What
does
may
data
mean
?
Will
a
graph
help
?
Is
there
more
than
one
way
to
view
the
data
?
Could
I
have
done
something
differently
?
)
CONCLUSIONS
:
(
What
did
I
learn
?
)
Student
Designed
Experiment
Scoring
Rubric
RESPONSE
CRITERIA
RATING
Exemplary
Completes
all
steps
.
Experiment
has
a
control
,
logical
and
clear
procedures
,
data
is
recorded
and
thoroughly
analyzed
.
Graphs
are
present
.
Prediction
made
.
Conclusions
thorough
and
thoughtful
.
6
Competent
Completes
all
steps
.
Experiment
may
lack
control
,
procedures
lack
thoroughness
.
Data
is
recorded
,
analysis
not
complete
.
Conclusions
too
brief
.
5
Satisfactory
Completes
nearly
all
steps
.
Control
missing
,
procedures
lacking
or
illogical
.
More
than
one
variable
present
.
Data
recorded
but
poorly
analyzed
.
Conclusion
does
not
accurately
sum
up
experiment
.
4
Nearly
Satisfactory
Completes
most
steps
.
Procedures
missing
.
Data
recorded
but
not
analyzed
.
Conclusion
missing
.
3
Fails
to
Complete
Most
steps
missing
.
Data
recorded
but
procedures
do
not
indicate
itÃÂs
origin
.
Conclusion
missing
.
2
Fails
to
Begin
Effectively
Directions
not
followed
.
Nearly
all
steps
missing
.
DoesnÃÂt
show
understanding
of
how
to
develop
experiment
.
1
No
Attempt
Made
Does
not
begin
experiment
.
0
Teacher
Page
Skill
building
lab
for
"
Weathering
of
Rocks
and
Minerals
"
Description
:
Students
will
learn
three
ways
to
find
the
volume
of
an
object
.
They
will
calculate
the
percentage
of
air
in
sand
using
their
volume
measurements
.
They
will
see
how
the
smaller
the
graduations
on
a
measuring
device
increases
its
accuracy
.
Materials
:
Rock
,
marble
,
overflow
jar
,
100
ml
graduated
cylinders(2
)
,
baby
food
jar
,
beaker
,
sand
,
rectangular
block
of
wood
(
about
3
by
4
by
5
cm
,
it
's
nice
if
they
are
about
the
same
volume
as
the
baby
food
jar
)
,
ruler
,
sand
,
bucket
for
wet
sand
Student
Background
Information
:
Volume
is
the
amount
of
space
something
takes
up
.
It
can
be
measured
three
ways
.
If
an
object
is
rectangular
,
the
length
,
width
and
height
can
be
measured
with
a
metric
ruler
.
The
three
numbers
multiplied
together
are
the
volume
in
cubic
centimeters
.
For
irregularly
shaped
solids
,
water
displacement
can
be
used
.
The
volume
of
a
certain
amount
of
water
in
a
graduated
cylinder
or
other
measuring
device
is
first
measured
.
The
object
is
dropped
in
.
The
change
in
water
level
is
it
's
volume
.
If
an
overflow
jar
is
available
,
the
jar
is
filled
,
a
graduated
cylinder
placed
under
the
spout
,
the
object
dropped
in
and
the
overflow
is
measured
.
Volume
of
liquids
can
be
measured
by
pouring
the
liquid
into
a
graduated
cylinder
or
beaker
.
Teacher
Background
Information
:
(
Do
not
share
with
students
until
after
the
lab
)
The
smaller
the
graduations
on
the
measuring
device
the
more
accurate
your
measurement
will
be
.
A
milliliter
is
the
same
amount
of
volume
as
a
cubic
centimeter
.
The
volume
of
air
in
sand
can
be
calculated
by
adding
40
ml
of
water
to
40
ml
of
dry
sand
.
The
water
will
fill
the
air
spaces
in
the
sand
and
the
top
surface
will
be
at
about
65
ml
.
Since
it
would
have
been
80
ml
without
the
air
,
the
air
must
take
up
15
ml
of
the
sand
.
By
dividing
15
ml
of
air
by
the
40
ml
of
dry
sand
,
the
percentage
of
air
in
sand
is
found
.
It
is
usually
about
30
%
.
Safety
suggestions
:
If
the
students
can
find
a
way
to
hurt
themselves
on
this
one
,
they
were
going
to
do
it
anyway
.
To
ensure
safety
of
your
graduated
cylinders
,
make
sure
the
rocks
are
too
big
to
fit
in
them
.
Plastic
graduates
are
always
a
good
idea
in
the
junior
high
classroom
.
Title
:
Volume
Lab
Purpose
:
To
practice
finding
the
volume
of
different
types
of
items
and
to
see
how
much
air
is
in
sand
.
Materials
:
rock
,
marble
,
wood
block
,
baby
food
jar
,
2
graduates
,
ruler
,
sand
,
overflow
jar
,
250
ml
beaker
.
Procedure
:
1.
Use
length
x
width
x
height
measurements
to
find
the
volume
of
the
wood
block
.
2.
Use
the
graduated
cylinder
and
water
displacement
for
the
marble
.
Try
the
same
measurement
of
the
marble
using
the
beaker
instead
of
the
graduate
.
It
does
n't
matter
how
much
water
you
start
with
,
just
leave
room
for
it
to
rise
.
3.
Use
the
overflow
cup
,
the
graduate
and
water
displacement
for
the
rock
.
4.
Use
direct
measurement
to
see
the
volume
of
the
baby
food
jar
.
Use
graduate
.
5.
For
sand
:
Place
40
ml
of
dry
sand
in
the
100
ml
graduate
.
Add
40
ml
of
water
and
let
it
soak
in
.
Record
the
final
volume
.
Prediction
:
(
How
much
air
do
you
think
is
in
sand
)
Data
:
1.
wood
block
:
length__________
width__________
height__________
volume__________
2.
marble(using
graduate
)
beginning
volume
of
water__________
final
volume__________
volume=__________
marble
(
using
beaker
)
beginning
volume
of
water__________
final
volume__________
volume=__________
3.
rock
(
using
overflow
jar
)
volume
in
grad__________
4.
baby
food
jar=__________
5.
sand
+
water=__________
Analysis
:
1.
Which
had
more
volume-the
marble
or
the
rock
?
2.
Which
had
more
volume-the
wood
block
or
the
baby
food
jar
?
3.
How
much
air
did
the
sand
have
?
(
subtract
your
final
volume
from
80ml
)
4.
What
percentage
of
sand
is
air
?
Divide
air
space(from
#3
)
by
amount
of
sand
(
40
ml
)
and
multiply
by
100
%
.
5.
When
would
the
overflow
jar
be
more
practical
for
water
displacement
?
6.
What
is
the
relationship
between
ml
and
cubic
centimeters
?
7.
How
would
you
find
the
volume
of
:
a.
a
glass
of
milk
b.
a
book
c.
a
pencil
Conclusion
:
Teacher
Page
Skill
building
activity
for
"
Weathering
of
Rocks
and
Minerals
"
Title
:
Rock
Mass
Description
:
This
lab
will
help
students
understand
how
a
balance
works
.
It
will
provide
practice
and
introduce
them
to
the
idea
of
precision
in
measurements
.
Materials
:
large
rock
(
200-300
g
)
,
small
rock
(
10-20
g
)
,
balance
Student
Background
:
Students
will
need
to
be
instructed
as
to
how
the
balance
works
and
how
to
properly
handle
one
.
They
should
be
acquainted
with
the
concept
of
"
zeroing
"
the
balance
and
should
have
guided
practice
on
it
as
well
as
finding
the
mass
of
an
object
before
they
start
the
lab
.
Teacher
Background
:
Precision
can
be
defined
as
the
ability
to
measure
something
repeatedly
and
get
an
answer
within
a
certain
range
.
Students
will
have
difficulty
understanding
how
it
is
different
from
accuracy
.
To
get
accurate
measurements
would
require
a
standard
measure
that
most
classrooms
do
not
have
.
Therefore
,
students
may
not
know
the
accurate
answer
but
they
may
learn
to
be
precise
in
their
measurements
.
For
most
measurements
this
is
adequate
.
Depending
on
the
type
and
degree
of
maintenance
your
balances
have
students
may
be
expected
to
be
precise
within
a
certain
range
(
hopefully
less
than
a
gram
for
small
objects
)
The
size
of
the
object
affects
precision
.
Larger
objects
will
have
a
lower
precision
and
greater
range
of
possible
masses
.
Students
should
find
that
alternating
the
rocks
and
moving
the
riders
on
the
balance
will
result
in
a
greater
discrepancy
between
masses
.
To
be
precise
they
should
discover
that
it
helps
if
the
riders
are
not
moved
between
massing
and
the
object
is
placed
in
the
same
place
on
the
pan
of
the
balance
each
time
.
Your
balances
may
have
their
own
peculiarities
.
These
points
can
be
brought
out
in
the
post
lab
discussion
.
Safety
Suggestions
:
Few
hazards
exist
as
long
as
students
do
not
throw
the
rocks
.
Title
:
Rock
Mass
Purpose
:
To
see
if
our
balances
will
always
mass
the
same
object
the
same
way
.
Materials
:
large
rock
,
small
rock
,
balance
Procedure
:
1.
Zero
your
balance
.
2.
Mass
the
small
rock
,
then
the
large
rock
.
3.
Redo
#2
four
more
times
.
Be
sure
to
alternate
small
rock
then
large
.
4.
Mass
the
small
rock
5
times
in
a
row
.
5.
Mass
the
large
rock
5
times
in
a
row.
prediction
:
(
will
the
balance
mass
each
object
the
same
each
time
?
)
Data
:
object
Trial
1
Trial
2
Trial
3
Trial
4
Trial
5
small
rock
large
rock
small
rock
large
rock
analysis
:
1.
Did
you
get
the
same
mass
each
time
when
you
alternated
the
rocks
?
2.
What
was
the
biggest
difference
you
found
between
the
mass
on
the
small
rock
when
you
alternated
it
?
(
subtract
highest
reading
from
lowest
)
3.
What
did
you
notice
about
the
mass
of
the
small
rock
when
you
did
n't
alternate
it
?
4.
What
was
the
biggest
difference
for
the
large
rock
when
you
alternated
it
?
5.
What
did
you
notice
about
the
mass
of
the
large
rock
when
you
did
n't
alternate
it
?
6.
Is
the
balance
more
precise
for
large
or
small
objects
?
7.
When
is
your
balance
going
to
be
the
most
precise
?
8.
What
does
precision
mean
?
Conclusion
:
All
rights
reserved
except
those
which
may
be
granted
under
Sections
107
and
108
of
the
Copyright
Revision
Act
of
1976
.
This
document
may
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freely
distributed
in
its
entirety
for
non-profit
purposes
provided
that
the
copyright
notice
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removed
.
If
you
have
questions
concerning
proper
use
of
this
material
,
or
if
you
are
interested
in
obtaining
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,
contact
the
Curriculum
Section
Reception
Desk
at
801-538-7698
.
This
document
was
submitted
for
posting
to
the
Internet
by
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State
Science
Specialist
.
Any
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directed
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individual
.
Updated
September
18
1997
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</text>
<text id="http://www.vegetablegardening.us/home-vegetable-gardening-12-best-var
ieties-of-the-garden-vegetables.html">
BEST
VARIETIES
OF
THE
GARDEN
VEGETABLES
Home
Vegetable
Gardening
A
COMPLETE
AND
PRACTICAL
GUIDE
TO
THE
PLANTING
AND
CARE
OF
ALL
VEGETABLES
,
FRUITS
AND
BERRIES
WORTH
GROWING
FOR
HOME
USE
BY
F.
F.
ROCKWELL
Home
Gardening
Manual
Table
of
Contents
Gardening
chapter01
point
of
view
what
a
garden
is
chapter02
1
gardening
plans
and
theory
chapter02
2
gardening
plans
and
theory
chapter02
3
gardening
plans
and
theory
chapter02
4
gardening
plans
and
theory
chapter02
5
gardening
plans
and
theory
chapter02
6
gardening
plans
and
theory
chapter02
7
gardening
plans
and
theory
chapter02
8
gardening
plans
and
theory
chapter02
9
gardening
plans
and
theory
chapter03
1
execution
of
landscape
features
chapter03
2
execution
of
landscape
features
chapter03
3
execution
of
landscape
features
chapter03
4
execution
of
landscape
features
chapter03
5
execution
of
landscape
features
chapter04
1
handling
the
land
chapter04
2
handling
the
land
chapter04
3
handling
the
land
chapter04
4
handling
the
land
chapter04
5
handling
the
land
chapter05
1
handling
the
plants
chapter05
2
handling
the
plants
chapter05
3
handling
the
plants
chapter05
4
handling
the
plants
chapter05
5
handling
the
plants
chapter05
6
handling
the
plants
chapter05
7
handling
the
plants
chapter05
8
handling
the
plants
chapter05
9
handling
the
plants
chapter06
1
protecting
plants
from
pests
chapter06
2
protecting
plants
from
pests
chapter06
3
protecting
plants
from
pests
chapter06
4
protecting
plants
from
pests
chapter06
5
protecting
plants
from
pests
chapter06
6
protecting
plants
from
pests
chapter06
7
protecting
plants
from
pests
chapter06
8
protecting
plants
from
pests
chapter06
9
protecting
plants
from
pests
chapter07
01
growing
ornamental
plants
classes
chapter07
02
growing
ornamental
plants
classes
chapter07
03
growing
ornamental
plants
classes
chapter07
04
growing
ornamental
plants
classes
chapter07
05
growing
ornamental
plants
classes
chapter07
06
growing
ornamental
plants
classes
chapter07
07
growing
ornamental
plants
classes
chapter07
08
growing
ornamental
plants
classes
chapter07
09
growing
ornamental
plants
classes
chapter07
10
growing
ornamental
plants
classes
chapter07
11
growing
ornamental
plants
classes
chapter07
12
growing
ornamental
plants
classes
chapter07
13
growing
ornamental
plants
classes
chapter07
14
growing
ornamental
plants
classes
chapter07
15
growing
ornamental
plants
classes
CHAPTER
XII
BEST
VARIETIES
OF
THE
GARDEN
VEGETABLES
It
is
my
purpose
in
this
chapter
to
assist
the
gardener
of
limited
experience
to
select
varieties
sure
to
give
satisfaction
.
To
the
man
or
woman
planning
a
garden
for
the
first
time
there
is
no
one
thing
more
confusing
than
the
selection
of
the
best
varieties
.
This
in
spite
of
the
fact
that
catalogues
should
be
,
and
might
be
,
a
great
help
instead
of
almost
an
actual
hindrance
.
I
suppose
that
seedsmen
consider
extravagance
in
catalogues
,
both
in
material
and
language
,
necessary
,
or
they
would
not
go
to
the
limit
in
expense
for
printing
and
mailing
,
as
they
do
.
But
from
the
point
of
view
of
the
gardener
,
and
especially
of
the
beginner
,
it
is
to
be
regretted
that
we
cannot
have
the
plain
unvarnished
truth
about
varieties
,
for
surely
the
good
ones
are
good
enough
to
use
up
all
the
legitimate
adjectives
upon
which
seedsmen
would
care
to
pay
postage
.
But
such
is
not
the
case
.
Every
season
sees
the
introduction
of
literally
hundreds
of
new
varieties--or
,
as
is
more
often
the
case
,
old
varieties
under
new
names--which
have
actually
no
excuse
for
being
unloaded
upon
the
public
except
that
they
will
give
a
larger
profit
to
the
seller
.
Of
course
,
in
a
way
,
it
is
the
fault
of
the
public
for
paying
the
fancy
prices
asked--that
is
,
that
part
of
the
public
which
does
not
know
.
Commercial
planters
and
experienced
gardeners
stick
to
well
known
sorts
.
New
varieties
are
tried
,
if
at
all
,
by
the
packet
only--and
then
"
on
suspicion
.
"
In
practically
every
instance
the
varieties
mentioned
have
been
grown
by
the
author
,
but
his
recommendations
are
by
no
means
based
upon
personal
experience
alone
.
Wherever
introductions
of
recent
years
have
proved
to
be
actual
improvements
upon
older
varieties
,
they
are
given
in
preference
to
the
old
,
which
are
,
of
course
,
naturally
much
better
known
.
It
is
impossible
for
any
person
to
pick
out
this
,
that
or
the
other
variety
of
a
vegetable
and
label
it
unconditionally
"
the
best
.
"
But
the
person
who
wants
to
save
time
in
making
out
his
seed
list
can
depend
upon
the
following
to
have
been
widely
tested
,
and
to
have
"
made
good
.
"
_Asparagus:_--While
there
are
enthusiastic
claims
put
forth
for
several
of
the
different
varieties
of
asparagus
,
as
far
as
I
have
seen
any
authentic
record
of
tests
(
Bulletin
173
,
N.
J.
Agr
.
Exp
.
Station
)
,
the
prize
goes
to
Palmetto
,
which
gave
twenty-eight
per
cent.
more
than
its
nearest
rival
,
Donald
's
Elmira
.
Big
yield
alone
is
frequently
no
recommendation
of
a
vegetable
to
the
home
gardener
,
but
in
this
instance
it
does
make
a
big
difference
;
first
,
because
Palmetto
is
equal
to
any
other
asparagus
in
quality
,
and
second
,
because
the
asparagus
bed
is
producing
only
a
few
weeks
during
the
gardening
season
,
and
where
ground
is
limited
,
as
in
most
home
gardens
,
it
is
important
to
cut
this
waste
space
down
as
much
as
possible
.
This
is
for
beds
kept
in
good
shape
and
highly
fed
.
Barr
's
Mammoth
will
probably
prove
more
satisfactory
if
the
bed
is
apt
to
be
more
or
less
neglected
,
for
the
reason
that
under
such
circumstances
it
will
make
thicker
stalks
than
the
Palmetto.
_Beans
(
dwarf):_--Of
the
dwarf
beans
there
are
three
general
types
:
the
early
round-podded
"
string
"
beans
,
the
stringless
round-
pods
,
and
the
usually
more
flattish
"
wax
"
beans
.
For
first
early
,
the
old
reliable
Extra
Early
Red
Valentine
remains
as
good
as
any
sort
I
have
ever
tried
.
In
good
strains
of
this
variety
the
pods
have
very
slight
strings
,
and
they
are
very
fleshy
.
It
makes
only
a
small
bush
and
is
fairly
productive
and
of
good
quality
.
The
care-taking
planter
,
however
,
will
put
in
only
enough
of
these
first
early
beans
to
last
a
week
or
ten
days
,
as
the
later
sorts
are
more
prolific
and
of
better
quality
.
Burpee
's
Stringless
Greenpod
is
a
good
second
early
.
It
is
larger
,
finer
,
stringless
even
when
mature
,
and
of
exceptionally
handsome
appearance
.
Improved
Refugee
is
the
most
prolific
of
the
green-pods
,
and
the
best
of
them
for
quality
,
but
with
slight
strings
.
Of
the
"
wax
"
type
,
Brittle
Wax
is
the
earliest
,
and
also
a
tremendous
yielder
.
The
long-time
favorite
,
Rust-proof
Golden
Wax
,
is
another
fine
sort
,
and
an
especially
strong
healthy
grower
.
The
top-notch
in
quality
among
all
bush
beans
is
reached
,
perhaps
,
in
Burpee
's
White
Wax--the
white
referring
not
to
the
pods
,
which
are
of
a
light
yellow
,
and
flat
--but
to
the
beans
,
which
are
pure
white
in
all
stages
of
growth
.
It
has
one
unusual
and
extremely
valuable
quality--the
pods
remain
tender
longer
than
those
of
any
other
sort
.
Of
the
dwarf
limas
there
is
a
new
variety
which
is
destined
,
I
think
,
to
become
the
leader
of
the
half-dozen
other
good
sorts
to
be
had
.
That
is
the
Burpee
Improved
.
The
name
is
rather
misleading
,
as
it
is
not
an
improved
strain
of
the
Dreer
's
or
Kumerle
bush
lima
,
but
a
mutation
,
now
thoroughly
fixed
.
The
bushes
are
stronger-growing
and
much
larger
than
those
of
the
older
types
,
reaching
a
height
of
nearly
three
feet
,
standing
strongly
erect
;
both
pods
and
beans
are
much
larger
,
and
it
is
a
week
earlier
.
Henderson
's
new
Early
Giant
I
have
not
yet
tried
,
but
from
the
description
I
should
say
it
is
the
same
type
as
the
above
.
Of
the
pole
limas
,
the
new
Giant-podded
is
the
hardiest--an
important
point
in
limas
,
which
are
a
little
delicate
in
constitution
anyway
,
especially
in
the
seedling
stage--and
the
biggest
yielder
of
any
I
have
grown
and
just
as
good
in
quality--and
there
is
no
vegetable
much
better
than
well
cooked
limas
.
With
me
,
also
,
it
has
proved
as
early
as
that
old
standard
,
Early
Leviathan
,
but
this
may
have
been
a
chance
occurrence
.
Ford
's
Mammoth
is
another
excellent
pole
lima
of
large
size
.
Of
the
other
pole
beans
,
the
two
that
are
still
my
favorites
are
Kentucky
Wonder
,
or
Old
Homestead
,
and
Golden
Cluster
.
The
former
has
fat
meaty
green
pods
,
entirely
stringless
until
nearly
mature
,
and
of
enormous
length
.
I
have
measured
many
over
eight
and
a
half
inches
long--and
they
are
borne
in
great
profusion
.
Golden
Cluster
is
one
of
the
handsomest
beans
I
know
.
It
is
happily
named
,
for
the
pods
,
of
a
beautiful
rich
golden
yellow
color
,
hang
in
generous
clusters
and
great
profusion
.
In
quality
it
has
no
superior
;
it
has
always
been
a
great
favorite
with
my
customers
.
One
need
never
fear
having
too
many
of
these
,
as
the
dried
beans
are
pure
white
and
splendid
for
winter
use
.
Last
season
I
tried
a
new
pole
bean
called
Burger
's
Green-pod
Stringless
or
White-seeded
Kentucky
Wonder
(
the
dried
seeds
of
the
old
sort
being
brown
)
.
It
did
well
,
but
was
in
so
dry
a
place
that
I
could
not
tell
whether
it
was
an
improvement
over
the
standard
or
not
.
It
is
claimed
to
be
earlier.
_Beets:_--In
beets
,
varieties
are
almost
endless
,
but
I
confess
that
I
have
found
no
visible
difference
in
many
cases
.
Edmund
's
Early
and
Early
Model
are
good
for
first
crops
.
The
Egyptian
strains
,
though
largely
used
for
market
,
have
never
been
as
good
in
quality
with
me
.
For
the
main
crop
I
like
Crimson
Globe
.
In
time
it
is
a
second
early
,
of
remarkably
good
form
,
smooth
skin
and
fine
quality
and
color.
_Broccoli:_--This
vegetable
is
a
poorer
cousin
of
the
cauliflower
(
which
,
by
the
way
,
has
been
termed
"
only
a
cabbage
with
a
college
education
"
)
.
It
is
of
little
use
where
cauliflower
can
be
grown
,
but
serves
as
a
substitute
in
northern
sections
,
as
it
is
more
hardy
than
that
vegetable
.
Early
White
French
is
the
standard
sort.
_Brussels
sprouts:_--This
vegetable
,
in
my
opinion
,
is
altogether
too
little
grown
.
It
is
as
easy
to
grow
as
fall
and
winter
cabbage
,
and
while
the
yield
is
less
,
the
quality
is
so
much
superior
that
for
the
home
garden
it
certainly
should
be
a
favorite
.
Today
(
Jan
.
19th
)
we
had
for
dinner
sprouts
from
a
few
old
plants
that
had
been
left
in
transplanting
boxes
in
an
open
coldframe
.
These
had
been
out
all
winter--with
no
protection
,
repeatedly
freezing
and
thawing
,
and
,
while
of
course
small
,
they
were
better
in
quality
than
any
cabbage
you
ever
ate
.
Dalkeith
is
the
best
dwarf-growing
sort
.
Danish
Prize
is
a
new
sort
,
giving
a
much
heavier
yield
than
the
older
types
.
I
have
tried
it
only
one
year
,
but
should
say
it
will
become
the
standard
variety.
_Cabbage:_--In
cabbages
,
too
,
there
is
an
endless
mix-up
of
varieties
.
The
Jersey
Wakefield
still
remains
the
standard
early
.
But
it
is
at
the
best
but
a
few
days
ahead
of
the
flat-headed
early
sorts
which
stand
much
longer
without
breaking
,
so
that
for
the
home
garden
a
very
few
heads
will
do
.
Glory
of
Enkhuisen
is
a
new
early
sort
that
has
become
a
great
favorite
.
Early
Summer
and
Succession
are
good
to
follow
these
,
and
Danish
Ballhead
is
the
best
quality
winter
cabbage
,
and
unsurpassed
for
keeping
qualities
.
But
for
the
home
garden
the
Savoy
type
is
,
to
my
mind
,
far
and
away
the
best
.
It
is
not
in
the
same
class
with
the
ordinary
sorts
at
all
.
Perfection
Drumhead
Savoy
is
the
best
variety
.
Of
the
red
cabbages
,
Mammoth
Rock
is
the
standard.
_Carrots:_--The
carrots
are
more
restricted
as
to
number
of
varieties
.
Golden
Ball
is
the
earliest
of
them
all
,
but
also
the
smallest
yielder
.
Early
Scarlet
Horn
is
the
standard
early
,
being
a
better
yielder
than
the
above
.
The
Danvers
Half-long
is
probably
grown
more
than
all
other
kinds
together
.
It
grows
to
a
length
of
about
six
inches
,
a
very
attractive
deep
orange
in
color
.
Where
the
garden
soil
is
not
in
excellent
condition
,
and
thoroughly
fined
and
pulverized
as
it
should
be
,
the
shorter-growing
kinds
,
Ox-heart
and
Chantenay
,
will
give
better
satisfaction
.
If
there
is
any
choice
in
quality
,
I
should
award
it
to
Chantenay.
_Cauliflower_;--There
is
hardly
a
seed
catalogue
which
does
not
contain
its
own
special
brand
of
the
very
best
and
earliest
cauliflower
ever
introduced
.
These
are
for
the
most
part
selected
strains
of
either
the
old
favorite
,
Henderson
's
Snowball
,
or
the
old
Early
Dwarf
Erfurt
.
Snowball
,
and
Burpee
's
Best
Early
,
which
resembles
it
,
are
the
best
varieties
I
have
ever
grown
for
spring
or
autumn
.
They
are
more
likely
to
head
,
and
of
much
finer
quality
than
any
of
the
large
late
sorts
.
Where
climatic
conditions
are
not
favorable
to
growing
cauliflower
,
and
in
dry
sections
,
Dry-weather
is
the
most
certain
to
form
heads.
_Celery:_--For
the
home
garden
the
dwarf-growing
,
"
self-blanching
"
varieties
of
celery
are
much
to
be
preferred
.
White
Plume
and
Golden
Self-blanching
are
the
best
.
The
former
is
the
earliest
celery
and
of
excellent
quality
,
but
not
a
good
keeper
.
Recent
introductions
in
celery
have
proved
very
real
improvements
.
Perhaps
the
best
of
the
newer
sorts
,
for
home
use
,
is
Winter
Queen
,
as
it
is
more
readily
handled
than
some
of
the
standard
market
sorts
.
In
quality
it
has
no
superior
.
When
put
away
for
winter
properly
,
it
will
keep
through
April.
_Corn:_--You
will
have
to
suit
yourself
about
corn
.
I
have
not
the
temerity
to
name
any
best
varieties--every
seedsman
has
about
half
a
dozen
that
are
absolutely
unequaled
.
For
home
use
,
I
have
cut
my
list
down
to
three
:
Golden
Bantam
,
a
dwarf-growing
early
of
extraordinary
hardiness--can
be
planted
earlier
than
any
other
sort
and
,
while
the
ears
are
small
and
with
yellow
kernels
,
it
is
exceptionally
sweet
and
fine
in
flavor
.
This
novelty
of
a
few
years
since
,
has
attained
wide
popular
favor
as
quickly
as
any
vegetable
I
know
.
Seymour
's
Sweet
Orange
is
a
new
variety
,
somewhat
similar
to
Golden
Bantam
,
but
later
and
larger
,
of
equally
fine
quality
.
White
Evergreen
,
a
perfected
strain
of
Stowell
's
Evergreen
,
a
standard
favorite
for
years
,
is
the
third
.
It
stays
tender
longer
than
any
other
sweet
corn
I
have
ever
grown.
_Cucumbers:_--Of
cucumbers
also
there
is
a
long
and
varied
list
of
names
.
The
old
Extra
Early
White
Spine
is
still
the
best
early
;
for
the
main
crop
,
some
"
perfected
"
form
of
White
Spine
.
I
myself
like
the
Fordhood
Famous
,
as
it
is
the
healthiest
strain
I
ever
grew
,
and
has
very
large
fruit
that
stays
green
,
while
being
of
fine
quality
.
In
the
last
few
years
the
Davis
Perfect
has
won
great
popularity
,
and
deservedly
so
.
Many
seedsmen
predict
that
this
is
destined
to
become
the
leading
standard--and
where
seedsmen
agree
let
us
prick
up
our
ears
!
It
has
done
very
well
with
me
,
the
fruit
being
the
handsomest
of
any
I
have
grown
.
If
it
proves
as
strong
a
grower
it
will
replace
Fordhood
Famous
with
me.
_Egg-plant:_--New
York
Improved
Purple
is
still
the
standard
,
but
it
has
been
to
a
large
extent
replaced
by
Black
Beauty
,
which
has
the
merit
of
being
ten
days
earlier
and
a
more
handsome
fruit
.
When
once
tried
it
will
very
likely
be
the
only
sort
grown.
_Endive:_--This
is
a
substitute
for
lettuce
for
which
I
personally
have
never
cared
.
It
is
largely
used
commercially
.
Broad-leaved
Batavian
is
a
good
variety
.
Giant
Fringed
is
the
largest.
_Kale:_--Kale
is
a
foreigner
which
has
never
been
very
popular
in
this
country
.
Dwarf
Scott
Curled
is
the
tenderest
and
most
delicate
(
or
least
coarse
)
in
flavor.
_Kohlrabi:_--This
peculiar
mongrel
should
be
better
known
.
It
looks
as
though
a
turnip
had
started
to
climb
into
the
cabbage
class
and
stopped
half-way
.
When
gathered
young
,
not
more
than
an
inch
and
a
half
in
diameter
at
the
most
,
they
are
quite
nice
and
tender
.
They
are
of
the
easiest
cultivation
.
White
Vienna
is
the
best.
_Leek:_--For
those
who
like
this
sort
of
thing
it
is--just
the
sort
of
thing
they
like
.
American
Flag
is
the
best
variety
,
but
why
it
was
given
the
first
part
of
that
name
,
I
do
not
know.
_Lettuce:_--To
cover
the
lettuces
thoroughly
would
take
a
chapter
by
itself
.
For
lack
of
space
,
I
shall
have
to
mention
only
a
few
varieties
,
although
there
are
many
others
as
good
and
suited
to
different
purposes
.
For
quality
,
I
put
Mignonette
at
the
top
of
the
list
,
but
it
makes
very
small
heads
.
Grand
Rapids
is
the
best
loose-
head
sort--fine
for
under
glass
,
in
frames
and
early
outdoors
.
Last
fall
from
a
bench
40
x
4
ft.
,
I
sold
$
36
worth
in
one
crop
,
besides
some
used
at
home
.
I
could
not
sell
winter
head
lettuce
to
customers
who
had
once
had
this
sort
,
so
good
was
its
quality
.
May
King
and
Big
Boston
are
the
best
outdoor
spring
and
early
summer
sorts
.
New
York
and
Deacon
are
the
best
solid
cabbage-head
types
for
resisting
summer
heat
,
and
long
standing
.
Of
the
cos
type
Paris
White
is
good.
_Muskmelon:_--The
varieties
of
muskmelon
are
also
without
limit
.
I
mention
but
two--which
have
given
good
satisfaction
out
of
a
large
number
tried
,
in
my
own
experience
.
Netted
Gem
(
known
as
Rocky
Ford
)
for
a
green-fleshed
type
,
and
Emerald
Gem
for
salmon-fleshed
.
There
are
a
number
of
newer
varieties
,
such
as
Hoodoo
,
Miller
's
Cream
,
Montreal
,
Nutmeg
,
etc.
,
all
of
excellent
quality.
_Watermelon:_--With
me
(
in
Connecticut
)
the
seasons
are
a
little
short
for
this
fruit
.
Cole
's
Early
and
Sweetheart
have
made
the
best
showing
.
Halbert
Honey
is
the
best
for
quality.
_Okra:_--In
cool
sections
the
Perfected
Perkins
does
best
,
but
it
is
not
quite
so
good
in
quality
as
the
southern
favorite
,
White
Velvet
.
The
flowers
and
plants
of
this
vegetable
are
very
ornamental.
_Onion:_--For
some
unknown
reason
,
different
seedsmen
call
the
same
onion
by
the
same
name
.
I
have
never
found
any
explanation
of
this
,
except
that
a
good
many
onions
given
different
names
in
the
catalogues
are
really
the
same
thing
.
At
least
they
grade
into
each
other
more
than
other
vegetables
.
With
me
Prizetaker
is
the
only
sort
now
grown
in
quantity
,
as
I
have
found
it
to
outyield
all
other
yellows
,
and
to
be
a
good
keeper
.
It
is
a
little
milder
in
quality
than
the
American
yellows--Danvers
and
Southport
Globe
.
When
started
under
glass
and
transplanted
out
in
April
,
it
attains
the
size
and
the
quality
of
the
large
Spanish
onions
of
which
it
is
a
descendant
.
Weathersfield
Red
is
the
standard
flat
red
,
but
not
quite
so
good
in
quality
or
for
keeping
as
Southport
Red
Globe
.
Of
the
whites
I
like
best
Mammoth
Silver-skin
.
It
is
ready
early
and
the
finest
in
quality
,
to
my
taste
,
of
all
the
onions
,
but
not
a
good
keeper
.
Ailsa
Craig
,
a
new
English
sort
now
listed
in
several
American
catalogues
,
is
the
best
to
grow
for
extra
fancy
onions
,
especially
for
exhibiting
;
it
should
be
started
in
February
or
March
under
glass.
_Parsley:_--Emerald
is
a
large-growing
,
beautifully
colored
and
mild-flavored
sort
,
well
worthy
of
adoption.
_Parsnip:_--This
vegetable
is
especially
valuable
because
it
may
be
had
at
perfection
when
other
vegetables
are
scarce
.
Hollow
Crown
(
"
Improved
,
"
of
course
!
)
is
the
best.
_Peas:_--Peas
are
worse
than
corn
.
You
will
find
enough
exclamation
points
in
the
pea
sections
of
catalogues
to
train
the
vines
on
.
If
you
want
to
escape
brain-fag
and
still
have
as
good
as
the
best
,
if
not
better
,
plant
Gradus
(
or
Prosperity
)
for
early
and
second
early
;
Boston
Unrivaled
(
an
improved
form
of
Telephone
)
for
main
crop
,
and
Gradus
for
autumn
.
These
two
peas
are
good
yielders
,
free
growers
and
of
really
wonderfully
fine
quality
.
They
need
bushing
,
but
I
have
never
found
a
variety
of
decent
quality
that
does
not.
_Pepper:_--Ruby
King
is
the
standard
,
large
,
red
,
mild
pepper
,
and
as
good
as
any
.
Chinese
Giant
is
a
newer
sort
,
larger
but
later
.
The
flesh
is
extremely
thick
and
mild
.
On
account
of
this
quality
,
it
will
have
a
wider
range
of
use
than
the
older
sorts.
_Pumpkins:_--The
old
Large
Cheese
,
and
the
newer
Quaker
Pie
,
are
as
prolific
,
hardy
and
fine
in
quality
and
sweetness
as
any.
_Potato:_--Bovee
is
a
good
early
garden
sort
,
but
without
the
best
of
culture
is
very
small
.
Irish
Cobbler
is
a
good
early
white
.
Green
Mountain
is
a
universal
favorite
for
main
crop
in
the
East--a
sure
yielder
and
heavy-crop
potato
of
excellent
quality
.
Uncle
Sam
is
the
best
quality
potato
I
ever
grew
.
Baked
,
they
taste
almost
as
rich
as
chestnuts.
_Radish:_--I
do
not
care
to
say
much
about
radishes
;
I
do
not
like
them
.
They
are
,
however
,
universal
favorites
.
They
come
round
,
half-
long
,
long
and
tapering
;
white
,
red
,
white-tipped
,
crimson
,
rose
,
yellow-brown
and
black
;
and
from
the
size
of
a
button
to
over
a
foot
long
by
fifteen
inches
in
circumference--the
latter
being
the
new
Chinese
or
Celestial
.
So
you
can
imagine
what
a
revel
of
varieties
the
seedsmen
may
indulge
in
.
I
have
tried
many--and
cut
my
own
list
down
to
two
,
Rapid-red
(
probably
an
improvement
of
the
old
standard
,
Scarlet
Button
)
,
and
Crimson
Globe
(
or
Giant
)
,
a
big
,
rapid
,
healthy
grower
of
good
quality
,
and
one
that
does
not
get
"
corky
.
"
A
little
land-plaster
,
or
gypsum
,
worked
into
the
soil
at
time
of
planting
,
will
add
to
both
appearance
and
quality
in
radishes.
_Spinach:_--The
best
variety
of
spinach
is
Swiss
Chard
Beet
(
see
below
)
.
If
you
want
the
real
sort
,
use
Long
Season
,
which
will
give
you
cuttings
long
after
other
sorts
have
run
to
seed
.
New
Zealand
will
stand
more
heat
than
any
other
sort
.
Victoria
is
a
newer
variety
,
for
which
the
claim
of
best
quality
is
made
.
In
my
own
trial
I
could
not
notice
very
much
difference
.
It
has
,
however
,
thicker
and
"
savoyed
"
leaves.
_Salsify:_--This
is
,
to
my
taste
,
the
most
delicious
of
all
root
vegetables
.
It
will
not
do
well
in
soil
not
deep
and
finely
pulverized
,
but
a
row
or
two
for
home
use
can
be
had
by
digging
and
fining
before
sowing
the
seed
.
It
is
worth
extra
work
.
Mammoth
Sandwich
is
the
best
variety.
_Squash:_--Of
this
fine
vegetable
there
are
no
better
sorts
for
the
home
garden
than
the
little
Delicata
,
and
Fordhook
.
Vegetable
Marrow
is
a
fine
English
sort
that
does
well
in
almost
all
localities
.
The
best
of
the
newer
large-vined
sorts
is
The
Delicious
.
It
is
of
finer
quality
than
the
well
known
Hubbard
.
For
earliest
use
,
try
a
few
plants
of
White
or
Yellow
Bush
Scalloped
.
They
are
not
so
good
in
quality
as
either
Delicata
or
Fordhook
,
which
are
ready
within
a
week
or
so
later
.
The
latter
are
also
excellent
keepers
and
can
be
had
,
by
starting
plants
early
and
by
careful
storing
,
almost
from
June
to
June.
_Tomato:_--If
you
have
a
really
hated
enemy
,
give
him
a
dozen
seed
catalogues
and
ask
him
to
select
for
you
the
best
four
tomatoes
.
But
unless
you
want
to
become
criminally
involved
,
send
his
doctor
around
the
next
morning
.
A
few
years
ago
I
tried
over
forty
kinds
.
A
good
many
have
been
introduced
since
,
some
of
which
I
have
tried
.
I
am
prepared
to
make
the
following
statements
:
Earliana
is
the
earliest
quality
tomato
,
for
light
warm
soils
,
that
I
have
ever
grown
;
Chalk
's
Jewel
,
the
earliest
for
heavier
soils
(
Bonny
Best
Early
resembles
it
)
;
Matchless
is
a
splendid
main-crop
sort
;
Ponderosa
is
the
biggest
and
best
quality--but
it
likes
to
split
.
There
is
one
more
sort
,
which
I
have
tried
one
year
only
,
so
do
not
accept
my
opinion
as
conclusive
.
It
is
the
result
of
a
cross
between
Ponderosa
and
Dwarf
Champion--one
of
the
strongest-growing
sorts
.
It
is
called
Dwarf
Giant
.
The
fruits
are
tremendous
in
size
and
in
quality
unsurpassed
by
any
.
The
vine
is
very
healthy
,
strong
and
stocky
.
I
believe
this
new
tomato
will
become
the
standard
main
crop
for
the
home
garden
.
By
all
means
try
it
.
And
that
is
a
good
deal
to
say
for
a
novelty
in
its
second
year
!
_Turnip:_--The
earliest
turnip
of
good
quality
is
the
White
Milan
.
There
are
several
others
of
the
white-fleshed
sorts
,
but
I
have
never
found
them
equal
in
quality
for
table
to
the
yellow
sorts
.
Of
these
,
Golden
Ball
(
or
Orange
Jelly
)
is
the
best
quality
.
Petrowski
is
a
different
and
distinct
sort
,
of
very
early
maturity
and
of
especially
fine
quality
.
If
you
have
room
for
but
one
sort
in
your
home
garden
,
plant
this
for
early
,
and
a
month
later
for
main
crop
.
Do
not
fail
to
try
some
of
this
year
's
novelties
.
Half
the
fun
of
gardening
is
in
the
experimenting
.
But
when
you
are
testing
out
the
new
things
in
comparison
with
the
old
,
just
take
a
few
plants
of
the
latter
and
give
them
the
same
extra
care
and
attention
.
Very
often
the
reputation
of
a
novelty
is
built
upon
the
fact
that
in
growing
it
on
trial
the
gardener
has
given
it
unusual
care
and
the
best
soil
and
location
at
his
command
.
Be
fair
to
the
standards--and
very
often
they
will
surprise
you
fully
as
much
as
the
novelties
.
Christmas
Search
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home
vegetable
gardening
home
vegetable
gardening
contents
INTRODUCTION
WHY
YOU
SHOULD
GARDEN
REQUISITES
OF
THE
HOME
VEGETABLE
GARDEN
THE
PLANTING
PLAN
IMPLEMENTS
AND
THEIR
USES
MANURES
AND
FERTILIZERS
THE
SOIL
AND
ITS
PREPARATION
STARTING
THE
PLANTS
SOWING
AND
PLANTING
THE
CULTIVATION
OF
VEGETABLES
THE
VEGETABLES
AND
THEIR
SPECIAL
NEEDS
-
Root
Crops
THE
VEGETABLES
AND
THEIR
SPECIAL
NEEDS
-
Leaf
Crops
THE
VEGETABLES
AND
THEIR
SPECIAL
NEEDS
-
Fruit
Crops
BEST
VARIETIES
OF
THE
GARDEN
VEGETABLES
INSECTS
AND
DISEASE
,
AND
METHODS
OF
FIGHTING
THEM
HARVESTING
AND
STORING
THE
VARIETIES
OF
POME
AND
STONE
FRUITS
PLANTING
;
CULTIVATION
;
FILLER
CROPS
PRUNING
,
SPRAYING
,
HARVESTING
BERRIES
AND
SMALL
FRUITS
A
CALENDAR
OF
OPERATIONS
Home
Vegetable
Gardening
CONCLUSION
my
summer
in
a
garden
my
summer
in
a
garden
01
my
summer
in
a
garden
02
my
summer
in
a
garden
03
my
summer
in
a
garden
04
my
summer
in
a
garden
05
my
summer
in
a
garden
06
my
summer
in
a
garden
07
my
summer
in
a
garden
08
my
summer
in
a
garden
09
my
summer
in
a
garden
10
my
summer
in
a
garden
11
my
summer
in
a
garden
12
my
summer
in
a
garden
13
my
summer
in
a
garden
14
my
summer
in
a
garden
15
my
summer
in
a
garden
16
my
summer
in
a
garden
17
my
summer
in
a
garden
18
my
summer
in
a
garden
19
my
summer
in
a
garden
20
my
summer
in
a
garden
21
my
summer
in
a
garden
22
calvin
chapter11
1
gardening
seasonal
reminders
chapter11
2
gardening
seasonal
reminders
chapter11
3
gardening
seasonal
reminders
chapter11
4
gardening
seasonal
reminders
chapter11
5
gardening
seasonal
reminders
chapter11
6
gardening
seasonal
reminders
chapter11
7
gardening
seasonal
reminders
chapter11
8
gardening
seasonal
reminders
chapter11
9
gardening
seasonal
reminders
Mark
Twain
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</text>
<text id="http://www.vdem.state.va.us/jobs/">
The
Virginia
Department
of
Emergency
Management
,
headquartered
in
Chesterfield
County
,
coordinates
Virginia
's
comprehensive
state
and
local
multi-hazards
program
to
prepare
for
,
mitigate
against
,
respond
to
and
recover
from
natural
and
man-made
major
emergencies
and
disasters
.
(
The
state
employment
application
as
well
as
information
on
other
state
employment
opportunities
and
personnel
issues
is
available
on
the
Virginia
Department
of
Human
Resource
Management
Web
site
at
http://jobs.state.va.us/eo_appl.htm
.
)
Position
Number
Closing
Accounts
Receivable/Reconciliation
Accountant
(
Financial
Services
Specialist
I
)
00112
Mar
.
31
,
2006
GIS
Specialist
(
Policy
and
Planning
Specialist
II
)
00168
Mar
.
24
,
2006
Reservist
Program
Positions
N/A
N/A
About
the
Reservist
Program
:
The
Reservist
Program
provides
additional
personnel
to
support
the
state
's
actions
during
major
disasters
and
emergencies
,
or
on
an
as-needed
basis
.
Click
here
to
learn
more
about
the
Reservist
Program
,
including
position
descriptions
,
qualifications
,
and
how
to
apply
.
Position
:
Accounts
Receivable/Reconciliation
Accountant
(
Financial
Services
Specialist
I
)
Position
Number
:
00112
Hiring
Range
Minimum
:
$
28,987
Closing
Date
:
Mar
.
31
,
2006
,
5:00
p.m.
Our
Finance
Division
is
seeking
an
individual
to
coordinate
staff
work
and
perform
accounts
receivable
,
petty
cash
,
fixed
asset
accounting
,
travel
charge
card
oversight
,
and
reconciliation
functions
to
ensure
all
are
carried
out
in
a
timely
and
accurate
fashion
.
Qualifications
include
:
Working
knowledge
of
generally
accepted
accounting
principles
and
practices
;
fund
accounting
;
and
governmental
financial
management
;
and
basic
principles
of
business
management
.
Working
knowledge
of
reporting/reconciliation
processes
.
Knowledge
of
data
processing
techniques
in
maintaining
accounting
records
.
Experience
writing
reports
in
Crystal
Reports
,
using
Microsoft
software
applications
with
demonstrated
proficiency
in
Excel
and
Word
and
other
automated
systems
such
as
CARS
and
FINDS
.
Demonstrated
ability
to
monitor
,
analyze
and
reconcile
accounts
receivables/collection
activities
and
petty
cash
.
Demonstrated
ability
to
maintain
fixed
asset
inventory
and
accounting
records
;
ability
to
prepare
financial
reports
and
statements
;
to
apply
and
adapt
established
accounting
methods
to
a
variety
of
financial
transactions
and
records
;
to
handle
multiple
priorities
and
work
independently
;
supervise
staff
,
assign
,
monitor
and
communicate
performance
;
ability
to
communicate
effectively
both
orally
and
in
writing
with
a
variety
of
individuals
.
Degree
from
accredited
college
or
university
with
major
studies
in
accounting
;
or
an
equivalent
combination
of
training
and
experience
indicating
possession
of
the
preceding
knowledge
and
abilities
.
Prefer
Commonwealth
of
Virginia
Accounts
Receivable
and
Accounting
Reconciliation
experience
.
Selected
applicant
will
be
required
to
fill
out
a
Statement
of
Economic
Interest
form
as
a
condition
of
employment
and
will
be
required
to
pass
a
criminal
background
check
to
include
fingerprinting
.
This
is
a
Restricted
Position
.
Resumes
are
accepted
but
must
accompany
a
completed
state
application
that
may
be
downloaded
from
www.dhrm.state.va.us
.
Submit
application
to
:
Virginia
Department
of
Emergency
Management
Human
Resources
Office
10501Trade
Court
Richmond
,
VA
23236-3713
Phone
#
(
804
)
897-6500
Ext
.
6605
Fax
#
(
804
)
897-6516
EEO
back
to
top
Position
:
GIS
Specialist
(
Policy
and
Planning
Specialist
II
)
Position
Number
:
00168
Hiring
Range
:
$
37,869
-
$
60,000
Closing
Date
:
Mar
.
24
,
2006
,
5:00
p.m.
Our
Preparedness
,
Training
,
and
Exercises
Division
is
currently
seeking
an
individual
to
provide
analytical
services
for
the
development
and
maintenance
of
geographic
data
for
all-hazards
emergency
management
and
effectively
relate
that
information
to
agency
personnel
and
partners
in
their
planning
,
response
,
and
recovery
efforts
.
Qualifications
include
:
Considerable
knowledge
of
the
methods
and
techniques
of
automated
drafting
,
mapping
,
and
geographic
representation
;
methods
and
techniques
of
map
research
,
compilation
,
drafting
,
editing
,
and
reproduction
;
broad
knowledge
of
computers
and
computerized
databases
and
data
files
.
Demonstrated
ability
to
work
quickly
in
a
highly-pressured
environment
to
prepare
and
maintain
computer-generated
maps
and
cartographic
products
;
to
utilize
products
within
the
Arc/INFO
family
of
GIS
products
;
to
conduct
research
and
field
work
pertaining
to
mapping
and
geographic
information
projects
;
to
organize
materials
,
maintain
automated
maps
and
other
data
accurately
and
systematically
,
and
to
retrieve
and
use
information
.
Ability
to
work
effectively
with
co-workers
,
to
include
outreach
;
and
to
communicate
effectively
both
orally
and
in
writing
.
Bachelorâs
degree
in
earth
science
discipline
(
planning
,
geography
,
cartography
,
geology
,
surveying
,
civil
engineering
or
related
field
)
is
desired
.
Masters
preferred
.
Demonstrated
progressive
experience
in
automated
mapping
,
geographic
information
systems
,
emergency
operations
,
cartography
,
geography
,
planning
,
civil
engineering
,
surveying
,
or
computer-aided
design
and
drafting
.
Experience
using
ArcView
,
ArcCAD
,
Avenue
,
AML
(
Arc
Macro
Language
)
and
Internet
is
preferred
.
Prefer
working
knowledge
of
emergency
management
and
utility
of
geographic
concepts
in
supporting
related
decision-making
.
Valid
driverâs
license
is
required
.
Selected
applicant
will
be
required
to
pass
a
criminal
background
check
to
include
fingerprinting
.
This
is
a
Restricted
position
.
Resumes
are
accepted
but
must
accompany
a
completed
state
application
that
may
be
downloaded
from
www.dhrm.state.va.us
.
Submit
application
to
:
Virginia
Department
of
Emergency
Management
Human
Resources
Office
10501Trade
Court
Richmond
,
VA
23236-3713
Phone
#
(
804
)
897-6500
Ext
.
6605
Fax
#
(
804
)
897-6516
EEO
back
to
top
Reservist
Program
Positions
Pay
Range
:
Negotiable
All
applications
will
be
kept
on
file
for
a
period
of
six
months
.
The
Virginia
Department
of
Emergency
Management
(
VDEM
)
is
seeking
individuals
with
flexible
schedules
to
work
various
positions
to
support
the
State
Emergency
Response
Team
's
response
and
recovery
operations
during
major
disasters
and
emergencies
.
These
part-time
positions
supplement
VDEM
staff
during
disasters
.
Currently
,
VDEM
is
giving
priority
to
the
following
Reservist
Positions
:
Administrative
Assistance
Cadre
:
Provide
administrative
support
to
response/recovery
staff
,
including
,
but
not
limited
to
personnel
support
(
i.e.
timesheets
and
travel
information
)
,
word
processing
,
copying
,
faxing
,
document
distribution
and
filing
.
Community
Relations
Cadre
:
Represent
the
state
in
joint
state-federal
field
operations
to
disseminate
public
information
materials
to
disaster
victims
advising
them
where
,
when
and
how
to
apply
for
individual
assistance
.
Visit
impacted
communities
to
advise
local
government
officials
about
public
,
individual
and
mitigation
assistance
programs
.
Coordinate
the
provision
of
applicant
briefings
,
identification
of
Disaster
Recovery
Centers
(
DRCs
)
and
other
needed
services
.
Monitor
,
evaluate
and
report
on
the
in-the-field
delivery
of
these
programs
to
the
Disaster
Field
Office
(
DFO
)
staff
as
appropriate
.
Emergency
Public
Information
and
Extended
Communications
Cadre
:
Assist
in
one
or
more
of
the
following
areas
to
provide
complete
,
accurate
,
timely
,
appropriate
and
understandable
information
to
people
and
communities
responding
to
and
recovering
from
a
disaster/emergency
:
Quickly
organize
information
into
concise
,
accurate
news
releases
,
daily
summaries
,
media
advisories
,
talking
points
,
fact
sheets
,
feature
articles
and/or
other
written
materials
.
Disseminate
information
to
the
news
media
by
answering
inquiries
,
provide
updates
on
response/recovery
operations
and
prepared
statements
and
scheduling
media
interviews
or
coordinating
press
conferences
.
Monitor
media
activities
and
coverage
to
identify
trends
,
inaccurate
information
,
misunderstandings
and/or
misperceptions
.
Answer
questions
from
the
public
in
the
Virginia
Public
Inquiry
Center
(
VPIC
)
,
a
hotline
to
provide
the
public
with
general
information
about
the
disaster
.
Coordinate
communication
to
public
officials
,
legislators
and
VIPs
.
Click
here
to
learn
more
about
the
Reservist
Program
,
including
qualifications
and
how
to
apply.
back
to
top
Working
to
Protect
People
,
Property
and
Our
Communities
www.VAEmergency.com
:
Virginia
's
Emergency
Web
site
é
2006
,
Virginia
Department
of
Emergency
Management
WAI
Level
A
Compliant
</text>
<text id="http://www.vdem.state.va.us/jobs/index.cfm">
The
Virginia
Department
of
Emergency
Management
,
headquartered
in
Chesterfield
County
,
coordinates
Virginia
's
comprehensive
state
and
local
multi-hazards
program
to
prepare
for
,
mitigate
against
,
respond
to
and
recover
from
natural
and
man-made
major
emergencies
and
disasters
.
(
The
state
employment
application
as
well
as
information
on
other
state
employment
opportunities
and
personnel
issues
is
available
on
the
Virginia
Department
of
Human
Resource
Management
Web
site
at
http://jobs.state.va.us/eo_appl.htm
.
)
Position
Number
Closing
Accounts
Receivable/Reconciliation
Accountant
(
Financial
Services
Specialist
I
)
00112
Mar
.
31
,
2006
GIS
Specialist
(
Policy
and
Planning
Specialist
II
)
00168
Mar
.
24
,
2006
Reservist
Program
Positions
N/A
N/A
About
the
Reservist
Program
:
The
Reservist
Program
provides
additional
personnel
to
support
the
state
's
actions
during
major
disasters
and
emergencies
,
or
on
an
as-needed
basis
.
Click
here
to
learn
more
about
the
Reservist
Program
,
including
position
descriptions
,
qualifications
,
and
how
to
apply
.
Position
:
Accounts
Receivable/Reconciliation
Accountant
(
Financial
Services
Specialist
I
)
Position
Number
:
00112
Hiring
Range
Minimum
:
$
28,987
Closing
Date
:
Mar
.
31
,
2006
,
5:00
p.m.
Our
Finance
Division
is
seeking
an
individual
to
coordinate
staff
work
and
perform
accounts
receivable
,
petty
cash
,
fixed
asset
accounting
,
travel
charge
card
oversight
,
and
reconciliation
functions
to
ensure
all
are
carried
out
in
a
timely
and
accurate
fashion
.
Qualifications
include
:
Working
knowledge
of
generally
accepted
accounting
principles
and
practices
;
fund
accounting
;
and
governmental
financial
management
;
and
basic
principles
of
business
management
.
Working
knowledge
of
reporting/reconciliation
processes
.
Knowledge
of
data
processing
techniques
in
maintaining
accounting
records
.
Experience
writing
reports
in
Crystal
Reports
,
using
Microsoft
software
applications
with
demonstrated
proficiency
in
Excel
and
Word
and
other
automated
systems
such
as
CARS
and
FINDS
.
Demonstrated
ability
to
monitor
,
analyze
and
reconcile
accounts
receivables/collection
activities
and
petty
cash
.
Demonstrated
ability
to
maintain
fixed
asset
inventory
and
accounting
records
;
ability
to
prepare
financial
reports
and
statements
;
to
apply
and
adapt
established
accounting
methods
to
a
variety
of
financial
transactions
and
records
;
to
handle
multiple
priorities
and
work
independently
;
supervise
staff
,
assign
,
monitor
and
communicate
performance
;
ability
to
communicate
effectively
both
orally
and
in
writing
with
a
variety
of
individuals
.
Degree
from
accredited
college
or
university
with
major
studies
in
accounting
;
or
an
equivalent
combination
of
training
and
experience
indicating
possession
of
the
preceding
knowledge
and
abilities
.
Prefer
Commonwealth
of
Virginia
Accounts
Receivable
and
Accounting
Reconciliation
experience
.
Selected
applicant
will
be
required
to
fill
out
a
Statement
of
Economic
Interest
form
as
a
condition
of
employment
and
will
be
required
to
pass
a
criminal
background
check
to
include
fingerprinting
.
This
is
a
Restricted
Position
.
Resumes
are
accepted
but
must
accompany
a
completed
state
application
that
may
be
downloaded
from
www.dhrm.state.va.us
.
Submit
application
to
:
Virginia
Department
of
Emergency
Management
Human
Resources
Office
10501Trade
Court
Richmond
,
VA
23236-3713
Phone
#
(
804
)
897-6500
Ext
.
6605
Fax
#
(
804
)
897-6516
EEO
back
to
top
Position
:
GIS
Specialist
(
Policy
and
Planning
Specialist
II
)
Position
Number
:
00168
Hiring
Range
:
$
37,869
-
$
60,000
Closing
Date
:
Mar
.
24
,
2006
,
5:00
p.m.
Our
Preparedness
,
Training
,
and
Exercises
Division
is
currently
seeking
an
individual
to
provide
analytical
services
for
the
development
and
maintenance
of
geographic
data
for
all-hazards
emergency
management
and
effectively
relate
that
information
to
agency
personnel
and
partners
in
their
planning
,
response
,
and
recovery
efforts
.
Qualifications
include
:
Considerable
knowledge
of
the
methods
and
techniques
of
automated
drafting
,
mapping
,
and
geographic
representation
;
methods
and
techniques
of
map
research
,
compilation
,
drafting
,
editing
,
and
reproduction
;
broad
knowledge
of
computers
and
computerized
databases
and
data
files
.
Demonstrated
ability
to
work
quickly
in
a
highly-pressured
environment
to
prepare
and
maintain
computer-generated
maps
and
cartographic
products
;
to
utilize
products
within
the
Arc/INFO
family
of
GIS
products
;
to
conduct
research
and
field
work
pertaining
to
mapping
and
geographic
information
projects
;
to
organize
materials
,
maintain
automated
maps
and
other
data
accurately
and
systematically
,
and
to
retrieve
and
use
information
.
Ability
to
work
effectively
with
co-workers
,
to
include
outreach
;
and
to
communicate
effectively
both
orally
and
in
writing
.
Bachelorâs
degree
in
earth
science
discipline
(
planning
,
geography
,
cartography
,
geology
,
surveying
,
civil
engineering
or
related
field
)
is
desired
.
Masters
preferred
.
Demonstrated
progressive
experience
in
automated
mapping
,
geographic
information
systems
,
emergency
operations
,
cartography
,
geography
,
planning
,
civil
engineering
,
surveying
,
or
computer-aided
design
and
drafting
.
Experience
using
ArcView
,
ArcCAD
,
Avenue
,
AML
(
Arc
Macro
Language
)
and
Internet
is
preferred
.
Prefer
working
knowledge
of
emergency
management
and
utility
of
geographic
concepts
in
supporting
related
decision-making
.
Valid
driverâs
license
is
required
.
Selected
applicant
will
be
required
to
pass
a
criminal
background
check
to
include
fingerprinting
.
This
is
a
Restricted
position
.
Resumes
are
accepted
but
must
accompany
a
completed
state
application
that
may
be
downloaded
from
www.dhrm.state.va.us
.
Submit
application
to
:
Virginia
Department
of
Emergency
Management
Human
Resources
Office
10501Trade
Court
Richmond
,
VA
23236-3713
Phone
#
(
804
)
897-6500
Ext
.
6605
Fax
#
(
804
)
897-6516
EEO
back
to
top
Reservist
Program
Positions
Pay
Range
:
Negotiable
All
applications
will
be
kept
on
file
for
a
period
of
six
months
.
The
Virginia
Department
of
Emergency
Management
(
VDEM
)
is
seeking
individuals
with
flexible
schedules
to
work
various
positions
to
support
the
State
Emergency
Response
Team
's
response
and
recovery
operations
during
major
disasters
and
emergencies
.
These
part-time
positions
supplement
VDEM
staff
during
disasters
.
Currently
,
VDEM
is
giving
priority
to
the
following
Reservist
Positions
:
Administrative
Assistance
Cadre
:
Provide
administrative
support
to
response/recovery
staff
,
including
,
but
not
limited
to
personnel
support
(
i.e.
timesheets
and
travel
information
)
,
word
processing
,
copying
,
faxing
,
document
distribution
and
filing
.
Community
Relations
Cadre
:
Represent
the
state
in
joint
state-federal
field
operations
to
disseminate
public
information
materials
to
disaster
victims
advising
them
where
,
when
and
how
to
apply
for
individual
assistance
.
Visit
impacted
communities
to
advise
local
government
officials
about
public
,
individual
and
mitigation
assistance
programs
.
Coordinate
the
provision
of
applicant
briefings
,
identification
of
Disaster
Recovery
Centers
(
DRCs
)
and
other
needed
services
.
Monitor
,
evaluate
and
report
on
the
in-the-field
delivery
of
these
programs
to
the
Disaster
Field
Office
(
DFO
)
staff
as
appropriate
.
Emergency
Public
Information
and
Extended
Communications
Cadre
:
Assist
in
one
or
more
of
the
following
areas
to
provide
complete
,
accurate
,
timely
,
appropriate
and
understandable
information
to
people
and
communities
responding
to
and
recovering
from
a
disaster/emergency
:
Quickly
organize
information
into
concise
,
accurate
news
releases
,
daily
summaries
,
media
advisories
,
talking
points
,
fact
sheets
,
feature
articles
and/or
other
written
materials
.
Disseminate
information
to
the
news
media
by
answering
inquiries
,
provide
updates
on
response/recovery
operations
and
prepared
statements
and
scheduling
media
interviews
or
coordinating
press
conferences
.
Monitor
media
activities
and
coverage
to
identify
trends
,
inaccurate
information
,
misunderstandings
and/or
misperceptions
.
Answer
questions
from
the
public
in
the
Virginia
Public
Inquiry
Center
(
VPIC
)
,
a
hotline
to
provide
the
public
with
general
information
about
the
disaster
.
Coordinate
communication
to
public
officials
,
legislators
and
VIPs
.
Click
here
to
learn
more
about
the
Reservist
Program
,
including
qualifications
and
how
to
apply.
back
to
top
Working
to
Protect
People
,
Property
and
Our
Communities
www.VAEmergency.com
:
Virginia
's
Emergency
Web
site
é
2006
,
Virginia
Department
of
Emergency
Management
WAI
Level
A
Compliant
</text>
<text id="http://www.village.bayside.wi.us/Agendas%20&%20Minutes/Committee%20of
%20the%20Whole/2001COW/1220COW_1.htm">
Discussion/recommendation
on
the
request
for
replacement
of
cabinets
in
the
lockup
due
to
a
continuing
humidity
problem
,
estimated
cost
$
4,753.00
Chief
Resnick
explained
the
on
going
problem
of
moisture
inside
the
cabinets
in
the
lockup
.
He
noted
that
several
attempts
have
been
made
to
find
the
cause
,
with
no
success
.
He
requested
that
freestanding
cabinets
be
purchased
and
made
available
for
installation
with
the
intent
that
the
old
cabinets
be
removed
,
the
moisture
source
investigated
and
resolved
if
possible
,
and
the
new
cabinets
installed
.
A
short
discussion
ensued
,
with
the
consensus
being
not
to
purchase
cabinets
until
the
source
of
the
problem
is
known
.
The
committee
directed
Attorney
Jaekels
to
investigate
making
a
claim
to
cover
the
cost
of
replacement
of
the
cabinets
.
They
also
directed
Chief
Resnick
to
inquire
if
use
of
the
lock-up
is
feasible
during
the
process
of
investigation
of
the
moisture
source
and
replacement
of
the
cabinets
.
He
was
asked
to
report
back
to
the
Board
on
January
3
rd
.
B.
Public
Works
1.
Discussion/recommendation
on
an
expenditure
of
$
5,847.65
for
replacement
of
the
engine
in
a
dump
truck
from
the
Public
Works
Vehicle
Maintenance
account
(
010-53000-231
)
Motion
by
Trustee
Sopkovich
,
seconded
by
Trustee
DeGraff
to
recommend
to
the
Board
approval
of
the
expenditure
of
$
5,847.65
for
replacement
of
the
engine
in
a
dump
truck
from
the
Public
Works
Vehicle
Maintenance
account
(
010-53000-231
)
.
Motion
carried
unanimously
.
2.
Discuss/recommendation
on
a
request
by
the
representatives
of
the
Pelham
Heath
Water
Trust
for
permission
to
complete
the
roadway
in
front
of
the
trustÃÂs
property
,
allowing
compliance
with
the
Municipal
Code
requirement
of
85
feet
of
roadway
in
order
to
build
on
the
lot
By
request
of
the
Pelham
Heath
Water
Trust
,
action
on
this
item
was
requested
to
be
postponed
until
the
January
17,2002
Committee
of
the
Whole
meeting
.
3.
Update
on
public
works
projects
Engineer
Payant
distributed
an
Update
on
Public
Works
Projects
Report
.
It
listed
eight
status
reports
of
on
going
projects
in
the
Village
.
The
Committee
commended
Mike
Payant
on
the
report
,
requesting
that
he
submit
a
written
report
before
each
Committee
of
the
Whole
,
thus
facilitating
a
more
expedient
process
at
the
actual
meeting
.
Trustee
Muchin
informed
the
Committee
that
the
letter
to
the
residents
of
the
Fish
Creek
area
has
been
mailed
.
He
also
noted
that
a
comprehensive
review
of
the
mobile
equipment
assets
of
the
Department
of
Public
Works
will
be
presented
at
the
January
Committee
of
the
Whole
,
along
with
the
Department
of
Public
Works
Equipment
Replacement
policies
of
the
VillageÃÂs
of
Fox
Point
and
Brown
Deer
.
C.
Finance
and
Administration
1.
Discussion/recommendation
on
the
Agreement
between
the
Village
of
Bayside
and
the
Schlitz
Audubon
Nature
Center
in
regard
to
revising
and
updating
the
Agreement
It
was
noted
that
Staff
and
Trustees
have
reviewed
the
Schlitz
Audubon
Nature
Center
Agreement
and
forwarded
their
comments
to
Manager
Sherman
.
He
has
compiled
and
distributed
copy
of
the
comments
to
the
Board
of
Trustees
.
Manager
Sherman
noted
that
the
Nature
Center
has
not
submitted
any
comments
to
date
.
It
was
anticipated
that
correspondence
on
this
issue
will
be
received
by
the
Village
prior
to
the
January
3
,
2002
Board
of
Trustees
meeting
.
Trustee
Riches
requested
that
the
Nature
Center
present
verification
of
their
authority
to
negotiate
with
the
Village
.
President
Dickman
noted
that
discussion
between
the
Village
and
the
Nature
Center
needs
to
take
place
for
resolution
of
the
issues
.
There
was
no
action
taken
on
this
item
.
2.
Discussion/recommendation
on
a
$
1,000
donation
for
the
Nicolet
High
School
Foundation
,
facilitated
by
transferring
funds
from
Contingency
Fund
Account
#010-51000-500
to
Public
Relations
Account
#010-51000-390
Mark
Mandel
,
D.D.S.
,
representing
the
Nicolet
High
School
Foundation
,
noted
that
funds
will
be
used
to
support
the
Knightskeller
II
teen
center
and
other
funding
priorities
of
the
school
district
to
help
pay
for
things
to
enhance
and
supplement
NicoletÃÂs
educational
programs
,
materials
and
resources
.
A
short
discussion
ensued
as
to
whether
the
Village
should
be
approving
contributing
to
requests
made
by
outside
entities
,
when
the
request
was
not
considered
in
the
budgeting
process
.
Motion
by
Trustee
Witte
,
seconded
by
Trustee
DeGraff
,
to
recommend
to
the
Board
approval
of
a
$
1,000
donation
for
the
Nicolet
High
School
Foundation
,
facilitated
by
transferring
funds
from
Contingency
Fund
Account
#010-51000-500
to
Public
Relations
Account
#010-51000-390
in
the
2002
Budget
,
conditioned
upon
uniform
participation
of
all
other
communities
.
Trustee
Riches
opposed
.
Motion
carried
5
to
1.
Trustee
Riches
requested
that
there
be
an
agenda
item
on
the
January
3
,
2002
Board
of
Trustees
meeting
to
discuss
that
no
more
contributions
to
requesting
entities
be
considered
until
a
policy
on
the
issue
is
adopted
.
3.
Discussion/recommendation
on
an
ordinance
to
repeal
and
recreate
Section
14-80
of
the
Municipal
Code
relating
to
outdoor
lighting
Attorney
Jaekels
explained
a
red-lined
copy
of
the
proposed
ordinance
.
A
short
discussion
ensued
as
to
the
need
for
further
review
of
the
ordinance
and
how
enforcement
of
the
ordinance
will
be
facilitated
.
President
Dickman
noted
that
the
ordinance
did
not
address
problems
related
to
light
on
neighboring
properties
generated
by
headlights
.
The
Committee
direct
Attorney
Jaekels
to
make
changes
to
the
ordinance
and
have
it
ready
for
action
on
at
the
January
3
,
2002
Board
of
Trustees
.
Motion
by
Trustee
Riches
,
seconded
by
President
Dickman
to
recommend
to
the
Board
an
ordinance
to
repeal
and
recreate
Section
14-80
of
the
Municipal
Code
relating
to
outdoor
lighting
,
with
Attorney
Jaekels
making
recommended
changes
.
Motion
carried
unanimously
.
4.
Discussion/recommendation
on
the
request
by
Compass
Alliance
for
a
contribution
of
$
2,500.00
from
the
Village
(
Expenditure
would
require
a
transfer
from
the
Contingency
Account
to
the
General
Government
Public
Relations
account
in
the
2002
Budget
)
A
short
discussion
ensued
as
to
why
$
2,500.00
was
being
requested
,
when
in
the
past
$
1,250.00
per
year
was
approved
.
The
Committee
requested
that
an
explanation
be
received
as
to
why
more
money
was
being
requested
and
that
a
representative
of
Compass
Alliance
be
invited
to
the
next
Board
meeting
if
they
still
requested
the
full
$
2,500
.
Motion
by
Trustee
DeGraff
,
seconded
by
Trustee
Sopkovich
to
recommend
to
the
Board
approval
of
the
request
by
Compass
Alliance
for
a
contribution
of
$
1,250.00
from
the
Village
facilitated
by
an
expenditure
from
the
Contingency
Account
to
the
General
Government
Public
Relations
account
in
the
2002
Budget
.
Trustee
Riches
opposed
.
Motion
carried
5
to
1.
IV
.
ANY
OTHER
BUSINESS
AS
MAY
PROPERLY
COME
BEFORE
THE
COMMITTEE
None
.
V.
MOTION
TO
ADJOURN
TO
CLOSED
SESSION
A.
Pursuant
to
Section
19.85
(
1
)
(
e
)
Deliberating
or
negotiating
the
purchasing
of
public
properties
,
the
investing
of
public
funds
or
conducting
other
specified
public
business
,
whenever
competitive
or
bargaining
reasons
allow
a
Closed
Session
;
(
Purchase
of
public
property
)
Motion
by
Trustee
Sopkovich
,
seconded
by
Trustee
Riches
to
adjourn
to
closed
session
at
7:10
p.m.
pursuant
to
Section
19.85
(
1
)
(
e
)
(
Purchase
of
Public
Property
)
.
Motion
carried
unanimously
by
roll
call
vote
.
There
were
no
motions
made
,
nor
any
minutes
recorded
during
closed
session
.
VII
.
MOTION
TO
RECONVENE
IN
OPEN
SESSION
Pursuant
to
Section
19.85
(
2
)
Motion
by
Trustee
Sopkovich
,
seconded
by
Trustee
Muchin
,
to
reconvene
in
open
session
at
7:51
p.m.
pursuant
to
Section
19.85
(
2
)
.
Motion
carried
unanimously
roll
call
vote
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.vsp.state.va.us/safety.htm">
The
Safety
Division
issues
replacement
stickers
for
lost
and/or
damaged
safety
inspection
approval
stickers
under
certain
conditions
,
without
causing
the
vehicle
to
be
re-inspected
.
This
process
provides
a
valuable
service
to
those
citizens
affected
by
loss
,
damaged
and
stolen
inspection
stickers
without
compromising
the
purpose
of
the
Inspection
Program
.
To
replace
your
inspection
sticker
,
contact
the
Safety
Division
.
Virginia
Motor
Vehicle
Safety
Inspection
Program
TOP
The
Required
Official
Inspection
Procedure
,
as
approved
by
the
Virginia
State
Police
Superintendent
,
is
as
follows
:
REQUIRED
OFFICIAL
INSPECTION
PROCEDURE
Each
inspection
consists
of
the
following
items
ÃÂ
for
further
details
consult
the
"
Official
Inspection
Manual
"
:
1.
-
REMOVE
OLD
INSPECTION
STICKER
.
2.
-
DRIVE
VEHICLE
INTO
INSPECTION
LANE
.
3.
-
INSPECT
BRAKES
FOR
:
Worn
,
damaged
or
missing
parts
.
Worn
,
contaminated
or
defective
linings
or
drums
.
Leaks
in
system
,
proper
fluid
level
.
Worn
,
contaminated
or
defective
disc
pads
or
discs
.
(
NOTE
:
A
minimum
of
two
wheels
and
drums
must
be
removed
from
each
vehicle
at
the
time
of
inspection
.
Consult
the
official
inspection
manual
for
exceptions.
)
4.
-
INSPECT
PARKING
BRAKE
FOR
:
Broken
or
missing
parts
.
Proper
adjustment
.
Standard
factory
equipment
or
equivalent
.
5.
-
INSPECT
HEADLIGHTS
FOR
:
Approved
type
,
aim
,
and
output
.
Condition
of
lamp
,
wiring
and
switch
.
Beam
indicator
.
6.
-
INSPECT
OTHER
LIGHTS
FOR
:
Approved
type
,
proper
bulbs
,
condition
of
lenses
,
wiring
and
switch
.
Aim
of
fog
and
driving
lamps
.
Illumination
of
all
lamps
,
lens
color
,
and
condition
of
lens
.
(
NOTE
:
Every
vehicle
must
have
a
rear
lamp
showing
a
red
light
to
the
rear
,
a
white
light
illuminating
the
rear
license
plate
;
vehicles
over
7
feet
wide
or
extending
4
inches
or
more
beyond
the
front
fender
extremes
must
be
equipped
with
approved
clearance
lamps
and
reflex
reflectors
.
Count
load
in
measuring.
)
7.
ÃÂ
INSPECT
SIGNAL
DEVICE
FOR
:
Approved
type
,
proper
bulbs
,
condition
of
lenses
,
wiring
and
switch
.
Correct
indications
and
tell-tale
(
visual
or
audible
)
.
Illumination
of
all
lamps
,
lens
color
,
and
condition
of
lens
.
8.
ÃÂ
INSPECT
STEERING
&
SUSPENSION
FOR
:
(
Jack
up
front
end
as
shown
in
Manual
)
Wear
in
bushings
,
kingpins
,
ball
joints
,
wheel
bearings
,
tie
rod
ends
.
Looseness
of
gear
box
on
frame
,
condition
of
drag
link
and
steering
arm
.
Play
in
steering
wheel
.
Wheel
alignment
and
axle
alignment
.
Broken
spring
leaves
,
and
worn
shackles
.
Shock
absorbers
.
Broken
frame
.
Broken
or
missing
engine
mounts
.
Lift
blocks
.
9.
ÃÂ
INSPECT
TIRES
,
WHEELS
&
RIMS
FOR
:
Condition
of
tires
including
tread
depth
.
Mixing
radials
and
bias
ply
tires
.
Wheels
that
are
cracked
or
damaged
so
as
to
affect
safe
operation
.
10
.
ÃÂ
INSPECT
MIRROR
FOR
:
Rigidity
of
mounting
.
Condition
of
reflecting
surface
.
View
of
road
to
rear
(
Truck
mirrors
must
extend
at
least
halfway
beyond
edge
of
body
)
ÃÂ
(
Visibility
200
feet
to
rear
)
.
11
.
ÃÂ
INSPECT
HORN
FOR
:
Electrical
connections
,
mounting
and
horn
button
.
Emits
sound
audible
for
a
minimum
of
200
feet
.
12
.
ÃÂ
INSPECT
WINDSHIELD
AND
OTHER
GLASS
FOR
:
Approved
type
safety
glass
.
Cloudiness
,
distortion
or
other
obstruction
to
vision
.
Cracked
,
scratched
or
broken
glass
.
Stickers
.
ALL
UNAUTHORIZED
STICKERS
MUST
BE
REMOVED
.
Sunshading
material
attached
to
the
windshield
to
ensure
it
does
not
extend
more
than
3
inches
downward
from
the
top
of
windshield
,
unless
authorized
by
Medical
Waiver
Certificate
.
Operation
of
left
front
door
glass
.
13
.
ÃÂ
INSPECT
WINDSHIELD
WIPER/DEFROSTER
FOR
:
Operating
condition
.
Condition
of
blade
.
14
.
ÃÂ
INSPECT
EXHAUST
SYSTEM
FOR
:
Exhaust
line-manifold
,
gaskets
,
pipes
,
mufflers
,
connections
,
etc.
Leakage
of
gases
at
any
point
from
motor
to
point
discharged
from
system
.
15
.
ÃÂ
INSPECT
LICENSE
TAGS
FOR
:
Illumination
of
rear
plate
.
16
.
ÃÂ
INSPECT
HOOD
AND
AREA
UNDER
THE
HOOD
FOR
:
Operating
condition
of
hood
latch
.
Presence
of
emissions
system
-Evidence
that
any
essential
parts
have
been
removed
,
rendered
inoperative
or
disconnected
.
Fluid
levels
that
are
below
the
proper
level
1.
Brake
fluid
.
2.
Power
steering
fluid
.
Power
steering
belt
-
proper
tension
,
wear
,
or
absence
.
17
.
ÃÂ
INSPECT
AIR
POLLUTION
CONTROL
SYSTEM
(
1973
and
Subsequent
Models
)
FOR
:
Installation
.
Operation
.
(
NOTE
:
This
includes
the
catalytic
converter
and
the
fuel
tank
filler
pipe.
)
18
.
ÃÂ
INSPECT
DRIVERÃÂS
SEAT
FOR
:
Anchorage
.
Location
.
Condition
.
19
.
ÃÂ
INSPECT
SEAT
BELTS
FOR
:
Approved
type
.
Installation
.
20
.
ÃÂ
INSPECT
DOORS
AT
THE
RIGHT
&
LEFT
SIDE
OF
THE
DRIVERÃÂS
SEAT
FOR
:
Handle
or
opening
device
which
will
permit
the
opening
of
the
door
from
the
outside
and
inside
of
the
vehicle
.
Latching
system
which
will
hold
door
in
its
proper
closed
position
.
21
.
ÃÂ
INSPECT
FUEL
SYSTEM
FOR
:
Any
part
that
is
not
securely
fastened
.
Liquid
fuel
leakage
.
Fuel
tank
filler
cap
for
presence
.
22
.
ÃÂ
INSPECT
FLOOR
PAN
FOR
:
(
a
)
Holes
which
allow
exhaust
gases
to
enter
occupant
compartment
.
(
b
)
Conditions
which
create
a
hazard
to
the
occupants
.
23
.
ÃÂ
ISSUE
STICKER
:
(
a
)
If
approved
,
place
approval
sticker
on
the
vehicle
,
and
give
pink
copy
of
certificate
to
operator
.
(
b
)
ALL
DEFECTS
MUST
BE
CORRECTED
AND
THE
VEHICLE
REINSPECTED
WITHIN
15
DAYS
.
THE
DRIVER
MAY
BE
IN
JEOPARDY
OF
RECEIVING
A
SUMMONS
FOR
ANY
DEFECT
STILL
PRESENT
ANY
TIME
THE
VEHICLE
IS
OPERATED
ON
THE
HIGHWAY
.
(
NOTE
:
The
validity
period
of
the
rejection
sticker
shall
include
fifteen
(
15
)
days
in
addition
to
the
day
of
the
inspection.
)
NOTE
:
If
you
have
a
specific
question
with
regard
to
Motor
Vehicle
Safety
Inspection
or
Inspection
Requirements
,
you
can
review
the
safety
inspection
manual
,
in
part
,
at
MOTOR
VEHICLE
SAFETY
INSPECTION
RULES
AND
REGULATIONS
(
http://leg1.state.va.us
/
)
.
Virginia
State
Police
employees
cannot
give
legal
advice
,
nor
interpret
the
law
for
members
of
the
public
.
Information
within
this
Web
site
is
provided
for
general
guidance
purposes
only
and
may
not
apply
to
all
factual
situations
.
Persons
needing
legal
advice
may
contact
Virginia
Lawyer
's
Referral
Service
(
1-800-552-7977
)
.
Locating
an
Inspection
Station
TOP
The
Safety
Division
receives
numerous
calls
and
e-mails
requesting
a
list
of
inspection
stations
for
a
particular
area
.
The
Department
of
State
Police
is
unable
to
recommend
one
station
over
another
to
the
citizens
of
the
Commonwealth
.
Unfortunately
,
there
is
no
list
available
on-line
of
inspection
stations
in
Virginia
.
The
number
of
inspection
stations
changes
daily
due
to
stations
becoming
inactive
for
not
having
an
inspector
,
going
out
of
business
,
being
suspended
for
disciplinary
reasons
,
new
stations
being
appointed
,
reinstated
,
etc.
Currently
,
there
are
approximately
4,200
stations
statewide
.
Generally
,
all
new
car
dealerships
perform
inspections
.
Many
garages
that
repair
vehicles
are
licensed
to
perform
inspections
.
They
will
display
a
large
white
sign
with
blue
lettering
designating
them
as
an
official
inspection
station
.
Many
businesses
advertise
inspection
services
in
your
local
phone
directory
.
If
you
are
still
unable
to
locate
an
inspection
station
,
you
may
want
to
contact
the
Safety
Division
Area
Office
nearest
you
for
further
assistance
.
Intradepartmental
Safety
Program
TOP
The
Department
stresses
the
safe
operation
of
motor
vehicles
on
an
on-going
basis
and
emphasizes
the
use
of
restraint
devices
through
the
Intradepartmental
Safety
Program
.
This
program
promotes
among
the
employees
operating
department
vehicles
a
sense
of
responsibility
in
the
operation
of
those
vehicles
and
to
make
them
ever
cognizant
of
the
need
for
defensive
driving
.
Field
Support
TOP
Safety
Division
sworn
employees
provide
support
for
local
field
divisions
during
all
major
C.A.R.E.
holidays
(
Memorial
Day
,
Independence
Day
,
Labor
Day
,
and
Thanksgiving
)
.
Frequently
Asked
Questions
TOP
Do
new
vehicles
need
to
be
submitted
for
the
annual
safety
inspection
?
New
vehicles
purchased
in
Virginia
are
exempt
from
the
safety
inspection
requirement
the
first
year
you
own
the
vehicle
.
It
is
left
up
to
the
discretion
of
the
automobile
dealership
whether
or
not
they
will
conduct
an
inspection
and
place
the
approval
sticker
on
the
windshield
of
a
new
vehicle
.
If
the
vehicle
is
purchased
out-of-state
and
then
registered
in
Virginia
,
it
must
be
inspected
once
you
register
it
in
this
state
.
Once
I
have
registered
my
vehicle
in
the
state
of
Virginia
,
how
long
do
I
have
before
my
vehicle
must
be
inspected
?
Once
you
have
registered
a
vehicle
with
the
Division
of
Motor
Vehicles
in
the
state
of
Virginia
,
it
must
be
inspected
immediately
;
there
is
no
grace
period
.
Are
neon
lights
legal
for
use
on
vehicles
in
Virginia
?
Neon
lights
are
illegal
anywhere
on
or
in
a
motor
vehicle
in
Virginia
,
unless
they
are
covered
and
unlit
while
the
vehicle
is
being
operated
on
a
public
highway
.
NOTE
:
If
the
neon
lights
are
mounted
under
the
vehicle
,
the
vehicle
is
not
considered
a
proper
cover
.
A
cover
would
have
to
be
made
specifically
for
the
purpose
of
covering
these
lights
.
If
I
feel
that
the
inspection
performed
on
my
vehicle
was
not
a
proper
inspection
,
what
can
I
do
?
If
you
question
the
integrity
of
a
safety
inspection
performed
on
your
vehicle
,
you
should
contact
the
nearest
State
Police
Safety
Division
Office
.
An
investigation
will
be
conducted
per
your
request
to
determine
if
proper
inspection
procedures
were
followed
.
State
Police
Safety
Division
Area
Office
Numbers
are
listed
at
the
top
of
this
page
.
Where
can
I
get
a
copy
of
the
Virginia
Official
Safety
Inspection
Manual
?
You
may
request
a
copy
by
mail
or
in
person
from
:
Department
of
State
Police
,
Safety
Division
,
491
Southlake
Boulevard
,
Richmond
,
Virginia
23236
.
The
cost
is
$
20.00
(
no
shipping
or
handling
)
.
The
purchase
of
inspection
manuals
at
our
office
or
by
mail
will
be
limited
to
payment
by
money
orders
,
cash
,
or
company
checks
(
cash
can
only
be
used
by
walk-in
customers
)
.
Personal
checks
are
not
accepted
.
The
Motor
Vehicle
Safety
Inspection
Rules
and
Regulations
can
be
located
,
in
part
,
at
the
following
web
site
:
http://leg1.state.va.us/lis.htm
Search
:
The
Virginia
Administrative
Code
Browse
:
Table
of
Contents
Scroll
to
:
Title
19
,
Agency
30
Scroll
to
:
Chapter
70
If
I
am
attending
college
,
in
the
military
,
or
visiting
relatives
out
of
state
when
my
safety
inspection
sticker
expires
,
what
can
I
do
to
get
an
extension
?
There
are
no
extensions
.
Under
normal
circumstances
,
all
Virginia-registered
vehicles
are
required
to
bear
a
current
Virginia
inspection
sticker
.
If
your
vehicleÃÂs
inspection
sticker
is
not
current
,
and
you
drive
back
into
Virginia
,
the
GovernorÃÂs
Proclamation
within
the
Virginia
Inspection
Manual
,
provides
that
you
are
not
required
to
have
your
vehicle(s
)
reinspected
until
you
return
to
your
residence
or
place
of
business
in
Virginia
.
Furthermore
,
motor
vehicles
owned
and
operated
by
persons
on
active
duty
with
the
United
States
Armed
Forces
,
who
are
Virginia
residents
stationed
outside
of
Virginia
at
the
time
the
inspection
expires
,
may
operate
such
vehicle(s
)
on
the
highway
of
the
Commonwealth
while
on
leave
,
provided
such
vehicle(s
)
display
a
valid
inspection
sticker
issued
by
another
state
.
Any
documentation
as
to
your
current
residency
would
be
helpful
should
you
get
stopped
by
a
law
enforcement
officer
.
Where
can
I
locate
an
inspection
station
in
my
area
?
You
may
contact
your
local
Safety
Division
Area
Office
at
the
phone/e-mail
address
listed
at
the
top
of
this
page
.
Are
antique
vehicles
exempt
from
inspection
and
what
are
the
restrictions
?
For
a
vehicle
to
be
defined
as
"
antique
,
"
it
must
be
25
years
old
or
older
.
If
the
vehicle
is
registered
as
an
antique
through
the
Department
of
Motor
Vehicles
,
it
is
exempt
from
state
inspection
.
Restrictions
:
Antique
motor
vehicles
shall
not
be
used
for
general
transportation
purposes
,
including
,
but
not
limited
to
,
daily
travel
to
and
from
the
ownerÃÂs
place
of
employment
.
Such
vehicle
may
be
operated
on
the
highway
for
participation
in
club
activities
,
exhibits
,
tours
,
parades
,
and
similar
events
or
for
the
purpose
of
testing
their
operation
,
obtaining
repairs
or
maintenance
,
transportation
to
and
from
the
events
earlier
described
,
and
for
occasional
pleasure
drives
,
not
to
exceed
250
miles
from
the
residence
of
the
owner
.
Can
I
operate
my
vehicle
with
a
rejection
sticker
on
the
windshield
?
The
validity
period
of
a
rejection
sticker
shall
be
15
days
,
in
addition
to
the
day
of
inspection
.
The
purpose
of
a
rejection
sticker
is
to
replace
the
approval
sticker
that
was
originally
on
your
vehicleÃÂs
windshield
.
It
,
in
itself
,
places
no
travel
restrictions
on
the
vehicle
;
however
,
it
does
not
provide
any
exception
to
any
statute
governing
equipment
defects
.
As
an
example
,
if
your
vehicle
was
rejected
due
to
a
defective
exhaust
,
with
a
rejection
sticker
or
with
an
approval
sticker
,
you
would
be
in
jeopardy
of
receiving
a
summons
for
operating
the
vehicle
on
the
highway
with
defective
exhaust
.
What
is
the
cost
of
a
safety
inspection
?
The
cost
is
$
15.00
for
a
motor
vehicle
.
This
also
applies
to
all
trailers
(
including
semi-trailers
)
.
The
cost
is
$
12.00
for
a
motorcycle
.
These
fees
are
effective
July
1
,
2006
.
I
have
a
crack
in
my
windshield
and
would
like
to
know
if
it
will
still
pass
inspection
.
In
the
Virginia
Official
Safety
Inspection
Manual
,
Section
19
VAC
30-70-210
,
page
210-2
,
paragraphs
7
and
8
,
states
:
Inspect
for
and
reject
if
:
7.
There
is
a
pit
,
chip
,
or
star
crack
larger
than
1ý
inches
in
diameter
at
any
location
in
the
windshield
above
the
3-inch
line
at
the
bottom
.
8.
At
any
location
in
the
windshield
above
the
3-inch
line
at
the
bottom
there
is
more
than
one
crack
from
the
same
point
if
at
least
one
of
the
cracks
is
more
than
1ý
inches
in
length
.
There
is
any
crack
that
weakens
the
windshield
so
that
one
piece
may
be
moved
in
relation
to
the
other
.
(
If
there
is
more
than
one
crack
running
from
a
star
crack
that
extends
above
the
3-inch
line
,
the
windshield
shall
be
rejected.
)
What
are
the
bumper
height
laws
in
the
state
of
Virginia
?
Section
46.2-1063
states
:
Alteration
of
suspension
system
;
bumper
height
limits
;
raising
body
above
frame
rail
.
--
No
person
shall
drive
on
a
public
highway
any
motor
vehicle
registered
as
a
passenger
motor
vehicle
if
it
has
been
modified
by
alteration
of
its
altitude
from
the
ground
to
the
extent
that
its
bumpers
,
measured
to
any
point
on
the
lower
edge
of
the
main
horizontal
bumper
bar
,
exclusive
of
any
bumper
guards
,
are
not
within
the
range
of
fourteen
inches
to
twenty-two
inches
above
the
ground
.
Notwithstanding
the
foregoing
provisions
of
this
section
,
the
range
of
bumper
heights
for
motor
vehicles
bearing
street
rod
license
plates
issued
pursuant
to
ç
46.2-747
shall
be
nine
to
twenty-two
inches
.
No
vehicle
shall
be
modified
to
cause
the
vehicle
body
or
chassis
to
come
in
contact
with
the
ground
,
expose
the
fuel
tank
to
damage
from
collision
,
or
cause
the
wheels
to
come
in
contact
with
the
body
under
normal
operation
.
No
part
of
the
original
suspension
system
of
a
motor
vehicle
shall
be
disconnected
to
defeat
the
safe
operation
of
its
suspension
system
.
However
,
nothing
contained
in
this
section
shall
prevent
the
installation
of
heavy
duty
equipment
,
including
shock
absorbers
and
overload
springs
.
Nothing
contained
in
this
section
shall
prohibit
the
driving
on
a
public
highway
of
a
motor
vehicle
with
normal
wear
to
the
suspension
system
if
such
normal
wear
does
not
adversely
affect
the
control
of
the
vehicle
.
No
person
shall
drive
on
a
public
highway
any
motor
vehicle
registered
as
a
truck
if
it
has
been
modified
by
alteration
of
its
altitude
from
the
ground
to
the
extent
that
its
bumpers
,
measured
to
any
point
on
the
lower
edge
of
the
main
horizontal
bumper
bar
,
exclusive
of
any
bumper
guards
,
do
not
fall
within
the
limits
specified
herein
for
its
gross
vehicle
weight
rating
category
.
The
front
bumper
height
of
trucks
whose
gross
vehicle
weight
ratings
are
4,500
pounds
or
less
shall
be
no
less
than
14
inches
and
no
more
than
28
inches
,
and
their
rear
bumper
height
shall
be
no
less
than
14
inches
and
no
more
than
28
inches
.
The
front
bumper
height
of
trucks
whose
gross
vehicle
weight
ratings
are
4,501
pounds
to
7,500
pounds
shall
be
no
less
than
14
inches
and
no
more
than
29
inches
,
and
their
rear
bumper
height
shall
be
no
less
than
14
inches
and
no
more
than
30
inches
.
The
front
bumper
height
of
trucks
whose
gross
vehicle
weight
ratings
are
7,501
pounds
to
15,000
pounds
shall
be
no
less
than
14
inches
and
no
more
than
30
inches
,
and
their
rear
bumper
height
shall
be
no
less
than
14
inches
and
no
more
than
31
inches
.
Bumper
height
limitations
contained
in
this
section
shall
not
apply
to
trucks
with
gross
vehicle
weight
ratings
in
excess
of
15,000
pounds
.
For
the
purpose
of
this
section
,
"
truck
"
includes
pickup
and
panel
trucks
,
and
"
gross
vehicle
weight
ratings
"
means
manufacturer
's
gross
vehicle
weight
ratings
established
for
that
vehicle
as
indicated
by
a
number
,
plate
,
sticker
,
decal
,
or
other
device
affixed
to
the
vehicle
by
its
manufacturer
.
In
the
absence
of
bumpers
,
and
in
cases
where
bumper
heights
have
been
lowered
,
height
measurements
under
the
foregoing
provisions
of
this
section
shall
be
made
to
the
bottom
of
the
frame
rail
.
However
,
if
bumper
heights
have
been
raised
,
height
measurements
under
the
foregoing
provisions
of
this
section
shall
be
made
to
the
bottom
of
the
main
horizontal
bumper
bar
.
No
vehicle
shall
be
operated
on
a
public
highway
if
it
has
been
modified
by
any
means
so
as
to
raise
its
body
more
than
three
inches
,
in
addition
to
any
manufacturer
's
spacers
and
bushings
,
above
the
vehicle
's
frame
rail
or
manufacturer
's
attachment
points
on
the
frame
rail
.
This
section
shall
not
apply
to
specially
designed
or
modified
motor
vehicles
when
driven
off
the
public
highways
in
races
and
similar
events
.
Such
motor
vehicles
may
be
lawfully
towed
on
the
highways
of
the
Commonwealth
.
I
have
a
small
trailer
and
I
would
like
to
know
if
it
is
required
to
be
inspected
.
It
depends
.
If
the
"
actual
gross
weight
"
is
3,000
pounds
or
more
,
it
is
required
to
have
brakes
and
is
required
to
be
inspected
.
(
The
"
actual
gross
weight
"
is
the
weight
of
the
trailer
plus
the
weight
of
any
load
that
the
trailer
is
carrying.
)
If
the
"
actual
gross
weight
"
is
less
than
3,000
pounds
,
it
is
not
required
to
be
inspected
;
however
,
any
trailer
under
3,000
that
is
equipped
with
brakes
is
also
required
to
be
inspected
.
What
are
the
tint
laws
in
Virginia
?
Section
46.2-1052
states
:
Tinting
films
,
signs
,
decals
,
and
stickers
on
windshields
,
etc
.
;
penalties
.
Except
as
otherwise
provided
in
this
article
or
permitted
by
federal
law
,
it
shall
be
unlawful
for
any
person
to
operate
any
motor
vehicle
on
a
highway
with
any
sign
,
poster
,
colored
or
tinted
film
,
sun-shading
material
,
or
other
colored
material
on
the
windshield
,
front
or
rear
side
windows
,
or
rear
windows
of
such
motor
vehicle
.
This
provision
,
however
,
shall
not
apply
to
any
certificate
or
other
paper
required
by
law
or
permitted
by
the
Superintendent
to
be
placed
on
a
motor
vehicle
's
windshield
or
window
.
The
size
of
stickers
or
decals
used
by
counties
,
cities
,
and
towns
in
lieu
of
license
plates
shall
be
in
compliance
with
regulations
promulgated
by
the
Superintendent
.
Such
stickers
shall
be
affixed
on
the
windshield
at
a
location
designated
by
the
Superintendent
.
Notwithstanding
the
foregoing
provisions
of
this
section
,
whenever
a
motor
vehicle
is
equipped
with
a
mirror
on
each
side
of
such
vehicle
,
so
located
as
to
reflect
to
the
driver
of
such
vehicle
a
view
of
the
highway
for
at
least
200
feet
to
the
rear
of
such
vehicle
,
any
or
all
of
the
following
shall
be
lawful
:
1.
To
drive
a
motor
vehicle
equipped
with
one
optically
grooved
clear
plastic
right-angle
rear
view
lens
attached
to
one
rear
window
of
such
motor
vehicle
,
not
exceeding
eighteen
inches
in
diameter
in
the
case
of
a
circular
lens
or
not
exceeding
eleven
inches
by
fourteen
inches
in
the
case
of
a
rectangular
lens
,
which
enables
the
driver
of
the
motor
vehicle
to
view
below
the
line
of
sight
as
viewed
through
the
rear
window
;
2.
To
have
affixed
to
the
rear
side
windows
,
rear
window
or
windows
of
a
motor
vehicle
any
sticker
or
stickers
,
regardless
of
size
;
or
3.
To
drive
a
motor
vehicle
when
the
driver
's
clear
view
of
the
highway
through
the
rear
window
or
windows
is
otherwise
obstructed
.
Except
as
provided
in
ç
46.2-1053
,
but
notwithstanding
the
foregoing
provisions
of
this
section
,
no
sun-shading
or
tinting
film
may
be
applied
or
affixed
to
any
window
of
a
motor
vehicle
unless
such
motor
vehicle
is
equipped
with
a
mirror
on
each
side
of
such
motor
vehicle
,
so
located
as
to
reflect
to
the
driver
of
the
vehicle
a
view
of
the
highway
for
at
least
200
feet
to
the
rear
of
such
vehicle
,
and
the
sun-shading
or
tinting
film
is
applied
or
affixed
in
accordance
with
the
following
:
No
sun-shading
or
tinting
films
may
be
applied
or
affixed
to
the
rear
side
windows
or
rear
window
or
windows
of
any
motor
vehicle
operated
on
the
highways
of
this
Commonwealth
that
reduce
the
total
light
transmittance
of
such
window
to
less
than
thirty-five
percent
;
No
sun-shading
or
tinting
films
may
be
applied
or
affixed
to
the
front
side
windows
of
any
motor
vehicle
operated
on
the
highways
of
this
Commonwealth
that
reduce
total
light
transmittance
of
such
window
to
less
than
fifty
percent
;
No
sun-shading
or
tinting
films
shall
be
applied
or
affixed
to
any
window
of
a
motor
vehicle
that
(
i
)
have
a
reflectance
of
light
exceeding
twenty
percent
or
(
ii
)
produce
a
holographic
or
prism
effect
.
Any
person
who
operates
a
motor
vehicle
on
the
highways
of
this
Commonwealth
with
sun-shading
or
tinting
films
that
(
i
)
have
a
total
light
transmittance
less
than
that
required
by
subdivisions
1
and
2
of
this
subsection
,
(
ii
)
have
a
reflectance
of
light
exceeding
twenty
percent
,
or
(
iii
)
produce
holographic
or
prism
effects
shall
be
guilty
of
a
traffic
infraction
but
shall
not
be
awarded
any
demerit
points
by
the
Commissioner
for
the
violation
.
Any
person
or
firm
who
applies
or
affixes
to
the
windows
of
any
motor
vehicle
in
Virginia
sun-shading
or
tinting
films
that
(
i
)
reduce
the
light
transmittance
to
levels
less
than
that
allowed
in
subdivisions
1
and
2
of
this
subsection
,
(
ii
)
have
a
reflectance
of
light
exceeding
twenty
percent
,
or
(
iii
)
produce
holographic
or
prism
effects
shall
be
guilty
of
a
Class
3
misdemeanor
for
the
first
offense
and
of
a
Class
2
misdemeanor
for
any
subsequent
offense
.
D.
The
Division
of
Purchases
and
Supply
,
pursuant
to
ç
2.1-446
,
shall
determine
the
proper
standards
for
equipment
or
devices
used
to
measure
light
transmittance
through
windows
of
motor
vehicles
.
Law-enforcement
officers
shall
use
only
such
equipment
or
devices
to
measure
light
transmittance
through
windows
that
meet
the
standards
established
by
the
Division
.
Such
measurements
made
by
law-enforcement
officers
shall
be
given
a
tolerance
of
minus
seven
percentage
points
.
E.
No
film
or
darkening
material
may
be
applied
on
the
windshield
except
to
replace
the
sunshield
in
the
uppermost
area
as
installed
by
the
manufacturer
of
the
vehicle
.
F.
Nothing
in
this
section
shall
prohibit
the
affixing
to
the
rear
window
of
a
motor
vehicle
of
a
single
sticker
no
larger
than
twenty
square
inches
if
such
sticker
is
totally
contained
within
the
lower
five
inches
of
the
glass
of
the
rear
window
,
nor
shall
subsection
B
of
this
section
apply
to
a
motor
vehicle
to
which
but
one
such
sticker
is
so
affixed
.
G.
Nothing
in
this
section
shall
prohibit
applying
to
the
rear
side
windows
or
rear
window
of
any
multi-purpose
passenger
vehicle
or
pickup
truck
sun-shading
or
tinting
films
that
reduce
the
total
light
transmittance
of
such
window
or
windows
below
thirty-five
percent
.
H.
As
used
in
this
article
:
"
Front
side
windows
"
means
those
windows
located
adjacent
to
and
forward
of
the
driver
's
seat
;
"
Holographic
effect
"
means
a
picture
or
image
that
may
remain
constant
or
change
as
the
viewing
angle
is
changed
;
"
Multipurpose
passenger
vehicle
"
means
any
motor
vehicle
that
is
(
i
)
designed
to
carry
no
more
than
ten
persons
and
(
ii
)
constructed
either
on
a
truck
chassis
or
with
special
features
for
occasional
off-road
use
;
"
Prism
effect
"
means
a
visual
,
iridescent
,
or
rainbow-like
effect
that
separates
light
into
various
colored
components
that
may
change
depending
on
viewing
angle
.
"
Rear
side
windows
"
means
those
windows
located
to
the
rear
of
the
driver
's
seat
;
"
Rear
window
"
or
"
rear
windows
"
means
those
windows
which
are
located
to
the
rear
of
the
passenger
compartment
of
a
motor
vehicle
and
which
are
approximately
parallel
to
the
windshield
;
I.
Notwithstanding
the
foregoing
provisions
of
this
section
,
sun-shading
material
which
was
applied
or
installed
prior
to
July
1
,
1987
,
in
a
manner
and
on
which
windows
not
then
in
violation
of
Virginia
law
,
shall
continue
to
be
lawful
,
provided
that
it
can
be
shown
by
appropriate
receipts
that
such
material
was
installed
prior
to
July
1
,
1987
.
J.
Where
a
person
is
convicted
within
one
year
of
a
second
or
subsequent
violation
of
this
section
involving
the
operation
of
the
same
vehicle
having
a
tinted
or
smoked
windshield
,
the
court
,
in
addition
to
any
other
penalty
,
may
order
the
person
so
convicted
to
remove
such
tinted
or
smoked
windshield
from
the
vehicle
.
K.
The
provisions
of
this
section
shall
not
apply
to
law-enforcement
vehicles
.
L.
The
provisions
of
subdivision
C(1.
)
of
this
section
shall
not
apply
to
sight-seeing
carriers
as
defined
in
ç
46.2-2200
and
limousine
and
executive
sedan
carriers
as
defined
in
ç
46.2-2500
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.vestavia.k12.al.us/lp/old/curriculum%20maps/K%20Social%20S
tudies.htm">
COS
17
Become
familiar
with
the
physical
features
of
the
school
and
the
surrounding
locality
.
COS
14
Begin
to
develop
an
awareness
of
local
laws
and
enforcing
officials
.
COS
15
Become
aware
of
safety
signs
and
workers
in
performing
safety
roles
in
school
and
community
.
Ã
COS
21
Identify
workers
and
their
roles
in
school
and
community
.
Ã
SAT
Draw
a
conclusion
about
communities
COS
22
Distinguish
between
goods
and
services
.
Ã
SAT
Compare
the
probably
prices
of
different
goods
SAT
Identify
a
different
form
of
money
.
Ã
COS
23
Distinguish
between
wants
and
needs
.
SAT
Understand
the
use
of
money
COS
24
Distinguish
between
producers
and
consumers
.
COS
25
Describe
that
people
in
various
group
settings
satisfy
wants
and
needs
.
COS
28
Begin
to
compare
forms
of
communications
from
the
past
and
the
present
in
different
times
.
COS
29
Begin
to
compare
different
forms
of
transportation
from
the
past
and
the
present
in
different
times
.
Ã
SAT
Apply
an
understanding
of
transportation
in
the
past
and
the
present
in
different
times
.
SAT
Apply
an
understanding
of
transportation
in
the
past
.
0
Visit
different
areas
of
the
school
weekly
for
music
,
media
,
art
,
computer
lab
,
PE
,
and
Spanish
.
Ã
Utilize
playground
for
chess
,
recess
,
egg
hunts
,
nature
walks
,
etc.
</text>
<text id="http://village.massena.ny.us/treasurer.html">
Village
of
Massena
Tax
Office
Town
Hall
Building
60
Main
St.
,
Rm
.
10
Massena
,
NY
13662
Phone
:
(
315
)
769-7052
Fax
:
(
315
)
769-0257
treasurer@village.massena.ny.us
The
tax
levy
for
the
Village
of
Massena
for
the
fiscal
year
beginning
June
1
,
2003
is
$
3,335,404.96
.
This
is
based
on
a
tax
rate
of
$
10.480424
per
thousand
dollars
of
taxable
assessed
valuation
that
this
year
totals
$
318,250,956
.
The
Village
Tax
Collector
is
Daniel
E.
Case
and
the
Deputy
Tax
Collectors
are
Laura
L.
Gagne
and
Sylvia
R.
Cordwell
.
Frequently
Asked
Questions
(
FAQÃÂs
)
1.
When
are
my
taxes
due
?
Taxes
are
due
to
be
paid
without
penalty
by
Tuesday
,
July
1
,
2003
.
Taxes
paid
after
July
1
,
2003
are
subject
to
interest
and
penalties
.
NOTE
:
There
is
a
misprint
on
the
tax
bills
that
were
sent
out
by
the
County
.
It
says
that
the
taxes
are
due
without
penalty
by
June
30
,
however
,
the
Village
Tax
Warrant
set
the
date
as
July
1.
Therefore
,
taxes
paid
on
Tuesday
July
1
,
2003
will
NOT
be
assessed
interest
or
penalties
.
2.
Where
can
I
pay
my
taxes
?
Taxes
can
be
paid
in
person
at
Room
10
of
the
Massena
Town
Hall
,
60
Main
St.
between
the
hours
of
8
am
and
4:30
PM
,
Monday
through
Friday
(
except
holidays
)
.
Tax
payments
can
also
be
deposited
in
the
VillageÃÂs
Drop
Box
in
front
of
the
Town
Hall
Building
.
A
receipt
will
be
mailed
to
you
if
you
indicate
that
you
want
one
on
your
payment
stub
.
Payments
may
be
mailed
to
:
Village
of
Massena
,
Town
Hall
Building
Room
10
,
60
Main
St.
,
Massena
,
NY
13662
.
Again
,
a
receipt
will
be
mailed
to
you
if
you
indicate
that
you
want
one
on
your
payment
stub
.
3.
How
can
I
pay
my
taxes
?
Taxes
may
be
paid
by
cash
(
US
only
)
,
your
personal
check
,
an
official
bank
check
,
or
a
money
order
.
We
do
not
accept
third
party
checks
or
credit
cards
.
We
also
do
not
accept
post-dated
checks
.
Checks
should
be
made
payable
to
the
"
Village
of
Massena
"
.
4.
May
I
pay
my
Village
taxes
in
installments
?
No
,
Massena
Village
taxes
may
not
be
paid
in
installments
.
The
total
tax
owed
is
due
at
the
time
that
they
are
paid
.
5.
What
should
I
do
if
I
think
that
there
is
an
error
in
the
taxable
assessed
value
on
my
tax
bill
or
if
I
have
a
question
about
an
exemption
(
STAR
,
Senior
Citizen
,
Volunteer
Firefighter
,
Veteran
)
?
Questions
of
this
type
should
be
directed
to
the
Office
of
the
Village
Assessor
in
Room
2
of
the
Town
Hall
or
call
(
315
)
769-6924
.
6.
How
much
of
a
penalty
will
I
pay
if
I
donÃÂt
pay
my
taxes
by
July
1
,
2003
?
Taxes
paid
between
July
2
and
July
31
,
2003
inclusive
incur
a
penalty
of
5
%
.
Taxes
paid
between
August
1
and
August
31
,
2003
inclusive
incur
a
penalty
of
6
%
.
And
taxes
paid
between
September
1
and
September
30
,
2003
incur
a
penalty
of
7
%
PLUS
a
$
2.00
fee
for
the
mailing
of
an
"
Unpaid
Tax
Notice
"
required
by
Section
987
of
the
Real
Property
Tax
Law
.
7.
What
happens
if
I
donÃÂt
pay
my
taxes
by
September
30
?
Taxes
that
arenÃÂt
paid
by
September
30
are
sent
to
the
St.
Lawrence
County
TreasurerÃÂs
Office
in
Canton
for
collection
.
You
should
call
379-2234
to
find
out
exactly
how
much
is
owed
,
as
St.
Lawrence
County
adds
an
additional
5
%
penalty
when
the
taxes
are
returned
to
them
for
collection
.
Village
taxes
that
are
not
paid
to
the
County
by
the
end
of
November
will
be
re-levied
on
the
January
Town/County
tax
bill
.
8.
What
should
I
do
if
I
donÃÂt
receive
my
tax
bill
?
Taxes
become
a
lien
on
your
property
on
June
1
whether
you
receive
your
bill
or
not
.
Therefore
,
if
you
are
expecting
to
receive
a
bill
and
do
not
,
you
should
contact
the
Village
Tax
Office
in
the
Town
Hall
at
769-7052
.
If
your
bill
is
to
be
paid
through
an
escrow
account
,
you
will
receive
a
receipt
when
your
payment
has
been
received
from
the
escrow
agency
.
In
that
all
of
the
escrow
agencies
try
to
pay
their
tax
liabilities
during
the
interest
free
period
(
by
July
1
)
,
if
you
do
not
receive
a
receipt
by
the
early
part
of
July
you
should
contact
your
escrow
agency
and
the
Village
Tax
Office
.
Unpaid
Tax
Notices
are
sent
out
at
the
end
of
August
for
any
tax
bills
that
have
not
been
paid
by
then
.
This
Notice
is
required
by
Sect
.
987
of
the
Real
Property
Tax
Law
.
A
$
2.00
fee
for
the
mailing
of
this
Notice
is
added
to
the
total
amount
to
be
paid
in
September
.
Please
note
that
properties
that
change
ownership
in
late
April
through
the
end
of
May
may
not
have
the
deed
recorded
soon
enough
in
Canton
to
have
the
Village
tax
bill
sent
to
the
new
owner
at
the
proper
address
.
Village
tax
bills
are
generally
sent
by
the
County
to
the
printers
in
the
third
week
of
May
.
If
you
buy
property
during
April
or
May
you
should
be
aware
of
this
fact
and
contact
us
immediately
if
you
do
not
receive
a
bill
so
as
to
avoid
any
unnecessary
interest
payments
.
9.
What
are
these
other
charges
(
re-levies
)
on
my
tax
bill
?
The
Village
re-levies
water
,
sewer
,
refuse
and
general
fund
charges
that
were
not
paid
by
March
31
onto
the
June
Village
tax
bill
.
10
.
What
if
I
want
my
tax
bill
sent
to
a
different
address
next
year
?
Changes
in
address
are
handled
through
the
Town
Tax
Office
in
Room
2
of
the
Town
Hall
.
</text>
<text id="http://vccslitonline.cc.va.us/ReadingPoetry/collab.htm">
A
Collaboration
Between
Two
Students
to
Answer
the
Study
Questions
for
This
Module
Responses
to
Questions
in
ÃÂUnderstanding
PoetryÃÂ
Shellie
MacKenzie
,
July
13
,
2000
and
Leroy
Brace
,
July
13
,
2000
NOTE
:
Dr.
Hibbison
:
Leroy
and
I
spilt
the
questions
up
per
the
instructions
on
the
web
page
.
We
then
spoke
on
the
telephone
today
(
July
13
)
to
discuss
our
answers
and
came
to
an
agreement
or
compromise
as
to
our
answers
.
The
yellow
highlighted
answers
were
my
initial
answers
.
LeroyÃÂs
initial
responses
are
highlighted
in
blue
.
The
summary
we
came
up
with
is
italicized
and
underlined
but
not
highlighted
.
3.1
What
's
going
on
in
the
poem
?
The
airman
is
speaking
of
his
own
death
.
A
ball
turret
gunner
speaks
of
the
harsh
realities
of
war
.
It
is
most
probable
that
the
airman
has
died
but
also
feel
perhaps
the
entire
poem
was
a
dream
sequence
and
that
is
the
reason
for
the
constant
references
to
dreaming
.
Still
another
idea
is
that
rather
than
the
airman
really
being
the
speaker
,
an
onlooker
(
or
the
person
who
cleaned
out
the
ball
turret
)
is
speaking
on
his
behalf
about
how
horrific
the
sight
of
the
ball
turret
was
after
the
airmanÃÂs
death
.
3.2
What
era
in
history
is
depicted
?
1945
,
World
War
II
.
1945
,
World
War
II
.
The
time
period
for
this
poem
is
1945
,
World
War
II
.
3.3
Who
's
speaking
in
the
poem
?
The
ball
turret
gunner
.
The
ball
turret
gunner
The
speaker
is
most
likely
the
ball
turret
gunner
.
3.4
What
is
the
speaker
's
condition
?
Why
?
The
speaker
is
dead
.
He
was
killed
by
cannon
fire
in
Germany
.
Deceased
.
The
end
of
the
poem
states
that
he
was
washed
from
the
ball
turret
with
a
hose
.
It
is
most
probable
that
the
speaker
is
the
ball
turret
gunner
and
that
he
is
dead
,
killed
by
cannon
fire
in
Germany
because
the
end
of
the
poem
states
he
was
washed
from
the
ball
turret
with
a
hose
.
3.5
How
are
readers
supposed
to
feel
about
the
speaker
and
the
speaker
's
situation
?
Perhaps
bad
,
but
definitely
proud
.
The
airman
died
a
heroic
and
honorable
death
.
The
attempt
of
the
poem
is
to
raise
awareness
of
the
harsh
realities
of
war
.
We
are
supposed
to
feel
sympathy
for
the
gunners
who
face
almost
certain
death
,
and
are
quickly
replaced
,
as
if
they
were
a
broken
cog
in
a
wheel
,
without
remorse
by
ÃÂthe
State.ÃÂ
The
attempt
of
the
poem
is
to
raise
awareness
of
the
harsh
realities
of
war
.
We
are
supposed
to
feel
sympathy
for
the
gunners
who
face
almost
certain
death
,
and
are
quickly
replaced
,
as
if
they
were
a
broken
cog
in
a
wheel
,
without
remorse
by
ÃÂthe
State.ÃÂ
In
using
the
term
ÃÂStateÃÂ
we
are
referring
to
the
ÃÂpowers
that
beÃÂ
or
the
men
who
declare
war
.
4.1
Based
on
your
reading
of
page
3
of
the
website
and
your
own
experience
,
what
do
readers
generally
learn
from
a
first
reading
of
a
poem
.
The
first
reading
of
a
poem
should
give
the
reader
the
general
gist
of
the
authorÃÂs
intent
and
a
summary
of
the
poem
.
In
this
case
,
the
reader
should
immediately
realize
the
speaker
is
an
airman
and
in
the
military
.
The
scene
ÃÂpaintedÃÂ
by
the
author
with
the
location
,
airman
,
flight
jacket
,
and
ball
turret
dictates
immediately
that
the
poem
takes
place
in
WWII
.
The
first
reading
should
generally
give
them
the
basis
of
the
authorÃÂs
message
.
The
poem
may
contain
words
or
phrases
that
will
require
further
research
in
order
for
the
reader
to
fully
grasp
the
authorÃÂs
intent
.
The
first
reading
of
a
poem
should
give
the
reader
the
general
gist
of
the
authorÃÂs
intent
and
a
summary
of
the
poem
and
relay
the
basis
of
the
authorÃÂs
message
.
The
poem
may
contain
words
or
phrases
that
will
require
further
research
in
order
for
the
reader
to
fully
grasp
the
authorÃÂs
intent
.
In
this
case
,
the
reader
should
immediately
realize
the
speaker
is
an
airman
and
in
the
military
.
The
scene
ÃÂpaintedÃÂ
by
the
author
with
the
location
,
airman
,
flight
jacket
,
and
ball
turret
dictates
immediately
that
the
poem
takes
place
in
WWII
.
4.2
What
could
readers
gain
from
re-reading
a
poem
like
"
The
Death
of
the
Ball
Turret
Gunner
"
?
List
as
many
valid
ideas
as
you
can
.
Re-reading
is
essential
to
truly
gain
insight
and
understanding
of
any
poem
.
In
order
to
get
literal
and
suggested
meanings
the
reader
may
have
to
read
the
poem
several
times
.
Re-reading
this
poem
gives
the
reader
the
authorÃÂs
thoughts
on
war
,
the
readers
thoughts
on
war
,
the
speakerÃÂs
thoughts
on
war
,
and
the
thoughts
of
each
on
family
,
death
,
and
birth
,
(
the
speaker
left
the
world
in
the
same
way
he
came
into
it
)
The
author
wants
us
to
see
the
harsh
realities
of
war
,
that
things
are
not
always
as
they
seem
,
and
life
is
fragile
and
can
be
taken
away
at
any
moment
.
Re-reading
is
essential
to
truly
gain
insight
and
understanding
of
any
poem
.
In
order
to
get
literal
and
suggested
meanings
the
reader
may
have
to
read
the
poem
several
times
.
Re-reading
this
poem
gives
the
reader
the
authorÃÂs
thoughts
on
war
,
the
readers
thoughts
on
war
,
the
speakerÃÂs
thoughts
on
war
,
and
the
thoughts
of
each
on
family
,
death
,
and
birth
,
(
the
speaker
left
the
world
in
the
same
way
he
came
into
it
)
.
The
author
wants
us
to
see
the
harsh
realities
of
war
,
that
things
are
not
always
as
they
seem
,
and
life
is
fragile
and
can
be
taken
away
at
any
moment
.
6.1
List
features
of
closed
and
open
forms
of
poems
that
you
see
in
ÃÂThe
Death
of
the
Ball
Turret
Gunner.ÃÂ
Closed
form
poems
follow
a
sort
of
protocol
with
alliteration
,
and/or
rhyming
schemes
,
etc.
whereas
open
form
poems
do
not
.
This
poem
is
somewhere
in
the
middle
because
of
the
alliteration
the
author
uses
to
describe
the
airmanÃÂs
flight
jacket
.
He
says
the
airman
sat
stiff
and
waiting
until
the
sheepskin
of
his
flight
jacket
froze
.
Each
line
starts
with
a
capital
letter
.
The
author
rhymes
"
froze
"
and
"
hose
"
.
But
in
contrast
,
the
rhythm
is
irregular
.
The
author
seems
to
be
mirroring
the
confusion
of
the
airmanÃÂs
thoughts
ÃÂ
ÃÂis
he
dreaming
,
is
he
home
ÃÂ
no
heÃÂs
at
war
,
heÃÂs
dyingÃÂ
by
using
variations
in
theme
with
his
poetry
.
Open
forms
:
line
breaks
for
emphases
and
irregular
rhythms
.
Closed
forms
:
Rhyme
.
Open/Closed
forms
;
Imagery
,
speaker
in
a
situation
,
sensory
description
.
Closed
form
poems
follow
a
sort
of
protocol
with
alliteration
,
and/or
rhyming
schemes
,
etc.
whereas
open
form
poems
do
not
.
This
poem
is
somewhere
in
the
middle
.
Open
form
:
line
breaks
for
emphases
and
irregular
rhythms
.
Closed
form
:
Rhyme
,
the
alliteration
the
author
uses
to
describe
the
airmanÃÂs
flight
jacket
.
He
says
the
airman
sat
stiff
and
waiting
until
the
sheepskin
of
his
flight
jacket
froze
.
Each
line
starts
with
a
capital
letter
.
The
author
rhymes
"
froze
"
and
"
hose
"
.
Open/Closed
form
;
Imagery
,
speaker
in
a
situation
,
sensory
description
.
The
author
seems
to
be
mirroring
the
confusion
of
the
airmanÃÂs
thoughts
ÃÂ
ÃÂis
he
dreaming
,
is
he
home
ÃÂ
no
heÃÂs
at
war
,
heÃÂs
dyingÃÂ
by
using
variations
in
theme
with
his
poetry
.
6.2
"
Mother
's
sleep
"
is
a
phrase
that
should
cause
questions
but
the
separation
from
this
womb
is
destructive
,
not
a
birthing
.
So
maybe
war
and
technology
are
not
the
only
death
dealers
.
Maybe
life
on
earth
is
a
death
for
which
we
feel
grief
and
anger
.
Respond
from
the
perspective
of
the
poem
or
base
your
response
on
your
own
observations
of
life
.
Life
is
hard
and
scary
at
times
,
but
itÃÂs
also
beautiful
and
full
of
new
adventure
everyday
.
To
feel
sorry
for
ourselves
for
being
given
this
gift
is
cowardly
and
selfish
.
Life
must
end
but
we
each
decide
what
we
do
with
our
lives
and
how
we
live
while
we
are
on
earth
.
Jesus
died
on
the
cross
for
us
so
in
retrospect
any
pain
and
suffering
we
endure
while
on
earth
pales
in
comparison
and
is
only
temporary
anyway
.
If
youÃÂre
an
optimist
life
is
to
be
cherished
,
if
youÃÂre
an
optimist
you
feel
that
ÃÂlife
on
earth
is
a
death
for
which
we
feel
grief
and
anger.ÃÂ
Life
is
to
be
cherished
and
to
feel
anything
else
is
self
pitying
and
destructive
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.wisd.us/departments/districtlibraryservices/isl.html">
To
promote
the
success
of
all
students
and
staff
by
:
providing
information
equity
;
working
for
universal
literacy
;
defending
intellectual
freedom
;
preserving
and
making
accessible
the
heritage
of
all
cultures
;
and
ensuring
that
equal
access
to
resources
in
all
formats
is
available
for
everyone
.
Principle
1
The
librarian
works
collaboratively
with
other
information
professionals
in
support
of
the
library
program
,
student
achievement
,
and
the
profession
,
and
understands
the
role
of
all
types
of
libraries
in
an
integrated
learning
environment
.
VI-1-A
Makes
both
campus
and
district
library
collections
available
through
an
online
union
catalog
and
remotely
through
online
databases
.
Promotes
the
state
supported
databases
.
Establishes
a
network
with
neighboring
districts
for
training
and
support
.
Britannica
On-line
School
Edition
The
Gale
Group
Digital
Knowledge
Central
-
DKC
Union
Catalog
Facts
on
File
On-line
VI-1-B
Develops
a
library
web
site
in
collaboration
with
campus
staff
and
provides
links
to
public
,
academic
library
online
catalogs
and
national
and
state
online
sites
that
support
TEKS
objectives
.
Academic
Library
Online
Catalogs
State
Online
Sites
that
Support
TEKS
National
Online
Sites
that
Support
TEKS
W.I.S.D.
Libraries
Public
Libraries
VI-1-C
Assumes
a
leadership
role
in
determining
opportunities
to
collaborate
with
campus/district/regional
administrators
,
curriculum
specialists
and
professional
staff
to
develop
and
provide
continuing
professional
education
opportunities
.
Continuing
Professional
Education
Tech
Day
VI-1-D
Assumes
a
leadership
role
in
establishing
a
collaborative
role
with
librarians
in
institutions
of
higher
learning
to
provide
high
school
students
and
staff
with
access
to
collections
and
services
.
Collaboration
Plan
University
of
Texas
-
Pan
American
South
Texas
Community
College
VI-1-E
Initiates
collaboration
to
provide
educational
outreach
through
museums
,
science
centers
,
and
other
institutions
that
provide
student-learning
opportunities
.
Museums
Science
Centers
VI-1-F
Initiates
collaboration
with
public
library
to
ensure
all
students
and
staff
have
library
cards
and
access
to
public
library
resources
,
to
promote
student
participation
in
summer
reading
clubs
,
and
to
communicate
assignment
alerts
.
Collaboration
with
Weslaco
Public
Library
Principle
2
The
librarian
creates
a
school
library
program
that
is
recognized
as
the
central
element
in
the
intellectual
life
of
the
school
as
evidenced
by
use
of
statistical
measures
to
evaluate
and
improve
the
program
.
VI-2-A
In
collaboration
with
classroom
teachers
,
reviews
and
utilizes
student
achievement
as
measured
on
TAKS
tests
and
benchmark
assessments
such
as
the
Iowa
Test
of
Basic
Skills
so
that
collaborative
lesson
plans
include
development
of
information
literacy
skills
and
are
based
on
TEKS
objectives
.
2003-2004
TAKS
Results
TEKS
Information
Literacy
Skills
VI-2-B
Assumes
a
leadership
role
in
district
and
campus
site-based
decision
making
committees
.
VI-2-C
Evaluates
the
library
program
in
accordance
with
the
Strategies
for
Librarians
,
Output
Measures
,
Outcome
Measures
annually
.
Utilizes
this
evaluation
to
develop
a
plan
for
collection
development
to
support
budget
requests
,
and
to
improve
the
effectiveness
of
the
library
program
in
supporting
student
achievement
.
Provides
results
of
evaluation
along
with
program
profile
(
data
on
circulation
,
age
of
collection
,
number
of
items
per
student
,
etc.
)
to
school
administration
annually
.
Collection
Development
Plan
Outcome
Measures
Library
Program
Evaluation
Output
Measures
VI-2-D
Creates
and
convenes
a
library
advisory
committee
twice
a
semester
to
review
statistical
data
.
Works
with
the
advisory
committee
using
statistics
to
update
and
create
goals
for
a
long-range
library
plan
.
Goals
,
objectives
,
and
minutes
of
the
committee
meetings
are
reported
to
students
,
staff
,
parents
,
and
administrators
.
Annual
reports
are
made
to
the
school
board
.
Goals
for
Long-Range
Library
Plan
Statistical
Data
Library
Advisory
Committee
Principle
3
The
librarian
applies
and
implements
the
principles
and
concepts
of
collection
development
:
evaluation
,
selection
,
acquisition
,
and
organization
of
information
,
and
employs
standard
bibliographic
and
retrieval
techniques
.
VI-3-A
Develops
uses
,
and
annually
reviews
campus/district
selection
and
acceptable
use
policies
.
Utilizes
collection
analysis
tools
or
collection
mapping
to
analyze
collection
annually
.
Collection
Development
is
performed
in
consultation
with
selection
advisory
committee
of
students
,
staff
,
and
community
members
and
utilizing
4-5
selection
tools
.
Acceptable
Use
Policy
Selection
policy
Collection
Analysis
Tools
Selection
Tools
VI-3-B
Creates
a
5-year
collection
development
plan
.
Evaluates
and
maintains
a
collection
with
an
average
age
of
less
than
10
years
(
excluding
folklore
,
poetry
,
literature
,
and
history.
)
Time
sensitive
material
has
an
average
of
less
than
5
years
(
science
,
technology
,
travel
and
geography
)
.
5-Year
Collection
Development
Plan
CREW
Method
of
Weeding
VI-3-C
Employs
established
cataloging
standards
and
campus
database
is
merged
into
statewide
union
catalog
,
if
a
statewide
union
catalog
exists
.
Catalogs
at
Level
2
of
AACR2r
(
or
latest
edition
)
and
MARC
21
(
or
latest
version
)
.
Utilizes
current
DDC
classification
and
LC
subject
headings
.
At
least
90
%
of
bibliographic
records
are
in
compliance
with
MARC
21
standards
.
Cataloging
Tools
on
the
Internet
for
Public
and
School
Librarians
Library
of
Congress
Online
Catalog
-
Download
Directions
Library
of
Congress
Gateway
to
Z39.50
MARC
21
Ohio
School
Union
Catalog
Templates
Record
Check
Vendor
Check
VI-3-D
Utilizes
2
to
3
cataloging
software
tools
,
such
as
E-Z
Cat
,
Bibliofile
,
MARC
Magician
,
and
Z39.50
databases
.
Bibliofile
MARC
Magician
Library
of
Congress
Gateway
to
Z39.50
Z39.50
Principle
4
The
librarian
evaluates
and
selects
existing
and
emergent
technologies
to
support
the
library
program
in
coordination
with
the
texas
Education
Agency
's
Long-Range
Plan
for
technology
and
the
Campus
and
District
STaRCharts
.
VI-4-A
Participates
in
the
development
of
district
and/or
campus
long-range
plan
for
technology
,
and
has
input
into
assessment
of
technology
through
the
district
and
campus
STaRChart
.
Campus
Long-Range
Plan
for
Technology
District
STaR
Chart
District
Long-Range
Plan
for
Technology
Technology
Assessment
Campus
STaR
Chart
VI-4-B
If
a
statewide
information
sharing
technology
initiative
exists
,
librarian
fulfills
the
conditions
of
participation
,
develops
a
website
within
district
guidelines
with
links
to
statewide
databases
,
promotes
their
utilization
,
systematically
trains
teachers
and
students
,
and
assumes
a
leadership
role
by
evaluating
use
of
databases
and
publicizing
success
stories
.
Electronic
Databases
Library
Web
Page
VI-4-C
Researches
,
evaluates
,
selects
,
and
uses
existing
and
emergent
technologies
utilizing
professional
reviews
,
recommendations
from
technology
specialists
,
and
conference
demonstrations
to
meet
the
needs
of
student
and
staff
,
and
manage
the
library
program
.
Existing
and
Emergent
Technologies
Technology
Professional
Reviews
VI-4-D
Facilitates
student-centered
research
,
by
using
constructivist
research
,
by
modeling
effective
use
of
existing
and
emerging
technologies
,
and
by
collaborating
with
teachers
.
Collaborative
Planning
Existing
and
Emerging
Technologies
Constructivist
Research
Student-Centered
Research
Principle
5
The
librarian
works
collaboratively
with
other
information
professionals
in
support
of
the
library
program
,
student
achievement
,
and
the
profession
,
and
understands
the
role
of
all
types
of
libraries
in
an
integrated
learning
environment
.
VI-5-A
Collaboratively
identifies
information
needs
related
to
educational
priorities
in
district
and
state
curriculum
through
means
such
as
attending
grade
level
and
departmental
meetings
,
and
serving
on
curriculum
development
teams
,
textbook
selection
committees
,
and
building
level
leadership
teams
.
Collaboratively
plans
with
teachers
to
facilitate
a
cohesive
learning
community
.
Collaborative
Planning
Identification
of
Information
Needs
VI-5-B
Fulfills
at
least
90
%
of
student
and
staff
curriculum
requests
annually
.
Collaborative
Form
Curriculum
Requests
VI-5-C
Collaboratively
assesses
student
needs
and
instructs
students
and
staff
in
the
use
of
the
most
effective
research
process
model
and
rubric
for
creation
of
new
knowledge
.
Assessment
of
Student
Needs
Research
Process
Rubrics
Research
Process
Models
VI-5-D
Teaches
and
models
search
strategies
using
inquiry
techniques
to
locate
information
and
draw
conclusions
.
Search
Strategies
Using
Inquiry
Techniques
VI-5-E
Inspires
a
love
of
reading
by
relating
reading
to
students
'
interest
,
background
,
culture
,
and
enjoyment
and
by
introducing
students
to
literary
forms
such
as
stories
,
poems
,
and
information
books
through
practices
such
as
individual
dialogue
,
through
booktalks
,
reading
motivation
programs
,
book
clubs
,
and
through
large
and
small
group
instruction
.
Booktalks
Reading
Motivation
Programs
Book
Clubs
VI-5-F
Provides
access
to
the
right
book
at
the
right
time
by
instructing
students
and
staff
in
the
use
of
the
campus
and
district
collection
and
by
broadening
access
through
promotion
and
instruction
in
the
use
of
Interlibrary
Loan
from
state
and
local
resources
sharing
programs
.
Librarian
uses
personal
or
institutional
library
card
to
borrow
needed
resources
from
local
public
library
or
institutes
an
Interlibrary
loan
agreement
with
the
public
library
.
Interlibrary
Loan
McAllen
Public
Library
Library
Web
Page
Weslaco
Public
Library
VI-5-G
Participates
in
the
evaluation
of
standardized
reading
scores
in
collaboration
with
classroom
teachers
to
determine
the
library
program
's
role
in
improving
them
.
Identifies
and
implements
plan
to
improve
literacy
.
Collaboratively
promotes
and
supports
campus
and
community
adult
and
family
literacy
programs
such
as
Even
Start
and
Head
Start
,
ESL
,
and
GED
programs
.
Community
and
Family
Literacy
Programs
Evaluation
of
Standardized
Reading
Scores
Principle
6
The
librarian
demonstrates
ethical
behavior
in
all
professional
contexts
and
promotes
the
principles
of
intellectual
freedom
,
information
access
,
privacy
,
and
proprietary
rights
.
VI-6-A
Participates
with
district
committees
to
develop
and
implement
Acceptable
Use
,
Copyright
,
Intellectual
Freedom
,
Privacy
,
Patron
Rights
,
and
Plagiarism
policies
.
Understands
the
function
,
need
,
utilization
,
and
necessity
of
board-adopted
policies
.
Understands
legal
issues
pertaining
to
proprietary
rights
.
Teaches
and
models
principles
pertaining
to
these
policies
and
First
Amendment
rights
in
all
professional
contexts
.
Acceptable
Use
Policy
Plagiarism
Policies
Copyright
and
Fair
Use
Information
Privacy
Copyright
Web
Site
Proprietary
Rights
First
Amendment
Rights
TASB
Practices
Intellectual
Freedom
United
Patent
and
Trademark
Office
NOLO
,
offers
self-help
legal
information
United
States
Copyright
Office
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</text>
<text id="http://woodrow.mpls.frb.fed.us/pubs/region/95-09/int959.cfm">
Nobel
Laureate
economist
James
Buchanan
credits
his
mentor
,
noted
economist
Frank
Knight
,
with
teaching
him
to
challenge
everything
and
leading
him
to
Âpush
beyond
the
boundaries
of
orthodoxy
in
economics.Â
Through
his
work
in
Public
Choice
,
Buchanan
has
pushed
those
boundaries
and
challenged
conventional
thinking
about
the
role
of
government
in
the
lives
of
individuals
.
Buchanan
once
wrote
,
Â
...
I
have
felt
,
and
feel
,
no
moral
obligation
to
promulgate
my
own
ideas
,
or
those
of
others.Â
Despite
that
assertion
,
Buchanan
's
views
of
the
political
economy
,
spelled
out
in
his
Public
Choice
philosophy
,
have
been
the
focus
of
discussion
among
his
peers
and
have
influenced
scores
of
young
economists
ever
since
he
published
The
Calculus
of
Consent
with
colleague
Gordon
Tullock
in
1962
.
In
the
following
interview
,
Buchanan
traces
the
development
of
Public
Choice
,
ideas
especially
relevant
today
as
governments
everywhere
try
to
redefine
themselves
.
Region
:
Most
people
who
know
your
work
consider
The
Calculus
of
Consent
as
your
most
important
book
.
What
was
the
insight
that
brought
you
to
write
The
Calculus
of
Consent
?
Buchanan
:
I
think
that
's
hard
to
say
.
In
my
own
case
it
was
a
general
sense
that
people
who
were
supposed
to
know
did
n't
really
know
what
democracy
was
about
.
I
started
out
as
a
regular
public
finance
economist
.
Once
you
start
in
that
direction
,
you
soon
come
to
the
question
of
how
it
is
that
taxes
and
expenditure
decisions
and
budgets
get
made
,
so
you
're
forced
to
think
about
the
political
process
.
One
of
my
first
pieces
goes
all
the
way
back
to
1949
and
was
nothing
more
than
asking
economists
to
think
about
their
political
models
.
What
model
of
politics
are
you
assuming
before
you
start
talking
about
what
's
good
taxation
?
What
's
good
spending
?
I
called
for
them
to
clarify
their
assumptions
of
politics
.
I
was
influenced
by
the
Swedish
economist
Wicksell
,
who
said
if
you
want
to
improve
politics
,
improve
the
rules
,
improve
the
structure
.
Do
n't
expect
politicians
to
behave
differently
.
They
behave
according
to
their
interests
.
I
picked
up
some
of
the
Italians
who
had
paid
much
more
attention
to
the
model
of
the
state
,
the
model
of
politics
.
I
spent
a
year
in
Italy
(
1955-56
)
.
It
changed
my
perspective
on
politics
because
I
think
a
lot
of
Americans
,
of
my
generation
anyway
,
still
had
a
romantic
view
of
politics
.
Italians
,
for
me
at
least
,
served
the
function
of
introducing
a
lot
of
skepticism
,
a
lot
more
questions
.
Had
I
not
spent
that
year
in
Italy
,
I
might
not
have
ever
really
been
able
to
come
to
the
critical
realistic
view
of
politics
as
I
did
.
All
that
was
by
way
of
background
.
Then
during
the
early
'
50s
Kenneth
Arrow
published
his
book
Social
Choice
and
Individual
Values
(
1951
)
.
That
stirred
up
a
great
deal
of
interest
,
both
in
political
science
and
economics
.
My
general
reaction
was
that
the
people
who
criticized
Arrow
,
and
Arrow
himself
,
really
did
n't
quite
get
the
message
in
the
sense
that
the
concentration
was
on
the
fact
that
majority
rule
would
not
give
you
a
political
equilibrium
,
that
you
get
this
political
cycle
and
so
forth
.
My
criticism
basically
was
,
if
that
's
the
way
the
preferences
are
,
that
's
what
you
want
to
have
.
A
democracy
should
not
mean
one
majority
simply
ruling
.
It
ought
to
be
a
rotation
,
if
that
's
the
way
the
preferences
are
.
I
was
kind
of
an
anti-majoritarian
then
and
now
.
So
my
critique
of
Arrow
,
which
not
many
people
paid
much
attention
to
,
got
me
further
into
thinking
about
these
things
.
Gordon
Tullock
came
to
the
University
of
Virginia
in
1958
on
a
postdoctoral
scholarship
,
after
having
spent
nine
years
in
the
U.S.
Department
of
State
.
He
was
much
more
of
a
realist
about
politics
,
naturally
,
than
I
would
have
been
.
He
started
to
work
specifically
on
majority
rule
,
influenced
a
good
deal
by
Duncan
Black
and
Anthony
Downs
and
also
to
some
extent
by
Arrow
.
We
started
working
together
and
out
of
that
came
The
Calculus
of
Consent
(
1962
)
.
While
I
acknowledge
that
it
's
probably
considered
my
most
important
work
,
at
the
time
I
wrote
it
,
and
even
now
,
I
do
n't
consider
that
to
be
as
original
a
piece
as
some
of
the
other
things
I
've
done
.
Tullock
and
I
considered
ourselves
to
be
simply
taking
the
tools
of
economics
,
looking
at
something
like
the
structure
of
American
politics
in
the
way
James
Madison
had
envisioned
it
.
That
is
,
it
was
clearly
not
a
majoritarian
democracy
,
which
would
be
the
parliamentary
model
(
which
was
the
ideal
,
at
that
time
especially
,
of
all
the
political
scientists
)
,
rather
it
was
a
sort
of
a
constitutional
structure
.
We
were
the
first
to
start
analyzing
the
Constitution
from
an
economic
point
of
view
.
There
were
other
people
who
analyzed
particular
voting
rules
,
like
majority
voting
,
but
we
put
that
in
a
constitutional
structure
and
provided
an
argument
for
choices
among
voting
rules
.
We
concentrated
on
that
.
So
,
in
a
sense
,
I
considered
us
to
be
simply
writing
out
in
modern
economic
terms
more
or
less
Madison
's
framework
of
what
he
wanted
to
do
,
as
opposed
to
anything
new
and
different
.
It
turned
out
that
nobody
had
looked
at
it
in
that
way
.
Region
:
What
was
the
greatest
challenge
you
initially
faced
in
the
academic
world
when
your
ideas
in
The
Calculus
of
Consent
were
first
presented
?
Buchanan
:
The
political
scientists
naturally
did
n't
like
it
.
Basically
,
it
was
contrary
to
their
standard
way
of
looking
at
things
.
But
it
got
some
very
good
reviews
by
some
political
scientists
.
Some
people
,
like
William
Riker
,
who
became
very
important
at
[
the
University
of
]
Rochester
,
established
a
whole
school
.
He
picked
up
on
it
immediately
and
worked
closely
with
us
in
the
whole
Public
Choice
work
;
he
had
a
huge
influence
in
political
science
and
trained
a
lot
of
very
good
people
.
So
he
and
a
few
others
were
very
sympathetic
.
But
basically
the
political
science
community
did
n't
accept
it
.
A
lot
of
the
economics
community
simply
was
not
interested
.
They
were
interested
then
,
and
now
,
in
much
more
technical
stuff
.
I
think
gradually
it
worked
its
way
in
.
The
whole
Public
Choice
framework
spawned
more
interest
than
Black
,
Arrow
or
Downs
had
gone
along
with
.
In
one
senseÂthere
are
two
booksÂour
book
and
Mancur
Olson
's
Logic
of
Collective
Action
(
1965)Âthose
two
books
came
along
about
the
same
time
and
they
got
the
interest
.
After
our
book
was
published
,
Gordon
Tullock
and
I
recognized
that
there
was
a
lot
of
work
going
on
in
several
fields
that
were
at
least
closely
related
.
We
got
the
National
Science
Foundation
to
give
us
a
small
grant
to
organize
a
preliminary
research
meeting
.
We
had
a
meeting
in
Charlottesville
(
we
were
both
in
West
Virginia
at
that
time
)
in
1963
to
which
we
invited
all
the
people
that
we
thought
were
working
more
or
less
in
those
areas
.
We
had
about
20
people
.
It
was
a
very
exciting
two
and
one-half
day
conference
in
which
people
were
simply
exchanging
research
ideas
.
Riker
,
Mancur
Olson
,
Vince
Ostrom
and
Downs
were
there
.
We
invited
Arrow
;
he
did
n't
come
.
Duncan
Black
was
there
,
as
I
remember
.
Jack
Rawls
was
there
from
philosophy
.
We
had
several
sociologists
,
psychologists
,
political
scientists
and
so
forth
.
Roland
McKean
and
Jerry
Rothenberg
from
economics
were
there
.
We
had
quite
a
group
.
Out
of
that
came
the
Public
Choice
Society
.
We
did
n't
call
it
that
at
that
time
.
We
called
it
the
Committee
for
the
Study
of
Non-Market
Decision
Making
.
We
were
getting
into
how
decisions
were
made
outside
of
a
private
market
context
.
After
that
we
organized
and
started
up
a
journal
.
The
first
was
called
Papers
on
Non-market
Decision
Making
.
Tullock
took
charge
of
editing
it
.
Then
after
meeting
a
couple
of
more
years
,
Riker
helped
organize
the
third
meeting
.
Tullock
and
I
organized
the
first
and
second
.
Then
we
had
a
meeting
in
Chicago
in
1967
.
At
that
time
we
sat
around
and
nobody
was
happy
with
the
title
.
We
needed
a
name
.
Somebody
came
up
with
Public
Choice
,
which
really
does
n't
fit
very
well
descriptively
because
a
lot
of
people
think
of
it
as
a
public
opinion
polling
thing
.
We
get
questions
about
that
.
But
at
least
it
caught
on
.
From
that
time
on
we
named
the
journal
and
the
society
The
Public
Choice
Society
.
So
that
was
an
institutional
embodiment
of
this
that
started
with
The
Calculus
of
Consent
.
It
started
with
that
meeting
.
That
's
a
little
bit
of
background
.
Region
:
It
seems
that
many
people
now
see
your
emphasis
in
Public
Choice
as
common
sense
,
that
is
,
applying
economics
to
government
.
Please
describe
your
journey
in
making
Public
Choice
commonplace
in
both
the
practical
world
of
politics
and
in
the
academic
world
.
Buchanan
:
It
is
nothing
more
than
common
sense
,
as
opposed
to
romance
.
To
some
extent
,
people
then
and
now
think
about
politics
romantically
.
Our
systematic
way
of
looking
at
politics
is
nothing
more
than
common
sense
.
People
ask
me
how
has
Public
Choice
made
a
difference
and
how
does
it
influence
ideas
.
I
do
n't
necessarily
place
Public
Choice
as
out
front
in
changing
a
lot
of
ideas
.
But
I
do
think
that
Public
Choice
has
had
a
major
influence
:
I
think
governments
overreached
themselves
in
the
'
60s
,
not
only
in
the
totalitarian
,
authoritarian
regimes
,
but
also
in
Western
democratic
welfare-state
nations
,
represented
in
this
country
by
the
Great
Society
of
Lyndon
Johnson
.
By
the
early
'
70s
people
began
to
recognize
this
.
They
looked
about
them
,
and
they
saw
that
political
programs
were
failing
.
Public
Choice
came
along
and
was
there
to
provide
them
an
explanationÂan
understandingÂof
why
politics
was
failing
as
it
extended
beyond
certain
margins
.
So
it
provided
what
I
would
call
a
foundation
or
substructure
,
which
allowed
them
to
interpret
better
what
they
were
seeing
,
rather
than
leading
the
way
.
Region
:
Public
Choice
economics
seems
to
have
taken
hold
in
four
or
five
different
areas
as
far
as
I
can
tellÂbudget
,
monetary
policy
,
operation
of
democracies
,
growth
of
special
interests
and
constitutional
framework
.
Can
you
outline
the
essential
issues
that
Public
Choice
economists
,
like
yourself
,
use
to
understand
government
policy
?
Buchanan
:
I
think
it
's
just
a
way
of
looking
at
political
decision
structures
.
Take
,
for
example
,
the
budget
policy
aspects
.
People
ask
what
's
the
best
example
in
practice
of
Public
Choice
thinking
.
It
's
clearly
the
explanation
of
the
budget
deficit
regime
.
The
key
to
Public
Choice
,
as
you
said
earlier
,
is
common
sense
.
And
common
sense
tells
you
that
a
politician
is
very
much
like
the
rest
of
us
.
A
politician
who
's
seeking
office
or
seeking
to
remain
in
office
is
responsible
,
as
he
should
be
,
to
constituents
.
He
wants
to
go
back
to
a
constituency
and
tell
them
that
he
's
either
lowered
their
taxes
,
or
he
's
brought
them
program
benefits
.
You
plug
that
into
politics
and
you
have
a
natural
proclivity
of
a
politician
to
create
deficits
.
Then
the
question
comes
along
:
Why
did
n't
we
have
deficits
before
?
You
see
the
Keynesian
economic
revolution
gave
the
politicians
an
excuse
for
deficits
.
You
give
politicians
half
an
excuse
;
they
play
out
this
natural
proclivity
.
So
from
the
'
60s
on
we
have
the
regime
accelerating
deficits
.
This
ties
into
my
support
of
the
constitutional
amendment
as
a
corrective
device
.
That
's
an
easy
example
.
You
can
also
take
these
other
aspectsÂregulatory
policy
or
anything
like
thatÂand
you
can
come
at
it
from
a
Public
Choice
perspective
.
Region
:
How
do
Public
Choicers
come
at
monetary
policy
?
Is
that
a
serious
topic
of
study
for
Public
Choice
?
Buchanan
:
It
has
been
studied
in
Public
Choice
,
which
splits
itself
up
in
subparts
and
separate
research
programs
.
One
part
might
be
called
a
Theory
of
BureaucracyÂhow
bureaucrats
behave
under
certain
constraints
and
incentive
structures
,
and
so
forth
.
So
we
've
got
one
strand
of
what
you
might
call
more
positive
Public
Choice
that
has
looked
at
monetary
institutions
.
It
looked
at
the
behavior
of
Federal
Reserve
Boards
with
a
very
hard-nosed
view
.
Another
research
program
in
Public
Choice
with
which
I
am
more
closely
associated
,
involves
the
whole
emphasis
on
the
constitutional
structureÂon
rules
.
We
've
been
very
critical
of
existing
monetary
institutions
because
they
do
n't
have
enough
predictability
,
and
we
have
gone
down
the
line
of
having
more
specific
targeting
or
guidelines
or
some
kind
of
alternative
to
a
purely
discretionary
policy
.
Those
are
more
normative
studies
.
We
're
doing
some
work
in
competitive
federalism
:
how
a
regime
of
national
central
banks
might
be
better
than
a
single
central
bank
for
Europe
,
for
example
,
or
vice
versa
.
Region
:
Many
years
ago
you
spoke
at
Spring
Hill
Conference
Center
in
Minneapolis
about
the
need
for
a
balanced
budget
amendment
and
in
recent
times
you
have
focused
your
attention
on
the
same
topic
.
Balanced
budget
seems
to
be
a
long-standing
interest
of
yours
and
one
that
you
pursue
with
some
passion
.
What
is
your
argument
for
a
balanced
budget
amendment
?
Buchanan
:
I
remember
very
distinctly
that
Spring
Hill
meeting
.
That
was
one
of
the
most
delightful
conference
settings
I
've
ever
seen
.
I
enjoyed
that
conference
.
I
've
forgotten
what
I
talked
about
then
,
but
I
'm
not
at
all
surprised
that
it
was
on
the
balanced
budget
.
That
's
an
interest
of
mine
that
has
gone
back
a
long
way
.
My
first
individually
authored
book
was
on
public
debt
,
which
I
wrote
in
1958
(
before
The
Calculus
of
Consent
)
,
in
which
I
attacked
the
Keynesian
notion
about
public
debt
,
going
back
to
classical
precursors
of
what
public
debt
was
all
about
.
Then
I
saw
the
Keynesian
logic
.
As
you
destroy
the
old-
time
fiscal
religion
,
you
're
going
to
have
this
natural
proclivity
toward
deficits
,
like
I
said
.
Then
I
wrote
a
book
with
a
colleague
,
Richard
Wagner
,
in
1977
called
Democracy
in
Deficit
,
making
the
argument
that
the
Keynesian
destruction
of
the
old
mythology
about
balanced
budgets
would
guarantee
the
regime
that
we
've
had
.
Certainly
the
predictions
in
that
book
have
held
up
very
well
.
Again
,
we
were
calling
for
correction
.
If
you
recognize
the
natural
proclivity
of
democratic
politics
to
generate
deficits
,
you
recognize
that
we
did
have
a
constitutional
norm
against
deficits
.
It
was
basically
a
moral
norm
:
It
was
a
"
sin
"
to
create
deficits
prior
to
the
Keynesian
period
.
If
you
remove
that
moral
norm
you
have
this
natural
proclivity
.
Then
if
you
also
buy
into
the
theory
of
public
debt
that
I
had
developed
much
earlier
,
that
is
,
it
does
involve
taxing
the
people
who
are
going
to
be
around
in
the
future
by
imposing
costs
on
them
to
pay
off
whoever
happens
to
own
the
government-obligated
bonds
,
you
realize
that
you
're
going
to
get
yourself
deeper
and
deeper
in
trouble
unless
you
introduce
some
kind
of
formal
constitutional
substitute
for
that
moral
norm
.
I
came
on
board
quite
early
on
in
favor
of
a
balanced
budget
amendment
,
making
me
one
of
the
few
economists
who
has
consistently
supported
a
balanced
budget
amendment
.
I
did
n't
get
very
far
.
Personally
,
I
'm
not
the
type
of
economist
who
does
much
testifying
before
Congress
or
for
political
parties
.
I
'm
very
,
very
much
ivory
tower
.
The
only
policy
issue
at
all
that
I
've
been
on
board
with
is
the
balanced
budget
:
the
constitutional
change
.
So
I
did
a
little
bit
of
work
during
the
period
when
they
were
trying
to
get
state
resolutions
for
a
constitutional
convention
.
Now
that
more
of
this
has
come
up
again
through
the
Congress
,
I
've
been
very
supportive
of
it
.
So
I
would
like
to
have
seen
it
go
through
.
It
seemed
to
me
that
as
it
came
nearer
to
reality
,
there
was
a
lot
of
obfuscation
thrown
in
by
the
opposition
.
I
've
written
some
pieces
recently
on
simply
trying
to
clarify
some
of
that
confusion
.
It
seemed
to
me
that
a
lot
of
smoke
was
thrown
in
just
to
confuse
a
lot
of
the
issues
about
it
.
Region
:
It
appears
at
first
glance
that
many
Public
Choice
economists
are
politically
conservative
and
free-market
oriented
.
Would
that
be
an
accurate
description
of
those
academics
in
the
Public
Choice
movement
?
Buchanan
:
I
think
it
's
an
accurate
descriptionÂbut
it
's
an
accurate
description
for
a
reason
.
If
you
take
the
story
I
've
given
you
,
if
you
recognize
that
the
traditional
way
we
looked
at
politics
had
a
lot
of
romance
in
it
,
then
Public
Choice
comes
along
and
removes
the
romance
.
I
think
the
natural
outcome
of
that
is
you
're
going
to
be
more
skeptical
about
government
than
you
would
have
been
otherwise
.
Mancur
Olson
,
a
good
friend
of
mine
,
has
been
influential
in
Public
Choice
and
objects
very
strongly
to
this
argument
that
there
is
this
conservative
bias
.
There
is
no
bias
in
it
as
such
.
But
Mancur
himself
has
necessarily
had
to
look
at
politics
differently
because
of
that
,
despite
the
fact
that
his
natural
proclivity
would
be
more
left
than
mine
.
There
's
nothing
inherently
biased
about
it
.
It
's
just
that
the
fact
that
if
you
start
looking
at
the
political
sector
or
politics
from
a
non-romantic
view
,
you
come
to
a
different
view
on
what
has
been
traditional
.
Economists
traditionally
have
been
much
more
pro-market
and
anti-
politics
,
anti-government
than
the
other
parts
of
the
Academy
in
general
.
But
throughout
the
decades
economists
have
been
frustrated
by
the
fact
that
they
put
their
ideas
out
there
and
nobody
pays
any
attention
.
Economists
have
found
you
ca
n't
go
out
there
and
sell
the
idea
of
a
market
economy
very
readily
.
You
have
to
be
sophisticated
to
understand
it
.
It
's
difficult
to
sell
the
idea
of
a
market
economy
,
so
economists
have
n't
been
very
effective
.
Potentially
,
Public
Choice
,
it
seems
to
me
,
has
been
effective
in
a
different
way
altogether
.
Public
Choice
does
not
say
that
the
market
is
perfect
or
the
market
works
at
all
.
That
's
not
part
of
it
.
But
it
says
that
politics
fails
.
There
are
a
lot
of
people
out
there
who
will
recognize
that
politics
fails
and
,
therefore
,
will
be
in
support
of
a
market
,
who
would
never
have
come
around
to
support
the
market
in
terms
of
the
pro
side
.
They
'll
see
the
anti-politics
side
,
so
that
's
how
Public
Choice
comes
in
.
Region
:
In
the
past
you
've
called
for
a
constitutional
revolution
to
reassess
the
entire
spectrum
of
constitutional
rights
of
individuals
.
In
1995
,
what
would
that
mean
?
A
balanced
budget
amendment
,
for
sure
.
But
what
beyond
that
?
Buchanan
:
We
're
just
at
the
threshold
beginning
to
examine
the
whole
structure
of
our
institutions
in
a
foundational
sense
.
It
's
partly
because
the
ideology
that
was
behind
a
lot
of
the
socialist
thrust
is
gone
.
Partly
we
recognize
a
lot
of
failures
.
We
recognize
that
the
political
or
governmental
sector
is
too
large
.
The
problem
is
more
acute
in
some
countries
than
it
is
in
ours
.
Sweden
,
for
example
,
is
in
really
bad
trouble
.
They
've
over-extended
the
welfare
state
.
They
do
n't
know
what
to
do
.
They
're
failing
.
They
're
falling
behind
.
But
it
's
true
in
all
the
major
countries
.
There
's
beginning
to
be
a
fundamental
evaluation
of
our
institutions
.
You
saw
it
in
this
country
with
the
1994
elections
and
the
questions
that
people
are
raising
about
values
.
How
this
is
going
to
play
out
is
very
difficult
to
see
now
.
Just
today
I
got
an
invitation
for
a
lecture
series
organized
for
next
year
at
Michigan
State
.
The
whole
question
of
big
government
is
in
the
air
.
Again
,
the
balanced
budget
amendment
is
a
case
in
point
.
When
you
get
down
to
the
crunch
and
try
to
do
something
specifically
,
then
you
run
into
all
the
opposing
interests
.
Another
good
example
is
this
so-called
Conference
of
States
.
The
idea
was
to
have
a
meeting
in
Philadelphia
of
the
governors
of
all
states
plus
a
bipartisan
group
of
leading
legislators
from
each
state
.
They
were
to
come
to
Philadelphia
and
meet
for
the
first
time
since
1790
.
The
states
would
meet
quite
separately
from
the
federal
government
.
The
idea
behind
thisÂI
know
because
I
was
invited
to
be
on
the
academic
advisory
committeeÂwas
to
have
these
governors
meet
and
have
a
discussion
about
ways
and
means
through
which
we
could
genuinely
get
some
power
evolved
from
the
central
government
back
to
the
states
.
But
the
plan
was
killed
by
agitation
not
from
the
left
but
from
the
right
.
Ironically
,
the
whole
thrust
was
to
try
to
reduce
political
power
.
Instead
,
the
idea
was
killed
completely
,
just
like
the
right
was
finally
influential
in
part
of
killing
the
balanced
budget
amendment
.
Region
:
Given
this
agitation
and
the
new
mood
,
I
do
n't
think
people
can
call
you
"
mildly
subversive
"
anymore
.
Would
you
say
that
's
right
?
Or
are
you
still
mildly
subversive
?
Buchanan
:
I
think
that
's
a
very
perceptive
point
you
make
.
I
think
20
years
ago
clearly
I
would
have
been
.
Right
now
I
do
n't
think
so
.
I
'm
behind
the
curve
now
.
Region
:
What
is
the
Virginia
School
and
what
was
your
role
in
its
evolution
?
Buchanan
:
That
appellation
Virginia
School
was
put
on
us
by
Mancur
Olson
in
a
speech
he
gave
.
Once
we
got
it
,
we
were
perfectly
happy
to
have
a
specific
designation
.
It
does
have
some
embodiment
.
I
mentioned
the
one
meeting
.
I
can
go
back
further
than
that
.
When
Warren
Nutter
and
I
joined
the
faculty
of
the
University
of
Virginia
in
1957
,
we
had
already
discussed
the
fact
that
we
needed
some
place
,
some
concentration
,
some
research
program
that
would
be
more
of
a
return
to
the
emphasis
of
classical
political
economy
and
away
from
the
modern
formalism
.
When
we
got
that
opportunity
we
set
up
what
we
called
,
at
that
time
,
the
Thomas
Jefferson
Center
for
Political
Economy
at
Charlottesville
,
University
of
Virginia
.
We
set
up
a
graduate
program
.
We
brought
in
some
distinguished
visitors
and
got
some
good
graduate
students
.
So
we
made
an
impact
on
the
profession
in
terms
of
making
the
Virginia
product
a
little
different
,
a
little
unique
.
That
was
kind
of
a
political
economy
emphasis
,
looking
at
institutions
,
looking
at
structure
.
Out
of
that
emerged
Public
Choice
.
Warren
Nutter
himself
never
would
have
gone
in
that
direction
,
but
Tullock
came
.
Then
Tullock
and
I
set
up
this
little
group
that
became
the
Public
Choice
Society
out
of
that
Virginia
emphasis
.
So
that
started
also
in
Virginia
.
Then
we
shifted
away
.
I
went
to
UCLA
and
Tullock
went
to
Rice
,
but
we
came
back
and
went
to
Virginia
Tech
where
Charles
Goetz
was
.
We
set
up
the
Center
for
Study
of
Public
Choice
there
and
called
it
Public
ChoiceÂagain
a
Virginia
orientation
.
About
that
time
Mancur
called
it
the
Virginia
School
.
Then
at
VPI
[
Virginia
Polytechnic
Institute
]
in
Blacksburg
we
began
to
get
a
lot
of
visitors
coming
from
all
over
the
world
to
spend
a
few
months
or
a
year
with
us
.
That
's
how
it
centered
on
a
Virginia
emphasisÂsimply
locational
,
historical
.
That
's
where
the
work
was
done
.
It
does
have
a
different
methodological
flare
in
a
certain
sense
,
more
emphasis
on
constitutional
structure
,
clearly
a
Virginia
characteristic
.
Although
work
at
Virginia
is
also
done
in
empirical
public
choice
,
that
's
more
characteristic
of
ChicagoÂthe
Stigler
,
Becker
,
Peltzman
type
work
.
We
do
some
of
that
.
Bob
Tollison
here
does
a
lot
of
that
.
But
basically
ours
is
a
slightly
different
emphasis
.
Region
:
If
you
were
advising
the
Federal
Reserve
,
what
would
you
say
are
the
unsolved
economic
problems
of
the
day
?
Buchanan
:
It
's
not
the
Federal
Reserve
's
role
to
be
solving
the
economic
problems
of
the
day
.
I
think
the
Federal
Reserve
has
enough
to
do
,
and
it
should
target
itself
much
more
carefully
toward
keeping
the
value
of
the
monetary
means
stable
and
quit
doing
other
things
.
As
far
as
the
problems
of
the
day
,
our
political
sphere
and
the
governmental
sector
are
too
large
.
This
not
only
applies
to
our
country
.
We
need
somehow
to
get
back
to
where
our
government
limits
itself
much
more
toward
things
it
can
do
and
not
try
to
do
everything
for
everybody
.
That
goes
back
to
the
constitutional
revolution
question
.
That
ties
in
with
my
future
work
.
What
I
'm
doing
now
is
trying
to
finish
a
book
.
It
's
different
from
The
Calculus
of
Consent
Âone
way
of
interpreting
that
book
would
be
as
an
attack
on
majoritarian
democracy
.
Let
's
accept
that
public
attitudes
are
such
that
majority
rule
is
going
to
be
equated
with
democracy
.
We
're
going
to
have
to
live
with
majority
rule
.
What
can
we
do
constitutionally
here
to
rein
in
some
aspects
of
government
or
the
worst
aspects
of
government
?
This
new
book
is
an
argument
,
both
analytical
and
with
applications
,
for
trying
to
extend
the
generality
principle
into
politics
.
This
gets
back
to
what
I
commented
about
a
while
ago
.
It
seems
to
me
that
far
too
much
of
our
politics
is
favorable
treatment
or
unfavorable
treatment
for
particularized
groups
.
If
we
could
somehow
introduce
into
politics
the
requirement
that
would
be
analogous
to
the
rule
of
law
,
that
is
,
do
n't
treat
one
group
differently
from
another
group
.
That
has
a
lot
of
implications
.
That
would
not
necessarily
mean
we
'd
have
much
smaller
politics
or
government
.
It
would
mean
there
'd
be
a
quite
different
characteristic
of
government
.
Recently
,
this
analytical
argument
(
and
it
's
a
switch
from
where
I
was
10
or
15
years
ago
)
has
led
me
to
come
out
very
strongly
in
support
of
a
flat
taxÂevery
dollar
of
income
being
taxedÂas
opposed
to
a
progressive
tax
.
This
ties
in
with
an
area
of
Public
Choice
that
we
have
n't
mentioned
because
I
have
not
been
directly
involved
in
it
.
Gordon
Tullock
has
been
.
If
you
have
discriminatory
politics
,
it
invites
a
tremendous
amount
of
investment
,
it
wastes
resources
in
rent
seeking
in
trying
to
get
particular
favors
,
either
a
tax
exemption
for
your
industry
or
a
particularized
spending
program
for
your
district
or
for
your
industry
or
your
profession
or
whatever
.
We
moved
a
little
bit
away
from
that
in
the
1986
Tax
Reform
Act
.
We
were
all
enthusiastic
about
that
.
But
Public
Choice
theory
predicted
that
the
provisions
would
n't
last
long
.
Now
they
're
tearing
up
the
1986
act
;
they
have
been
tearing
it
up
ever
since
.
The
normative
thrust
of
my
current
work
is
to
try
to
push
the
generalization
principle
to
the
maximum
extent
possible
,
that
is
,
so
you
do
n't
have
particularized
exemptions
.
One
person
gets
it
,
everybody
gets
it
.
It
cuts
in
favor
of
something
like
a
flat
tax
.
It
cuts
against
means
testing
.
The
huge
pressure
now
in
all
these
welfare
programs
is
going
to
be
toward
means
testing
.
By
the
time
you
,
as
a
professional
,
qualify
for
social
security
it
's
likely
that
you
wo
n't
get
anything
,
because
it
will
be
means
tested
even
more
than
it
is
now
.
But
that
's
going
in
the
wrong
direction
.
That
's
introducing
more
discrimination
in
democratic
politics
.
My
point
is
that
discriminatory
politics
simply
wo
n't
work
with
majority
rule
.
The
only
way
majority
rule
can
work
,
can
be
plausibly
said
to
be
pushing
the
general
interest
,
is
you
require
that
everything
that
is
done
politically
be
general
.
That
's
where
I
'm
coming
from
.
Region
:
I
understand
that
outside
of
your
academic
life
you
are
also
a
farmer
?
Buchanan
:
I
'm
not
really
a
farmer
.
I
grew
up
on
a
farm
in
Tennessee
and
did
a
lot
of
farm
work
as
a
boy
.
But
I
did
n't
have
any
real
nostalgia
for
the
farm
.
That
was
not
the
reason
for
getting
back
into
it
.
But
I
think
I
was
perhaps
more
affected
by
the
1960s
than
most
of
my
colleagues
.
I
really
did
think
the
world
that
we
knew
was
falling
apart
.
I
was
very
upset
by
the
behavior
of
the
Academy
,
which
I
was
a
part
of
,
especially
in
California
.
When
I
came
back
to
Blacksburg
,
to
the
Virginia
mountains
,
I
began
searching
around
for
some
space
,
privacy
.
I
like
space
around
me
.
I
bought
this
century-old
log
cabin
and
started
fixing
it
up
and
added
to
it
and
so
forth
.
I
kept
buying
more
land
,
more
land
,
more
land
.
I
found
out
something
about
my
utility
function
as
I
did
that
,
because
I
found
out
that
every
step
I
took
toward
genuine
self-subsistence
really
gives
me
a
big
charge
.
If
I
can
build
a
fire
in
my
wood
stove
and
do
n't
have
to
depend
on
electric
heat
if
we
have
a
power
outage
,
then
I
'm
that
much
happier
.
Or
if
I
can
go
across
the
street
to
the
spring
and
get
a
bucket
of
water
as
opposed
to
having
an
electric
pump
to
the
well
,
that
gives
me
a
charge
.
Or
if
I
grow
my
own
vegetables
or
pick
my
own
berries
,
which
I
'm
doing
now
.
This
year
there
is
a
good
blackberry
crop
.
I
became
more
and
more
interested
in
having
at
least
a
backup
,
so
self-
subsistent
existence
really
did
give
me
a
lot
of
utility
.
I
never
got
involved
in
farming
per
se
.
What
I
do
now
is
I
grow
a
good
deal
of
my
own
vegetables
and
fruits
,
and
we
freeze
and
can
them
to
some
extent
.
So
I
kept
buying
more
and
more
land
and
now
have
about
a
square
mile
.
It
's
mountain
land
and
some
pastures
.
I
run
some
cattle
on
parts
of
it
.
I
let
another
man
do
the
operating
part
.
We
have
some
hay
fields
,
but
no
commercial
aspects
.
Region
:
You
had
once
written
about
yourself
,
"
I
hope
that
I
seem
what
I
think
I
am
:
a
constitutional
political
economist
who
shares
an
appreciation
for
the
Judeo-Christian
heritage
that
produced
the
values
of
Western
culture
and
institutions
of
civil
order
,
particularly
as
represented
in
the
Madisonian
vision
of
what
the
United
States
might
have
been
and
might
still
become
.
Am
I
grossly
naive
to
think
this
definition
is
sufficient
unto
itself
?
"
I
wonder
if
this
is
still
the
way
it
is
.
Buchanan
:
I
think
that
summarizes
it
still
.
Region
:
Thank
you
,
Mr.
Buchanan
.
More
About
James
Buchanan
Nobel
Prize
in
Economic
Science
,
1986
,
for
work
in
Public
Choice
Theory
.
Some
of
the
books
most
relevant
to
the
Nobel
Award
:
The
Calculus
of
Consent
,
with
G.
Tullock
(
1962
)
;
The
Limits
of
Liberty
(
1975
)
;
Freedom
in
Constitutional
Contract
(
1978
)
;
The
Power
to
Tax
,
with
G.
Brennan
(
1980
)
;
Liberty
,
Market
,
and
State
(
1985
)
.
Other
books
:
Cost
and
Choice
(
1969
)
;
Democracy
in
Deficit
,
with
R.
Wagner
(
1977
)
;
Explorations
into
Constitutional
Economics
(
1989
)
;
Essays
on
the
Political
Economy
(
1989
)
;
Better
than
Plowing
and
Other
Personal
Essays
(
1992
)
;
The
Return
to
Increasing
Returns
,
with
Yong
J.
Yoon
(
1994
)
.
Currently
,
Advisory
General
Director
,
Center
for
Study
of
Public
Choice
,
and
Harris
University
Professor
,
George
Mason
University
,
Fairfax
,
Va.
Has
also
previously
taught
at
Virginia
Polytechnic
Institute
(
1969-1983
)
,
University
of
California
,
Los
Angeles
(
1968-1969
)
and
University
of
Virginia
(
1956-1968
)
.
Received
bachelor
's
degree
from
Middle
Tennessee
State
College
in
1940
,
master
's
from
the
University
of
Tennessee
in
1941
and
doctorate
from
the
University
of
Chicago
in
1948
.
</text>
<text id="http://wma.pvt.k12.ma.us/pages/news.cfm">
Educational
Opportunities
for
CEGS
Students
at
Wilbraham
&
Monson
In
addition
to
hosting
a
variety
of
local
entrepreneurs
and
businesspeople
who
visit
the
Academy
to
share
their
wisdom
and
experience
,
students
enrolled
in
courses
offered
through
the
Center
for
Entrepreneurial
&
Global
Studies
(
CEGS
)
at
Wilbraham
&
Monson
Academy
have
had
multiple
opportunities
this
fall
to
pursue
valuable
educational
opportunities
outside
of
the
classroom
.
Boston
Stock
Exchange
On
Thursday
,
October
20
,
members
of
Melissa
DonohueÃÂs
Introduction
to
Financial
Markets
class
toured
the
Boston
Stock
Exchange
(
BSE
)
and
learned
about
the
role
of
the
BSE
through
history
and
today
.
The
class
focuses
on
market
psychology
,
and
the
basics
of
stocks
,
bonds
,
and
portfolio
management
.
Visiting
the
BSE
in
person
helped
the
students
incorporate
some
of
these
concepts
in
a
real-life
trading
environment
.
Students
who
accompanied
Donohue
were
Po-Jen
Chen
of
Taipei
,
Taiwan
;
Alex
Corbett
of
North
Attleboro
;
Tori
DÃÂAmato
of
Hampden
;
Elijah
Fleming
of
Brooklyn
,
New
York
;
Marc
Hewett
of
Framingham
;
Niti
Lertsumitkul
of
Bangkok
,
Thailand
;
Alex
Mascaro
of
Wilbraham
;
Jeff
Nowak
of
Westfield
;
Pat
Pio
of
Somers
,
Connecticut
;
and
Fernando
Zavala
of
Madrid
,
Spain
.
Brundtland
Lecture
at
Mount
Holyoke
College
On
Thursday
evening
,
October
27
,
students
in
Walter
SwansonÃÂs
Citizenship
&
Change
in
Africa
class
went
to
Mount
Holyoke
College
for
an
address
by
Global
Studies
Fellow-in-Residence
Dr.
Gro
Brundtland
.
Her
lecture
was
entitled
ÃÂGlobal
Health
Threats
:
Problems
,
Politics
,
and
PoliciesÃÂ
.
Dr.
Brundtland
is
the
former
Director
General
of
the
World
Health
Organization
(
1998-2003
)
,
three-time
Prime
Minister
of
Norway
(
1981
,
1986-1989
,
1990-1996
)
,
Chair
of
the
World
Commission
on
Environment
and
Development
(
1983-1987
)
,
which
produced
the
influential
report
Our
Common
Future
,
origin
of
the
concept
of
ÃÂsustainable
developmentÃÂ
and
impetus
for
the
Rio
de
Janeiro
Earth
summit
in
1992
,
and
physician
and
scientist
in
the
Norwegian
public
health
system
.
The
Global
Citizenship
course
focuses
on
social
,
political
,
and
economic
change
within
the
developing
world
.
Swanson
and
his
students
were
excited
to
be
able
to
listen
to
the
ideas
of
someone
involved
in
global
health
threats
of
such
a
significant
international
stature
.
Participants
included
:
Theodore
Brackett
of
Ware
;
Thony
Ferdinand
of
Hyde
Park
;
Fabienne
Limage
of
Teaneck
,
New
Jersey
;
Ming
Liu
of
Taoyuan
,
Taiwan
;
Kyle
Mensing
,
Jeff
Power
,
and
Brian
Race
of
Wilbraham
;
and
Jeff
Nowak
of
Westfield
.
Babson
College
On
Friday
,
October
28
,
DonohueÃÂs
Entrepreneurship
class
attended
the
Babson
College
Rocket
Pitch
competition
,
an
annual
event
where
budding
entrepreneurs
associated
with
Babson
,
hopeful
of
finding
some
financial
backing
to
make
their
dreams
a
reality
,
get
three
minutes
to
pitch
their
newest
ideas
.
CEGS
students
were
given
the
opportunity
to
hear
a
number
of
different
new
venture
ideas
,
and
view
many
different
presentation
styles
.
Participants
included
:
Matthew
DÃÂAmaddio
of
East
Longmeadow
,
Yannick
Destouches-Gilroy
of
Alsace
,
France
;
Jacob
Eddy
of
Rutland
,
Vermont
;
Thony
Ferdinand
of
Hyde
Park
;
Elijah
Fleming
of
Brooklyn
,
New
York
;
Yousuf
Hazratji
of
Somers
,
Connecticut
;
Marc
Hewett
of
Framingham
;
Kafhi-Dee
Jean-Baptiste
of
Waltham
;
Fabienne
Limage
of
Teaneck
,
New
Jersey
;
Eugeniu
Miculet
of
Chisinau
,
Moldova
;
Corey
Wittenzellner
of
Stafford
Springs
,
Connecticut
;
and
Fernando
Zavala
of
Madrid
,
Spain
.
The
Center
for
Entreprenneurial
&
Global
Studies
focuses
on
teaching
students
to
be
global
citizens
in
the
face
of
increasing
globalization
,
mounting
social
inequities
,
and
threats
to
environmental
sustainability
.
The
CEGS
curriculum
includes
formal
and
experiential
learning
with
activities
both
inside
and
outside
the
classroom
.
The
courses
encourage
entrepreneurial
thinking
in
the
areas
of
business
,
finance
,
economics
,
and
social
activism
.
Wilbraham
&
Monson
Honors
Dr.
King
On
Sunday
,
January
15
and
Monday
,
January
16
the
Wilbraham
&
Monson
community
will
honor
the
work
of
Dr.
Martin
Luther
King
Jr.
with
two
programs
.
On
Sunday
evening
,
we
invite
the
public
to
a
presentation
by
Dr.
Steven
Channing
,
whose
documentary
film
February
One
recounts
the
story
of
the
four
Greensboro
North
Carolina
A&T
State
University
freshmen
who
sat
at
the
F.
W.
Woolworth
lunch
counter
waiting
for
days
to
be
served
.
The
actions
of
the
ÃÂGreensboro
FourÃÂ
spurred
others
to
use
the
nonviolent
sit
in
as
a
form
of
action
against
segregation
.
The
program
will
be
held
at
7:00
p.m.
in
Alumni
Memorial
Chapel
on
the
WMA
campus
,
with
a
reception
to
follow
.
On
Monday
morning
,
the
Wilbraham
&
Monson
Academy
community
will
view
February
One
and
have
the
opportunity
to
discuss
both
the
historical
background
and
the
making
of
the
film
with
Dr.
Channing
.
In
a
related
program
on
Sunday
,
January
22
,
Mr.
Carl
Hobert
will
lead
a
group
of
students
in
a
six-hour
conflict
resolution
workshop
.
The
title
of
the
conflict
is
ÃÂRwanda
:
Reconciliation
and
Reconstruction
ÃÂ
or
Renewed
Conflict?ÃÂ
,
and
students
will
be
assigned
the
positions
of
the
entire
range
of
social
,
political
,
and
economic
stakeholders
in
the
conflict
.
Carl
F.
Hobert
is
a
foreign
language
teacher
at
Belmont
Hill
School
in
Belmont
,
Massachusetts
,
a
1993
graduate
of
the
Tufts
Fletcher
School
,
and
founder
and
director
of
Axis
of
Hope
.
For
the
second
year
,
Hobert
is
providing
this
unique
opportunity
for
our
students
to
honor
the
commitment
of
Dr.
Martin
Luther
King
Jr.
to
peaceful
conflict
resolution
through
the
sponsorship
of
The
Center
for
Entrepreneurial
&
Global
Studies
at
Wilbraham
&
Monson
Academy
.
The
Center
for
Entrepreneurial
&
Global
Studies
focuses
on
teaching
students
to
be
global
citizens
in
the
face
of
increasing
globalization
,
mounting
social
inequities
,
and
threats
to
environmental
sustainability
.
The
CEGS
curriculum
includes
formal
and
experiential
learning
with
activities
both
inside
and
outside
the
classroom
.
The
courses
encourage
entrepreneurial
thinking
in
the
areas
of
business
,
finance
,
economics
,
and
social
activism
.
The
following
information
is
taken
from
the
official
Web
site
of
Axis
of
Hope
,
www.axisofhope.org
,
where
you
can
learn
more
about
the
organization
:
Axis
of
Hope
seeks
to
teach
our
worldÃÂs
youth
ÃÂ
our
future
leaders
ÃÂ
international
conflict
prevention
skills
.
By
teaching
them
to
develop
trust
,
compassion
and
empathy
for
one
another
,
and
for
future
leaders
of
other
societies
around
our
rapidly
shrinking
globe
,
Axis
of
Hope
will
change
the
landscape
of
conflict
,
and
create
the
prospect
of
future
peace
,
beginning
today
.
Axis
of
Hope
is
a
Massachusetts-based
non-profit
organization
dedicated
to
improving
the
theory
and
practice
of
international
conflict
education
and
prevention
in
public
and
private
elementary
,
middle
and
high
schools
worldwide
.
It
maintains
a
strong
commitment
to
helping
young
people
in
their
formative
years
of
life
understand
conflict
and
develop
conflict
prevention
skills
through
hands-on
practice
.
Our
educational
initiative
is
a
curriculum
and
teacher
training
program
on
intergroup
conflict
and
conflict
management
called
Confronting
Conflict
.
Blood
Drive
Nets
80
Units
Congratulations
to
WMA
senior
Will
Daly
and
to
the
postgraduates
who
helped
him
engineer
a
very
successful
blood
drive
through
the
American
Red
Cross
on
January
17
.
A
total
of
80
units
of
blood
,
platelets
,
and
plasma
were
collected
from
students
,
faculty
,
staff
,
and
community
members
who
dropped
in
at
the
drive
,
held
in
Greenhalgh
Gymnasium
.
It
was
the
first
experience
many
of
the
student
donors
had
giving
blood
,
and
they
were
very
enthusiastic
.
The
Red
Cross
has
notified
Will
Daly
,
organizer
of
the
blood
drive
last
month
that
our
efforts
produced
80
pints
of
blood
!
Because
those
80
pints
are
further
separated
into
white
cells
,
red
cells
,
and
plasma
,
we
really
collected
nearly
250
units
!
!
!
ThatÃÂs
fantastic
!
Residential
Life
-
Dorm
Olympics
in
Full
Swing
Click
here
for
more
.
Blake
Middle
School
Art
Show
This
mid-year
show
features
artwork
created
by
the
students
of
Blake
Middle
School
at
Wilbraham
&
Monson
Academy
.
We
have
worked
in
a
range
of
media
and
forms
including
jewelry
,
ceramics
,
printmaking
,
photography
,
and
painting
.
This
show
offers
a
unique
opportunity
to
view
the
fine
artistic
endeavors
of
our
students
in
an
exhibition
setting
.
Link
to
Blake
Middle
School
...
Alumni
to
Speak
at
Wilbraham
&
Monson
Academy
On
February
9
and
10
,
two
noted
alumni
authors
will
visit
Wilbraham
&
Monson
Academy
,
read
from
their
works
,
and
discuss
their
craft
with
students
and
teachers
.
Keshawn
E.
Dodds
,
Class
of
1997
and
aide
to
Springfield
Mayor
Charles
V.
Ryan
,
will
visit
Blake
Middle
School
at
WMA
on
February
9
to
read
from
his
second
science-fiction
novel
,
Menzuo
S.W.
Legend
of
the
Blue
Diamond
.
Dodds
will
talk
with
the
students
about
the
importance
of
reading
and
being
involved
in
the
community
.
He
is
a
Springfield
native
who
spent
a
postgraduate
year
at
Wilbraham
&
Monson
and
graduated
from
American
International
College
.
Before
joining
the
mayorÃÂs
staff
,
he
was
a
teacher
in
the
Springfield
school
system
.
On
February
10
,
poet
Galway
Kinnell
will
return
to
his
alma
mater
for
luncheon
with
several
of
his
classmates
,
faculty
members
,
and
some
students
,
followed
by
an
all-school
meeting
where
he
will
read
selections
from
his
poetry
.
Kinnell
will
also
join
Academy
teacher
Loren
Croot
and
her
Introduction
to
Modern
Poetry
and
Poetics
class
for
a
discussion
of
several
of
his
works
.
Kinnell
graduated
from
Wilbraham
Academy
in
1944
and
from
Princeton
University
in
1948
.
His
Selected
Poems
(
1982
)
garnered
him
a
Pulitzer
Prize
and
American
Book
Award
.
Kinnell
served
as
the
State
Poet
of
Vermont
from
1989-1993
;
and
,
until
his
retirement
last
spring
,
he
was
the
Erich
Maria
Remarque
Professor
of
Creative
Writing
at
New
York
University
.
Poet
David
Koehn
has
said
,
ÃÂKinnell
is
one
of
maybe
two
or
three
of
our
greatest
living
American
poets
.
And
you
probably
would
not
get
an
argument
from
others
in
the
triad
that
he
isnÃÂt
the
greatest.ÃÂ
[
greatamericanpinup.blogspot.com/2005
]
WMA
Students
Negotiate
for
Peace
in
Rwanda
Workshop
Students
from
Wilbraham
&
Monson
Academy
participated
in
a
groundbreaking
peaceful
conflict
resolution
workshop
on
Sunday
,
January
22
.
In
the
workshop
,
entitled
"
Rwanda
:
Reconciliation
and
Reconstruction
ÃÂ
or
Renewed
Conflict
?
"
,
students
worked
in
different
groups
of
stakeholders
to
resolve
the
future
of
Rwanda
.
Participating
students
gained
a
new
perspective
on
the
importance
of
international
diplomacy
and
the
possibility
of
creating
peaceful
resolutions
to
complicated
,
entrenched
conflicts
.
The
workshop
,
sponsored
by
the
WMA
Center
for
Entrepreneurial
&
Global
Studies
(
CEGS
)
,
was
run
by
Carl
Hobert
,
director
of
the
Axis
of
HopeÃÂ
organization
and
foreign
language
teacher
at
Belmont
Hill
School
in
Belmont
,
Massachusetts
.
Axis
of
Hope
seeks
to
teach
the
worldÃÂs
youth
ÃÂ
the
leaders
of
tomorrow
ÃÂ
international
conflict
prevention
skills
.
By
teaching
them
to
develop
trust
,
compassion
,
and
empathy
for
one
another
,
Axis
of
Hope
hopes
to
change
the
landscape
of
conflict
and
create
the
prospect
of
future
peace
.
ÃÂWe
are
extremely
fortunate
to
have
Carl
Hobert
work
with
our
students
on
peaceful
conflict
resolution
for
a
second
consecutive
year,ÃÂ
said
Melissa
Donohue
,
director
of
CEGS
.
ÃÂWe
were
also
very
pleased
with
the
extensive
student
participation
,
as
this
out-of-classroom
learning
experience
has
had
a
profound
impact
on
their
education
as
global
citizens.ÃÂ
Forty-five
WMA
students
,
ranging
in
age
from
14
to
19
and
hailing
from
eight
countries
including
France
,
Germany
,
Moldova
,
Russia
,
South
Korea
,
Spain
,
Thailand
,
and
the
U.S.
,
spent
six
intensive
hours
participating
in
the
workshop
on
the
WMA
campus
.
The
students
,
who
had
already
spent
time
leading
up
to
the
conference
reading
extensive
case-study
background
materials
and
viewing
the
movie
ÃÂHotel
Rwanda,ÃÂ
had
a
phenomenal
experience
.
ÃÂThe
Rwanda
workshop
broadened
my
knowledge
and
experience
of
conflict
resolution
and
the
impact
that
just
a
group
of
young
adults
can
have
in
the
resolution
of
critically
important
global
issues,ÃÂ
said
Caitlin
Flynn
ÃÂ06
of
Wilbraham
,
who
was
chosen
to
be
the
mediator
of
the
conflict
during
the
workshop
.
ÃÂIt
has
inspired
me
to
consider
seriously
either
majoring
in
international
relations
or
going
into
a
career
that
would
enable
me
to
perform
similar
actions
that
would
benefit
many
people.ÃÂ
In
the
workshop
,
students
represented
different
stakeholder
groups
in
the
conflict
,
including
the
Forces
Démocratiques
Pour
la
Libération
de
Rwanda
(
FDLR
)
,
Moderate
Hutus
,
Moderate
Tutsis
,
Conservative
Tutsis
,
National
Directors
of
Orphanages
,
and
UN
Representatives
.
The
focus
of
the
negotiations
was
no
less
than
the
future
of
Rwanda
,
given
the
grave
problems
posed
recently
by
the
illegal
armed
group
FDLR
,
based
in
neighboring
Congo
.
This
heavily
armed
Hutu
guerilla
organization
is
considered
ÃÂan
extremely
negative
forceÃÂ
by
the
government
of
President
Kagame
,
ready
to
invade
Rwanda
at
any
moment
in
order
to
continue
the
genocide
that
it
was
not
able
to
complete
during
the
100
days
of
1994
.
All
parties
involved
in
the
sensitive
negotiations
over
the
future
of
Rwanda
have
broader
issues
and
concerns
about
the
future
of
the
Great
Lakes
Region
,
as
well
.
In
myriad
ways
,
Rwanda
is
a
microcosm
that
parallels
the
future
of
the
entire
region
and
is
an
example
of
the
conflicts
that
are
challenging
the
current
global
system
.
ÃÂThe
Rwanda
Workshop
was
an
experience
that
provided
me
with
strong
leadership
,
communication
,
diplomacy
,
and
teamwork
skills,ÃÂ
said
Eugene
Miculet
ÃÂ06
of
Chisinau
,
Moldova
.
ÃÂI
realized
that
as
a
young
leader
from
Moldova
,
together
with
my
peers
from
all
over
the
world
,
we
have
to
increase
the
understanding
between
people
and
take
responsibility
for
our
common
future
of
prosperity
and
peace.ÃÂ
The
workshop
was
further
enriched
by
Mr.
HobertÃÂs
experience
this
summer
working
with
youth
in
Rwanda
on
similar
issues
.
Mr.
Hobert
had
been
invited
by
President
Kagame
to
help
teach
the
theory
and
practice
of
peaceful
conflict
resolution
,
and
he
will
return
to
Rwanda
this
summer
to
do
further
work
with
the
government
.
Mr.
Hobert
is
also
expecting
to
bring
a
small
number
of
U.S.
high
school
students
on
his
diplomatic
trip
this
summer
,
including
one
from
WMA
.
ÃÂMr
.
Hobert
does
such
a
great
job
working
with
students
and
helping
them
to
develop
decision-making
skills
.
Hopefully
I
will
be
going
to
Rwanda
this
summer
to
moderate
the
same
workshop
there,ÃÂ
said
Catherine
Day
ÃÂ06
of
Kingston
,
Massachusetts
.
ÃÂI
was
absolutely
amazed
at
how
well
prepared
,
self-motivated
,
and
bright
the
WMA
students
with
whom
I
worked
were
.
They
remained
focused
during
the
entire
six-hour
negotiation
experience
,
and
they
played
their
roles
extremely
well
.
They
also
honed
their
conflict
resolution
and
negotiation
skills
in
a
very
short
period
of
time
.
I
know
that
each
of
those
WMA
students
with
whom
I
was
fortunate
enough
to
work
are
already
becoming
excellent
,
compassionate
,
globally-minded
leaders
.
I
cannot
congratulate
them
enough
ÃÂ
each
and
every
one
of
them
ÃÂfor
the
wonderful
job
they
did
during
the
intense
,
daylong
workshop,ÃÂ
stated
Carl
Hobert
.
The
workshop
is
just
one
example
of
the
many
different
extracurricular
activities
brought
to
the
WMA
campus
by
the
Center
for
Entrepreneurial
&
Global
Studies
.
CEGS
is
a
multidisciplinary
academic
program
that
teaches
students
to
be
global
citizens
in
the
face
of
increasing
globalization
,
mounting
social
inequities
,
and
threats
to
environmental
sustainability
.
The
CEGS
curriculum
includes
formal
and
experiential
learning
with
activities
both
inside
and
outside
the
classroom
.
The
courses
encourage
entrepreneurial
thinking
in
the
areas
of
business
,
finance
,
economics
,
and
social
activism
.
WMA
Students
Travel
over
Spring
Vacation
Titans
Baseball
To
Spring
Training
The
WMA
BoysÃÂ
Varsity
Baseball
team
is
flying
to
Florida
for
six
days
over
the
March
vacation
.
From
March
8
to
March
14
,
they
will
be
practicing
at
the
Cocoa
Expo
Sports
Center
in
Cocoa
,
Florida
,
which
promotes
itself
as
"
the
leader
in
college
and
high
school
baseball
spring
training
for
20
years
.
"
In
addition
to
the
2
or
3
practice
sessions
a
day
,
the
players
will
be
able
to
watch
some
college
games
at
the
sports
center
,
and
they
will
play
two
games
of
their
own
.
The
first
game
,
with
Virginia
Espiscopal
School
,
is
scheduled
for
10:00
a.m.
on
March
10
,
and
the
second
,
with
Durham
Academy
is
at
4:00
p.m.
on
March
13
.
Latin
Students
Tour
Greece
and
Rome
Thirty-one
WMA
Latin
students
and
their
five
faculty
chaperones
will
travel
to
important
classical
sites
in
Italy
and
Greece
from
March
5
to
March
17
.
In
Rome
,
they
will
visit
the
Colosseum
,
Vatican
City
and
the
recently
restored
Sistine
Chapel
in
St.
PeterÃÂs
Basilica
,
the
Forum
Romanum
,
the
Spanish
Steps
,
and
the
lava-buried
city
of
Pompeii
.
From
Rome
,
they
will
travel
to
mainland
Greece
,
where
they
will
see
the
many
sites
in
Athens
,
such
as
the
Acropolis
with
its
magnificent
Parthenon
,
the
Agora
,
and
an
ancient
Athenian
cemetery
.
They
will
also
travel
south
to
the
Peleponnesus
to
see
Olympia
,
site
of
the
ancient
games
,
the
exquisite
theatre
at
Epidaurus
,
and
AgamemnonÃÂs
fortress
at
Mycenae
as
well
as
north
to
the
mystical
site
of
Delphi
,
home
of
the
renowned
oracle
of
the
ancient
world
.
Then
they
embark
on
a
cruise
of
the
Greek
islands
of
Mykonos
,
Patmos
,
Rhodes
,
Crete
,
and
Santorini
,
with
a
brief
stop
at
the
port
of
Kusadasi
in
southwestern
Turkey
.
This
trip
is
packed
with
wonderful
sights
and
sounds
,
and
the
students
will
surely
return
with
an
appreciation
of
the
history
and
culture
of
the
ancient
Greeks
and
Romans
and
their
modern
descendants
.
Academy
Players
Present
Picnic
,
A
Summer
Romance
by
William
Inge
-
Fall
'
05
In
this
1953
Pulitzer
Prize
winning
play
the
waning
days
of
summer
should
give
way
to
the
promise
of
autumn
and
a
fresh
start
.
But
itÃÂs
1953
in
this
small
Kansas
town
and
options
are
few
for
the
stunningly
beautiful
Madge
and
her
independent
younger
sister
,
Millie
,
who
yearn
for
more
than
the
life
of
staid
domesticity
awaiting
them
.
Then
Hal
,
a
dangerously
handsome
drifter
,
comes
along
and
sets
the
whole
town
aflutter
.
He
and
Madge
strike
instant
sparks
,
but
can
she
really
reject
all
sheÃÂs
been
taught
to
want
to
follow
unreliable
hopes
and
a
pounding
heart
?
In
this
Pulitzer
Prize-winning
classic
,
Inge
depicts
the
pleasureÃÂand
the
painÃÂof
risking
everything
to
choose
your
own
path
.
CAST
Helen
Potts
~
Hye
Young
Chyun
Christine
Schoenwalder
~
Catherine
Day
Flo
Owens
~
Claire
Fratoni
Irma
Kronkite
~
Makeeda
Gibbs
Bomber
Gutzel
~
Casey
Golec
Alan
Seymour
~
Timothy
Lindberg
Rosemary
Sydney
~
Kristina
Lyons
Hal
Carter
~
Jason
Polek
Madge
Owens
~
Rachel
Sams
Howard
Bevans
~
Noah
Starr
Millie
Owens
~
Aubrey
Whittier
STAGE
MANAGEMENT
Stage
Manager
~
Liliana
Galesi
Assistant
~
Jose
Rivera
Assistant
~
Takashi
Wada
TECHNICAL
CREW
(
Led
by
Mr.
Paul
Bloomfield
)
Patrick
Agahigian
Art
Durongkapitaya
Eve
Durongkapitaya
Terrence
Fradet
Sam
Greene
Alex
Lindberg
Matt
Vincunas
Assistant
Director/Composer
~
Michael
Washington
Sound
Engineer
~
Max
Unmuessig
Academy
Students
Discuss
Global
Issues
With
Michaelhouse
School
in
KwaZulu
Natal
South
Africa
20/20
Michaelhouse
&
WMA
Blog
"
This
blog
is
meant
to
be
used
as
a
space
for
dialog
between
the
academic
communities
of
Michaelhouse
and
Wilbraham
&
Monson
Academy
.
"
Click
on
the
link
above
to
read
about
what
the
students
are
discussing
.
HeadÃÂs
statement
for
Challenge
20/20
In
high
school
it
is
a
given
that
students
learn
to
write
,
to
compute
,
to
think
creatively
and
critically
,
and
develop
several
other
needed
skills
pertaining
to
personality
,
character
,
leadership
,
and
general
healthy
habits
and
behaviors
.
But
given
the
importance
of
and
the
reality
of
the
changing
world
and
the
impact
it
has
on
all
our
lives
,
there
is
no
more
important
area
of
study
in
which
young
people
need
to
engage
than
that
of
globalization
.
Globalization
is
truly
a
multidisciplinary
area
of
study
and
carries
a
diverse
meaning
across
different
subjects
.
The
term
ÃÂglobalizationÃÂ
encompasses
economic
activity
driven
by
internal
trade
,
pandemics
that
stretch
across
oceans
,
financial
markets
trading
throughout
the
24-hour
global
day
,
and
environmental
damage
that
extends
beyond
borders
.
The
bottom
line
is
that
we
are
all
part
of
an
intense
,
interconnected
world
,
and
the
greatest
challenges
of
this
century
will
be
global
.
Globalization
can
be
viewed
as
a
double-edged
sword
.
Open
markets
can
serve
to
help
wealthy
countries
grow
richer
,
as
widespread
poverty
and
disease
remain
a
constant
and
grim
reality
in
less-developed
countries
.
Increasing
urbanization
and
rampant
industrialization
wreak
environmental
havoc
across
the
planet
,
with
economic
progress
delivered
at
the
expense
of
sustainable
development
.
The
digital
revolution
and
real
time
technology
has
flattened
the
earth
and
can
produce
financial
market
crises
within
minutes
instead
of
months
.
On
the
other
hand
,
globalization
can
be
a
dramatic
force
for
positive
change
if
it
is
widely
discussed
and
understood
.
Globalization
can
hasten
the
implementation
of
the
rule
of
law
,
the
stabilization
of
governments
,
and
the
improvement
of
economic
daily
life
.
Awareness
of
both
these
possibilities
is
key
to
a
twenty-first
century
education
.
Many
schools
do
a
fine
job
of
teaching
students
about
history
,
politics
,
and
government
.
But
what
will
truly
define
our
next
century
is
the
evolving
role
of
multinational
entrepreneurs
,
non-governmental
organizations
,
and
citizen
activists
,
as
they
affect
the
change
ÃÂ
and
solutions
ÃÂ
that
governments
cannot
.
Complex
issues
involving
significant
economic
,
ethical
,
and
social
analysis
and
understanding
are
not
often
approached
at
the
high
school
level
.
I
believe
teenagers
must
begin
to
have
an
awareness
of
the
issues
surrounding
globalization
as
the
acceleration
of
change
in
the
world
brings
about
new
challenges
at
an
ever-faster
velocity
,
and
the
responsibility
of
being
a
ÃÂglobal
citizenÃÂ
grows
greater
and
greater
.
Wilbraham
&
Monson
Academy
has
begun
to
attack
these
issues
through
participation
in
the
Challenge
20/20
program
,
where
students
can
work
with
a
partner
school
to
study
issues
dealing
with
environmental
problems
facing
the
global
commons
,
global
humanitarianism
focused
on
justice
and
equality
,
and
global
regulations
and
the
rule
of
law
.
As
a
boarding
school
with
a
significant
population
of
international
students
,
we
have
the
opportunity
to
make
the
discussion
of
global
imperatives
personal
and
real
.
Challenge
20/20
offers
students
an
opportunity
to
gain
insight
into
global
problems
and
social
change
through
typical
classroom
interaction
,
through
active
participation
with
students
abroad
via
the
Internet
.
Because
the
selection
of
the
problem
to
study
is
cooperative
,
the
chances
for
real
engagement
in
the
study
by
all
parties
involved
is
quite
high
.
As
we
move
forward
in
our
mission
to
develop
ÃÂglobal
citizensÃÂ
I
am
proud
to
be
part
of
the
Challenge
20/20
program
.
Rodney
LaBrecque
Head
of
School
Challenge
20/20
is
special
initiative
for
Global
Education
sponsored
by
NAIS
.
WMA
Young
Philanthropists
Honored
Tasmina
Ahmed
,
Olivia
Clement
,
and
Victoria
DÃÂAmato
were
named
Young
Philanthropists/Fund
Raisers
of
the
Year
for
their
fundraising
work
last
winter
for
victims
of
the
Asian
tsunami
.
November
15
,
designated
by
the
Association
of
Fundraising
Professionials
(
AFP
)
as
National
Philanthrophy
Day
,
acknowledges
the
entire
spectrum
of
services
provided
by
the
nonprofit
community
and
recognizes
the
profound
impact
that
philanthropy
has
on
the
fabric
of
society
.
Each
year
AFP
honors
individuals
and
groups
who
,
through
their
hard
work
and
dedication
,
have
enhanced
philanthropy
,
their
communities
and
the
world
.
The
awards
luncheon
was
held
at
the
Delaney
House
on
November
15
,
with
Dave
Madsen
,
news
anchor
at
ABC
Channel
40
,
as
Master
of
Ceremonies
.
WMA
Alumnus
Climbs
for
AIDS
Awareness
From
the
Summit
:
U.S.
Photographer
Carries
AIDS
Flag
Kenyans
hail
AIDS
awareness
effort
By
Judy
Aita
United
Nations
Correspondent
The
Washington
File
Bureau
of
International
Information
Programs
U.S.
Department
of
State
New
York
--
In
an
office
suite
overlooking
the
United
Nations
headquarters
October
19
,
Americans
and
Kenyans
gathered
to
celebrate
the
heroic
act
of
an
American
photojournalist
who
literally
came
down
from
the
highest
peaks
in
the
Alps
to
help
Kenya
and
Sub-Saharan
Africa
deal
with
its
HIV/AIDS
pandemic
.
Bringing
the
red
,
green
and
yellow
flag
of
the
Kenyan
National
AIDS
Control
Council
from
Europe
to
that
small
office
in
New
York
,
Andrew
Petkun
,
his
wife
,
and
6-year-old
daughter
demonstrated
how
one
man
and
his
family
can
help
in
the
fight
against
HIV/AIDS
and
in
ending
the
stigma
against
its
victims
and
their
families
.
Kenyan
Ambassador
to
the
United
Nations
Judith
Bahemuka
received
the
Kenyan
National
AIDS
Control
Council
flag
that
Petkun
carried
with
him
and
unfurled
on
the
Punta
Gnifetti
summit
of
Monte
Rosa
in
the
Italian
Alps
on
September
3
,
2005
.
He
made
that
selfless
gesture
as
his
way
of
calling
attention
to
the
disease
and
letting
Kenyans
know
that
they
are
not
alone
in
their
struggle
.
Andrew
Petkun
ÃÂ64W
at
the
summit
of
Monte
Rosa
with
the
Kenyan
flag
During
the
short
ceremony
,
Petkun
surprised
his
family
by
announcing
that
his
AIDS
climb
in
the
Alps
hopefully
will
be
only
the
first
of
many
in
his
effort
to
spotlight
the
disease
.
Next
year
Mt
.
Kenya
is
his
goal
.
"
I
would
like
to
try
next
year
to
climb
Mt
.
Kenya
,
taking
again
with
me
the
flag
from
the
National
AIDS
Control
Council
and
inviting
others
in
Kenya
to
join
me
in
that
effort
and
to
invite
journalists
from
Nairobi
to
come
be
there
when
we
begin
,
be
there
when
we
come
back
,
help
document
this
,
and
publicly
acknowledge
for
everyone
in
Kenya
to
be
aware
of
,
"
he
said
.
Doing
that
,
Petkun
said
,
will
"
help
us
remove
some
of
the
denial
of
this
disease
and
bring
it
out
into
open
,
into
the
light
of
day
,
and
deal
with
it
thoughtfully
and
intelligently
and
compassionately
for
the
benefit
of
all
.
"
Receiving
the
flag
,
Ambassador
Bahemuka
said
,
makes
Kenyans
"
appreciate
the
fact
we
are
not
alone
in
this
fight
.
"
"
We
all
know
that
Kenya
is
struggling
to
make
sure
the
victimsÃÂ
families
are
being
taken
care
of
.
We
are
all
trying
our
very
best
to
make
sure
that
the
stigma
is
wiped
out
of
our
minds
and
the
minds
of
all
so
that
these
people
can
live
in
dignity
,
"
the
ambassador
said
.
"
One
way
of
giving
them
dignity
is
for
us
to
do
something
constructive
;
to
do
it
even
if
you
are
far
away
from
them
,
"
she
said
.
"
The
ripple
effect
will
just
do
it
.
"
"
We
are
privileged
and
humbled
by
the
very
heroic
act
of
Andrew
.
.
.
.
One
man
can
make
a
difference
,
"
Bahemuka
said
.
Petkun
has
been
training
young
journalists
in
Kenya
as
well
,
publishing
books
"
and
taking
not
only
Kenya
but
the
whole
of
Africa
with
him
,
"
the
ambassador
said
.
He
has
worked
with
young
people
,
teaching
them
photography
and
how
it
can
effect
others
.
Petkun
uses
his
camera
as
a
tool
for
human
rights
and
global
health
advocacy
.
Since
1999
he
has
been
documenting
people
living
with
HIV/AIDS
--
primarily
in
Kenya
,
Tanzania
,
Botswana
,
Cameroon
,
Eritrea
,
Ethiopia
,
Rwanda
,
South
Africa
,
Zambia
and
Zimbabwe
--
and
lectures
widely
on
their
behalf
.
In
his
book
of
portraits
of
people
living
with
HIV/AIDS
entitled
A
Human
Perspective
,
Petkun
wrote
that
he
believes
photography
"
can
serve
as
a
useful
implement
in
addressing
the
HIV/AIDS
pandemic
and
give
people
the
opportunity
to
identify
with
others
,
many
of
whom
appear
to
be
perfectly
healthy
,
yet
who
nonetheless
have
to
cope
with
the
ravages
of
the
worst
public
health
crisis
that
mankind
has
ever
faced
.
"
"
It
is
my
hope
,
therefore
,
that
my
photographing
people
as
they
wish
to
be
portrayed
,
with
respect
and
humanity
,
that
the
rest
of
us
can
learn
from
their
courage
and
their
example
and
a
conversation
can
begin
.
Throughout
the
Western
world
,
that
means
understanding
that
millions
of
people
are
not
just
dying
from
disease
,
but
living
with
it
,
with
hope
and
with
dignity
--
that
millions
of
people
are
not
just
HIV-positive
,
but
living
positively
with
HIV
,
"
Petkun
wrote
.
Applauding
the
Petkun
family
,
the
joyful
group
of
diplomats
,
international
AIDS
workers
,
and
friends
led
by
Ambassador
Bahemuka
ended
the
ceremony
chanting
"
Together
,
we
can
beat
AIDS
.
"
Grassroots
Soccer
Juggle-a-thon
-
Fall
'
05
What
does
Grassroots
Soccer
do
?
Grassroots
Soccer
works
with
professional
athletes
and
village-level
African
soccer
teams
to
get
accurate
information
out
to
African
children
on
how
they
can
protect
themselves
against
the
disease
.
30
million
people
live
with
HIV/AIDS
in
Africa
,
and
3
million
of
those
are
children
under
the
age
of
15
.
On
November
10th
,
WMA
sponsored
its
2nd
annual
Grassroots
Soccer
event
.
This
event
raised
$
3,274
and
a
community-wide
awareness
of
the
need
to
combat
the
growing
HIV/AIDS
problem
in
Africa
.
The
juggle-a-thon
champion
was
once
again
BoysÃÂ
Varsity
Soccer
standout
Thomas
Watson
ÃÂ06
with
959
touches
.
Bunion
Derby
'
05
Winner
-
Russel
Dinkins
9:40
1st
Roller
Blader
-
Jon
Trusz
9:17
1st
Middle
Schooler
-
Miles
Burns
11:09
1st
Female
-
Brigid
Jurgens
12:16
1st
Faculty
-
Paul
Ekness
12:21
1st
Administrator
-
Don
Kelly
13:14
1st
Roller
Blader
-
Jon
Trusz
9:17
1st
Ninja
-
White
Ninja
15:37
1st
Female
Faculty
-
Alison
Marzouli
16:55
73
Participants
Mrs.
Males
'
Advisee
Group
Raises
Money
for
Rays
of
Hope
Click
here
for
more
.
ARC
Presents
A
Reading
of
ACT
I
of
The
Laramie
Project
By
MOISES
KAUFMAN
and
members
of
the
TECTONIC
THEATRE
PROJECT
October
28
,
2005
8:30
p.m.
Founders
Theatre
CAST
:
DANIEL
CASSIDY
HYE
YOUNG
CHYUN
CATHERINE
DAY
VICTORIA
DUKE
LILIANA
GALESI
SARAH
GAMSBY
TIMOTHY
LINDBERG
KRISTINA
LYONS
RACHEL
SAMS
RICHARD
SKIBA
NOAH
STARR
CHAD
WILLHITE
As
this
is
a
work
in
progress
,
we
would
like
to
invite
everyone
to
stay
afterward
for
a
brief
question-and-answer
session
with
the
cast
,
and
to
relate
observations
about
the
work
.
Please
keep
in
mind
that
The
Laramie
Project
deals
directly
with
the
death
of
Matthew
Sheppard
and
the
aftermath
of
the
crime
.
It
is
a
theatrical
piece
that
springs
directly
from
the
observations
of
the
residents
of
Laramie
,
Wyoming
,
and
has
therefore
not
been
edited
in
any
way
.
Some
of
the
observations
herein
may
challenge
beliefs
,
may
offend
,
or
may
just
seem
inappropriate
.
It
is
our
hope
that
audience
members
will
understand
this
,
and
will
accept
the
project
for
what
it
is
.
We
urge
parental
guidance
and
suggest
that
this
work
is
not
suitable
for
middle-school-age
students
.
Spring&#64257;eld
Symphony
Orchestra
&
WMA
Proudly
Present
Wilbraham
&
Monson
Academy
and
The
Francis
Michael
Casey
Fund
For
the
Fine
&
Performing
Arts
proudly
present
Maestro
Kevin
Rhodes
&
Principal
Flutist
Albert
Brouwer
November
2
,
2005
7:00
PM
in
Alumni
Memorial
Chapel
Reception
at
Morrow
House
to
follow
Dance
Theatre
-
Fall
Concert
'
05
Student
Leadership
Chosen
For
'
05-'06
Prefects
Yeon
Jung
Kim
,
Hsin-Tzu
Hsu
,
Catherine
Day
,
Caitlin
Flynn
,
Laura
Coderre
.
Joe
Lertsumitkul
,
Jose
Rivera
,
Jeremy
Korytoski
,
David
Kreps
,
Jun
Seong
Jeong
,
Charles
Hood
IV
.
Peer
Counselors
Victoria
DÃÂAmato
,
Tae
Kyung
Ko
,
Megumi
Kuroki
,
Timothy
Lindberg
,
Jeffrey
Power
,
Jung
Hyun
Mary
Ann
Sim
,
Courtney
Williams
Student
Senate
and
Class
Officers
President
ÃÂ
Joseph
Martin
ÃÂ06
Vice
President
ÃÂ
Peter
Jurgens
ÃÂ06
Secretary/Treasurer
ÃÂ
Christopher
Mortensen
ÃÂ06
Class
of
2006
Representatives
Timothy
Beck/Timothy
Rainey
Class
of
2007
Representatives
-
Brian
Laurita
&
Alex
Mascaro
Class
of
2008
Representative
-
Dennis
Conway
Class
of
2006
Officers
Class
President
ÃÂ
Alexander
Debelov
Vice
President
ÃÂ
Christopher
Antonacci
Secretary/Treasurer
ÃÂ
Kyle
Mensing
Class
of
2007
Officers
Class
President
ÃÂ
Alexander
Williamson
Vice-President
ÃÂ
Sarah
Richard
Secretary/Treasurer
ÃÂ
Symin
Charpentier
Class
of
2008
Officers
Class
President
ÃÂ
Elizabeth
Wright
Vice
President
ÃÂ
Andrew
Raponi
Secretary/Treasurer
ÃÂ
Kaitlin
Camilleri
Academy
Students
Study
EU
in
Belgium
-
Summer
2005
On
Monday
,
June
6
nine
students
from
Wilbraham
&
Monson
Academy
set
out
for
a
two-week
visit
to
Belgium
and
the
Netherlands
to
take
part
in
an
international
seminar
,
Global
Economics
:
Entrepreneurship
and
the
European
Union
.
The
trip
was
designed
in
conjunction
with
the
AcademyÃÂs
Center
for
Entrepreneurial
&
Global
Studies
,
and
the
program
is
sponsored
by
the
Independent
School
Study
Abroad
Consortium
(
ISSAC
)
under
the
auspices
of
Scandinavian
Seminar
,
an
educational
non-profit
in
Amherst
.
Wilbraham
&
Monson
Academy
is
a
founding
member
of
ISSAC
.
Joined
by
six
students
from
The
Belmont
Hill
School
and
accompanied
by
Wilbraham
&
Monson
Academy
faculty
members
Donna
Viens
and
Austin
Murphy
,
the
group
was
based
in
the
town
of
Aardenburg
,
Belgium
.
Students
from
WMA
included
Caitlin
Flynn
,
Peter
Jurgens
,
and
Christopher
Mortensen
of
Wilbraham
,
Alicia
Chagnon
of
Granby
,
Megan
McCarthy
of
East
Longmeadow
,
Sarah
Richard
of
Monson
,
Alexander
Williamson
of
Chicopee
,
Tasmina
Ahmed
of
Far
Rockaway
,
New
York
,
and
Tanner
Miller-Stevens
of
Avon
,
Connecticut
.
During
their
two
weeks
abroad
,
the
students
visited
government
,
industrial
,
educational
,
and
financial
institutions
,
as
well
as
tour
historic
sites
and
got
to
know
some
Dutch
students
.
Lectures
and
discussions
included
such
topics
as
ÃÂThe
European
Union
and
Its
Impact
on
Trade,ÃÂ
and
ÃÂEntrepreneurial
Leadership.ÃÂ
This
program
is
an
example
of
creating
a
true
global
classroom
experience
for
Wilbraham
&
Monson
Academy
students
and
faculty
.
</text>
<text id="http://www-wsl.state.wy.us/sis/wyfdlc/oct95mtg.html">
Wyoming
Federal
Depository
Library
Consortium
WYOMING
FEDERAL
DOCUMENTS
DEPOSITORY
MEETING
OCTOBER
26-27
,
1995
NATRONA
COUNTY
PUBLIC
LIBRARY
CASPER
WY
PARTICIPANTS
:
Campbell
County
Public
Library
:
Marcia
Wright
,
Ara
Anderson
,
Lori
Kirchoff
Central
Wyoming
Community
College
:
Carol
Deering
Natrona
County
Public
Library
:
Lesley
Boughton
,
Brenda
Hanks
Northwest
College
:
Jerome
Halpin
Sheridan
College
:
Lisa
Smith
,
Harold
Huber
University
of
Wyoming
:
Jan
Jorgensen
,
McKinley
Sieloff
Western
Wyoming
Community
College
:
Bob
Kalabus
Wyoming
State
Law
Library
:
Kathy
Carlson
Wyoming
State
Library
:
Karen
Mydland
,
Trish
Palluck
,
Bobbi
Thorpe
,
Vera
Caleb
,
Janet
Williams
,
Venice
Beske
AGENDA
:
REPORT
:
Memorandum
of
Understanding
The
"
Memorandum
of
Understanding
"
that
was
distributed
to
the
directors
was
examined
.
It
was
decided
that
the
final
"
MOU
"
should
:
Include
all
depository
libraries
in
Wyoming
with
individual
chapters
dealing
with
specific
subjects
.
Include
chapters
on
:
1
)
Basic
principles
of
consortium
;
2
)
Shared
cataloging
project
among
WYLD
libraries;3
)
Resource
sharing
;
and
4
)
Regional
Depository
Consortium
Spell
out
what
agreements
are
Document
assumptions
Be
produced
in
a
loose
leaf
format
so
it
can
be
updated
and
added
to
easily
The
draft
"
MOU
"
for
the
shared
cataloging
project
among
WYLD
libraries
was
rewritten
.
Jerome
Halpin
offered
to
assist
with
this
document
.
There
was
a
discussion
on
item
numbers
selected
by
each
library
;
these
are
the
percentages
as
of
the
July
1
,
1995
update
cycle
.
WYOMING
FEDERAL
DEPOSITORY
LIBRARIES
AND
%ITEMS
SELECTED
BY
EACH
:
Campbell
County
Public
Library
17
%
Central
Wyoming
Community
College
12.74
%
Natrona
County
Public
Library
18.12
%
Northwest
College
8.67
%
Sheridan
College
10
%
University
of
Wyoming
87
%
University
of
Wyoming
Law
Library
Western
Wyoming
Community
College
10
%
Wyoming
State
Law
Library
1
%
Wyoming
State
Library
26
%
SHARED
CATALOGING
PROJECT
AMONG
WYLD
LIBRARIES
USING
MARCIVE
Demonstrated
MARCIVE
database
using
MARCIVE
CD
showing
records
and
potential
problems
we
will
have
to
handle
.
Discussed
procedure
and
process
to
accomplish
goal
.
Jan
Jorgenson
and
McKinley
Sieloff
reported
on
the
progress
of
the
University
of
Wyoming
documents
cataloging
project
using
MARCIVE
.
They
started
profiling
a
year
ago
and
are
now
finished
.
Records
have
not
been
loaded
into
CARL
yet
.
They
use
four
location
codes
:
UWREF
,
UWMAP
,
UWMF
,
and
UWDOC
.
Completed
Marcive
GPO
Record
Processing
Profile
.
Decisions
of
significance
include
:
Consortium
would
like
to
do
profiling
for
retrospective
conversion
at
same
time
as
profiling
for
ongoing
service
.
We
would
like
to
profile
for
most
publications
from
1991-present
with
additional
records
from
1976-present
added
for
selected
sudoc
stems
.
Most
consortium
libraries
would
prefer
dummy
barcodes
but
there
remains
some
interest
among
a
couple
of
libraries
in
smart
barcodes
.
The
final
decision
will
be
based
upon
1
)
the
results
of
tests
by
the
WYLD
office
;
and
2
)
whether
smart
barcodes
have
to
be
used
by
all
consortium
libraries
or
can
be
selected
by
an
individual
library
.
Each
consortium
library
would
like
multiple
"
holding
codes
"
.
Each
library
would
have
a
paper
and
microfiche
holding
code
.
If
they
wished
to
"
purchase
"
two
more
holding
codes
,
they
could
for
the
cost
of
$
250.00/code
.
Using
the
State
Library
as
an
example
,
we
would
have
WSL
Paper
,
WSL
Microfiche
and
probably
WSLL
and
LCCC
as
we
have
selective
housing
agreements
with
both
these
libraries
for
selected
materials
.
Libraries
agreed
to
determine
holding
codes
they
want
and
submit
to
State
Library
by
December
1
,
1995
.
Serials
are
of
special
concern
.
Consortium
agreed
to
separate
serials
from
monographs
.
Before
putting
records
in
WYLD
,
survey
needs
to
be
done
of
what
federal
document
serials
already
exist
in
database
.
Consortium
decided
that
the
purchase
of
the
DRA
Serials
Module
is
necessary
for
this
project
to
meet
the
needs
of
the
depositories
and
ongoing
database
quality
.
Planning
for
next
steps
of
project
.
Contact
Marcive
regarding
the
following
:
1
)
Can
we
do
retrospective
conversion
from
1991-present
and
add
records
for
selected
sudoc
stems
back
to
1976
;
2
)
Can
we
add
all
consortium
libraries
except
WSL
from
1976-present
;
3
)
Can
we
get
tape
for
all
records
1976-present
and
profile
different
libraries
with
different
dates
;
4
)
Can
some
consortium
libraries
get
smart
barcodes
and
some
elect
not
to
receive
them
;
5
)
How
soon
can
we
get
disks
for
libraries
(
Does
contract
need
to
be
signed
first
;
6
)
Costs
for
retrospective
conversion
;
7
)
Can
all
consortium
libraries
get
a
copy
of
the
MARCIVE
GPO
CD
for
use
in
profiling
?
Results
of
tests
that
the
WYLD
office
is
performing
on
smart
barcodes
,
etc.
have
to
be
evaluated
.
Determine
status
of
purchase
of
DRA
Serials
Module
and
what
we
have
to
do
to
"
make
it
so
.
"
Negotiate
contract
with
Marcive
.
After
disks
are
received
from
Marcive
,
each
library
will
determine
which
records
they
want
for
what
dates
and
input
that
information
on
the
disk
;
after
this
is
completed
,
the
consortium
libraries
will
meet
on
January
24-25
,
1996
in
Riverton
to
come
to
an
agreement
on
these
records
.
DISCUSSION
OF
UTAH
STATE
UNIVERSITY
AS
OUR
REGIONAL
DEPOSITORY
What
are
they
doing
for
us
now
?
Providing
means
for
libraries
to
discard
items
.
Enabling
Wyoming
Selective
Depositories
to
meet
legal
requirements
of
Federal
Depository
Library
System
.
What
kind
of
problems
are
we
having
with
them
?
Overall
lack
of
support
$
2.00
microfiche
copies
to
UW
.
Have
not
picked
up
300+
boxes
of
publications
that
they
asked
WSL
to
select
for
them
during
downsizing
project
.
Depositories
have
been
charged
for
ILL
.
No
reporting
about
federal
level
actions
.
No
site
visits
,
training
,
communication
,
or
sense
that
they
care
about
Wyoming
.
What
can
we
do
?
Renegotiate
with
USU-from
consortium
's
perspective
,
this
is
the
least
desirable
.
Negotiate
with
another
regional
library-CU/Boulder
has
expressed
an
interest
.
(
Perhaps
Keith
Cottam
,
Jerry
Krois
and
another
Wyoming
Selective
Depository
Library
Director
could
visit
with
CU-suggest
that
this
contact
be
made
ASAP
so
we
have
this
information
before
talking
with
USU
)
Plan
for
the
formation
of
a
Wyoming
Regional
Consortium
.
Continue
to
develop
projects
for
resource
sharing
and
communication
that
would
enable
Wyoming
to
apply
to
GPO
to
be
a
model
"
Consortium
Regional
.
"
Ideas
include
:
1
)
Current
cataloging
project
;
2
)
Gateway
between
WYLD
and
CARL
;
3
)
Item
selection
coordination
[
Work
with
UW
if
they
have
to
decrease
item
selections
to
assure
that
another
Wyoming
selective
is
getting
item
]
4
)
Increase
communication
by
development
of
listserv
and
email
lists
;
4
)
Form
an
official
Government
Publications
section
[
Government
information
section
]
within
Wyoming
Library
Association
;
5
)
Continue
to
develop
increased
access
to
and
education
for
the
use
of
all
federal
,
state
and
local
government
information
by
Wyoming
citizens
.
ANSWERS
TO
QUESTIONS
ASKED
MARCIVE
Talked
with
Joan
Chapa
November
6
,
1995
Questions
about
retrospective
conversion
options
and
costs
.
(
As
an
overview
,
there
are
about
353,000
records
in
the
database
from
1976-present
;
23,000
are
serial
records.
)
1976-present
[
Libraries
would
designate
years
held
and
Marcive
would
provide
file
]
Total
cost=$59,304.00
1976-present
[
Receive
tape
of
all
records
unprofiled
;
consortium
libraries
would
have
to
do
all
work.
]
Total
cost=$26,000.00
(
Joan
says
this
would
take
years
)
1976-present
with
7
libraries
profiled
,
WSL
profiled
from
1991-present
Total
Cost=$14,600.00
(
Joan
says
there
would
be
problem
with
duplicates
)
1976-present
(
Serials
Only
)
Cost=$1600.00
(
Joan
says
this
is
good
idea
)
1991-present
[
Would
amount
to
about
36,000
records
]
Total
cost=$6500.00
.
(
Joan
says
this
is
good
idea
considering
WSL
changed
status
during
1976-present
time
period
)
Profiling
for
selected
sudoc
stems
back
to
1976
.
Joan
says
this
is
technically
possible
but
impossible
to
determine
costs
because
of
unknown
number
of
records
.
She
does
not
recommend
this
.
Instead
suggests
that
we
use
CD
to
select
records
we
may
want
.
There
is
no
cost
for
using
CD
.
Conclusion
:
Our
best
,
most
affordable
option
in
time
and
money
is
to
profile
from
1991-present
for
monographs
and
1976-present
for
serials
at
a
total
cost
of
about
$
8100.00
.
Can
a
single
library
of
the
consortium
choose
to
use
smart
barcodes
while
the
other
libraries
use
dummy
barcodes
?
Marcive
prefers
this
as
they
are
still
having
problems
if
more
than
one
library
in
a
consortium
uses
smart
barcodes
.
Can
we
get
CDs
for
each
library
in
consortium
to
assist
in
profiling
?
Marcive
will
provide
a
CD
of
the
database
to
each
library
;
they
can
be
used
for
4-5
months
.
They
do
not
replace
with
updated
versions
.
How
does
the
downloading
of
files
work
?
Files
of
the
full
bibliographic
record
come
separately
from
the
shipping
list
record
file
on
a
monthly
basis
.
Files
of
the
shipping
list
records
come
once
per
week
.
The
systems
person
(
WYLD
)
receives
an
email
message
saying
"
Your
shipping
list
is
ready
.
"
[
Marcive
needs
email
address
of
systems
'
person
;
other
persons
can
be
cc.
on
message
]
Are
we
correct
in
concluding
that
36
holding
codes
are
available
to
us
as
a
consortium
?
Yes
;
36
holding
codes
are
available
to
us
.
Joan
cautions
that
fewer
is
better
than
too
many
and
to
remember
to
weigh
the
costs
against
the
work
that
may
be
involved
in
simply
editing
the
record
.
How
soon
can
we
receive
the
disks
to
start
profiling
?
The
disks
will
be
sent
to
the
libraries
after
1
)
the
final
contract
has
been
signed
;
2
)
a
purchase
order
has
been
assigned
for
payment
;
and
3
)
the
profiling
agreement
has
been
received
from
each
library
.
(
This
is
the
document
we
worked
on
at
Casper
;
all
consortium
members
will
have
to
complete
one
and
list
a
contact
person
for
each
library
)
.
When
Marcive
has
received
the
above
,
they
will
send
the
disks
to
the
libraries
.
At
that
time
,
they
will
also
start
testing
.
REPORT
ON
TESTS
FROM
WYLD
OFFICE
:
The
system
will
accept
the
Marcive
smart
barcode.
[
Back
to
Wyoming
Federal
Depository
Library
Consortium
Home
Page
]
Created
by
Statewide
Information
Services
,
Wyoming
State
Library
,
February
2001
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.washoe.lib.nv.us/mod.php?mod=newsletter&op=read&lid=1&nlid
=33">
Date
:
Tuesday
,
February
28
at
01:17
From
:
Internet
Librarian
Subject
:
WASHOE
COUNTY
LIBRARY
UPDATE
-
MARCH
2005
Body
:
WASHOE
COUNTY
LIBRARY
UPDATE
-
MARCH
2005
~~~
LIBRARY
MINI-SALE
OFFERS
BARGAINS
"
Too
much
good
stuff
"
is
a
good
reason
for
an
Overstock
Booksale
on
Friday
,
March
4
and
Saturday
,
March
5
,
2005
.
The
sale
will
be
held
at
the
Sierra
View
Library
,
Reno
Town
Mall
,
4001
S.
Virginia
St.
The
sale
is
sponsored
by
the
Friends
of
Washoe
County
Library
,
to
benefit
public
libraries
.
Featured
are
bestsellers
,
Nearly
New
overstocks
and
thousands
of
new
music
CDs
.
All
are
at
bargain
prices
!
Public
hours
are
Friday
,
March
4
from
noon-6
p.m.
and
Saturday
,
March
5
from
9
am
-
4
pm
.
For
more
information
call
327-8360
.
Other
booksale
dates
in
2005
:
Spring
Booksale
Bonanza
,
May
13
-
22
Fall
Booksale
Bonanza
,
October
27
-
November
6.
~~~
SOL
'
JIBE
BRINGS
ENERGIZING
RHYTHMS
Sol
'
Jibe
has
a
growing
reputation
of
musical
innovation
in
the
intermountain
west
and
reflects
the
talent
of
diverse
and
gifted
musicians
.
Sol
'
Jibe
,
along
with
Pete
Fairley
(
formerly
of
Pangaea
)
,
believes
that
ethnic
music
and
music
in
general
is
essential
to
a
child
's
education
.
The
ethnic
music
of
this
group
spans
from
Africa
to
India
,
from
Latin
America
to
jazz
and
offers
you
a
well-rounded
exploration
of
the
world
's
music
and
its
fusion
with
American
music
and
culture
.
The
members
of
Sol
'
Jibe
will
bring
you
their
knowledge
of
flamenco
music
,
jazz
,
South
American
music
,
and
international
percussion
with
this
energizing
program
.
Verdi
Library
,
270
Bridge
St.
,
Verdi
Sunday
,
March
13
,
10:30
am
North
Valleys
Library
,
In
the
North
Hills
Shopping
Center
1075
North
Hills
Blvd.
#340
,
Reno
Monday
,
March
14
,
4:00
pm
Mendive
Library
,
Inside
Mendive
Middle
School
1900
Whitewood
Drive
,
Sparks
Thursday
,
March
17
,
4:00
pm
These
programs
are
brought
to
you
thanks
to
the
generosity
and
dedication
of
the
Friends
of
Washoe
County
Library
in
partnership
with
The
Pioneer
Center
for
the
Performing
Arts.
~~~
DRUM
WITH
THE
BOOGIE
MAN
AT
NORTH
VALLEYS
LIBRARY
Boogie
with
Albert
Malosky
,
a
local
percussionist
,
when
he
presents
an
introduction
to
drumming
and
music
appreciation
.
While
"
Drummin
'
with
the
Boogie
Man
,
"
you
'll
learn
basic
beats
and
how
to
play
the
drums
to
your
favorite
songs
.
This
free
program
is
for
all
ages
.
For
more
information
,
call
972-0281
.
North
Valleys
Library
,
In
the
North
Hills
Shopping
Center
1075
North
Hills
Blvd.
,
#340
,
Reno
There
will
be
two
performances
:
Monday
,
March
7
,
6:30
pm
Monday
,
April
4
,
6:30
pm
~~~
KALIN
AND
JINGER
BRING
"
REAL
MAGIC
"
TO
LIBRARIES
Step
right
up
!
To
the
most
sense-confounding
,
fun
and
educational
magical
experience
around
.
Your
"
tour
guides
"
are
Magicians
of
the
Year
,
Mark
Kalin
and
Jinger
Leigh
,
producers
and
stars
of
the
critically
acclaimed
"
Carnival
of
Wonders
.
"
Here
,
Kalin
and
Jinger
bring
you
on
a
journey
of
magic
and
wonder
,
acquainting
you
with
its
rich
history
as
a
theatrical
art
.
You
will
be
captivated
by
live
magic
performed
right
before
your
very
eyes
,
learn
how
to
perform
magic
yourself
and
even
take
part
in
their
newest
illusion
,
"
Sawing
a
Kid
in
Half
!
"
More
shows
coming
in
April
-
July
.
Duncan/Traner
Library
,
1650
Carville
Drive
,
Reno
Friday
,
March
11
,
4:00
pm
These
programs
are
brought
to
you
thanks
to
the
generosity
and
dedication
of
the
Friends
of
Washoe
County
Library
in
partnership
with
The
Pioneer
Center
for
the
Performing
Arts.
~~~
TAX
SEASON
IS
HERE
U.S.
post
offices
are
not
carrying
IRS
forms
this
year
,
but
all
IRS
forms
and
publications
are
available
online
at
http://www.irs.gov/formspubs
Some
Washoe
County
library
branches
have
IRS
forms
available
;
others
have
forms
that
you
can
photocopy
.
Photocopies
are
15
cents
per
page
.
Some
of
our
libraries
even
have
volunteer
tax
assistance
available
.
INCOME
TAX
HELP
AVAILABLE
AT
THESE
LIBRARIES
Downtown
Reno
Library
,
301
S.
Center
St
,
Reno
327-8300
Mon
&
Wed
1:00
-
4:00
pm
2/7/05
through
4/11/05
First
come
first
served
North
Valleys
Library
,
1075
No.
Hills
Blvd.
#340
,
Reno
972-0281
Tue
by
appointment
2/1/05
through
4/12/05
Northwest
Reno
Library
,
2325
Robb
Drive
,
Reno
787-4100
Wed
,
3:30
-
7:30
pm
,
No
appointment
necessary
2/16/05
through
4/13/05
Sierra
View
Library
,
4001
S.
Virginia
Street
,
Reno
827-3232
Sundays
,
1:00
-
4:00
pm
Priority
given
to
seniors
2/6/05
through
4/10/05
Sparks
Library
,
1125
12th
St.
,
Sparks
,
352-3200
Tue
,
5:30
-
7:30
pm
By
appointment
only
2/1/05
through
4/12/05
IRS-SUPPLIED
FORMS
AVAILABLE
Internal
Revenue
Service
,
675
W.
Moana
Lane
824-2218
Monday-Friday
8:30
am-
4:30
pm
Duncan/Traner
Library
,
1650
Carville
Dr.
,
Reno
333-5134
Incline
Village
Library
,
845
Alder
Ave.
Bldg
A
,
Incline
Village
832-4130
North
Valleys
Library
,
1075
North
Hills
Blvd.
#340
,
Reno
972-0281
Northwest
Reno
Library
,
2325
Robb
Dr.
,
Reno
787-4100
Sierra
View
Library
,
4001
S.
Virginia
St.
,
Reno
827-3232
South
Valleys
Library
,
15650A
Wedge
Pkwy.
,
Reno
851-5190
Sparks
Library
,
1125
12th
St.
,
Sparks
352-3200
Quantities
are
Limited
CALIFORNIA
STATE
FORMS
AVAILABLE
Incline
Village
Library
,
845
Alder
Ave.
Bldg
A
,
Incline
Village
832-4130
REPRODUCIBLE
ELECTRONIC
TAX
FORMS
AVAILABLE
Downtown
Reno
Library
,
301
S.
Center
St.
,
Reno
327-8300
Duncan/Traner
Library
,
1650
Carville
Dr.
,
Reno
,
333-5134
Incline
Village
Library
,
845
Alder
Ave.
Bldg
A
,
Incline
Village
,
832-4130
Mendive
Library
,
1900
Whitewood
Dr.
,
Sparks
,
353-5989
North
Valleys
Library
,
1075
North
Hills
Blvd.
#340
,
Reno
,
972-0281
Northwest
Reno
Library
,
2325
Robb
Dr.
,
Reno
787-4100
Sierra
View
Library
,
4001
S.
Virginia
St.
,
827-3232
South
Valleys
Library
,
15650A
Wedge
Pkwy.
,
851-5190
Sparks
Library
,
1125
12th
St.
,
Sparks
,
352-3200
Verdi
Library
,
270
Bridge
St.
,
Verdi
,
345-8104
after
3:00
pm
~~~
S.T.O.P.
STUDENT
TUTORING
ON-SITE
PROGRAM
STOP
is
a
free
after-school
homework/mentoring/tutoring
program
.
It
features
paid
tutors
who
are
high
school
juniors
,
seniors
and
college
students
tutoring
middle
and
high
school
students
.
They
will
be
available
at
four
different
Washoe
County
Library
locations
,
except
during
holiday
breaks
.
The
program
runs
from
3:30
-
5:00
pm
,
Monday
-
Thursday
until
May
.
-
Mondays
at
Mendive
Community
Library
-
Tuesdays
at
South
Valleys
Library
-
Wednesdays
at
Northwest
Reno
Library
-
Thursdays
at
North
Valleys
Library
This
very
successful
program
is
in
its
sixth
year
of
offering
tutoring
services
to
students
.
The
STOP
program
is
funded
by
Washoe
County
School
District
:
Title
IV
Safe
and
Drug
Free
Schools
and
Communities
Grant
.
For
more
information
call
Kelli
at
(
775
)
850-8022.
~~~
BASIC
COMPUTER
CLASSES
IN
MARCH
What
:
1.
"
Computer
Basics
"
-
TUESDAY
EVENINGS
Parts
of
the
computer
,
software
,
terminology
,
desktop
,
mouse
skills
and
practice
.
2.
"
Windows
Basics
"
-
WEDNESDAY
EVENINGS
Instruction
will
include
opening
,
moving
and
saving
files
,
and
basic
file
management
skills
.
Note
:
Students
ARE
NOT
required
to
have
taken
the
"
Computer
Basics
"
class
through
the
Washoe
County
Library
but
SHOULD
possess
knowledge
of
the
skills
taught
in
that
class
.
3.
"
Intro
to
Word
Processing
"
-
THURSDAY
MORNINGS
This
class
will
include
navigating
around
a
Microsoft
Word
document
,
editing
,
adding
,
character
emphasis
,
saving
,
printing
and
deleting
.
Note
:
These
classes
are
most
effective
if
taken
in
the
numbered
order
.
When
:
(
Tuesday
Evenings
"
Computer
Basics
"
)
March
1
,
8
,
15
,
22
,
29
from
4:30
-
5:45
pm
Note
:
All
dates
and
times
are
for
the
"
Computer
Basics
"
class
.
(
Wednesday
Evenings
"
Windows
Basics
"
)
March
2
,
9
,
16
,
23
,
30
from
4:30
-
5:45
pm
Note
:
All
dates
and
times
are
for
the
"
Windows
Basics
"
class
.
(
Thursday
Mornings
"
Intro
to
Word
Processing
"
)
March
3
,
10
,
17
,
24
,
31
from
10:30
am
-
Noon
Note
:
All
dates
and
times
are
for
the
"
Intro
to
Word
Processing
"
computer
class
.
Where
:
Sierra
View
Library
,
4001
S.
Virginia
Street
,
Reno
(
Reading
Center
in
the
southwest
corner
)
How
:
Call
Melissa
Bartels
at
327-8363
to
reserve
your
space
.
SEATING
IS
LIMITED
TO
10
PARTICIPANTS
PER
CLASS
.
Cost
:
FREE
~~~
IN
OUR
GALLERIES
Downtown
Reno
Library
,
301
S.
Center
St.
March
2005
:
"
The
Paint
and
the
Pen
"
By
Holland/Anderson
Northwest
Reno
Library
,
2325
Robb
Drive
Through
March
28
:
Broads
Abroad
.
Watercolors
by
artists
Joyce
Rossi
,
Kate
Aubrey
,
Teddy
Swecker
,
and
Christine
Urriola
March
22
through
May
13
-
Linda
McLaughlin
"
Quilts
for
the
Wall
"
Northwest
Reno
's
gallery
is
funded
by
the
Friends
of
Washoe
County
Library
,
Somersett
and
Nevada
Arts
Council
,
a
state
agency
,
and
the
National
Endowment
for
the
Arts
,
a
federal
agency
.
John
Ben
Snow
Memorial
Trust
Art
Gallery
South
Valleys
Library
,
15650A
Wedge
Parkway
Through
March
26
:
Broads
Abroad
.
Watercolors
by
artists
Joyce
Rossi
,
Kate
Aubrey
,
Teddy
Swecker
,
and
Christine
Urriola
.
The
Northwest
Reno
and
South
Valleys
galleries
are
a
collaborative
project
with
Sierra
Arts
Foundation.
~~~
LIBRARY
CLOSURES
All
library
branches
will
be
closed
on
Sunday
,
March
27
,
Easter
Sunday
.
The
library
website
and
catalog
will
remain
available.
http://www.washoe.lib.nv.us
and
http://catalog.washoe.lib.nv.us
~~~
DID
YOU
KNOW
?
National
Library
Week
is
April
10
-
16
,
2005
.
It
is
a
time
to
celebrate
the
contributions
of
our
libraries
and
a
time
for
us
to
say
thank
you
to
our
patrons
with
special
programming
,
food
and
prizes
.
Let
's
celebrate
!
WASHOE
COUNTY
LIBRARY
UPDATE
(
c
)
2005
,
Washoe
County
Library
System
Contact
:
Larry
Scritchfield
-
internet@washoe.lib.nv.us
Visit
Reno
's
most
useful
website
-
http://www.washoe.lib.nv.us
(
To
unsubscribe
,
visit
our
website
and
look
in
the
lower
left
corner
for
"
Monthly
Library
Newsletter
.
"
)
</text>
<text id="http://www.wayland.ma.us/waytow/cable_history.htm">
In
1984
,
when
cable
television
was
in
its
infancy
,
the
Federal
Communications
Commission
,
established
policies
governing
cable
companies
.
Among
other
requirements
,
the
FCC
mandated
that
in
exchange
for
doing
business
within
towns
and
constructing
their
network
of
cables
over
,
under
,
and
beside
town
roads
,
the
cable
companies
must
give
back
to
the
towns
.
They
must
provide
the
towns
with
a
facility
or
studio
for
community
access
programming
on
public
,
educational
,
and
governmental
access
channels
(
PEG
access
)
,
must
provide
for
training
of
local
volunteers
for
that
facility
,
and
must
provide
personnel
to
manage
it
.
The
Wayland
Board
of
Selectmen
appointed
a
Cable
Advisory
Committee
,
headed
by
Russ
Ashton
,
to
negotiate
an
agreement
between
the
Town
and
Continental
Cablevision
,
the
company
seeking
a
license
to
do
business
in
the
Town
of
Wayland
.
After
many
meetings
a
fifteen-year
agreement
was
signed
in
September
1985
,
and
thus
Cable
TV
came
to
Wayland
and
our
local
access
station
was
born
.
In
the
early
years
there
was
a
great
deal
of
contact
between
officials
of
Continental
Cablevision
and
volunteers
at
the
20-odd
studios
within
the
network
.
There
was
even
an
annual
ÃÂConti
AwardsÃÂ
banquet
,
hosted
by
Continental
,
at
which
,
in
Tony
Awards
fashion
,
stations
and
volunteers
were
given
awards
for
best
sports
coverage
(
Russ
Ashton
won
top
honors
one
year
)
,
best
interview
show
,
etc.
Continental
officials
attended
these
events
,
and
there
was
much
camaraderie
and
good
feeling
all
round
.
Over
the
years
,
however
,
this
goal
of
mutual
benefit
in
a
noble
joint
venture
eroded
.
The
heaping
bowl
of
shrimp
reduced
to
potato
chips
,
and
then
the
ÃÂContisÃÂ
were
gone
forever
.
Continental
was
purchased
by
MediaOne
,
which
in
turn
sold
the
corporation
,
lock
,
stock
,
and
local
access
stations
,
to
AT&T
Broadband
.
By
that
time
the
profit
motive
of
the
media
giants
swamped
whatever
community
generosity
was
left
,
and
now
Comcast
,
the
new
owner
as
of
2000
,
is
phasing
out
its
oversight
of
local
access
stations
.
But
,
letÃÂs
back
up
a
bit
.
In
1998
,
the
Wayland
Board
of
Selectmen
,
knowing
the
agreement
with
the
cable
corporation
(
AT&T
Broadband
at
the
time
)
would
expire
in
the
year
2000
,
appointed
a
new
Cable
Advisory
Committee
whose
function
was
to
negotiate
a
renewal
license
on
behalf
of
the
Town
.
In
September
2000
a
ten-year
license
was
signed
.
As
part
of
that
agreement
,
the
Board
of
Selectmen
were
to
designate
a
non-profit
Access
Corporation
to
assume
responsibility
for
ÃÂthe
provision
of
public
,
educational
,
and
governmental
(
ÃÂPEGÃÂ
)
programming
,
facilities
and
equipment.ÃÂ
In
other
words
,
AT&T
Broadband
turned
the
public
access
station
over
to
a
local
Wayland
corporation
that
assumed
those
responsibilities
on
behalf
of
the
Town
of
Wayland
,
the
Town
,
however
,
providing
the
studio
space
.
AT&T
Broadband
(
and
subsequently
Comcast
)
would
pay
the
Town
an
annual
amount
for
the
operation
of
the
station
.
The
name
of
this
new
corporation
is
the
Wayland
Community
Access
and
Media
Corporation
,
or
WayCAM
.
The
original
Board
of
Directors
consisted
of
three
persons
appointed
by
the
Board
of
Selectmen
,
one
by
the
Superintendent
of
Schools
,
and
one
by
the
Cable
Advisory
Committee
.
Thus
,
WayCAM
,
headed
by
Arnold
Kahn
,
became
the
administrator
of
the
budget
and
the
overseer
of
activities
of
the
Wayland
Local
Access
Station
.
WayCAM
has
its
own
set
of
by-laws
,
holds
periodic
meetings
of
its
Board
and
an
annual
meeting
for
all
members
.
The
Wayland
Channel
has
one
half
time
paid
staff
person
,
Jim
Mullane
,
the
Station
Manager
.
Volunteers
under
his
direction
perform
other
activities
,
including
planning
and
producing
programs
,
videotaping
town
meetings
and
other
events
.
Over
the
years
many
volunteers
have
been
trained
at
the
Wayland
studio
and
have
given
generously
of
their
time
and
talents
to
bring
to
Wayland
viewers
programs
ranging
from
live
broadcast
football
games
to
meetings
of
Wayland
town
committees
,
from
taped
exercise
classes
for
seniors
to
interviews
with
police
and
fire
department
officials
,
from
school
and
community
music
events
to
senior
graduations
.
The
Wayland
Channel
has
served
the
community
of
Wayland
for
almost
twenty
years
and
will
continue
to
do
so
.
As
always
,
we
welcome
volunteers
to
help
maintain
and
improve
those
services
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/Hunting/Hunt_species/hunt_deer.htm">
2006
N.H.
Deer
Hunt
Outlook
New
Hampshire
's
regular
firearms
season
for
deer
opens
November
8
,
2006
,
and
runs
through
December
3
(
end
dates
may
vary
by
WMU
)
.
2006
is
a
season-setting
year
,
so
specific
dates
and
details
will
not
be
finalized
until
the
summer
.
Following
a
couple
of
severe
winters
in
2000-01
and
2002-03
,
the
New
Hampshire
deer
harvest
has
since
increased
for
the
second
year
in
a
row
.
The
kill
in
2004
was
7
%
above
that
in
2003
and
the
2005
kill
of
10,595
was
a
5
%
increase
from
2004
.
As
of
this
writing
(
late
January
2006
)
,
winter
severity
has
so
far
been
average
to
below
average
.
If
the
mild
winter
continues
,
we
should
see
deer
populations
continue
to
increase
in
those
Wildlife
Management
Units
(
WMUs
)
units
where
current
levels
are
below
population
objectives
based
on
the
Big
Game
Management
Plan
and
can
hope
for
another
increase
in
harvest
in
2006
.
The
regular
firearms
deer
season
is
the
most
popular
hunt
in
New
Hampshire
,
bringing
many
of
the
state
's
estimated
63,000
deer
hunters
into
the
field
during
the
26-day
season
.
New
Hampshire
's
deer
population
is
about
85,000
animals
,
with
the
greatest
numbers
tending
to
be
found
in
the
southern
half
of
the
state
.
--
Kent
Gustafson
,
Deer
Project
Leader
for
Fish
and
Game
See
how
easy
it
can
be
to
buy
a
hunting
license
!
Preliminary
General
Deer
Season
Dates
for
2006
(
B
ecause
it
is
a
season-setting
year
,
specific
dates
and
details
by
WMU
will
be
finalized
in
summer
2006
.
Watch
this
page
for
details.
)
Archery
:
Sept.
15
-
Dec.
15
,
2006
(
end
dates
may
vary
by
WMU
)
Muzzleloader
:
Oct.
28
-
Nov.
7
,
2006
(
end
dates
may
vary
by
WMU
)
Firearms
:
Nov.
8-
Dec.
3
,
2006
(
end
dates
may
vary
by
WMU
)
Youth
Deer
Weekend
:
Oct.
21
-
22
,
2006
2005
New
Hampshire
Deer
Season
Dates
Method
Inclusive
Dates
Wildlife
Management
Units
Archery
Any
Deer
Sept.
15
-
Dec.
15
STATEWIDE
Youth
Weekend
Any
Deer
Oct.
22
-
Oct.
23
STATEWIDE
Muzzleloader
Any
Deer
Antlered
Only
Oct.
29
ONLY
Oct.
30
-
Nov.
8
D
,
G
,
I1
,
I2
,
J1
Any
Deer
Antlered
Only
Oct.
29
-
Oct.
30
Oct.
31
-
Nov.
8
C1
,
C2
,
E
,
F
,
H1
,
H2
Any
Deer
Antlered
Only
Oct
29
-
Oct.
31
Nov.
1
-
Nov.
8
B
,
J2
,
K
Any
Deer
Antlered
Only
Oct.
29
-
Nov.
2
Nov.
3
-
Nov.
8
A
Any
Deer
Oct
29
-
Nov.
8
L
,
M
Firearm
Antlered
Only
Nov.
9
-
Dec.
4
C1
,
C2
,
E
,
F
Any
Deer
Antlered
Only
Nov.
9
ONLY
Nov.
10
-
Dec.
4
D
,
G
,
I1
,
I2
,
J1
Any
Deer
Antlered
Only
Nov.
9
-
Nov.
10
Nov.
11
-
Dec.
4
H1
,
H2
,
J2
,
K
Any
Deer
Antlered
Only
Nov.
9
-
Nov.
11
Nov.
12
-
Dec.
4
A
,
B
Any
Deer
Antlered
Only
Nov.
9
-
Nov.
18
Nov.
19
-
Dec.
4
L
,
M
Opening
Day
for
2006
will
be
November
8
,
2006
.
Did
You
Know
?
OPEN
LAND
:
NH
has
more
than
200,000
acres
of
state
land
;
750,000
acres
of
White
Mountain
National
Forest
;
and
thousands
of
acres
of
private
land
open
to
hunting
.
SUNDAY
HUNTING
:
We
have
it
,
some
states
don't...
we
wo
n't
name
any
names
!
HOME
OF
THE
BIG
BUCK
:
Last
year
's
(
2005
)
top
ten
ranged
from
222
-
247
pounds
,
pretty
well
distributed
around
the
state
.
GREAT
TIMING
:
In
addition
to
a
well-timed
rifle
season
(
Nov
.
8
-
Dec.
3
,
2006
)
,
New
Hampshire
has
a
long
archery
season
(
Sept
.
15
-
Dec.
15
)
and
an
earlier
than
most
,
10-day
muzzleloader
season
(
Oct
.
28-
Nov.
7
,
2006
)
.
WHERE
TO
HUNT
!
NEW
!
Maps
of
Wildlife
Management
Units
WMA
guide
~
Wildlife
Management
Areas
are
great
places
to
hunt
and
fish
in
New
Hampshire
.
Find
one
near
you
!
Where
can
I
hunt
in
New
Hampshire
?
Hunting
on
State-owned
Lands
in
N.H.
Looking
for
WMU
boundaries
or
other
NH
hunting
details
?
Click
here
to
download
the
2005-2006
Hunting
Digest
*
(
PDF
,
985
KB
)
.
WMU
boundaries
start
on
page
41
.
Trophy
deer
entry
information
is
on
pages
49-50
.
Click
here
for
printable
WMU
maps
.
For
lodging
and
camping
information
,
visit
the
New
Hampshire
Office
of
Travel
&
Tourism
Development
at
www.visitnh.gov
.
Click
here
for
deer
hunting
rules
and
regulations
Click
here
for
deer
check
stations
Click
for
deer
season
results
by
WMU
for
the
last
6
years
Click
for
information
on
Special
Deer
Permit
for
Archery
Click
here
for
information
on
Special
Unit
M
Deer
Permits
.
For
guides
,
butchers
and
taxidermists
,
click
here
to
go
to
our
main
hunting
page
.
Chronic
Wasting
Disease
(
CWD
)
Update
and
Q&A
--
click
here
.
A
Look
at
Recent
Deer
Seasons
The
winter
of
2003-04
,
was
average
to
below
average
in
severity
impacts
,
setting
the
stage
for
a
good
season
in
2004
.
Reductions
in
antlerless
harvest
in
2003
had
helped
to
offset
the
effects
of
the
previous
hard
winter
.
In
2004
,
hunters
in
New
Hampshire
registered
a
total
of
10,133
deer
,
a
7
percent
increase
over
2003
.
Also
helpful
--
acorns
and
apples
were
more
abundant
than
they
wereduring
the
preceding
two
years
.
The
2003
N.H.
deer
season
saw
a
decrease
in
the
total
statewide
deer
kill
of
14
%
(
from
11,089
in
2002
to
9,492
in
2003
)
.
This
decrease
occurred
primarily
in
central
and
southern
portions
of
the
state
and
reflected
the
above-average
winter
severity
impacts
of
2002-2003
winter
,
including
above-average
winter
mortality
and
below-average
productivity
the
following
spring
.
In
addition
,
Fish
and
Game
's
efforts
to
reduce
the
impacts
of
the
severe
winter
by
limiting
antlerless
harvest
during
the
2003
season
also
contributed
to
a
reduction
in
total
harvest
.
In
addition
to
following
a
hard
winter
,
the
fall
of
2003
saw
limited
availability
of
hard
mast
,
including
acorns
and
beechnuts
,
affecting
both
deer
and
bear
behavior
and
activity
patterns
.
The
fall
of
2004
saw
mast
production
return
to
more
normal
levels
.
--
Kent
Gustafson
,
Deer
Project
Leader
Check
the
current
New
Hampshire
Hunting
Digest
for
Wildlife
Management
Unit
and
season-specific
either-sex
day
regulations
and
additional
season
details
.
Click
here
and
on
the
orange
publication
cover
to
download
the
current
Digest
.
Click
here
to
buy
hunting
licenses
or
permits
online.
*To
view
this
or
any
PDF
document
,
you
must
have
the
free
Adobe
Acrobat
Reader
software
on
your
computer
.
To
download
the
latest
version
of
Acrobat
Reader
,
click
here
to
go
to
the
Adobe
web
site
</text>
<text id="http://www.willard.k12.mo.us/co/tech/new.htm">
23.06.02éJL
Garton
Updated
1
June
,
2005
Copyright
Notice
:
The
Fusion
logo
and
graphics
may
not
be
copied
without
permission
.
The
remaining
material
may
be
freely
copied
.
Janetta
Garton
Technology
Curriculum
Director
Willard
R2
School
District
460
Kime
Street
Willard
,
MO
65781
(
417)742-2584
Statement
of
Web
Site
Liability
We
intend
the
information
contained
in
the
Fusion
web
site
to
be
accurate
and
reliable
.
However
,
errors
may
occasionally
occur
.
Therefore
,
all
information
and
materials
are
provided
"
AS
IS
.
"
In
no
event
will
we
be
liable
for
any
indirect
,
special
,
incidental
,
or
consequential
damages
arising
out
of
the
use
of
the
information
contained
in
the
Fusion
web
site
.
Mention
of
third
party
companies
and
products
on
the
Fusion
web
site
is
for
informational
purposes
only
and
constitutes
neither
an
endorsement
nor
a
recommendation
.
The
Fusion
web
site
makes
no
representations
whatsoever
about
any
other
web
sites
that
you
may
access
from
our
web
site
.
When
you
access
a
non-Fusion
web
site
,
please
understand
that
it
is
independent
from
the
Fusion
web
site
and
that
we
have
no
control
over
the
content
on
that
web
site
.
A
link
to
a
non-Fusion
web
site
does
not
mean
that
we
endorse
or
accept
any
responsibility
for
the
content
or
use
of
such
web
site
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/Hunting/Hunt_species/turkey_hunt_surv
ey_2002.htm">
Wild
Turkey
Hunter
Survey
Results
Methods
In
the
fall
of
2002
,
the
Fish
and
Game
Department
conducted
a
survey
of
wild
turkey
hunters
in
order
to
assess
opinions
regarding
season
considerations
and
hunter
satisfaction
.
The
department
turkey
management
team
put
together
a
13-question
mail
survey
that
was
sent
to
1,000
randomly
selected
turkey
permit
holders
.
Sixty-seven
surveys
were
returned
to
the
department
as
undeliverable
.
Of
the
933
individuals
who
received
surveys
,
330
(
35
%
)
returned
a
completed
survey
to
the
department
.
Survey
Results
Background
Statistics
:
A
general
knowledge
of
turkey
hunter
interests
and
attributes
is
often
beneficial
to
management
decisionmaking
.
Survey
results
indicate
that
Grafton
,
Sullivan
,
Hillsboro
and
Merrimack
counties
serve
as
the
principal
turkey
hunting
counties
in
New
Hampshire
.
These
figures
are
consistent
with
turkey
permit
sales
distribution
and
largely
reflect
the
relative
abundance
of
turkeys
in
the
state
.
The
majority
of
survey
respondents
(
76
%
)
have
hunted
turkeys
in
New
Hampshire
for
5
or
fewer
years
.
This
finding
is
consistent
with
department
conclusions
that
turkey
hunting
is
experiencing
rapid
growth
in
New
Hampshire
as
reflected
by
steadily
increasing
annual
permit
sales
.
Survey
results
indicate
that
most
(
94
%
)
turkey
hunters
participate
in
the
spring
season
while
40
%
participate
in
the
fall
archery
season
.
Respondents
indicate
that
58
%
of
turkey
hunters
hunt
exclusively
during
the
spring
season
,
4
%
hunt
exclusively
during
the
fall
season
,
and
36
%
participate
in
both
seasons
.
Spring
Youth
Hunt
:
The
popularity
of
New
Hampshire
's
deer
youth
hunting
weekend
and
previous
inquiries
at
public
hearings
prompted
us
to
include
several
questions
on
the
survey
to
assess
hunter
support
for
a
spring
turkey
youth
hunt
weekend
.
The
majority
(
84
%
)
of
survey
respondents
either
supported
(
33
%
)
or
strongly
supported
(
51
%
)
establishment
of
a
spring
turkey
youth
hunt
in
New
Hampshire
.
Nine
percent
of
respondents
were
opposed
to
a
youth
hunt
.
Eighty-two
percent
of
respondents
supported
allowing
adults
to
call
for
youth
during
a
youth
hunt
while
9
%
were
opposed
.
These
results
have
prompted
the
department
to
initiate
formulation
of
a
youth
hunt
proposal
for
consideration
by
the
Fish
and
Game
Commission
.
Hunter
Satisfaction
:
Hunter
interference
(
hunters
calling
or
walking
in
on
birds
being
worked
by
another
hunter
)
is
considered
a
useful
index
of
hunting
pressure
and
hunter
satisfaction
.
Thus
a
series
of
questions
were
asked
relative
to
the
broad
issue
of
hunter
satisfaction
.
When
asked
about
turkey
hunting
quality
in
New
Hampshire
,
2
%
of
hunters
rated
hunting
as
poor
,
28
%
rated
hunting
as
average
,
52
%
rated
hunting
as
good
,
and
15
%
rated
hunting
as
excellent
.
We
consider
this
a
very
positive
response
and
are
anxious
to
preserve
these
high
ratings
as
turkey
hunting
continues
to
increase
in
popularity
.
Eighty-eight
percent
of
respondents
judged
turkey
hunting
pressure
to
be
light
or
moderate
.
Only
8
%
described
pressure
as
severe
.
Thirty-nine
percent
of
respondents
rated
hunter
interference
as
light
,
37
%
as
moderate
,
and
11
%
as
severe
.
When
asked
to
characterize
the
trend
in
hunter
interference
,
5
%
said
it
was
decreasing
,
51
%
responded
that
it
was
stable
,
40
%
thought
it
was
increasing
.
Hunters
were
asked
if
they
would
support
or
oppose
department
efforts
to
reduce
interference
through
the
regulation
of
hunting
pressure
,
if
hunter
interference
were
severe
where
they
hunted
.
Thirty-six
percent
said
they
would
support
or
strongly
support
such
efforts
,
29
%
had
no
opinion
,
and
32
%
said
they
would
oppose
or
strongly
oppose
such
efforts
.
Clearly
this
is
a
controversial
issue
.
Respondents
selected
a
fall
firearms
season
(
47
%
)
as
the
preferred
means
of
liberalizing
turkey
harvest
,
if
biologically
warranted
.
Allowances
for
the
taking
of
a
second
spring
gobbler
rated
as
the
second
preference
(
27
%
)
,
16
%
of
hunters
advocated
for
no
change
in
our
existing
project
,
preferring
to
err
on
the
side
of
conservatism
,
while
8
%
preferred
other
methods
of
liberalization
.
Thanks
to
survey
respondents
!
Our
sincere
thanks
go
out
to
the
330
turkey
hunters
who
took
the
time
to
respond
to
this
survey
.
We
depend
on
your
input
to
better
understand
the
interests
and
experiences
of
our
constituents
.
Unfortunately
,
a
substantial
majority
of
hunters
contacted
during
our
annual
survey
efforts
(
deer
hunter
surveys
,
small
game
surveys
,
archery
hunter
surveys
)
fail
to
respond
to
our
request
for
information
.
In
doing
so
,
they
default
on
an
important
opportunity
to
provide
valuable
management
data
and
to
influence
department
programs
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.window.state.tx.us/comptrol/fnotes/fn0106/fna.html">
Texas
stats
--
Fiscal
and
economic
data
En
español
:
Notas
Fiscales
de
junio
2001
Texas
commercial
construction
not
repeating
past
mistakes
Boom
Without
the
Bust
The
Texas
economy
may
be
slowing
,
but
it
has
n't
stalled
.
New
commercial
construction
around
the
state
indicates
that
few
expect
the
current
slowdown
to
be
a
reprise
of
the
bust
of
the
1980s
.
Since
1998
,
the
Texas
construction
industry
has
been
the
fastest
growing
sector
of
the
state
's
economy
.
In
1998
,
the
industry
posted
a
job
growth
rate
of
7.7
percent
,
compared
with
6.4
percent
in
1999
and
a
predicted
5.2
percent
for
2000
.
Industry
growth
should
continue
,
but
at
slower
rates
over
the
next
few
years
.
The
Winter
2001
Texas
Economic
Update
from
the
Texas
Comptroller
of
Public
Accounts
forecasts
construction
job
growth
of
1.7
percent
in
2001
,
1.3
percent
in
2002
and
1.6
percent
in
2003
.
A
slower
pace
than
the
late
1990s
could
be
a
blessing
,
because
it
will
alleviate
a
labor
shortage
that
has
created
difficulties
for
the
industry
.
A
cushion
of
oil
In
Houston
,
construction
has
been
strong
for
about
four
years
,
and
the
forecast
for
the
rest
of
2001
is
good
.
Bill
Gilmer
,
vice
president
and
senior
economist
for
the
Houston
branch
of
the
Federal
Reserve
Bank
of
Dallas
,
says
Houston
's
construction
is
in
line
with
property
sales
and
rentals
,
and
the
city
can
expect
to
skip
much
of
the
slowdown
the
rest
of
the
nation
may
experience
in
the
coming
months
.
Gilmer
says
the
petrochemical
industry
will
suffer
as
oil
and
gas
prices
rise
,
but
other
energy
sectors
such
as
exploration
will
benefit
.
"
I
do
n't
see
Houston
slowing
down
much
,
"
he
says
.
Barton
Smith
,
the
director
of
the
University
of
Houston
's
Institute
for
Regional
Forecasting
,
agrees
.
Smith
says
commercial
development
in
Houston
is
slowing
due
to
concerns
about
the
economy
and
extra
space
still
left
from
overbuilding
in
the
1980s
,
but
he
expects
the
slowdown
to
last
no
more
than
12
months
.
"
The
current
economic
woes
of
the
nation
are
giving
everyone
the
jitters
,
but
as
those
fears
abate
,
things
will
pick
up
,
"
he
says
.
He
also
predicts
the
national
economy
will
be
better
by
the
end
of
2001
,
but
says
Houston
will
be
hit
less
hard
by
the
slowdown
than
many
parts
of
the
country
because
48
percent
of
its
economy
is
energy-based
.
"
Energy
is
cushioning
the
blow
,
"
he
says
,
but
the
non-energy
part
of
the
Houston
economy
will
slow
with
the
rest
of
the
country
.
It
's
not
1986
Smith
says
the
1980s
left
Houston
with
so
much
space
to
absorb
,
the
city
did
not
need
to
start
building
again
until
1997
.
With
continued
job
growth
,
more
space
will
be
needed
.
"
Houston
's
building
activity
is
just
coming
back
,
"
he
says
.
Smith
and
Gilmer
both
say
overbuilding
is
not
an
issue
for
Houston
in
the
short
term
because
of
strong
job
growth
in
the
last
five
years
and
because
lenders
employ
more
conservative
lending
practices
than
they
did
17
years
ago
.
In
the
1980s
,
Smith
says
nearly
half
of
the
more
than
80
million
square
feet
of
office
space
that
came
onto
the
Houston
market
in
1984
was
built
on
speculation
.
In
January
2001
,
The
Houston
Business
Journal
reported
that
of
the
city
's
4.7
million
square
feet
of
office
space
under
construction
,
83
percent
was
pre-leased
or
committed
.
Vacancy--so
what
?
In
Dallas
,
construction
has
resulted
in
high
vacancy
rates
,
but
area
brokers
are
not
concerned
the
city
is
overbuilt
.
"
I
do
n't
see
any
cause
for
alarm
,
"
says
Scott
Byrne
,
executive
vice
president
for
the
North
Texas
Commercial
Association
of
Realtors
.
CB
Richard
Ellis
,
a
real
estate
services
firm
based
in
Los
Angeles
,
reported
the
Dallas
office
market
had
the
highest
vacancy
rates
in
the
country
in
the
fourth
quarter
of
2000
,
with
more
than
4.1
million
square
feet
of
space
still
under
construction
.
Dallas
posted
an
overall
vacancy
rate
of
15.1
percent
.
Reagan
Dixon
,
vice
president
and
chief
operating
officer
of
Cawley
Wilcox
Cos.
,
says
that
at
the
end
of
first
quarter
of
2001
,
about
7.3
million
square
feet
of
space
was
under
construction
in
Dallas
,
30
to
40
percent
of
which
was
pre-leased
.
"
I
think
overbuilding
is
a
misnomer
because
we
had
such
great
absorption
in
2000
,
"
Dixon
says
.
He
admits
that
in
the
first
quarter
of
2001
more
tenants
moved
out
of
Dallas
commercial
space
than
moved
in--resulting
in
an
additional
192,000
square
feet
of
vacant
space
.
If
2000
is
any
indication
,
though
,
Dallas
may
not
have
to
worry
about
the
recent
dip
.
CB
Richard
Ellis
indicates
the
2000
fourth
quarter
rate
was
a
decline
from
the
third
quarter
rate
of
15.33
percent
and
from
the
1999
fourth
quarter
rate
of
17.8
percent
.
Also
,
the
Dallas-Fort
Worth
area
led
the
nation
in
job
creation
in
2000
by
adding
nearly
103,000
jobs
.
Dixon
says
that
job
creation
will
continue
to
promote
absorption
.
Dixon
says
the
national
economic
slowdown
will
be
reflected
in
Dallas
'
market
,
but
he
is
not
worried
about
Dallas
'
prospects
.
"
We
're
still
a
prime
area
,
"
he
says
.
In
addition
to
job
creation
,
the
city
boasts
the
busiest
airport
in
the
country
,
affordable
land
,
comparatively
low
cost
for
space
and
a
Central
time
zone
attractive
for
communicating
during
business
hours
from
coast
to
coast
.
In
January
2001
,
Dallas
'
first-class
office
space
leased
for
$
24.92
per
square
foot--more
than
Houston
,
at
$
22.03
;
San
Antonio
,
at
$
19.59
;
and
El
Paso
,
at
$
15.50--but
less
than
many
major
cities
around
the
country
.
In
Texas
,
only
Austin
rents
,
$
30.97
in
January
2001
,
were
higher
.
And
Dixon
expects
Dallas
'
rates
to
decline
.
It
's
about
perspective
Austin
commercial
construction
took
a
hit
in
the
first
quarter
of
2001
,
but
industry
watchers
in
the
area
say
the
bump
does
not
signal
a
recession
for
the
city
.
"
I
would
term
it
a
return
to
normalcy
,
"
says
Charles
Betts
,
executive
director
of
the
Downtown
Austin
Alliance
,
a
nonprofit
dedicated
to
redevelopment
of
Austin
's
central
business
district
.
Betts
says
the
city
has
been
in
a
protracted
boom
,
due
largely
to
the
city
's
high-tech
sector
.
The
high-tech
industry
is
constricting
somewhat
,
but
demand
for
space
in
the
city
is
still
high
.
At
the
end
of
2000
,
CB
Richard
Ellis
reported
that
170,648
square
feet
of
new
construction
was
completed
in
Austin
in
the
fourth
quarter
of
2000
,
with
92
percent
of
it
pre-leased
.
Average
rent
rates
dropped
from
$
26.91
in
the
third
quarter
to
$
25.66
in
the
fourth
quarter
,
but
that
was
still
$
2.49
higher
than
the
fourth
quarter
of
1999
,
and
Ellis
analysts
foresaw
continued
demand
.
Indeed
,
the
average
January
2001
rate
rose
.
Also
in
January
2001
,
several
Austin
high-tech
companies
announced
layoffs
,
including
Dell
Computer
Corp.
,
Motorola
,
Vignette
Corp.
and
Multilayer
Technology
Inc.
The
layoffs
were
followed
by
the
announcement
that
some
companies
were
putting
expansion
plans
on
hold
indefinitely
.
The
most
glaring
example
was
Intel
.
In
March
,
the
high-tech
company
announced
it
was
halting
construction
on
a
10-story
downtown
building
,
with
the
shell
of
only
six
stories
erected
.
Computer
Services
Corp.
also
elected
to
build
only
two
of
the
three
downtown
office
buildings
it
originally
planned
.
Moody
's
Investors
Service
and
Merrill
Lynch
Research
labeled
Austin
risky
.
Frank
Niendorff
,
president
of
NAI/Commercial
Industrial
Properties
Cos.
,
says
that
despite
such
high-profile
reversals
,
Austin
is
in
good
shape
.
"
Right
now
,
if
a
[
developer
's
]
project
is
not
financed
,
it
probably
for
the
foreseeable
future
wo
n't
get
financed
,
"
he
says
.
But
,
he
notes
,
a
number
of
projects
in
all
categories
of
commercial
real
estate--office
,
industrial
,
retail
and
multi-family--are
still
moving
forward
in
Austin
.
Some
companies
are
still
growing
and
hiring
,
and
a
company
that
wants
to
expand
its
operations
and
can
demonstrate
its
stability
will
still
have
access
to
financing
.
"
The
national
perception
is
that
Austin
has
a
problem
,
but
the
reality
is
our
vacancy
rates
are
not
that
high
,
"
he
says
.
Niendorff
points
out
that
the
city
has
had
vacancy
rates
of
only
3
to
6
percent
for
a
couple
of
years
,
so
an
adjustment
that
brings
more
balance
to
supply
and
demand
is
not
a
crisis
.
Niendorff
expects
about
2.7
million
feet
of
new
office
space
to
come
onto
the
market
by
June
2001
.
On
January
1
,
2001
,
about
half
of
that
space
was
pre-leased
.
Niendorff
says
some
of
those
leases
may
fall
through
,
but
the
city
's
vacancy
will
likely
rise
to
no
more
than
10
percent
,
still
less
than
Dallas
or
Houston
.
Niendorff
attributes
the
city
's
higher
rents
partly
to
demand
for
space
and
partly
to
higher
construction
costs
in
Austin
.
Austin
is
a
city
with
strong
environmental
regulations
,
and
that
can
make
building
more
difficult
than
in
other
parts
of
the
state
.
"
In
order
to
have
enough
building
supply
,
you
have
to
go
through
an
inordinately
difficult
permitting
process
,
"
he
says
.
The
process
can
lead
to
delays
and
higher
expenses
.
No
worries
The
bottom
line
for
commercial
real
estate
in
Texas
is
that
construction
is
slowing
from
the
last
few
boom
years
,
but
real
estate
brokers
and
analysts
at
the
Comptroller
's
office
say
there
is
little
cause
for
alarm
.
Thanks
to
more
conservative
lending
and
developing
practices
and
continued
job
growth
,
commercial
supply
will
be
more
in
line
with
demand
.
Suzanne
Staton
New
federal
statistical
standards
could
label
rural
towns
urban
Feds
Rule
The
feds
have
done
it
again
.
Before
the
last
presidential
administration
left
Washington
,
D.C.
,
the
federal
Office
of
Management
and
Budget
(
OMB
)
dropped
a
Byzantine
plan
for
geographic
statistical
definitions
on
the
states
.
The
definitions
,
based
on
U.S.
Census
Bureau
data
,
blur
the
distinctions
between
some
communities
and
obfuscate
definitions
of
rural
and
urban
areas
,
giving
some
of
Texas
'
most
rural
areas
urban
designations
.
More
importantly
,
the
definitions
could
affect
how
much
,
if
any
,
federal
funding
an
area
gets
.
OMB
creates
new
statistical
areas
called
Core
Based
Statistical
Areas
that
are
divided
into
Metropolitan
Statistical
Areas
,
which
include
Census
Bureau-designated
urban
areas
of
more
than
50,000
people
,
and
Micropolitan
Statistical
Areas
which
include
Census-labeled
urban
clusters
of
between
10,000
and
50,000
people
.
The
new
standards
became
official
on
December
27
,
2000
.
By
2003
,
OMB
will
define
statistical
areas
based
on
2000
Census
data
.
The
standards
are
supposed
to
be
used
only
for
statistical
purposes
,
but
some
federal
agencies
use
them
in
determining
qualifications
for
federal
funds
.
A
ruckus
When
the
new
standards
were
first
announced
in
August
2000
,
OMB
posted
a
map
showing
which
counties
would
be
Metropolitan
Core
Based
Statistical
Areas
,
Micropolitan
Statistical
Areas
or
neither
,
if
1990
census
figures
were
used
.
Some
of
the
metropolitan
areas
combined
major
cities
under
a
single
name
,
leaving
one
or
more
cities
out
of
the
title
.
Minneapolis-St.Paul
,
for
example
,
would
become
the
Minneapolis
combined
area
.
In
some
of
the
more
timid
parts
of
the
country
,
there
were
only
perfunctory
objections
.
Reaction
to
a
proposal
to
call
Dallas-Fort
Worth
the
Dallas
combined
area
,
however
,
was
not
timid
.
The
publication
of
the
proposed
statistical
standards
in
the
August
22
,
2000
,
Federal
Register
brought
1,672
comments
nationwide
;
1,314
from
Fort
Worth
.
"
We
had
similar
protests
in
other
parts
of
the
country--Minneapolis-St
.
Paul
,
Oakland-San
Francisco--but
nothing
like
the
volume
from
Fort
Worth
,
"
says
Michael
Ratcliffe
,
a
Census
Bureau
geographer
who
advised
OMB
on
the
statistical
areas
.
"
I
've
worked
on
a
number
of
Federal
Register
issues
and
never
got
that
number
;
1,300
is
definitely
a
record
.
"
Under
the
proposed
plan
,
Tarrant
County--Fort
Worth--could
not
be
a
separate
metropolitan
area
because
more
than
15
percent
of
its
residents
work
in
Dallas
County
.
But
,
after
the
protest
,
OMB
removed
the
commuter
standard
.
In
December
2000
,
the
feds
announced
the
region
would
be
called
the
Dallas-Fort
Worth-Arlington
statistical
area
.
Ranch
goes
urban
In
most
of
the
United
States
,
metropolitan
and
micropolitan
statistical
areas
are
designated
by
counties
or
groups
of
counties
.
In
New
England
,
they
are
designated
by
cities
and
towns
.
But
this
county
standard
can
lead
to
some
curious
designations
.
Kenedy
County
in
South
Texas
is
the
third-least
populous
county
in
the
state
.
The
2000
Census
puts
414
people
in
a
county
with
a
land
area
of
1,457
square
miles--about
0.28
people
per
square
mile
.
Kenedy
makes
up
part
of
the
King
Ranch
and
,
in
1999
,
the
county
had
108
times
more
cattle
than
people
.
It
has
only
four
businesses
that
are
not
farm-
or
ranch-related
,
and
they
all
have
fewer
than
20
employees
.
There
were
no
retail
sales
in
Kenedy
County
in
1999
.
It
is
one
of
nine
Texas
counties
with
only
one
school
,
and
that
school
is
the
smallest
of
the
nine
,
with
just
79
students
.
Yet
,
according
to
OMB
,
Kenedy
County
is
micropolitan
.
In
2000
,
OMB
applied
the
new
statistical
standards
to
counties
using
1990
Census
data
.
Kenedy
did
n't
get
its
designation
because
it
had
a
population
explosion
;
in
fact
,
the
county
had
46
fewer
people
in
2000
than
in
1990
.
But
the
city
of
Kingsville
,
in
neighboring
Kleberg
County
,
is
labeled
an
urban
cluster
by
the
Census
Bureau
and
Kenedy
is
considered
an
outlying
county
to
the
cluster
because
more
than
25
percent
of
the
county
's
residents
commute
to
Kleberg
.
"
I
'm
surprised
we
're
not
considered
rural
,
"
says
Barbara
Turcotte
,
Kenedy
County
district
and
county
clerk
.
"
There
's
no
retail
businesses
in
the
county
,
not
even
a
convenience
store
.
"
Turcotte
also
questions
whether
25
percent
of
the
population
commutes
to
Kleberg
County
.
"
Most
of
the
people
in
Kenedy
County
work
on
ranches
in
the
county
,
"
she
says
.
"
Some
of
the
younger
group
might
[
go
to
Kleberg
]
.
"
What
's
rural
?
Although
a
county
like
Kenedy
may
be
included
in
a
metropolitan
or
micropolitan
area
,
that
does
n't
mean
it
is
urban
,
the
Census
Bureau
's
Ratcliffe
says
.
Commuting
to
an
urban
cluster
"
just
indicates
an
economic
link
,
"
he
says
.
"
It
does
n't
say
anything
about
it
being
rural
or
urban
.
"
The
distinction
is
important
because
whether
an
area
is
rural
or
urban
dictates
the
kind
of
federal
funding
that
may
be
available
.
Ratcliff
says
the
purpose
of
the
standards
is
not
to
establish
federal
funding
formulas
,
but
to
provide
nationally
consistent
definitions
for
collecting
,
tabulating
and
publishing
federal
statistics
.
"
In
other
words
,
to
make
sure
that
when
the
Bureau
of
Labor
Statistics
publishes
data
for
,
say
,
the
Houston
metropolitan
statistical
area
,
it
is
using
the
same
boundary
as
is
used
by
the
Census
Bureau
,
the
Bureau
of
Economic
Analysis
and
other
statistical
agencies
,
"
he
says
.
The
December
27
,
2000
,
OMB
notice
of
the
standards
for
statistical
areas
cautions
other
agencies
that
"
programs
that
base
funding
levels
or
eligibility
on
whether
a
county
is
included
in
metropolitan
or
micropolitan
statistical
area
may
not
accurately
address
issues
or
problems
faced
by
local
populations
.
"
Ratcliffe
says
agencies
sometimes
ignore
OMB
.
An
agency
such
as
the
U.S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency
may
use
the
standards
to
apply
air
emissions
policies
to
an
entire
metropolitan
area
,
even
though
a
more
rural
county
in
the
statistical
area
is
in
compliance
with
the
U.S.
Clean
Air
Act
.
He
also
says
decisions
by
policy
makers
can
affect
funding
if
,
for
example
,
a
rural
county
is
included
in
a
metropolitan
or
micropolitan
area
.
"
I
think
the
tendency
has
been
for
policy
makers
to
look
[
at
the
county
]
and
say
it
is
now
urban
,
"
Ratcliffe
says
.
That
could
lead
to
agencies
not
considering
a
county
for
a
particular
kind
of
funding
,
if
bureaucrats
assume
the
county
does
n't
need
the
assistance
.
Why
it
matters
The
February
2001
Texas
Comptroller
of
Public
Accounts
report
,
Rural
Texas
In
Transition
,
gives
examples
of
why
it
matters
how
rural
areas
are
defined
.
"
Both
the
use
of
county-wide
statistics--which
is
how
the
numbers
are
collected
by
the
federal
government--and
the
non-metropolitan
requirement
can
prevent
otherwise
eligible
communities
and
counties
from
receiving
aid
"
under
an
economic
recovery
program
administered
by
the
U.S.
Forest
Service
,
according
to
the
report
.
San
Jacinto
County
,
for
example
,
has
received
assistance
under
this
program
because
more
than
60
percent
of
the
county
is
in
the
Sam
Houston
National
Forest
.
The
county
has
a
narrow
economic
base
,
"
a
high
level
of
persistent
poverty
"
and
large
numbers
of
residents
commuting
out
of
the
county
to
work
.
But
,
according
to
the
Comptroller
's
rural
report
,
"
under
the
new
2000
metropolitan
definitions
,
San
Jacinto
County
would
have
been
considered
part
of
the
Houston
metropolitan
statistical
area
in
1990
"
and
not
eligible
for
some
of
the
grant
funds
.
Communities
can
lose
out
because
of
the
countywide
statistics
for
income
.
New
Waverly
,
in
Walker
County
,
is
on
the
edge
of
the
national
forest
.
The
Comptroller
's
rural
report
says
it
"
would
seem
to
be
just
the
type
of
small
community
the
[
Forest
Service
]
economic
recovery
program
was
designed
for--non-metropolitan
,
less
than
10,000
residents
,
close
to
a
national
forest
and
economically
dependent
on
forest-related
industries
.
"
Wrong
.
New
Waverly
loses
out
because
Walker
County
will
be
designated
a
micropolitan
county
with
a
population
that
does
n't
earn
sufficient
income
from
forest-related
industries
,
according
to
the
rural
report
.
No
relief
The
new
statistical
standards
had
been
in
development
for
several
years
and
were
issued
in
the
waning
days
of
the
previous
national
administration
.
The
Office
of
Management
and
Budget
is
an
agency
of
The
White
House
.
On
January
20
,
2001
,
the
first
day
of
the
new
administration
,
White
House
Chief
of
Staff
Andrew
Card
Jr.
issued
a
memorandum
directing
department
and
agency
heads
to
put
a
hold
on
all
new
or
proposed
regulations
until
they
could
be
reviewed
and
approved
or
rejected
.
"
Emergency
or
other
urgent
situations
relating
to
health
and
safety
"
were
exempted
,
Card
says
.
Ratcliffe
says
,
however
,
the
statistical
area
standards
"
did
n't
fall
under
the
Card
memo
.
They
're
not
statutes
,
just
rules
.
"
And
they
are
likely
to
stay
.
"
The
rules
are
n't
going
to
change
,
"
Ratcliffe
says
.
"
I
think
we
do
anticipate
some
change
in
boundaries
.
"
After
OMB
gets
the
latest
data
from
the
Census
,
including
commuting
data
,
boundaries
will
be
drawn
,
but
not
before
getting
"
input
from
local
officials
on
combined
areas
,
"
he
says
.
"
That
's
part
of
the
change
that
came
about
as
a
result
of
Fort
Worth
.
"
Daryl
Janes
Proposed
change
would
cut
cost
of
prescription
drugs
given
to
convicts
Pharmaceutical
Reprieve
Texas
state
government
provides
a
wide
variety
of
medical
services
to
state
prisoners
.
Among
those
are
prescription
drugs
.
In
fiscal
1999
,
Texas
spent
about
$
28
million
on
drugs
for
state
prisoners
and
the
cost
of
medication
is
rising
sharply
.
The
Comptroller
's
December
2000
e-Texas
:
smaller
,
smarter
,
faster
government
report
outlines
some
simple
administrative
changes
that
would
allow
the
state
to
take
advantage
of
deep
discounts
in
drug
prices
and
save
more
than
$
25
million
over
the
next
five
years
.
SB347
by
state
Sen.
J.
E.
"
Buster
"
Brown
to
implement
these
changes
was
approved
by
the
Legislature
in
May
2001
.
The
U.S.
Congress
first
addressed
the
rising
cost
of
pharmaceuticals
used
in
government
programs
by
creating
a
Medicaid
rebate
program
in
1990
.
Drug
manufacturers
were
required
to
give
Medicaid
the
"
best
price
"
for
each
drug
covered
under
the
plan
.
Drug
manufacturers
,
however
,
minimized
the
rebates
'
impact
by
raising
their
best
prices
,
eventually
increasing
rather
than
easing
the
burden
on
federal
and
state
providers
.
Discount
dose
In
1992
,
Congress
amended
the
Public
Health
Service
Act
to
cure
this
loophole
.
Now
drug
manufacturers
participating
in
Medicaid
must
enter
into
a
second
agreement
with
the
federal
government
to
provide
additional
,
negotiated
discounts
on
covered
drugs
purchased
by
certain
government-supported
facilities
.
According
to
the
Public
Hospital
Pharmacy
Coalition
(
PHPC
)
,
pharmaceutical
prices
available
under
Section
340B
of
the
public
health
act
are
significantly
lower
than
both
wholesale
and
retail
prices
.
A
recent
analysis
of
100
popular
outpatient
drugs
found
that
,
on
average
,
340B
prices
are
34
percent
lower
than
wholesale
.
PHPC
estimates
that
participating
hospitals
have
saved
an
average
of
more
than
$
2
million
annually
since
Congress
created
the
drug
pricing
program
.
Contract
cure
The
Texas
Department
of
Criminal
Justice
(
TDCJ
)
relies
on
a
Correctional
Managed
Health
Care
Committee
to
obtain
correctional
health
services
.
The
committee
,
made
up
of
representatives
of
TDCJ
,
the
University
of
Texas
Medical
Branch
at
Galveston
(
UTMB
)
and
the
Texas
Tech
University
Health
Sciences
Center
administers
managed
health
care
in
the
state
's
prisons
.
Through
contracts
with
the
committee
,
TDCJ
acquires
medical
services
from
UTMB
,
which
serves
about
78
percent
of
the
prison
population
,
and
Texas
Tech
,
which
serves
22
percent
.
UTMB
purchases
all
drugs
for
prison
health
care
,
including
those
used
by
Texas
Tech
personnel
.
UTMB
qualifies
for
the
340B
program
,
yet
because
of
certain
federal
accounting
requirements
,
340B
prices
are
not
available
for
prison
drug
purchases
.
For
example
,
to
receive
the
discount
,
drugs
administered
by
Texas
Tech
health
care
professionals
would
have
to
be
obtained
through
a
direct
contract
with
UTMB
,
instead
of
the
contract
with
the
committee
.
Such
administrative
changes
could
yield
substantial
savings
.
Maria
Mendez-Lewis
,
a
Comptroller
's
office
analyst
says
,
"
This
is
a
good
way
for
the
state
to
buy
drugs
at
lower
prices
.
Texas
prisoners
will
get
the
same
quality
of
care
,
but
Texas
taxpayers
will
save
money
.
"
The
pharmacy
coalition
estimates
Texas
could
save
about
22
percent
on
prison
drug
purchases
by
qualifying
for
the
discounted
prices
.
This
would
translate
into
a
$
25.4
million
gain
to
the
state
by
2006
.
Bruce
Wright
State
traders
making
tobacco
funds
grow
A
Crop
of
Cash
When
the
1999
Texas
Legislature
divided
up
the
first
proceeds
of
the
multi-billion
dollar
tobacco
lawsuit
,
lawmakers
gave
part
of
the
money
to
the
Comptroller
of
Public
Accounts
to
create
endowment
funds
.
Interest
from
these
endowments
pays
for
a
variety
of
health
programs
,
including
health
care
for
the
indigent
.
The
Comptroller
's
Treasury
Division
was
managing
about
$
1.37
billion
from
the
tobacco
settlement
by
December
31
,
2000
.
Its
in-house
trading
desk
manages
that
part
of
the
endowment
funds
invested
in
fixed-income
items
and
the
division
has
outsourced
the
equities
portion
of
the
portfolio
to
17
external
managers
.
More
flexibility
"
When
the
Legislature
gave
us
the
job
of
managing
this
portion
of
the
tobacco
settlement
money
,
we
also
received
legal
authority
to
invest
in
a
wide
range
of
investments
,
including
corporate
bonds
and
stocks
,
"
says
Mike
Doyle
,
director
of
the
Treasury
Division
.
"
We
have
the
flexibility
necessary
to
take
advantage
of
investment
opportunities
when
they
arise
.
"
Doyle
says
.
"
With
more
investment
vehicles
,
we
actually
do
n't
add
to
our
risk
,
we
can
reduce
it
because
the
risk
can
be
diversified
into
more
areas
.
"
Following
the
money
About
30
percent
of
the
tobacco
settlement
money
the
Treasury
Division
is
responsible
for
is
invested
in
fixed-income
items
that
the
division
's
in-house
trading
desk
manages
on
its
own
.
The
remaining
70
percent
is
invested
in
equities
.
About
80
percent
of
the
equity
portion
of
the
portfolio
is
invested
in
American
companies
,
ranging
from
those
known
for
their
growth
potential
to
others
purchased
for
their
stability
.
The
remaining
20
percent
of
the
equity
portfolio
is
invested
in
international
companies
.
"
The
foundation
has
been
built
,
"
says
Susan
Anderson
,
the
Comptroller
's
Chief
Investment
Officer
.
"
We
've
created
a
prudent
portfolio
to
support
these
endowment
funds
over
time
and
into
perpetuity
.
This
is
not
a
short-term
portfolio
.
We
have
to
take
into
consideration
the
long-term
needs
of
the
funds
'
beneficiaries
.
"
Good
trade
The
Treasury
Division
's
trading
desk
,
has
an
excellent
record
in
managing
fixed-income
investments
.
"
Since
the
trading
desk
was
created
in
the
1980s
,
the
desk
has
developed
an
excellent
reputation
,
"
says
Anderson
.
During
the
fourth
quarter
of
2000--the
first
quarter
that
the
fixed-income
portion
of
the
tobacco
settlement
portfolio
was
fully
invested--the
desk
outperformed
85
percent
of
similar
funds
in
the
nation
.
The
Shearson
Lehman
Aggregate
Index
,
the
benchmark
for
similar
portfolios
,
had
a
4.21
percent
return
,
while
the
trading
desk
reached
4.8
percent
.
"
The
trading
desk
staff
has
an
amazing
market
sense
,
and
they
are
very
good
at
using
economic
data
to
predict
market
moves
,
"
says
Traci
Salinas
of
Seattle-Northwest
Securities
Corporation
.
"
They
're
better
than
any
highly
paid
chief
economist
on
Wall
Street
.
"
"
We
are
justifiably
proud
of
our
track
record
,
"
Anderson
says
.
"
We
have
stock
managers
and
brokerage
firms
from
around
the
country
calling
us
to
see
what
we
think
is
going
to
happen
in
the
financial
world
.
The
reason
is
that
word
has
gone
out
that
we
know
what
we
're
doing
,
and
we
're
doing
it
well
.
"
Pam
Wagner
</text>
<text id="http://www.window.state.tx.us/comptrol/fnotes/fn0111/keeping.html">
Texas
businesses
profit
from
energy
management
Keeping
the
Lights
Low
Electricity
is
not
something
considered
scarce
in
the
Lone
Star
State
.
The
Public
Utility
Commission
(
PUC
)
of
Texas
reports
that
since
1995
,
59
new
power
plants
have
been
built
or
are
under
construction
,
adding
the
potential
for
more
than
26,000
megawatts
of
electricity
available
to
customers
.
Another
29
plants
are
in
the
planning
stages
.
This
growth
is
expected
to
keep
up
with
an
equally
growing
demand
.
But
factor
in
one
large
scale
outage
,
whether
the
result
of
a
natural
disaster
or
a
broken
pipeline
,
and
energy
prices
could
be
sent
soaring
and
Texas
businesses
could
be
left
suffering
.
With
that
in
mind
utility
officials
across
state
and
the
country
are
recommending
preparation
and
conservation
now
rather
than
later
.
Take
me
to
your
leader
Texas
leads
the
nation
in
annual
electricity
consumption
.
The
state
is
responsible
for
more
than
10
percent
of
the
more
than
3.3
trillion
kilowatt
hours
consumed
in
the
U.S.
According
to
the
PUC
's
annual
report
,
businesses
average
a
little
more
than
20
percent
of
the
total
electricity
used
in
the
state
each
year
.
Lighting
of
office
and
commercial
space
presents
its
own
set
of
special
challenges
to
business
owners
and
property
managers
.
Large
amounts
of
light
are
needed
to
illuminate
larger
spaces
,
but
more
and
more
utility
companies
are
recommending
newer
,
more
efficient
ways
to
get
the
job
done
.
Shed
some
light
A
change
in
lighting
can
equal
a
significant
change
in
the
monthly
electric
bill
.
In
fact
some
national
estimates
indicate
lighting
is
responsible
for
as
much
as
one
quarter
of
the
electricity
used
each
year
in
the
U.S.
Lubbock
Power
and
Light
(
LP&L
)
offers
conservation
tips
through
the
company
Web
site
and
suggests
converting
incandescent
bulbs
to
fluorescent
bulbs
with
screw-in
bases
.
According
to
LP&L
,
the
newer
fluorescent
bulbs
give
off
just
as
much
light
as
incandescent
bulbs
but
use
one-third
the
energy
and
can
last
up
to
10
times
longer
.
Custom
Energy
of
Overland
Park
,
Kansas
operates
field
offices
in
Dallas
and
Houston
and
assists
customers
in
solving
their
energy-related
problems
.
Custom
Energy
's
Dallas
office
teamed
with
C.B.
Richard
Ellis
,
an
international
full-service
real
estate
company
,
on
an
energy
retrofit
of
the
1.2
million-square-foot
Lincoln
Plaza
building
in
downtown
Dallas
.
Custom
Energy
recommended
more
than
13,000
lighting
changes
.
According
to
Custom
Energy
,
the
largest
portion
of
the
lighting
project
was
the
installation
of
32-watt
T-8
lamps
with
new
electronic
ballasts
and
reflectors
.
The
two-bulb
arrangement
replaced
the
three-bulb
assembly
used
for
the
last
15
to
20
years
.
James
Hardwick
manages
Lincoln
Plaza
for
C.B.
Richard
Ellis
and
says
the
entire
project
,
including
variable
frequency
drives
on
some
motors
,
was
completed
in
March
2001
at
an
approximate
cost
of
$
900,000
before
a
cost
rebate
of
more
than
$
350,000
from
the
local
utility
.
The
company
expects
to
completely
recover
the
cost
of
the
project
through
energy
savings
in
less
than
three
years
.
Hardwick
says
there
have
been
no
complaints
from
the
building
's
occupants
.
"
We
've
got
to
meet
the
needs
of
our
tenants
,
and
I
think
they
've
been
quite
pleased
,
"
Hardwick
says
.
"
We
are
trying
to
provide
a
good
level
of
light
at
a
reduced
cost
of
energy
.
That
reduced
cost
of
energy
helps
our
tenants
with
lower
rental
costs
as
well
.
"
C.B.
Richard
Ellis
manages
Lincoln
Plaza
for
the
owners
,
the
California
State
Teachers
Retirement
System
.
Hardwick
says
the
ownership
group
is
conscious
of
being
a
good
steward
of
energy
use
at
its
office
buildings
and
realized
it
was
time
for
a
change
.
"
Lincoln
Plaza
is
15
to
20
years
old
and
had
never
seen
a
change
in
its
lighting
,
"
Hardwick
says
.
"
It
was
just
time
to
do
it
.
"
In
addition
to
recommended
changes
in
the
type
of
lighting
,
there
are
also
recommendations
on
how
to
use
the
lights
;
for
example
,
turning
them
off
in
rooms
that
are
not
in
use
.
Having
sensors
do
it
automatically
is
even
better
.
Occupancy
sensors
are
best
used
in
areas
left
unoccupied
for
extended
periods
of
time
such
storerooms
,
conference
rooms
and
stairwells
.
Energy
analysts
estimate
such
sensors
can
reduce
lighting
energy
consumption
by
up
to
50
percent
.
Call
in
the
pros
The
answer
to
many
business-related
conservation
questions
could
be
a
simple
phone
call
away
,
and
most
power
companies
in
Texas
offer
tips
for
conserving
electricity
either
by
telephone
or
through
a
Web
site
.
"
We
conduct
about
400
walk-through
energy
audits
per
year
and
provide
rebates
to
about
250
businesses
per
year
on
average
,
"
says
Austin
Energy
Communications
Director
Ed
Clark
.
"
The
most
frequent
improvements
include
high-efficiency
lighting
and
energy-efficient
air
conditioning
equipment
.
Businesses
have
reduced
energy
bills
5
to
30
percent
with
these
types
of
improvements
.
"
Rebate
programs
across
the
state
are
also
making
energy
conservation
a
worthwhile
endeavor
.
Austin
Energy
's
rebate
program
began
in
1985
,
except
for
a
two-year
absence
in
1998-99
.
In
that
time
Austin
Energy
reports
an
estimated
$
16
million
has
been
paid
out
to
almost
2,500
businesses
.
The
estimated
energy
savings
since
1985
are
nearly
100
megawatts
.
The
Texas
Municipal
League
in
Austin
completed
a
lighting
retrofit
project
of
almost
$
60,000
to
the
136,000
square-foot
Texas
Municipal
Center
late
in
2000
.
Through
Austin
Energy
's
rebate
program
more
than
20
percent
of
the
total
cost
was
recovered
before
any
energy
savings
were
even
taken
into
account
.
Tom
Pannkuk
of
the
Municipal
League
says
even
with
the
increase
in
workforce
,
the
retrofitting
project
helped
lessen
the
overall
electrical
demand
from
their
existing
load
by
62
kilowatts
.
Reit
Management
,
an
Austin
real
estate
management
company
,
and
the
RBJ
Building
,
an
apartment
facility
for
elderly
residents
are
two
more
facilities
to
benefit
from
conservation
projects
.
According
to
numbers
provided
by
Austin
Energy
,
Reit
Management
reduced
the
electricity
load
of
several
of
its
managed
facilities
by
154
kilowatts
through
various
lighting
conservation
projects
.
Through
Austin
Energy
's
rebate
program
the
company
received
more
than
$
52,000
to
help
defray
the
costs
.
The
RBJ
facility
was
rebated
more
than
$
5,000
of
the
$
11,000
project
,
which
centered
around
adding
glare-reducing
film
to
the
building
's
windows
.
According
to
Austin
Energy
statistics
,
the
window
film
alone
cut
20
kilowatts
off
the
RBJ
Building
's
existing
electric
load
.
To
air
is
human
An
energy
audit
could
reveal
the
need
to
replace
an
air
conditioning
unit
,
which
is
often
a
costly
venture
.
However
,
with
modern
air
conditioners
it
could
be
a
wise
investment
.
Potentially
,
a
dollar
a
year
could
be
saved
for
every
square
foot
of
an
office
building
by
replacing
an
air
conditioning
unit
,
but
proper
thermostat
management
is
part
of
the
puzzle
as
well
.
Through
their
Web
site
,
the
Texas-New
Mexico
Power
Company
suggests
that
68
degrees
and
78
degrees
as
the
measuring
stick
for
thermostat
settings
.
The
recommended
setting
for
summer
months
is
78
degrees
,
68
for
the
winter
.
According
to
TNMPC
,
1
degree
below
78
in
the
summer
and
1
degree
above
68
in
the
winter
can
increase
energy
consumption
by
as
much
as
8
percent
.
To
make
that
job
a
little
easier
,
programmable
thermostats
are
usually
available
to
power
customers
,
often
free
of
charge
.
And
as
any
attentive
owner
of
an
air
conditioner
will
attest
,
a
clean
filter
will
also
keep
a
unit
working
efficiently
.
The
sleeping
office
As
much
as
the
personal
computer
has
become
a
part
of
everyday
life
,
and
in
some
cases
the
very
backbone
of
a
business
,
it
can
also
eat
up
its
share
of
electricity
.
In
fact
,
the
United
States
Department
of
Energy
estimates
office
equipment
alone
will
cost
U.S.
businesses
$
8.4
billion
to
operate
in
2001
.
The
Department
of
Energy
(
DOE
)
recommends
turning
off
computers
and
other
office
equipment
at
the
end
of
the
day
,
but
if
they
cannot
be
turned
off
,
it
is
recommended
they
be
equipped
with
options
that
allow
them
to
"
sleep
.
"
In
many
cases
when
a
computer
monitor
goes
to
black
it
is
only
the
monitor
that
is
drawing
a
minimum
of
power
.
The
computer
's
main
operating
unit
is
likely
still
running
unless
otherwise
specified
.
Computer
components
and
other
office
equipment
labeled
with
the
DOE
's
"
Energy
Star
"
are
equipped
with
such
"
sleepy
"
technology
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.window.state.tx.us/etexas2001/recommend/ch00/intro.html">
Introduction
Texans
are
witnessing
the
dawn
of
a
new
and
dramatically
different
era
in
human
affairs
.
Call
it
the
Information
Revolution&#8212;a
new
economy
and
a
new
society
,
fueled
by
dizzying
advances
in
information
technology
(
IT
)
.
The
Internet
is
fast
becoming
the
planet&#8217;s
primary
vehicle
for
connecting
people
,
companies
,
and
organizations
.
The
rise
of
IT
is
leading
to
the
emergence
of
new
industries
,
global
markets
,
new
definitions
of
community
,
and
a
complete
transformation
in
the
way
we
relate
to
the
rest
of
the
world
,
economically
and
culturally
.
Texans
must
find
their
place
in
this
world
.
We
will
have
to
develop
new
skills
and
cultivate
new
ways
of
doing
business
.
We
will
learn
to
adapt
and
become
increasingly
flexible
in
meeting
the
demands
of
a
24/7
marketplace
.
We
need
a
state
government
that
will
help
rather
than
hinder
this
transformation
.
But
how
?
How
can
Texas
state
government
help
chart
a
course
through
the
exciting
but
uncertain
times
ahead
?
How
can
government
provide
its
citizens
with
the
convenience
and
access
they&#8217;ve
come
to
expect
from
the
wired
world
?
These
are
the
questions
that
inspired
Texas
Comptroller
Carole
Keeton
Rylander
to
launch
e-Texas
,
a
year-long
exploration
of
new
,
more
effective
,
and
more
efficient
ways
to
provide
government
services
.
In
November
1999
,
the
Comptroller
charged
her
blue-ribbon
e-Texas
Commission&#8212;aided
by
seasoned
employees
from
the
Comptroller&#8217;s
Texas
Performance
Review
and
more
than
a
hundred
knowledgeable
volunteers&#8212;with
achieving
six
goals
(
see
the
accompanying
box
)
.
In
the
course
of
this
year
,
they
heard
from
leaders
in
dozens
of
fields
,
studied
the
&#8220;best
practices&#8221
;
elsewhere
,
and
examined
existing
state
operations
with
an
unprecedented
degree
of
depth
and
expertise
.
The
recommendations
contained
in
this
report
will
save
Texas
taxpayers
more
than
$
1.2
billion
this
biennium
by
streamlining
government
using
the
Internet
and
21st
Century
technology
.
Goals
of
the
e-Texas
Initiative
Improve
education
and
learning
for
all
Texans
.
Drive
more
of
every
education
dollar
directly
into
the
classroom
where
it
belongs
to
improve
education
and
learning
for
all
Texans
.
Save
tax
dollars
.
Online
services
and
new
management
practices
have
cut
costs
dramatically
in
the
private
sector
.
Similar
leaps
in
productivity
are
possible
for
the
public
sector
.
Empower
communities
and
individuals.
&#8220;Knowledge
is
power&#8221
;
is
truer
today
than
ever
before
,
and
the
Information
Revolution
places
this
power
squarely
in
the
hands
of
individuals
and
communities
.
In
this
new
era
,
Texas
policymakers
must
shift
responsibility
and
power
from
bureaucracies
to
an
empowered
,
well-informed
citizenry
.
Refocus
government
on
customer
service
.
The
Internet
has
opened
a
new
world
of
&#8220;self-service&#8221
;
opportunities
for
consumers
,
and
state
government
should
adopt
such
innovations
.
Its
customers
deserve
and
should
receive
easy
,
&#8220;seamless&#8221
;
access
to
government
services
and
information
.
Streamline
government
operations
and
eliminate
overlap
and
duplication
.
Smaller
,
smarter
,
faster
government
requires
policymakers
to
ask
hard
questions
about
each
and
every
program
,
the
most
fundamental
being
:
&#8220;Should
government
even
be
doing
this
at
all?&#8221
;
Institutionalize
the
&#8220;Yellow
Pages
Test&#8221
;
in
state
government
.
Comptroller
Rylander&#8217;s
&#8220;Yellow
Pages
Test&#8221
;
should
be
applied
to
state
government
:
&#8220;Government
should
do
no
job
if
there
is
a
business
in
the
Yellow
Pages
that
can
do
that
job
better
and
at
a
lower
cost.&#8221
;
Selected
Proposals
Education
Texas
has
moved
from
an
economy
based
largely
on
natural
resources
and
agriculture
to
one
centered
on
complex
information
systems
,
and
our
educational
system
must
acknowledge
this
leap
.
We
cannot
rest
until
all
of
our
citizens
are
prepared
to
succeed
in
a
rapidly
changing
world
.
Aggressively
address
Texas&#8217
;
teacher
shortage
.
Texas
faces
critical
teacher
shortages.
&#8226
;
Schools
should
reward
effective
teachers
and
offer
salaries
and
amenities
that
will
lure
qualified
professionals
into
the
classroom
and
teachers
should
be
rewarded
for
improving
the
performance
of
their
students.
&#8226
;
State
law
and
the
Texas
Constitution
should
be
amended
to
modernize
the
formula
used
to
distribute
Permanent
School
Fund
revenue
.
The
additional
revenue
this
would
generate
could
help
school
districts
establish
benefit
packages
for
teachers
.
Create
a
flexible
and
accountable
education
system.
&#8226
;
More
flexibility
in
exchange
for
greater
accountability
would
enhance
Texas
institutions
of
higher
education.
&#8226
;
Greater
accountability
means
imposing
real
consequences
for
poor
performance
.
Public
schools
should
be
placed
on
probation
if
they
are
&#8220;poor&#8221
;
performing
for
two
consecutive
years
.
If
the
school
fails
to
improve
by
the
end
of
the
third
year
,
the
Commissioner
of
Education
should
impose
mandatory
reconstitution
,
removing
and
replacing
staff
.
Use
technology
and
public-private
partnerships
to
cope
with
the
pressures
of
growing
enrollment
.
Over
the
past
decade
,
Texas
public
school
enrollment
has
risen
by
21
percent
and
is
expected
to
reach
4.4
million
in
2009.
&#8226
;
Public-private
partnerships
in
public
school
facilities
construction
and
ownership
have
the
potential
to
offer
innovative
and
cost-effective
methods
to
meet
the
demands
of
a
growing
school-age
population.
&#8226
;
The
Internet
and
&#8220;distance
learning&#8221
;
can
reach
students
beyond
the
boundaries
of
a
traditional
public
school
,
college
or
university
campus
,
allowing
them
to
take
courses
at
a
time
and
place
most
convenient
to
them.
&#8226
;
Allow
companies
to
create
and
maintain
school
facilities
and
give
admission
preference
to
the
children
of
their
employees
.
These
company-maintained
schools
are
called
&#8220;worksite
schools.&#8221
;
Such
efforts
save
tax
money
and
allow
a
greater
share
of
that
money
to
go
toward
instruction
,
since
the
sponsoring
company
or
companies
finance
the
facilities
.
Create
a
world-class
K-16
education
system
that
prepares
all
Texans
to
achieve
academic
excellence
.
Institutions
of
higher
learning
must
have
students
who
are
prepared
for
college-level
work.
&#8226
;
Texas
should
offer
a
college
savings
plan
in
addition
to
the
prepaid
college
tuition
plan
and
provide
guidelines
for
after-school
and
summer
programs
intended
to
help
students
at
risk
of
academic
failure.
&#8226
;
Research
funds
retained
at
colleges
and
universities
will
enhance
their
work
and
draw
additional
research
dollars
into
the
state
to
benefit
higher
education
and
the
economy
.
Higher
education
should
be
able
to
retain
100
percent
of
their
indirect
costs
.
Electronic
Government
The
Internet
and
IT
technologies
are
prompting
a
fundamental
transformation
in
the
way
government
thinks
and
acts
.
These
proposals
could
help
Texas
assume
a
national
leadership
position
in
this
transformation
,
making
state
government
smaller
,
smarter
and
faster
.
Create
a
Program
Management
Office
in
the
Department
of
Information
Resources
.
Texas
should
create
a
Program
Management
Office
in
the
Department
of
Information
Resources
to
provide
effective
online
government
service
and
make
sure
agencies
keep
up
in
the
Internet
Age
.
Enhance
democracy
by
expanding
electronic
voting
.
The
2000
presidential
election
put
a
spotlight
on
the
need
for
election
reform
.
The
Secretary
of
State
should
investigate
new
electronic
voting
options
that
are
feasible
,
cost-effective
and
accurate
for
as
many
Texas
counties
as
possible
.
Make
it
easier
to
do
business
with
the
state
.
Frustration
in
determining
what
is
required
to
open
a
business
in
Texas
can
be
enough
to
discourage
entrepreneurs
.
One
way
Texas
could
make
it
easier
to
do
business
with
the
state
would
be
to
provide
online
one-stop
shopping
for
businesses
.
Citizens
should
be
able
to
obtain
needed
business
start-up
information
from
one
single
and
convenient
place
.
Improve
privacy
protection
for
citizens
and
businesses
.
New
technology
has
been
accompanied
by
new
concerns
about
the
availability
of
personal
information
.
Texas
should
enact
a
privacy
act
patterned
after
existing
federal
and
state
legislation
to
establish
guidelines
to
protect
citizen
information
gathered
by
government
entities
from
inappropriate
disclosure
.
Competitive
Government
Many
if
not
most
state
services
are
delivered
by
government
monopolies
that
rarely
have
to
compete
with
other
service
providers
.
Opening
such
government
monopolies
to
competition
has
proven
to
be
an
effective
way
to
improve
the
quality
of
the
services
governments
provide
.
Apply
the
&#8220;Yellow
Pages
Test.&#8221
;
To
jump-start
state
efforts
to
encourage
competition
,
Texas
should
institutionalize
Comptroller
Rylander&#8217;s
Yellow
Pages
Test&#8212;&#8220;Government
should
do
no
job
if
there
is
a
business
that
can
do
that
job
better
and
at
a
lower
cost.&#8221
;
In
1998
,
Congress
passed
the
Federal
Activities
Inventory
Reform
(
FAIR
)
Act
,
which
requires
federal
agencies
to
catalog
services
they
provide
that
are
commercial
in
nature
and
consider
outsourcing
them
.
Privatize
the
Texas
Workers&#8217
;
Compensation
Insurance
Fund
.
The
Texas
Workers&#8217
;
Compensation
Insurance
Fund
has
made
workers&#8217
;
compensation
more
easily
obtainable
for
Texas
employers
by
providing
coverage
to
small
employers
and
serving
as
an
insurer
of
last
resort
.
The
state
could
benefit
from
this
asset
and
improve
the
fund&#8217;s
efficiency
by
selling
it
to
the
highest
bidder
in
a
carefully
managed
auction
.
Revenue
from
the
sale
should
be
deposited
into
the
state&#8217;s
Economic
Stabilization
(
&#8220;Rainy
Day&#8221
;
)
Fund
.
Use
information
technology
to
reduce
costs
and
facilitate
networks
.
Texas
could
use
technology
to
reduce
costs
by
exploring
opportunities
to
adopt
the
&#8220;seat
management&#8221
;
concept
for
state
agency
desktop
computing
,
which
transfers
complete
responsibility
for
personal
computers
from
the
government
to
a
private
contractor
,
and
reduces
the
cycle
times
involved
in
contracting
for
services
.
Use
electronic
marketplaces
to
cut
the
costs
of
services
and
supplies
.
Texas
should
use
reverse
auctions
in
which
sellers
compete
to
offer
the
lowest
prices
on
a
given
group
of
products
,
and
should
transform
state
procurement
practices
by
centralizing
administration
,
aggregating
purchasing
power
,
and
moving
all
procurement
online
.
Use
performance
incentives
to
obtain
results
.
As
governments
contract
for
an
ever-increasing
list
of
goods
and
services
,
they
are
turning
to
outcome-based
contracts
that
contain
clear
performance
standards
,
financial
incentives
and
penalties
,
and
advanced
performance
measurement
techniques
.
Such
strategies
often
are
collectively
called
performance-based
contracting
.
Texas
should
transition
to
performance-based
contracting
and
use
more
innovative
practices
in
the
bid
solicitation
process
.
Government
Performance
and
Human
Resource
Management
Results-based
government
identifies
what
works
and
what
doesn&#8217;t&#8212;which
programs
achieve
results
and
which
waste
money&#8212;and
set
its
budget
and
management
priorities
accordingly
.
State
government
relies
on
an
aging
workforce
and
is
losing
many
talented
workers
,
particularly
in
technology-related
occupations
,
to
the
private
sector
.
The
state
must
devote
more
attention
to
attracting
and
recruiting
high-quality
employees
and
creating
agency
cultures
that
will
encourage
high
performance
.
Focus
on
big-picture
results
in
the
budget
process
.
The
&#8220;big
picture&#8221;&#8212;the
things
truly
important
to
the
average
Texan&#8212;sometimes
gets
lost
in
Texas&#8217
;
budget
process
.
To
correct
this
,
Texas
should
amend
the
state&#8217;s
strategic
planning
and
performance
budgeting
system
to
improve
the
use
of
statewide
benchmarks
,
and
create
government
benchmark
partnerships
in
Texas
.
Make
results
open
to
the
public
.
Government
cannot
be
held
accountable
unless
it
is
open&#8212;so
the
public
can
understand
what
government
is
doing
.
New
technology
is
helping
some
government
agencies
make
progress
in
this
area
,
but
it
is
not
enough
simply
to
put
information
on
the
Internet
.
Information
must
be
packaged
in
a
user-friendly
way
.
Reward
employees
who
produce
results
.
More
than
70
percent
of
America&#8217;s
private
companies
have
implemented
pay
for
performance
systems
,
resulting
in
increased
productivity
and
improvements
in
service
quality
.
Agencies
should
be
required
to
adopt
policies
that
reward
individual
performance
.
Asset
and
Financial
Management
Maintaining
state
buildings
,
warehousing
supplies
,
running
vehicle
fleets
,
processing
tax
returns
,
managing
state
finances
,
repairing
equipment&#8212;these
may
not
be
particularly
exciting
topics
.
However
,
they
are
essential
functions
of
Texas
state
government
that
can
be
improved
by
the
public
or
the
private
sector
.
Improve
the
management
of
state
assets
.
State
agencies
spend
almost
$
3.8
million
a
year
to
lease
76
warehouses
with
almost
804,000
square
feet
of
space
.
To
reduce
or
eliminate
unnecessary
leased
warehouse
space
,
the
General
Services
Commission
should
work
with
state
agencies
to
review
and
evaluate
the
operations
of
the
first
five
leased
warehouses
in
Austin
eligible
for
renewal
after
October
2001
.
Improve
financial
management
practices
.
Texas
should
recapture
the
premium
AAA
credit
rating
lost
in
the
economic
downturn
in
1987
.
A
restoration
of
the
AAA
rating
will
allow
the
state
to
pay
less
interest
on
its
debts
and
send
a
signal
to
financial
experts
across
the
country
that
Texas
is
a
well-run
state.
&#8226
;
To
help
in
this
effort
,
the
state
should
develop
a
formal
debt
policy
to
outline
its
strategic
goals
and
ensure
that
the
state
prudently
manages
its
debts
.
This
policy
should
include
guidelines
for
appropriate
levels
of
reserves
,
opportunities
for
further
consolidation
of
debt
authority
,
and
other
best
practices.
&#8226
;
An
examination
of
a
fund
that
holds
protested
taxpayer
payments
found
$
99
million
in
compounded
interest
that
rightfully
belongs
to
the
state&#8217;s
general
revenue
fund
.
By
amending
the
law
to
transfer
this
money
,
the
state
can
use
the
money
for
other
needs
.
Workforce
In
the
fluid
,
dynamic
labor
market
of
the
future
,
state
government&#8217;s
primary
role
in
workforce
development
should
be
to
create
a
climate
that
encourages
continued
improvements
in
productivity
.
This
will
require
the
state
to
create
innovative
public-private
partnerships
to
optimize
our
training
capacity
and
resources
;
provide
information
and
technical
assistance
to
both
employees
and
employers
so
they
can
assess
and
respond
to
the
market&#8217;s
demand
for
job
skills
;
and
finally
,
remove
obstacles
that
impede
the
effective
flow
of
skills
across
industries
and
regions
.
The
workforce
system
should
better
meet
the
needs
of
the
state&#8217;s
employers
.
Changes
in
the
economy
and
in
employers&#8217
;
expectations
require
rethinking
the
state&#8217;s
role
in
workforce
development
.
The
Smart
Jobs
program
,
currently
administered
by
the
Texas
Department
of
Economic
Development
,
provides
grants
to
businesses
for
worker
training
.
Texas
should
move
Smart
Jobs
to
the
Texas
Workforce
Commission
(
TWC
)
.
The
Smart
Jobs
program
and
the
Skills
Development
Fund
should
be
merged
into
a
single
program
that
is
completely
funded
by
the
Smart
Jobs
fund
.
Restructure
the
adult
basic
education
system
.
Organizational
separation
between
the
state&#8217;s
adult
basic
education
system
and
workforce
development
system
creates
problems
for
individuals
trying
to
learn
basic
workplace
skills
while
also
working
to
improve
their
literacy
.
All
adult
basic
education
programs
should
be
housed
at
TWC
to
ensure
full
integration
with
local
workforce
development
board
efforts
.
Health
Care
and
Human
Services
Texas&#8217
;
health
and
human
services
(
HHS
)
spending
has
skyrocketed
in
recent
years
,
driven
by
a
rapidly
expanding
population
,
changing
federal
requirements
,
and
rising
medical
costs
.
Given
the
growing
demand
for
these
services
,
Texas
should
transform
the
way
it
delivers
HHS
to
ensure
the
continued
provision
of
basic
services
while
avoiding
a
dangerous
drain
on
the
state&#8217;s
finances
.
Improve
the
Medicaid
eligibility
determination
process
.
More
than
600,000
Texas
children
are
eligible
for
Medicaid
but
not
enrolled
in
the
program
.
Lacking
health
insurance
,
many
of
these
children
use
hospital
emergency
rooms
for
basic
health
care
.
Improvements
to
the
state&#8217;s
Medicaid
eligibility
determination
system
could
reduce
the
financial
strain
on
public
hospitals
while
improving
the
health
of
more
Texas
children
.
Improve
Texas&#8217
;
immunization
programs
for
children
.
Public-private
partnerships
such
as
the
Seniors
and
Volunteers
Program
for
Childhood
Immunizations
(
SVCI
)
use
volunteers
and
community
resources
to
improve
immunization
rates
among
Texas
children
through
outreach
work
,
transportation
and
other
services
,
and
follow-up
calls
and
visits
.
Texas
should
expand
the
SVCI
program
to
reach
more
Texas
children
who
might
otherwise
go
without
immunizations
.
Reduce
the
cost
of
drugs
for
Medicare
recipients
.
More
than
a
third
of
Texas&#8217
;
Medicare
recipients
have
no
prescription
drug
insurance
coverage
or
inadequate
coverage
while
drug
prices
are
increasing
rapidly
.
Elderly
Texans
who
lack
prescription
drug
coverage
pay
retail
prices
20
to
40
percent
higher
than
those
paid
by
insurers
,
health
maintenance
organizations
and
Medicaid
.
Texas
could
reduce
drug
costs
for
Medicare
recipients
by
implementing
a
state
program
allowing
Medicare
recipients
to
purchase
prescription
drugs
at
the
Medicaid-discounted
price
.
Improve
Texas&#8217
;
Vendor
Drug
Program
.
Texas&#8217
;
Vendor
Drug
Program
for
Medicaid
recipients
should
consider
contracting
directly
with
a
pharmacy
benefit
manager
,
and
expand
its
list
of
drugs
requiring
a
physician&#8217;s
prior
authorization
to
ensure
that
its
pharmacy
benefit
is
managed
in
a
cost-effective
manner
while
preserving
quality
of
care
.
Use
the
opportunities
provided
by
federal
welfare
reform
to
end
dependence
on
government
benefits
.
Texas
should
take
full
advantage
of
the
flexibility
granted
under
the
new
welfare
reform
law
to
provide
employment-related
services
to
all
welfare
recipients
before
they
exhaust
their
five-year
lifetime
limit
for
federal
assistance
.
Texas
should
restructure
its
welfare
program
to
provide
additional
alternatives
to
the
monthly
cash
grants
eligible
families
receive
,
and
customize
assistance
and
services
according
to
individual
needs
.
Finally
,
Texas
should
use
existing
resources
to
develop
innovative
strategies
to
end
dependence
on
government
benefits
.
Expand
the
use
of
an
effective
long-term
care
program
.
Bienvivir
Senior
Health
Services
in
El
Paso
,
a
Program
for
All-Inclusive
Care
for
the
Elderly
(
PACE
)
site
,
provides
an
alternative
to
nursing
home
care
for
frail
,
elderly
Medicaid
recipients
.
PACE
saves
the
state
and
federal
governments
14
percent
over
the
cost
of
regular
nursing
home
and
medical
care
,
and
supports
community
decision-making
in
designing
long-term
care
options
.
Texas
should
expand
the
PACE
program
throughout
the
state
.
Transportation
The
Texas
Department
of
Transportation
(
TxDOT
)
is
at
a
crossroads
and
must
abandon
its
outdated
,
business-as-usual
approach
to
meet
the
challenges
of
the
Internet
Age
.
TxDOT
must
adapt
to
an
economy
powered
by
services
and
high
technology
and
modern
patterns
of
business
and
personal
transportation
.
Use
innovative
financing
techniques
to
meet
Texas&#8217
;
expanding
transportation
needs
.
Texas
can
better
meet
its
critical
transportation
needs
by
making
the
best
use
of
all
opportunities
to
maximize
the
impact
of
its
revenues
.
These
opportunities
include
new
funding
mechanisms
such
as
GARVEE
bonds
and
federal
credit
assistance
available
through
the
federal
Transportation
Infrastructure
Finance
and
Innovation
Act
(
TIFIA
)
.
Both
programs
are
designed
to
maximize
the
ability
of
states
to
use
federal
funding
to
further
their
highway
projects
and
complete
them
more
quickly
than
would
be
possible
under
traditional
approaches
.
Use
innovative
contracting
options
to
speed
road
construction
.
Accelerating
project
delivery
and
obtaining
greater
funding
for
infrastructure
projects
will
make
better
use
of
the
Texas
Turnpike
Authority
(
TTA
)
.
The
Authority&#8217;s
considerably
greater
flexibility
and
responsiveness
in
project
development
allow
it
to
deliver
projects
more
quickly
than
TxDOT
and
use
innovative
practices
such
as
exclusive
development
agreements
.
Modify
risk
transfer
approaches
.
TxDOT&#8217;s
current
highway
project
bidding
process
leaves
the
agency
ultimately
responsible
for
the
quality
of
the
roads
produced
,
and
does
not
allow
the
agency
to
consider
contractors&#8217
;
past
performance
in
awarding
contracts
.
TxDOT
should
be
able
to
consider
past
performance
in
bid
evaluations
,
and
,
in
certain
cases
,
to
require
contractors
to
provide
warranties
for
the
expected
life
of
the
road
.
Environment
and
Natural
Resources
The
state&#8217;s
soaring
population
and
booming
economy
have
led
to
air
quality
concerns
in
several
urban
areas
.
Clean
water
and
continued
water
availability
also
are
major
environmental
issues
.
Texas&#8217
;
environmental
and
natural
resource
problems
are
complex&#8212;often
unique&#8212;and
require
a
more
flexible
,
results-oriented
approach
.
Use
financial
incentives
and
market-based
tools
to
protect
and
improve
the
environment
.
Market-based
environmental
innovations
help
create
a
climate
in
which
people
face
the
consequences
of
their
actions
and
receive
incentives
for
being
responsible
stewards
of
their
land
and
resources
.
The
state
should
encourage
the
cleanup
and
redevelopment
of
&#8220;brownfields,&#8221
;
industrial
or
commercial
properties
that
have
been
abandoned
or
underused
due
to
long-term
environmental
contamination
.
It
can
do
so
by
allowing
the
creation
of
enterprise
zones
around
brownfield
sites
that
have
been
cleaned
up
.
Public
Safety
and
Corrections
Texas
has
seen
dramatic
improvements
in
public
safety
in
recent
years
.
With
our
prison
population
at
an
all-time
high&#8212;and
projected
to
grow
considerably
more&#8212;and
with
little
desire
to
begin
another
prison
building
boom
,
Texas
must
look
to
some
new
approaches
in
public
safety
and
corrections
.
Ensure
that
released
inmates
become
productive
,
law-abiding
citizens
.
To
deter
crime
in
the
most
effective
way
possible
,
our
prisons
must
prepare
inmates
to
reintegrate
successfully
into
society
if
crime
rates
are
to
continue
to
fall
.
The
Prison
Industry
Enhancement
(
PIE
)
program
in
Texas
allows
private
industries
to
establish
joint
ventures
with
public
agencies
to
use
inmate
labor
in
producing
goods
for
entry
into
interstate
commerce
.
Inmates
participating
in
the
program
work
in
environments
that
simulate
private
workplaces&#8212;demonstrating
the
value
of
hard
work
and
teaching
marketable
skills
that
increase
their
potential
for
successful
reintegration
into
society
upon
release
.
The
PIE
program
has
proven
to
be
an
exceptional
way
to
cut
prison
costs
,
reduce
recidivism
and
reintegrate
released
felons
into
communities
.
To
ensure
adequate
prison
space
for
violent
criminals
,
explore
alternatives
to
incarceration
for
some
nonviolent
criminals
.
One
growing
and
effective
alternative
to
incarceration
are
drug
courts
which
are
special
judicial
proceedings
generally
used
only
for
nonviolent
drug
offenders
.
Typically
,
the
consequences
of
participation
in
a
drug
court
include
monitoring
by
the
judge
,
weekly
supervision
by
probation
officers
,
daily
drug
tests
,
and
treatment
sessions
.
If
participants
fail
to
comply
with
the
program
requirements
,
they
can
receive
additional
sanctions
including
more
intensive
treatment
services
,
more
frequent
urinalysis
,
community
service
,
and
incarceration
.
Expand
Texas&#8217
;
use
of
&#8220;drug
courts&#8221
;
for
nonviolent
juvenile
and
adult
offenders
.
Drug
court
treatment
programs
are
being
used
by
many
states
and
some
Texas
jurisdictions
as
a
cost-effective
alternative
to
incarceration
.
More
such
programs
in
Texas
would
give
prosecutors
another
option
for
dealing
with
drug
offenders
.
The
Internet
Age
is
a
new
frontier
,
as
surely
as
the
one
our
Texas
pioneers
carved
from
the
wilderness
.
We
are
moving
into
an
area
of
daunting
challenges
and
almost
unimaginable
opportunities
.
While
no
one
has
a
roadmap
to
the
future
,
Comptroller
Rylander
and
the
e-Texas
Commission
believe
the
recommendations
in
E-Texas
:
smaller
,
smarter
,
faster
government
can
get
us
started
in
the
right
direction
.
No
state
has
yet
fully
taken
advantage
of
the
enormous
possibilities
of
the
Internet
Age
to
fundamentally
transform
their
government
programs
and
institutions
.
But
some
state
will
be
first
,
and
it
must
be
Texas
!
Estimated
Savings
and
Revenue
Gain
in
This
Report
(
Dollars
in
millions
)
Savings/Gain
to
the
General
Revenue
Fund
Savings/Gain
to
State
Dedicated
Accounts/Funds
Change
in
FTEs
Chapter
2002-2003
Biennial
Total
Five
Year
Total
2002-2003
Biennial
Total
Five
Year
Total
2002-2003
Biennial
Total
Five
Year
Total
</text>
<text id="http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/ctrma05/chptr4.html">
CTRMA
has
a
multi-step
approval
process
for
dealing
with
contractor
and
subcontractor
invoices
.
As
Exhibit
14
shows
,
CTRMA&#8217;s
accountant
and
HNTB
review
all
subcontractor
or
vendor
invoices
.
The
invoices
then
are
sent
to
CTRMA&#8217;s
executive
director
for
review
and
approval
.
After
the
executive
director
approves
the
invoice
,
it
is
sent
to
TxDOT
for
review
and
payment
approval
.
After
TxDOT
approves
the
invoice
for
payment
,
a
warrant
is
issued
and
sent
back
to
CTRMA
for
final
approval
and
disbursement
.
CTRMA&#8217;s
invoice
submittal
and
approval
process
is
similar
to
the
process
used
by
most
governmental
entities
,
in
that
invoices
pass
through
several
different
approval
points
both
in
and
outside
the
agency
before
a
payment
is
issued
.
These
approval
points
are
critical
to
ensure
the
appropriateness
of
the
expenditure
according
to
state
law
as
well
as
agency
policy
.
Moreover
,
since
CTRMA
receives
monies
from
the
State
Highway
Fund
and
the
uses
of
those
funds
are
restricted
by
the
Texas
Constitution
,
it
is
critical
that
CTRMA
accurately
account
for
expenditures
of
funds
from
all
sources
.
Exhibit
15
shows
HNTB&#8217;s
invoice
review
and
approval
process
.
The
process
contains
11
approval
points
at
which
the
invoice
is
reviewed
and
either
approved
or
rejected
.
Since
HNTB
and
its
subcontractors
perform
much
of
CTRMA&#8217;s
work
,
HNTB
is
responsible
for
a
majority
of
the
authority&#8217;s
bills
;
these
go
through
both
approval
processes
.
A
summary
of
CTRMA&#8217;s
expenditures
through
2004
can
be
found
in
Appendix
7
.
Inappropriate
Expenditures
The
Comptroller&#8217;s
review
team
found
that
CTRMA
has
made
a
number
of
questionable
reimbursements
.
While
the
authority
is
not
subject
to
state
reimbursement
requirements
,
these
requirements
do
represent
useful
and
appropriate
guidelines
for
the
expenditure
of
public
tax
dollars
.
CTRMA
has
approved
purchases
in
travel
,
meals
and
mileage
that
would
be
considered
inappropriate
for
a
state
agency
and
,
in
some
cases
,
violate
its
own
policies
as
well
.
According
to
Chapter
370
of
the
Transportation
Code
and
Section
9
of
the
CTRMA
Bylaws
,
board
members
can
be
reimbursed
for
mileage
and
other
expenses
associated
with
the
performance
of
their
duties
as
board
members.
[
87
]
While
reimbursement
for
travel
to
and
from
board
meetings
and
other
official
functions
is
an
acceptable
practice
for
state
agency
board
members
,
many
board
member
reimbursements
paid
by
CTRMA
would
be
unacceptable
at
a
state
agency
.
According
to
the
2003
General
Appropriations
Act
,
reimbursements
for
transportation
and
incidental
expenses
incurred
by
state
board
and
commission
members
must
be
provided
at
the
same
rate
as
state
employees
.
Specifically
,
airfare
for
board
and/or
commission
members
can
be
reimbursed
at
the
levels
established
in
the
State
Travel
Management
Program
(
STMP
)
,
which
vary
by
location
and
distance
.
Mileage
costs
for
driving
by
board
or
commission
members
in
their
own
vehicles
can
be
reimbursed
at
a
maximum
of
35
cents
per
mile
.
In
addition
,
the
2003
General
Appropriations
Act
caps
in-state
meal
per
diems
for
board
members
at
$
30
per
day
and
in-state
lodging
expenses
at
no
more
than
$
80
per
day
.
(
The
act
does
allow
for
higher
reimbursements
for
legislators
,
but
even
these
are
capped
at
twice
the
amount
available
to
state
employees
,
or
$
60
per
day
for
meals
and
$
160
per
day
for
lodging.
)
[
88
]
On
January
26
,
2005
,
the
CTRMA
board
adopted
a
reimbursement
and
travel
policy
that
provides
guidelines
for
board
members
and
staff
concerning
travel
,
lodging
,
meals
and
incidental
expenses
associated
with
their
duties
as
CTRMA
representatives
.
CTRMA&#8217;s
new
travel
policy
provides
only
one
cap
for
reimbursements
:
mileage
accrued
by
CTRMA
board
members
and
staff
in
their
personal
vehicles
can
be
reimbursed
at
the
maximum
level
allowed
by
the
federal
government
.
The
policy
also
disallows
expenses
for
alcoholic
purchases
,
entertainment
(
including
hotel
movies
)
and
parking
or
traffic
tickets
.
It
also
disallows
reimbursement
for
expenses
accrued
by
spouses
or
&#8220;significant
others&#8221
;
of
CTRMA
board
members
or
staff
who
accompany
them
on
travel
.
Other
than
these
guidelines
,
the
policy
allows
board
members
and
employees
to
use
their
best
judgment
on
the
appropriateness
for
travel
expenses.
[
89
]
It
also
fails
to
address
expenses
accrued
by
CTRMA
contractors
or
subcontractors
.
In
general
,
the
new
policy
does
not
provide
for
the
type
of
accountability
one
would
expect
in
governmental
agency
dealing
with
taxpayers&#8217
;
money
.
From
January
1
,
2003
through
December
31
,
2004
,
CTRMA
reimbursed
its
chairman
a
total
of
$
11,066.30
for
CTRMA-related
expenses
.
A
majority
of
this
was
for
mileage
to
and
from
meals
and
meetings
with
various
local
and
state
officials
,
contractors
and
representatives
of
special-interest
groups
.
Occasionally
,
the
chairman
received
reimbursements
for
the
cost
of
meals
as
well
.
State
and
local
board
members
generally
are
not
reimbursed
for
such
expenditures
.
For
example
,
on
November
20
,
2003
,
the
chairman
bought
lunch
for
a
state
representative
,
the
TxDOT
Austin
District
Engineer
,
the
HNTB
project
manager
,
a
Williamson
County
Commissioner
who
would
become
the
CTRMA
executive
director
and
CTRMA&#8217;s
general
counsel
at
the
University
of
Texas
Club
,
at
a
cost
of
$
92.10
.
CTRMA
later
reimbursed
the
chairman
for
the
cost
of
the
meal
,
mileage
and
parking
,
for
a
total
cost
to
taxpayers
of
$
125.63
.
The
receipt
filed
for
reimbursement
simply
stated
&#8220;RMA
meeting.&#8221
;
CTRMA
also
has
reimbursed
the
chairman
for
administrative
work
performed
by
the
staff
of
his
own
company
.
These
totaled
more
than
$
3,000
,
at
$
19
per
hour
and
later
at
$
23.08
per
hour
,
between
August
2003
and
December
2004
.
CTRMA
did
not
have
a
contract
with
the
chairman&#8217;s
staff
to
perform
this
administrative
work
.
These
reimbursements
appear
to
have
violated
several
sections
of
the
Transportation
Code
.
Section
370.252(a)(6
)
of
the
Transportation
Code
prohibits
a
director
of
an
RMA
from
having
a
personal
interest
in
any
agreement
executed
by
the
authority
.
Section
370.252(b)(1)-(3
)
of
the
Transportation
Code
provides
that
a
person
is
ineligible
to
serve
as
a
director
of
an
RMA
if
the
person
:
(
1
)
is
employed
by
or
participates
in
the
management
of
a
business
entity
or
other
organization
that
receives
funds
from
the
RMA
;
(
2
)
directly
or
indirectly
owns
or
controls
more
than
a
10
percent
interest
in
a
business
or
other
organization
that
receives
funds
from
the
RMA
;
or
(
3
)
receives
a
substantial
amount
of
funds
from
the
RMA
.
It
is
a
ground
for
removal
of
a
director
from
an
RMA
board
if
the
director
at
the
time
of
appointment
or
at
any
time
during
the
director&#8217;s
term
is
ineligible
to
be
a
director
under
Section
370.252
of
the
Transportation
Code
.
Section
370.260(a
)
of
the
Transportation
Code
prohibits
a
director
of
an
RMA
from
contracting
with
the
RMA
or
being
directly
or
indirectly
interested
in
a
contract
with
the
RMA
.
And
Section
370.260(b
)
provides
that
a
director
who
violates
this
prohibition
is
liable
for
a
civil
penalty
to
the
RMA
in
an
amount
not
to
exceed
$
1,000
.
CTRMA
also
paid
$
2,400
for
the
chairman&#8217;s
personal
membership
in
the
Austin
Area
Research
Organization
(
AARO
)
.
According
to
its
Web
site
,
AARO
is
a
group
of
business
leaders
who
gather
to
discuss
&#8220;mutual
concerns.&#8221
;
This
membership
is
not
a
requirement
of
his
role
with
CTRMA
and
he
was
a
member
of
AARO
before
being
appointed
to
the
board
.
Interestingly
,
another
CTRMA
board
member
belongs
to
AARO
and
was
not
reimbursed
for
his
membership
fee
.
CTRMA
also
reimbursed
a
board
member
for
$
780
in
round-trip
airfare
from
New
York
City
to
Austin
.
The
board
member
asked
to
be
reimbursed
because
she
&#8220;was
on
business
and
would
have
missed
the
monthly
board
meeting
had
the
board
member
not
bought
an
additional
ticket
to
fly
to
Austin
and
return
to
New
York
to
continue
the
board
member
business.&#8221
;
[
90
]
The
Transportation
Code
does
not
specify
which
RMA
board
member
expenses
are
eligible
for
reimbursement
.
CTRMA
bylaws
,
however
,
state
that
board
members
&#8220;will
be
reimbursed
for
their
actual
expenses
of
attending
each
meeting
of
the
Board
and
for
such
other
expenses
as
may
be
reasonably
incurred
in
their
carrying
out
of
their
duties
and
functions.&#8221
;
[
91
]
The
bylaws
do
not
set
any
limits
on
such
reimbursements
,
and
the
new
reimbursement
policy
only
limits
mileage
expenses
.
CTRMA
also
paid
the
$
400
registration
fee
for
a
conference
attended
by
its
executive
director
for
which
he
registered
before
he
became
a
CTRMA
employee
.
He
registered
for
the
Institute
for
Participatory
Management
and
Planning
conference
on
November
17
,
2003
,
was
hired
on
December
5
,
2003
,
and
attended
the
conference
in
Monterey
,
California
from
January
12
to
18
,
2004
.
He
did
not
bill
CTRMA
for
his
room
or
airfare
,
but
did
bill
the
authority
for
copies
,
a
long-distance
call
,
alcoholic
drinks
,
meals
,
parking
and
taxi
fare
.
He
approved
his
own
expense
statement
(
Appendix
8
).
The
CTRMA
expense
statement
does
not
include
a
section
explaining
the
purpose
of
the
trip
.
Such
examples
may
represent
common
practice
for
executives
of
some
private
businesses
with
expense
accounts
.
These
expenses
may
represent
a
very
small
portion
of
CTRMA&#8217;s
total
expenditures
.
Such
practices
,
however
,
generally
would
be
considered
unacceptable
for
government
agency
employees
and
board
members
.
If
CTRMA
does
not
establish
policies
limiting
the
range
of
acceptable
reimbursements
and
capping
their
amounts
,
it
puts
itself
at
risk
of
approving
exorbitant
,
inappropriate
or
illegal
expenditures
.
In
addition
,
it
appears
the
policies
that
CTRMA
has
regarding
travel
and
meal
expenses
for
its
board
members
are
applied
inconsistently
.
There
have
been
several
occasions
in
which
one
board
member
has
been
reimbursed
for
an
expense
while
other
board
members
have
not
.
The
lack
of
reimbursement
caps
for
travel
,
meals
and
other
incidental
expenditures
accrued
by
CTRMA
board
members
,
staff
,
contractors
and
subcontractors
,
as
well
as
the
inconsistent
applications
of
the
limited
policies
they
do
have
,
make
it
impossible
for
the
authority
to
budget
for
these
types
of
expenditures
accurately
.
Contractor
Travel
Expenses
State
agencies
in
the
executive
branch
of
government
must
participate
in
the
Texas
Building
and
Procurement
Commission&#8217;s
(
TBPC&#8217;s
)
State
Travel
Management
Program
(
STMP
)
,
using
existing
state
contracts
for
travel
services
.
These
contracts
include
travel
agency
services
,
charge
card
services
,
rental
car
companies
,
airlines
and
hotels
.
Other
entities
such
as
cities
and
counties
,
school
districts
and
public
community
colleges
can
use
the
STMP
as
well
.
State
law
does
not
identify
RMAs
as
an
entity
eligible
to
participate
in
the
STMP
.
STMP
services
and
contracts
are
available
for
business-related
travel
for
elected
and
appointed
state
officers
;
state
agency
employees
;
prospective
employees
,
when
their
travel
is
being
paid
by
the
state
;
and
other
persons
traveling
on
behalf
of
state
agencies
when
their
travel
expenses
are
being
paid
by
the
state
in
accordance
with
guidelines
established
by
the
Comptroller&#8217;s
office
.
All
travel
made
through
the
STMP
is
reimbursable
according
to
guidelines
established
in
the
2003
General
Appropriations
Act
.
CTRMA
has
reimbursed
travel
expenses
far
in
excess
of
state
guidelines
.
One
HNTB
employee
flew
first
class
while
on
CTRMA
business
from
Austin
to
Kansas
City
at
a
one-way
cost
of
$
677.31
including
taxes
and
fees
.
The
documentation
obtained
from
the
Peña
Swayze
accounting
firm
regarding
this
travel
includes
a
handwritten
note&#8212;&#8220;flight
plans
changed
at
clients
[
sic
]
request.&#8221
;
Upgrading
from
coach-class
airfare
to
first
class
directly
conflicts
with
the
guidelines
and
expenditure
levels
established
in
the
STMP
.
This
upgrade
also
conflicts
with
HNTB&#8217;s
Employee
Policy
Memo
66
,
which
states
,
&#8220;All
employees
are
expected
to
travel
in
coach
class
with
only
one
exception
:
For
international
travel...all
charges
associated
with
upgrades
to
first
class
are
not
job
chargeable
or
overhead
chargeable
.
The
employee
will
bear
the
costs
of
upgrades.&#8221
;
Yet
HNTB
,
CTRMA
and
TxDOT
all
approved
this
reimbursement
.
Sales
Taxes
As
a
publicly
funded
entity
,
CTRMA
is
exempt
from
state
and
local
sales
and
use
taxes.
[
92
]
In
a
detailed
review
of
CTRMA
expenditures
,
the
Comptroller
review
team
found
that
the
authority
usually
exercises
its
exemption
,
but
it
has
unnecessarily
paid
sales
and
use
tax
on
a
number
of
expenditures
.
It
is
entitled
to
and
should
seek
reimbursement
for
the
sales
and
use
tax
it
has
paid
.
Human
Resources
Expenses
CTRMA
hired
and
contracted
to
pay
an
independent
consultant
$
4,000
at
$
250
per
hour
to
help
develop
a
job
description
for
the
authority&#8217;s
chief
financial
officer
(
CFO
)
position
.
The
consultant
developed
a
job
&#8220;model&#8221
;
based
upon
interviews
and
surveys
with
key
stakeholders
and
an
analysis
written
by
CTRMA&#8217;s
executive
director
.
The
consultant
described
the
characteristics
of
the
person
most
suited
for
the
CFO
role
;
appropriate
terms
for
creating
a
job
description
;
and
a
survey
to
be
used
in
evaluating
applicants
.
This
consultant
was
hired
without
competitive
bidding
,
upon
the
recommendation
of
a
friend
of
the
executive
director&#8217;s
who
has
no
formal
connection
with
the
authority.
[
93
]
According
to
Section
8.3
of
CTRMA&#8217;s
procurement
policies
,
the
executive
director
may
obtain
consulting
services
for
less
than
$
25,000
via
such
a
single-source
contract
if
he
determines
that
only
one
consultant
possesses
the
knowledge
,
competence
and
qualifications
to
provide
the
needed
services
at
a
reasonable
fee
and
within
the
time
limits
required
by
the
authority
.
Nothing
furnished
to
the
Comptroller&#8217;s
review
team
indicated
that
these
criteria
were
satisfied
.
A
glance
at
the
Austin
phone
directory
identified
13
&#8220;Human
Resource
Consultants,&#8221
;
21
&#8220;Employment
Consultants&#8221
;
and
82
&#8220;Executive
Search
Consultants.&#8221
;
Neither
the
consultant
nor
her
company
,
&#8220;Between
the
Lines,&#8221
;
is
listed
in
the
directory
.
Food
and
Beverage
Expenses
Employees
and
contractors
of
CTRMA
often
are
reimbursed
for
meals
and
beverages
that
would
be
considered
unjustified
by
both
state
and
local
government
agencies
.
While
the
amounts
involved
are
negligible
in
terms
of
the
overall
budget
,
these
incidents&#8212;and
the
fact
that
they
were
approved
for
reimbursement&#8212;demonstrate
a
lack
of
appropriate
oversight
over
the
expenditure
of
tax
dollars
by
both
CTRMA
and
TxDOT
.
For
example
,
CTRMA&#8217;s
executive
director
received
reimbursement
for
alcoholic
beverages
purchased
in
Monterey
,
California
.
Other
reimbursements
cover
beer
purchased
by
contractors
.
When
asked
about
reimbursement
for
alcoholic
beverages
,
CTRMA
told
the
Comptroller
review
team
that
its
policy
does
not
allow
such
purchases.
[
94
]
Another
difference
between
CTRMA
and
government
practice
is
the
reimbursement
of
in-town
meals
.
State
guidelines
reimburse
employees
only
for
meals
taken
out
of
town
when
on
government
business
,
and
only
on
a
per
diem
basis
.
CTRMA
staff
,
board
members
and
contractors
,
however
,
commonly
receive
reimbursement
for
meals
while
in
town
.
As
noted
earlier
,
CTRMA
has
reimbursed
its
board
chairman
and
its
executive
director
for
meals
in
both
Williamson
and
Travis
counties
.
CTRMA
also
has
reimbursed
an
employee
of
HDR
,
a
subcontractor
for
HNTB
,
for
meals
with
temporary
HNTB
employees
.
Some
of
the
executive
director&#8217;s
meals
reimbursed
by
CTRMA
were
taken
with
CTRMA
board
members
,
county
commissioners
,
TxDOT
officials
,
CTRMA&#8217;s
general
counsel
,
Pete
Peters
of
The
Communicators
(
an
HNTB
subcontractor
)
,
Trey
Salinas
of
Martin
&
Salinas
(
an
HNTB
subcontractor
)
and
CTRMA
contractor
Everett
Owen
.
On
September
30
,
2003
HNTB
held
a
&#8220;CTRMA
Kick-off&#8221
;
event
,
billed
to
and
paid
for
by
CTRMA
,
at
the
Omni
Austin
Hotel
South
for
new
subcontractors
,
at
a
cost
of
$
309.90
.
The
CTRMA
Planning
Committee
met
on
April
23
,
2004
.
As
part
of
the
meeting
,
lunch
was
served
at
a
cost
of
$
219.64
for
four
CTRMA
board
members
,
CTRMA
staff
and
contractors
.
The
cost
of
the
lunch
was
billed
through
Locke
Liddell
&
Sapp
.
More
Guidelines
,
Employees
Needed
CTRMA
hired
a
professional
engineer
experienced
in
transportation
matters
to
review
HNTB
documents
and
billings
.
When
questioned
about
CTRMA
expenditures
,
he
said
he
was
concerned
about
some
HNTB
purchases
and
travel
billings
.
In
addition
,
he
said
he
thought
CTRMA
could
have
negotiated
a
better
deal
for
the
GEC
contract
and
that
the
15
percent
profit-margin
clause
in
the
GEC
contract
is
probably
too
high
.
He
indicated
that
while
the
15
percent
profit
margin
is
within
a
generally
accepted
profit
margin
of
10
to
15
percent
for
GEC
services
,
it
could
have
been
negotiated
for
a
figure
closer
to
10
percent
.
Unfortunately
,
at
the
time
of
the
negotiation
,
CTRMA
had
no
staff
.
He
indicated
that
CTRMA
should
have
hired
an
in-house
general
counsel
with
contract
negotiation
experience
before
it
sought
its
GEC
contractor.
[
95
]
He
also
thought
the
authority
needed
more
formal
,
written
policy
guidelines
regarding
HNTB&#8217;s
work
,
and
stated
that
some
functions
could
be
performed
more
cost-effectively
by
CTRMA
employees
rather
than
by
HNTB
.
As
noted
in
Chapter
2
,
he
also
stated
that
CTRMA
should
have
hired
staff
more
quickly
to
allow
it
to
evaluate
HNTB&#8217;s
work
effectively.
[
96
]
In
October
2004
,
CTRMA&#8217;s
executive
director
told
the
Comptroller
review
team
that
he
expected
to
hire
more
staff
over
the
following
year.
[
97
]
On
November
29
,
2004
,
CTRMA&#8217;s
chief
financial
officer
(
CFO
)
began
working
full-time
for
the
authority
.
In
February
2005
,
CTRMA
hired
a
director
of
operations
and
a
communications
director
.
Public
Relations
Of
$
16.5
million
in
work
authorized
by
CTRMA
thus
far
,
$
2
million
has
been
approved
for
public
relations
contracts
.
At
least
12
firms
are
providing
public
involvement
and
public
relations
work
.
CTRMA
may
need
some
survey
and
market
research
related
to
toll
tags
and
toll
rates
,
and
gathering
public
input
is
critical
,
but
its
spending
on
public
outreach
in
parts
of
Travis
County
far
removed
from
the
path
of
its
only
project
,
US
183-A
,
raises
questions
.
When
asked
why
it
was
spending
money
for
public
outreach
in
Southwest
and
East
Austin
,
miles
away
from
any
impact
US
183-A
may
have
,
CTRMA
responded
that
such
spending
was
legitimate
because
US
183-A
is
part
of
a
larger
transportation
program
,
and
that
the
amount
of
funding
TxDOT
would
provide
for
US
183-A
depended
upon
CAMPO&#8217;s
approval
of
the
overall
program
.
CTRMA
also
noted
that
such
public
outreach
spending
was
&#8220;encouraged
by
several
CAMPO
board
members.&#8221
;
[
98
]
CAMPO
,
however
,
has
already
approved
the
plan
;
TxDOT
has
committed
toll
equity
funding
;
and
CTRMA
continues
to
spend
on
public
outreach
.
Furthermore
,
TxDOT
is
building
all
roads
in
the
plan
aside
from
US
183-A
,
and
thus
TxDOT
would
seem
to
be
the
entity
that
should
take
responsibility
for
public
outreach
in
the
areas
of
Travis
County
where
their
construction
projects
will
have
the
greatest
impact
.
As
discussed
in
Chapter
2
,
CTRMA
controls
work
and
compensation
through
the
use
of
work
authorizations
(
WAs
)
.
Each
WA
is
dated
and
numbered
and
approved
by
board
resolution
.
The
first
&#8220;Public
Involvement
Services
for
183-A&#8221
;
(
Board
Resolution
03-46,WA
3.3
)
specifically
included
reference
to
a
grant
of
$
12.7
million
from
TxDOT
and
tasked
HNTB
with
performing
various
public
involvement
activities
within
12
months
at
a
cost
of
no
more
than
$
350,000
.
The
scope
of
services
was
defined
as
&#8220;Public
Involvement
Services...for
the
development
of
US
183-A
from
SH
45
at
US
183
to
a
connection
with
US
183
,
north
of
Leander
,
a
distance
of
approximately
11
miles.&#8221
;
[
99
]
On
September
29
,
2004
the
CTRMA
board
extended
and
expanded
&#8220;Public
Involvement
Services
for
183-A.&#8221
;
Board
Resolution
No.
04-44
extended
Work
Authorization
3.3
for
12
additional
months
and
compensation
not
to
exceed
$
744,630&#8212;a
113
percent
increase
from
the
first
year&#8217;s
work
.
The
scope
of
work
was
defined
as
&#8220;Public
Involvement
Services
associated
with
the
development
of
the
US
183-A
Turnpike.&#8221
;
[
100
]
On
March
31
,
2004
,
the
board
approved
Resolution
04-10
,
adding
more
than
$
156,000
to
public
involvement
and
marketing
efforts
regarding
electronic
toll
tags.
[
101
]
Resolution
No.
04-48
,
approved
on
September
29
,
2004
,
authorized
$
750,000
in
payments
to
TateAustin
,
an
Austin-based
public
relations
firm
,
for
marketing
efforts
over
the
next
two
years.
[
102
]
Compensation
authorized
through
2006
for
public
relations
and
public
involvement
totals
$
2,000,875
.
Exhibit
16
indicates
the
amounts
that
have
been
authorized
for
public
involvement
and
public
information
work
.
EXHIBIT
16
CTRMA
Public
Involvement/Information
Authorizations
Board
Resolution
Number
Date
Amount
Authorized
Source
Service
03-46
9/24/03
$
350,000
GEC
WA
3.3
Public
involvement
services
for
US
183-A
04-10
3/31/04
$
156,245
GEC
WA
3.5
Public
involvement
and
marketing
for
toll
tags
04-44
9/29/04
$
744,630
GEC
WA
3.3
Supplement
1
Public
involvement
services
for
US
183-A
04-48
9/29/04
$
750,000
Resolution
to
retain
TateAustin
Marketing
plan
,
advise
on
public
information
Total
$
2,000,875
Source
:
Central
Texas
Regional
Mobility
Authority
.
Political
Advocacy
Chapter
556
of
the
Texas
Government
Code
forbids
governmental
agencies
from
engaging
in
lobbying.
[
103
]
In
a
November
2003
status
report
,
however
,
HNTB
subcontractor
Amos
&#8220;Pete&#8221
;
Peters
stated
that
&#8220;elected
officials
have
been
shored-up
and
alliances
have
been
formed
to
see
the
HWY
183-A
through
to
completion.&#8221
;
In
addition
,
an
April
15
,
2004
memo
from
Don
Martin
of
Martin
&
Salinas
,
a
public
relations
firm
contracting
with
HNTB
,
to
TxDOT&#8217;s
Austin
District
Engineer
and
CTRMA&#8217;s
executive
director
concerned
what
Martin
referred
to
as
&#8220;the
appropriate
time
to
move
into
&#8216;campaign
mode&#8217
;
with
the
toll
efforts.&#8221
;
In
that
memo
,
Martin
discussed
examples
of
previous
efforts
and
proposed
establishing
a
private
citizen&#8217;s
group
to
raise
money
and
run
the
campaign
,
separate
from
the
public
education
efforts
authorized
and
funded
through
CTRMA
.
Martin&#8217;s
proposal
included
participation
by
some
groups
already
contracting
with
CTRMA
,
such
as
Adelante
Solutions
,
Martin
&
Salinas
and
Peters.
[
104
]
A
copy
of
this
memo
can
be
found
in
Appendix
9
.
CTRMA&#8217;s
executive
director
appears
to
be
aware
that
governmental
agencies
are
prohibited
from
lobbying
,
because
he
responded
to
the
Martin
memo
with
an
April
21
,
2004
letter
stating
that
:
...as
you
note
in
your
memo
,
it
is
essential
that
any
&#8216;advocacy
efforts&#8217
;
be
separate
and
distinct
from
the
educational
efforts
which
may
be
undertaken
by
CTRMA
.
CTRMA
cannot
and
will
not
,
engage
in
advocacy
efforts
.
All
public
relations
efforts
on
behalf
of
CTRMA
will
be
educational
in
nature.
[
105
]
Yet
the
public
may
have
difficulty
distinguishing
and
separating
the
roles
of
these
contractors
.
For
example
,
the
Citizens
for
Mobility
Web
site
lists
Don
Martin
of
Martin
&
Salinas
as
its
&#8220;media
relations&#8221
;
coordinator
.
Citizens
for
Mobility
,
according
to
its
Web
site
,
is
a
&#8220;privately
funded
committee
formed
to
support
the
recently
proposed
toll
road
funding
initiative.&#8221
;
[
106
]
Thus
Don
Martin
,
who
,
according
to
the
Martin
&
Salinas
Web
site
,
is
a
Central
Texas
real
estate
developer
,
is
under
contract
to
perform
public
relations
work
for
CTRMA&#8217;s
general
engineering
consultant
,
while
at
the
same
time
working
for
groups
actively
trying
to
build
public
and
political
support
for
CTRMA&#8217;s
plan.
[
107
]
Furthermore
,
CTRMA
has
hired
Adelante
Solutions
,
an
&#8220;entity&#8221
;
of
Martin
&
Salinas
,
to
answer
public
inquires
it
receives
.
In
other
words
,
a
public
relations
firm
owned
in
part
by
a
developer
who
has
a
vested
interest
in
seeing
US
183-A
and
other
road
projects
completed
,
is
responding
to
questions
posed
to
CTRMA
by
members
of
the
public.
[
108
]
The
letter
from
CTRMA&#8217;s
executive
director
cited
above
recognized
the
need
to
separate
the
authority&#8217;s
public
outreach
and
education
efforts
from
political
advocacy
.
CTRMA&#8217;s
reliance
on
contracted
public
relations
firms
engaged
in
parallel
public
advocacy
efforts
,
however
,
makes
it
difficult
to
ensure
that
its
money
is
not
spent
on
political
advocacy
.
CTRMA
only
recently
hired
a
public
information
officer
.
CTRMA
has
relied
on
outside
contractors
for
guidance
concerning
how
much
to
spend
on
public
relations
and
what
to
spend
it
on
.
Recommendations
20
.
State
law
should
be
amended
to
require
RMAs
to
follow
the
restrictions
detailed
in
Article
IX
of
the
state
General
Appropriations
Act
concerning
the
reimbursement
of
staff
and
board
member
expenses
.
State
law
should
be
amended
to
allow
RMAs
to
participate
in
the
State
Travel
Management
Program
(
STMP
)
.
RMAs
should
adopt
spending
policies
that
reflect
the
organizations&#8217
;
use
of
public
funds
and
should
limit
reimbursements
to
expenses
directly
related
to
RMA
board
meetings
and
other
official
business
.
As
part
of
these
policies
,
RMAs
should
establish
rules
requiring
a
written
contract
or
memorandum
of
understanding
between
any
board
member
and
the
RMA
before
the
authority
can
reimburse
the
member
for
any
work
,
including
administrative
and
clerical
work
,
performed
by
a
business
in
which
he
or
she
has
any
financial
interest
.
If
state
law
allows
,
CTRMA
should
participate
in
the
STMP
.
21
.
CTRMA
should
seek
a
refund
of
all
sales
and
use
taxes
charged
to
it
for
purchases
it
has
made
.
CTRMA
is
a
tax-exempt
governmental
agency
and
should
declare
its
exempt
status
.
CTRMA
should
have
its
new
CFO
examine
its
purchases
and
retroactively
seek
refund
of
any
sales
and
use
tax
it
has
paid
.
22
.
CTRMA
and
other
RMAs
should
assume
responsibility
and
be
held
accountable
for
ensuring
that
all
expenses
submitted
for
reimbursement
are
appropriate
.
CTRMA
and
TxDOT
have
approved
questionable
expenses
,
including
some
that
would
violate
state
law
if
the
RMA
were
a
state
agency
,
and
some
that
violate
the
authority&#8217;s
own
policies
as
well
.
TxDOT
,
under
the
guidance
of
the
Texas
Transportation
Commission
,
has
granted
a
great
deal
of
local
control
to
RMAs
.
It
is
important
,
therefore
,
that
CTRMA
ensure
that
all
of
its
expenditures
are
appropriate
.
CTRMA
should
make
its
in-house
staff
responsible
and
accountable
for
ensuring
that
only
legal
and
appropriate
expenses
are
reimbursed
.
CTRMA
should
give
its
new
CFO
or
his
designee
the
responsibility
for
reviewing
and
approving
all
requests
for
reimbursement
from
CTRMA
staff
,
board
members
,
contractors
and
subcontractors
.
23
.
CTRMA
and
other
RMAs
should
employ
an
in-house
general
counsel
to
ensure
that
the
taxpayers&#8217
;
best
interests
are
protected
.
According
to
one
of
CTRMA&#8217;s
consultants
,
the
authority
might
have
negotiated
a
better
deal
for
GEC
services
had
it
had
an
in-house
general
counsel
with
contract
negotiation
experience
looking
out
for
its
interests
.
24
.
CTRMA
should
not
reimburse
contractors
for
food
,
entertainment
,
meetings
or
social
functions
without
previous
approval
by
the
CTRMA
executive
director
,
who
must
justify
the
cost
of
the
event
.
25
.
CTRMA
and
other
RMAs
should
limit
public
relations
and
public
information
contracts
to
projects
directly
under
their
authority
.
US
183-A
is
the
only
road
for
which
CTRMA
is
responsible
at
present
.
CAMPO
is
responsible
for
planning
the
region&#8217;s
mobility
projects
and
TxDOT
approves
them
.
The
authority
worked
with
TxDOT
to
create
the
current
plan
for
Central
Texas
,
but
it
is
not
responsible
for
the
construction
of
any
road
other
than
US
183-A
at
this
time
,
and
should
dedicate
any
public
information
spending
to
that
project
.
26
.
Shortly
after
their
formation
,
RMAs
should
employ
public
information
officers
to
limit
their
dependence
on
public
relations
contractors
.
CTRMA&#8217;s
recently
hired
communications
director
should
help
the
authority
prioritize
its
public
relations
spending
and
reply
to
questions
received
from
the
public
.
27
.
State
law
should
be
amended
to
prohibit
RMAs
from
contracting
for
public
relations
or
public
involvement
services
with
any
entity
engaged
in
transportation-related
advocacy
efforts
.
RMAs
should
establish
clear
policies
prohibiting
any
public
relations
or
public
outreach
contractor
or
subcontractor
from
working
on
political
advocacy
efforts
connected
with
their
projects
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/hcc2003/section3/3study.html
">
Texas
Health
Care
Claims
Study
March
2003
Section
III
.
State
Employees
Workersâ
Compensation
Study
State
Employees
Workers&#8217
;
Compensation
Health
Care
Claims
Study
Purpose
The
Comptroller
's
study
measured
the
incidence
of
potential
overpayments
,
including
occurrences
of
fraud
and
abuse
in
the
Texas
State
Employees
Workers&#8217
;
Compensation
program
.
An
overpayment
is
a
payment
for
a
service
that
does
not
follow
or
exceeds
the
published
rules
or
guidelines
of
the
Texas
State
Employees
Workers&#8217
;
Compensation
Commission
.
The
Texas
Workers&#8217
;
Compensation
Commission
considers
it
fraud
when
a
person
knowingly
or
intentionally
conceals
,
misrepresents
and
makes
a
false
statement
to
either
deny
or
obtain
workers&#8217
;
compensation
benefits
or
insurance
coverage
,
or
otherwise
profit
from
the
deceit
.
Either
the
claimant
or
the
provider
can
commit
fraud.
[
16
]
The
last
three
studies
performed
by
the
Comptroller
's
office
show
that
the
majority
of
overpayments
are
not
due
to
intentional
fraud
.
The
overpayments
are
due
to
SORM&#8217;s
payment
of
services
that
exceed
the
TWCC
treatment
guidelines
,
specifically
paying
for
over-utilized
services
.
For
example
,
some
services
occurred
three
or
more
years
after
minor
injuries
.
In
some
of
these
instances
,
provider
and
possibly
claimant
abuse
is
apparent
.
In
the
future
,
these
overpayments
may
be
easier
to
control
with
the
implementation
of
the
new
TWCC
treatment
criteria
and
fee
guidelines
.
A
table
comparing
this
study
with
studies
from1998
and
2001
is
in
Appendix
C.3
.
State
Employees
Workers&#8217
;
Compensation
Sample
Sample
Selection
As
in
the
last
two
studies
,
the
state
employees
workers&#8217
;
compensation
study
sample
was
selected
using
Statistical
Application
Sampler
(
SAS
)
software
.
The
sample
consisted
of
200
claimants
with
paid
medical
bills
from
September
1
,
2001
through
November
30
,
2001
.
As
in
the
Medicaid
Fee-for-Service
(
FFS
)
study
,
the
medical
bills
were
selected
based
on
a
sample
date
within
the
sample
timeframe
.
All
related
bills
on
the
sample
date
for
the
claimant
were
included
in
the
sample
.
At
the
same
time
the
sample
was
selected
,
a
reserve
sample
was
selected
using
the
same
SAS
application
and
selection
process
.
This
selection
was
performed
in
January
2002
.
Following
the
selection
process
,
the
sample
was
separated
into
three
of
the
four
categories
used
in
the
December
1998
and
January
2001
studies
,
using
the
bill
type
:
hospital
,
medical
and
pharmacy
.
In
the
January
2001
study
,
the
fourth
bill
type
,
miscellaneous
,
consisted
of
transportation
reimbursements
made
directly
to
the
claimant
for
traveling
to
and
from
health
care
visits
.
Claimants
with
only
this
type
of
bills
were
excluded
from
sample
selection
in
the
2002
study
.
Table
III-3
illustrates
the
distribution
for
the
January
2003
study
sample
.
Table
III-3
:
State
Employees
Workers
'
Compensation
Sample
Distribution
Categories
Number
of
Sample
Days
(
Claimants
)
Number
of
Sample
Bills
Amount
Paid
for
Sample
Bills
Number
of
SORM
Bills
for
9/1/01
-
11/31/01
Amount
Paid
for
SORM
Bills
for
9/1/01
-
11/31/01
Hospital
4
19
$
3,174
3,166
$
2,717,918
Medical
155
625
$
39,358
30,753
$
5,192,985
Pharmacy
41
740
$
5,473
11,190
$
1,238,552
Miscellaneous
0
0
$
0
703
$
100,693
Totals
200
1,384
$
48,004*
45,812
$
9,250,148
*Totals
may
not
add
due
to
rounding
,
actual
amount
equals
$
48,004.37
Since
each
worker&#8217;s
claim
is
unique
to
a
specific
injury
or
illness
,
the
200
sample
days
for
the
200
claimants
also
represented
200
unique
injury
claims
.
State
Employees
Workers&#8217
;
Compensation
Review
Methods
The
same
three
review
methods
were
used
in
this
study
as
in
the
last
two
studies
:
claimant
telephone
interviews
,
online
claim
reviews
and
medical
record
reviews
.
In
this
study
,
the
project
team
was
able
to
secure
all
but
a
few
of
the
medical
records
for
the
services
in
the
sample
.
This
resulted
in
a
significant
improvement
in
identifying
inappropriate
treatment
and
over-utilization
of
services
from
the
previous
two
studies
.
The
tools
used
are
included
in
Appendices
C.4
through
C.8
.
Claimant
Telephone
Interview
The
purpose
of
the
claimant
interview
was
to
validate
the
health
care
service
information
on
the
bill
paid
by
SORM
.
The
interview
tested
whether
the
individual
recalled
receiving
services
from
the
provider
who
submitted
the
bills
,
whether
these
services
were
provided
on
the
sample
day
and
whether
the
individual
could
remember
receiving
all
the
services
on
the
bill
.
Prior
to
performing
these
interviews
,
the
Comptroller
's
office
sent
notification
letters
,
developed
with
SORM
,
to
the
claimants
to
inform
them
of
the
study
and
telephone
interview
.
An
example
of
this
letter
is
in
Appendix
C.4
.
The
same
telephone
questionnaire
used
in
the
December
1998
and
January
2001
studies
was
used
.
The
telephone
interview
consists
of
13
sections
.
During
the
interview
,
each
individual
was
asked
questions
from
a
minimum
of
two
sections
:
the
demographic
information
section
and
the
section
that
corresponded
to
the
type
of
health
care
service
provided
on
the
sample
day
.
If
there
were
multiple
services
on
the
sample
day
,
the
individual
was
asked
questions
from
each
section
that
applied
.
The
interview
sections
were
:
Demographic
information
Outpatient
mental
health
Physician
visit
Emergency
room
visit
Dental
visit
Prescription
drugs
Visit
to
other
health
care
professional
Laboratory
and/or
Radiology
Inpatient
hospital
stay
Transportation
Outpatient
hospital
visit/Clinic
visit
Home
health
Medical
supply/Durable
medical
equipment
All
individuals
administering
the
interview
were
experienced
interviewers
,
and
each
was
given
specific
instructions
for
this
study
before
its
initiation
.
Confidentiality
was
stressed
during
orientation
,
and
each
interviewer
signed
a
statement
of
confidentiality
.
Information
sheets
were
provided
to
interviewers
when
they
were
scheduled
to
conduct
interviews
,
and
were
returned
to
a
supervisor
at
the
close
of
the
interview
session
.
The
supervisor
monitored
and
tallied
all
information
sheets
,
and
filed
them
in
binders
.
Up
to
10
attempts
were
made
for
each
contact
.
The
interviews
were
conducted
in
English
and
Spanish
as
necessary
.
Interviewers
recorded
responses
into
an
electronic
database
,
which
made
it
easier
to
compile
and
analyze
results
.
The
English
version
of
the
claimant
interview
is
in
Appendix
C.5
.
Claimants
were
not
required
to
participate
in
the
interviews
and
they
were
allowed
to
end
the
interview
at
any
point
.
If
a
claimant
responded
that
they
could
not
remember
a
service
,
the
interview
was
continued
by
skipping
to
the
next
section
appropriate
for
the
health
care
service
billed
by
the
provider
.
The
interviewers
used
the
claimant&#8217;s
Social
Security
Number
to
verify
the
claimant&#8217;s
identity
.
The
interview
tool
provided
three
opportunities
for
the
claimant
to
remember
receiving
the
service
:
the
claimant
was
asked
if
they
went
to
a
doctor
(
hospital
,
etc.
)
in
the
sample
month
;
the
claimant
was
asked
if
they
visited
a
doctor
or
received
a
service
on
the
sample
day
;
and
the
claimant
was
asked
if
they
saw
the
provider
on
the
sample
day
.
Some
problems
were
encountered
during
this
survey
.
Many
phone
numbers
had
been
disconnected
or
had
been
changed
,
and
many
of
the
people
surveyed
could
not
remember
the
services
they
had
received
four
to
10
months
earlier
.
Table
III-4
shows
the
difference
between
the
number
of
claimants
in
the
sample
and
the
number
of
available
telephone
numbers
and
completed
calls
.
Table
III-4
:
Telephone
Survey
Study
Categories
Number
of
Sample
Claimants
Number
of
Claimants
with
Telephone
Numbers
Number
of
Completed
Claimant
Interviews
Hospital
4
2
2
Medical
155
116
111
Pharmacy
41
29
27
Totals
200
147
140
Table
III-5
shows
a
more
detailed
breakdown
of
the
telephone
contact
information
for
this
study
.
The
&#8220;refusals&#8221
;
listed
are
claimants
who
declined
an
interview
.
Table
III-5
:
Telephone
Contact
Information
Study
Categories
Hospital
Medical
Pharmacy
Totals
Completed
Interviews
2
111
27
140
Refusals
0
5
2
7
Disconnected
or
wrong
telephone
numbers
2
30
11
43
No
phone
or
phone
number
0
3
0
3
No
answer
or
unable
to
contact
at
number
given
0
6
1
7
Totals
4
155
41
200
No
phone
calls
were
made
after
August
2002
.
Because
it
is
difficult
to
contact
claimants
so
long
after
they
receive
medical
services
,
the
results
of
the
survey
were
not
used
to
determine
when
overpayments
were
made
.
For
this
reason
also
,
phone
surveys
will
not
be
used
in
future
studies
on
this
topic
.
Online
Claim
Review
Because
the
workers&#8217
;
compensation
program
has
specific
rules
and
guidelines
,
the
criteria
for
selecting
the
review
consultant
required
knowledge
of
the
Texas
Workers&#8217
;
Compensation
program
.
This
consultant
performed
both
the
online
claim
and
medical
record
reviews
.
The
consultant
and
a
Comptroller
project
team
member
reviewed
all
the
injury
claims
and
associated
medical
bills
for
the
sample
claimants
using
the
SORM
claim
processing
database
.
The
injury
claim
and
all
case
notes
from
the
adjusters
and
case
managers
were
reviewed
along
with
all
the
medical
bills
for
the
claim
.
These
case
notes
provided
information
on
surgery
dates
,
treatments
and
return-to-work
plans
in
addition
to
each
adjuster&#8217;s
notes
that
included
decisions
,
service
denials
or
statements
of
controversion
on
a
claimant&#8217;s
medical
treatment
.
One
of
the
observations
made
during
this
review
was
time
gaps
between
the
case
notes
and
the
actual
medical
events
,
even
though
medical
bills
for
surgery
and
treatments
were
submitted
and
paid
.
In
some
claims
,
SORM
was
paying
medical
bills
on
claimants
several
months
and
even
years
after
the
last
case
note
entry
.
One
claimant
was
receiving
prescriptions
in
2002
for
an
injury
that
occurred
in
1994
,
when
the
last
case
note
was
from
1997
.
Medical
Record
Review
In
July
2000
,
TWCC
modified
its
treatment
guidelines
.
One
of
the
modifications
allows
workers&#8217
;
compensation
carriers
to
request
medical
records
for
conducting
retrospective
reviews.
[
17
]
With
this
change
the
Comptroller
's
office
was
able
to
request
medical
records
for
the
sample
services
.
Only
a
small
number
of
records
had
to
be
requested
because
the
majority
of
sample
services
had
the
medical
record
documentation
submitted
by
the
provider
at
the
same
time
as
the
bill
.
This
allowed
the
team
to
validate
that
the
service
was
provided
and
was
medically
necessary
.
For
the
records
that
were
requested
,
a
provider
request
letter
was
developed
with
SORM
.
An
example
of
this
request
letter
is
in
Appendix
C.6
.
Medical
Record
Review
Criteria
The
review
contractor
,
a
professional
nurse
with
expertise
in
the
Texas
Workers&#8217
;
Compensation
program
,
reviewed
all
the
medical
records
for
the
study
sample
.
A
standardized
review
worksheet
was
used
during
the
reviews
.
An
example
of
this
worksheet
is
in
Appendix
C.7
.
A
peer
physician
with
knowledge
and
experience
of
the
worker&#8217;s
compensation
treatment
and
fee
guidelines
reviewed
medical
services
with
questionable
medical
necessity
.
The
review
criteria
for
designating
potential
overpayments
were
based
on
the
TWCC
treatment
and
fee
guidelines
in
effect
for
the
sample
dates
of
service
,
September
2001
through
November
30
,
2001
.
These
guidelines
serve
as
the
Texas
Workers&#8217
;
Compensation
program
policy
and
procedure
manual
for
all
the
insurance
carriers
and
for
appropriate
program
payments
and
were
considered
the
industry
standard
until
H.B.
2600
was
implemented
.
The
TWCC
Treatment
Guidelines
identify
the
normal
course
of
treatment
for
injured
or
ill
workers
,
clarifying
services
that
are
reasonable
and
medically
necessary
for
operative
and
non-operative
care
specific
to
the
injury
or
illness
for
these
physical
areas
:
spinal
treatment
by
a
physician
(
M.D.
)
,
spinal
treatment
by
a
chiropractor
(
D.C.
)
,
spine
treatment
testing
,
and
the
upper
(
arm
)
and
lower
(
leg
)
extremities
.
The
guidelines
specify
treatment
according
to
the
level
of
service
performed
:
primary
,
secondary
and
tertiary
.
Table
III-6
provides
an
example
of
these
treatment
levels.
[
18
]
Table
III-6
:
Example
of
Levels
of
Treatment
for
the
Texas
Workers
'
Compensation
Program
for
Spine
Treatment
by
a
Physician
Level
of
Treatment
Duration
of
Time
Goal
of
Treatment
Primary
0-8
Weeks
Control
of
the
injured
worker
's
symptoms
to
aid
rapid
recovery
and
the
claimant
's
re-turn
to
work
.
Secondary
0-8
Weeks
Preventing
progressive
physical
deterioration
and
appearance
of
psychosocial
barriers
to
return
to
work
with
an
improvement
process
to
restore
the
claimant
's
health
condition
,
generally
associated
with
care
immediately
following
an
acute
injury
or
surgery
.
Tertiary
0-6
Weeks
The
final
phase
of
medical
,
therapeutic
or
post
surgery
treatment
for
severe
injury
cases
,
with
the
goal
of
giving
injured
workers
an
opportunity
for
participating
actively
in
pro-grams
designed
to
achieve
their
Maximum
Medical
Improvement
.
Total
0-22
Weeks
Source
:
Texas
Workers
'
Compensation
Commission
.
When
evaluating
the
medical
necessity
of
a
service
,
these
treatment
time
duration
guidelines
are
applied
cumulatively
.
For
example
,
primary
care
may
take
only
four
weeks
or
evolve
to
the
secondary
level
that
requires
a
full
eight
weeks
of
treatment
.
This
would
result
in
a
cumulative
total
of
12
weeks
of
treatment
for
the
injured
or
ill
worker
to
be
able
to
return
to
work
.
When
applying
these
guidelines
to
determine
a
discrepancy
,
the
reviewers
used
the
maximum
cumulative
total
of
22
weeks
to
indicate
that
a
sample
service
exceeded
the
treatment
guideline
.
The
review
criteria
was
classified
into
distinct
types
of
potential
errors
and
listed
in
a
State
Employees
Workers
'
Compensation
Discrepancy
Error
Code
Table
.
An
example
of
this
table
is
in
Appendix
C.8
.
State
Employees
Workers&#8217
;
Compensation
Review
Findings
Of
the
three
review
types
,
the
medical
record
reviews
proved
to
be
the
most
useful
in
uncovering
discrepancies
in
payments
.
The
online
claim
reviews
identified
internal
procedure
issues
,
particularly
in
case
management
,
timely
information
on
claimant&#8217;s
treatments
and
monitoring
the
necessity
of
long-term
treatment
.
Telephone
interviews
proved
to
be
the
most
costly
review
method
and
yielded
the
least
useful
information
.
An
overview
of
the
findings
from
each
review
is
summarized
below
.
Claimant
Telephone
Interview
Results
The
difficulty
in
contacting
the
claimants
four
to
11
months
after
the
services
occurred
made
recall
and
service
confirmation
a
significant
issue
.
Out
of
200
sample
claimants
,
140
(
70
percent
)
were
successfully
interviewed
.
Out
of
these
interviews
,
35
could
not
remember
if
they
had
the
service
.
Thirteen
claimants
said
they
did
not
receive
the
services
paid
for
by
SORM
.
Six
of
these
claimants
had
prescription
services
.
Most
of
them
responded
that
they
had
received
the
service
during
the
month
of
the
sample
date
but
not
on
the
sample
date
.
These
claimants
have
been
referred
to
SORM
for
further
investigation
and
possible
action
.
Table
III-7
identifies
the
telephone
interview
findings
for
each
of
the
health
care
services
.
Table
III-7
:
State
Employees
WorkersÃÂ
Compensation
Completed
Telephone
Interviews
Workers
'
Compensation
Healthcare
Services
Number
of
Claimants
Unsure
or
Did
Not
Remember
Number
of
Claimants
Stating
Service
Not
Received
Totals
Physician
Visit
0
0
0
Other
Health
Care
Professional
14
1
15
Inpatient
Hospital
Visit
1
0
1
Outpatient
Hospital/Clinic
10
3
13
Prescription
Drugs
9
6
15
Ancillary
Services
0
2
2
Medical
Supplies/Durable
Medical
Equipment
0
1
1
Home
Health
1
0
1
Totals
35
13
48
Online
Claim
Review
Results
In
the
majority
of
the
sample
claims
,
the
information
on
the
claimant&#8217;s
treatment
plan
,
progress
and
healthcare
status
was
detailed
and
was
entered
into
the
computer
system
as
soon
as
an
event
took
place
.
There
were
discrepancies
in
eight
cases
related
to
time
gaps
of
claimant
information
into
the
SORM
claim
system
.
Seven
of
these
cases
had
periods
of
no
claim
or
medical
treatment
information
in
their
files
.
These
cases
were
missing
information
between
two
months
to
five
years
from
the
system
file&#8217;s
last
dated
entry
and
the
most
recent
paid
medical
bill
.
In
one
case
the
claimant
has
been
receiving
electrical
nerve
stimulator
supplies
each
month
for
two
years
without
any
physician
visits
or
therapist
supervision
.
Another
of
these
cases
with
poor
documentation
involved
a
claimant
who
had
had
two
surgical
procedures
that
had
not
been
recorded
.
The
other
documentation
case
had
an
injury
claim
closed
by
the
adjuster
on
August
31
,
2001
,
though
prescription
bills
were
still
submitted
and
paid
after
October
30
,
2001
.
The
SORM
Claims
Operations
department
is
addressing
these
cases
.
The
Medical
Management
Teams
will
be
responsible
for
reviewing
all
injury
claims
with
extended
or
excessive
health
care
services
such
as
those
cited
above
and
ensuring
well-timed
documentation
and
appropriate
case
management
.
Medical
Record
Review
Results
Out
of
1,384
medical
services
provided
,
162
had
discrepancies
.
The
majority
of
the
discrepancies
were
for
services
that
did
not
have
fees
that
matched
the
TWCC
Medical
Fee
Guideline
.
Another
common
problem
was
a
lack
of
sufficient
documentation
for
verifying
a
service
or
the
medical
necessity
of
a
service
.
Table
III-8
shows
the
distribution
of
the
errors
found
in
the
study
.
Table
III-8
:
Distribution
of
Medical
Record
Review
Discrepancy
Findings
Type
of
Discrepancy
(
Error
)
Number
of
Errors
Identified
in
the
Hospital
Services
Number
of
Errors
Identified
in
the
Medical
Services
Number
of
Errors
Identified
in
the
Pharmacy
Services
Totals
Exceeds
Spinal
Treatment
Guidelines
for
Physician
services
0
5
0
5
Exceeds
Spinal
Treatment
Guidelines
for
Chiropractic
services
0
18
0
18
Exceeds
Spine
Treatment
Guideline
,
testing
0
0
0
0
Unbundled
services
(
services
billed
separately
that
should
be
billed
all
together
such
as
global
surgical
services
)
0
2
0
2
Not
according
to
Medical
Fee
Guidelines
(
i.e.
,
Incorrect
proce-dure
coding
)
0
57
0
57
No
documentation
for
services
0
26
4
30
Duplicate
payment
0
0
0
0
Exceeds
Lower
Extremity
Treatment
Guidelines
0
2
0
2
Global
charge
to
procedure
0
2
0
2
Not
according
to
Administrative
Rule
0
4
0
4
Service
is
unrelated
to
the
injury
0
1
2
3
Not
medically
necessary
0
5
22
27
Exceeds
Upper
Extremity
Treatment
Guideline
0
4
0
4
Exceeds
Pharmacy
Fee
Guidelines
0
0
0
0
Preauthorization
issue
0
7
0
7
Overpayment
0
1
0
1
Totals
0
134
28
162
Before
determining
if
a
discrepancy
error
or
overpayment
occurred
,
the
project
team
presented
the
review
findings
to
the
SORM
management
staff
.
SORM
disagreed
with
half
of
the
Comptroller&#8217;s
professional
review
team
findings
,
including
the
physician&#8217;s
medical
necessity
decisions
.
The
majority
of
the
disagreements
were
with
the
project
team&#8217;s
use
of
the
TWCC
guidelines
as
a
parameter
for
determining
discrepancies
,
even
though
these
are
the
rules
all
insurance
carriers
processing
workers&#8217
;
compensation
claims
were
required
to
follow
during
2001
.
Types
of
Errors
Found
Exceeding
Texas
Workers&#8217
;
Compensation
Commission
Treatment
Guidelines
for
physician
,
chiropractic
,
spine
,
and
the
upper
and
lower
extremities
The
TWCC
Treatment
Guidelines
identified
the
normal
course
of
treatment
for
injured
or
ill
workers
,
clarifying
services
that
are
reasonable
and
medically
necessary
for
care
specific
to
the
injury
or
illness
.
Examples
of
services
that
exceed
the
maximum
treatment
time
for
these
guidelines
found
in
the
study
were
:
monthly
transcutaneous
electrical
nerve
stimulator
supplies
for
a
strain
of
the
sacroiliac
region
provided
for
seven
years
after
an
injury
;
a
full
sole
and
heel
shoe
wedge
prescribed
six
years
after
a
sprain
injury
;
continuous
chiropractic
therapy
provided
a
year
and
a
half
after
a
cervical
disc
displacement
without
spinal
cord
injury
or
pathology
;
continuous
physical
therapy
provided
four
years
after
a
lumbar
strain
,
authorized
without
a
time
limit
;
passive
physical
therapy
(
heat
or
ice
packs
,
ultrasound
,
etc.
)
provided
nine
months
after
spinal
surgery
,
authorized
without
a
time
limit
;
and
continuous
physical
therapy
provided
a
year
and
a
half
after
a
neck
strain
.
A
total
of
29
services
for
$
1,272
exceeded
the
TWCC
treatment
guidelines
.
Some
of
these
services
may
have
been
warranted
,
however
,
without
professional
medical
utilization
or
peer
reviews
,
allowing
unlimited
payment
makes
it
difficult
to
lower
costs
.
Payment
Discrepancies
Payment
discrepancies
in
this
study
include
unbundled
(
separated
)
services
,
services
not
paid
according
to
the
TWCC
medical
fee
guidelines
and
overpayments
for
incorrect
procedure
coding
.
Examples
include
:
anesthesia
supplies
billed
separately
from
the
global
anesthesia
charged
by
a
physician
;
carbon
dioxide
expired
gas
determination
during
anesthesia
billed
separately
from
the
global
anesthesia
charge
;
billing
office
and
consulting
visits
at
the
highest
payable
code
even
though
the
documentation
indicated
minimal
time
and
level
of
care
;
billing
multiple
surgical
procedure
codes
,
such
as
arthroscopy
and
a
ligament
release
,
for
a
global
surgical
procedure
;
and
billing
for
manual
muscle
studies
that
were
not
ordered
by
the
treating
physician
.
Payment
discrepancies
were
found
in
66
sample
services
for
$
4,912
.
Most
of
these
overpayments
can
be
avoided
with
improving
the
claim
processing
system
to
enable
it
to
identify
procedure
codes
that
are
billed
incorrectly
or
inappropriately
.
Insufficient
Documentation
The
Comptroller
identified
30
services
provided
with
either
insufficient
documentation
or
no
documentation
to
confirm
the
service
was
actually
provided
.
The
Comptroller
also
found
discrepancies
in
the
amounts
of
time
billed
and
the
amounts
of
time
in
the
records
.
For
example
11
minutes
of
physical
therapy
were
documented
for
a
30
minute
bill
and
one
hour
of
therapeutic
activities
was
billed
when
only
30
minutes
were
documented
.
SORM
paid
$
1,192
for
these
services
.
Services
not
Medically
Necessary
:
All
the
medical
necessity
discrepancies
were
for
prescription
drugs
and
were
reviewed
by
a
peer
physician
.
Most
were
for
medications
such
as
narcotics
,
muscle
relaxants
and
sedatives
billed
two
to
seven
years
after
an
injury
.
One
of
the
cases
had
bills
for
anti-depressants
,
anti-hypertensives
and
an
anti-ulcer
drug
that
were
unrelated
to
a
lower
back
strain
.
Thirty
services
for
$
2,122
were
medically
unnecessary
.
These
discrepancies
could
be
avoided
with
improvements
to
the
claim
processing
system
to
enable
it
to
identify
prescriptions
billed
after
a
specified
time
from
the
date
of
injury
.
This
should
be
monitored
closely
particularly
in
cases
where
there
are
no
corresponding
physician
visits
to
indicate
that
the
claimant
is
treated
appropriately
.
Inappropriate
Pre-authorizations
:
There
were
many
cases
,
some
cited
above
in
the
documentation
error
findings
,
that
Argus
had
authorized
some
services
without
any
apparent
time
or
quantity
limit
.
Two
claims
of
this
type
for
seven
services
worth
$
108
dollars
were
found
in
the
sample
.
One
exceeded
maximum
treatment
guidelines
by
a
year
.
Prior
authorization
of
a
treatment
is
a
successful
cost
containment
measure
only
if
time
and
quantity
limits
are
set
at
the
time
of
the
authorization
and
these
limits
are
monitored
by
either
the
claim
processing
system
or
the
claims
operations
staff
.
Summary
of
the
Medical
Record
Review
Findings
The
potential
overpayments
identified
in
this
study
were
not
comparable
to
those
identified
in
the
January
2001
study
because
in
this
study
the
project
team
had
medical
records
for
verifying
which
services
were
actually
provided
to
each
claimant
.
This
information
was
not
available
for
all
the
January
2001
sample
services
.
Many
of
the
same
discrepancies
were
identified
through
the
online
injury
claim
notes
,
however
,
without
the
medical
record
documentation
,
the
Comptroller&#8217;s
office
could
not
count
them
as
potential
overpayments
.
Even
though
this
study&#8217;s
overpayment
errors
cannot
be
compared
with
the
last
two
studies
,
there
are
enough
to
warrant
changes
to
SORM&#8217;s
claims
processing
policies
and
procedures
.
Many
of
the
errors
found
are
similar
to
ones
found
in
a
process
improvement
assessment
SORM
requested
from
the
State
Auditor
's
Office&#8217;s
(
SAO
)
Management
Advisory
Services
(
MAS
)
department
in
October
2001
.
The
purpose
of
the
assessment
was
to
enhance
service
delivery
and
business
activity
efficiencies
through
an
analysis
of
SORM&#8217;s
document
management
(
mailroom
)
and
claims
operations
departments.
[
19
]
MAS
made
recommendations
to
SORM
that
addressed
organizational
changes
,
policies
and
procedures
,
and
information
technology
support
issues
.
These
recommendations
relate
to
the
findings
of
the
Comptroller
's
study
.
Organizational
changes
included
bringing
the
pre-authorization
function
in-house
and
contracting
the
services
of
a
medical
director
for
case
management
.
In
the
policy
and
procedures
recommendations
,
MAS
states
that
SORM
should
review
and
clarify
criteria
for
approving/denying
claims
,
closing
or
inactivating
claims
,
claim
referrals
for
medical
case
management
or
peer
review
.
The
application
of
the
TWCC
medical
fee
and
treatment
guidelines
for
clams
assessment
was
also
considered
an
area
for
improvement
in
SORM&#8217;s
policies
and
procedures
.
The
most
significant
information
technology
recommendation
related
to
the
Comptroller
's
study
was
establishing
automated
system
controls
in
the
claims
management
process
and
programming
the
claim
processing
system
to
deny
or
flag
a
claim
before
further
payment
of
medical
bills
was
made.
[
20
]
The
new
payment
policies
developed
by
TWCC
for
H.B.
2600
addresses
a
majority
of
the
discrepancies
identified
in
this
study
.
These
payment
policies
include
time
limits
for
medical
treatments
and
limits
on
procedure
codes
that
can
be
billed
for
specific
diagnoses
.
The
implementation
of
the
fee
guidelines
is
in
litigation
at
the
time
of
this
report
.
If
the
guidelines
and
the
policies
associated
with
them
are
implemented
the
following
section
identifies
the
medical
services
effected
.
Impact
of
H.B.
2600
related
to
the
discrepancies
identified
in
the
study
Many
of
the
treatment
and
coding
overpayment
discrepancies
found
during
this
study
can
be
reduced
through
software
programs
either
commercially
sold
or
specially
coded
that
review
medical
bills
for
appropriate
payments
using
the
new
H.B.
2600
payment
policies
.
These
payment
policies
include
:
Guidelines
for
:
MRI
indications
and
limited
coverage
according
to
diagnosis
;
appropriate
length
of
care
,
limited
coverage
,
indications
for
specific
physical
medicine
treatments
;
mandated
supervision
,
written
treatment
plans
and
required
proof
of
a
claimant&#8217;s
continued
physical
improvement
from
physical
medicine
treatments
;
limited
coverage
,
according
to
diagnosis
and
indications
for
specific
nerve
conduction
studies
;
and
proof
for
and
continued
use
of
neuromuscular
stimulation
devices
.
Documentation
rules
to
outline
the
requirements
necessary
to
bill
specific
evaluation
and
management
(
office
visit
and
consultation
)
codes
.
Coding
edits
developed
by
TWCC
to
determine
if
two
specified
codes
can
be
used
for
one
payment
for
one
visit
.
This
includes
grouping
of
services
(
bundling
)
that
not
only
relates
to
professional
services
,
such
as
inpatient
surgery
,
but
also
outpatient
services
within
ambulatory
surgical
centers
.
Measuring
Potential
Overpayments
The
overpayment
calculation
performed
by
the
State
Auditor&#8217;s
Office
used
the
same
method
applied
in
the
Medicaid
Vendor
Drug
Program
Pilot
Study
.
To
determine
the
amount
of
overpayments
,
the
amount
paid
for
the
state
employees
workers&#8217
;
compensation
medical
services
considered
potential
overpayments
was
divided
by
the
amount
paid
for
the
sample
services
.
Example
:
State
Employees
Workers&#8217
;
Compensation
Study
Overpayment
Calculation
Potential
Overpayment
Amount
Paid
Amount
of
Sample
$
9,568.55
$
48,004.37
=
19.9
percent
Overpayment
Rate
Tables
with
the
statistical
information
and
the
overpayment
calculation
are
in
Appendix
C.9
.
Dollars
at
Risk
The
overpayment
measurement
can
be
applied
to
SORM&#8217;s
annual
medical
expenditures
by
the
overpayment
error
rate
to
determine
the
&#8220;dollars
at
risk&#8221
;
in
the
State
Employees
Workers&#8217
;
Compensation
program
.
The
term
&#8220;dollars
at
risk&#8221
;
is
used
because
the
amount
cannot
be
recovered
unless
all
of
the
questionable
claims
are
identified
.
That
is
not
possible
given
the
size
of
the
State
Employees
Workers&#8217
;
Compensation
program
and
the
size
of
SORM&#8217;s
staff
.
However
,
SORM
can
use
the
findings
in
this
study
to
improve
their
current
cost
containment
efforts
.
According
to
the
study
,
$
8
million
was
at
risk
in
2001
.
This
figure
was
computed
by
multiplying
the
overpayment
measurement
rate
of
19.9
percent
by
$
40.3
million
of
the
State
Employees
Workers
'
Compensation
program
medical
expenditures
for
calendar
year
2001
.
Endnotes
[
16
]
Texas
Workers&#8217
;
Compensation
Commission
,
&#8220;Fraud
Costs
Texans
Millions&#8221
;
(
Austin
,
Texas
)
,
http://www.twcc.state.tx.us/information/fraud.html
/
.
(
Last
visited
January
16
,
2003.
)
[
17
]
28
T.A.C.
§133.301.
[
18
]
Texas
Workers
Compensation
Commission
,
Medical
Review
Division
,
Spine
Treatment
Guideline
,
(
Austin
,
Texas
,
June
1
1995
)
,
pp
.
53-55
;
also
at
28
T.A.C.
§134.1001
2000
(
replaces
1999
pamphlet
)
;
amendments
effective
through
December
31
,
1999.
[
19
]
State
Office
of
Risk
Management
,
&#8220;An
Assessment
of
Process
Improvement
at
the
State
Office
of
Risk
Management,&#8221
;
Austin
,
Texas
,
October
2001.
p.
1.
[
20
]
State
Office
of
Risk
Management
,
&#8220;An
Assessment
of
Process
Improvement
at
the
State
Office
of
Risk
Management,&#8221
;
Austin
,
Texas
,
October
2001.
pp
.
41-42
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/homeeqty03/">
"
Texans
need
and
deserve
the
right
to
take
out
home
equity
lines
of
credit
.
This
simple
change
will
pump
$
741
million
back
to
Texas
homeowners
.
"
--
Carole
Keeton
Strayhorn
,
Texas
Comptroller
Home
Equity
Lending
Gaps
in
Texas
The
number
of
Texans
with
home
equity
loans
has
more
than
doubled
since
1997
when
changes
in
the
Texas
constitution
made
it
easier
for
Texans
to
borrow
against
the
equity
they
have
in
their
homes.
[
1
]
Yet
,
Texans
are
still
not
taking
as
many
home
equity
loans
as
residents
in
other
states
.
In
the
traditional
home
equity
lending
market&#8212;the
segment
that
involves
a
lump-sum
payout
of
equity
to
be
repaid
over
a
set
term&#8212;Texans
seem
to
have
caught
up
with
the
rest
of
the
nation
.
Indeed
,
the
estimated
6.4
percent
of
Texas
home-owners
with
traditional
home
equity
loans
in
2001
is
not
only
up
considerably
from
2.5
in
1997
but
may
well
be
higher
than
the
average
for
the
other
49
states
of
5.7
percent
(
Figure
1).
[
2
]
This
most
likely
reflects
the
fact
that
one
portion
of
the
home
equity
loan
market&#8212;the
home
equity
line
of
credit
market&#8212;remains
unavailable
to
Texans
.
An
estimated
$
12.7
billion
in
higher-cost
,
non-tax-deductible
loans
that
currently
exist
could
be
supplanted
if
home
equity
lines
of
credit
were
available
and
Texans
used
these
financial
options
at
the
same
rate
as
other
consumers
in
the
country
.
By
taking
advantage
of
a
substantially
untapped
resource
,
Texas
consumers
could
save
$
741
million
annually
using
home
equity
lines
of
credit
instead
of
other
loans
.
These
savings
could
be
pumped
into
the
Texas
economy
through
lower
interest
rates
and
additional
federal
income
tax
deductions
.
The
gains
would
be
realized
in
the
Texas
economy
if
existing
loans
were
merely
paid
off
by
homeowners
through
home
equity
lines
of
credit
.
This
need
not
expand
homeowners&#8217
;
overall
debt
burden
.
Home
Equity
Lending
in
Texas
For
more
than
160
years
,
access
to
the
home
equity
that
owners
had
built
up
in
their
residences
was
largely
untapped
.
As
a
direct
result
of
the
Panic
of
1837
,
Texas
prohibited
the
forced
sale
of
homesteads
for
all
but
a
very
limited
number
of
reasons
.
When
Texas
became
a
state
,
these
protections
became
part
of
the
state
constitution
and
effectively
barred
foreclosing
on
a
person&#8217;s
residence
for
reasons
other
than
non-payment
of
taxes
,
the
original
mortgage
or
a
home
improvement
loan
.
These
same
provisions
also
effectively
barred
tapping
into
home
equity
for
purposes
other
than
home
improvement
.
But
on
November
4
,
1997
,
Texas
voters
approved
a
constitutional
amendment
allowing
more
leeway
in
home
equity
lending
and
for
reverse
mortgages.
[
3
]
These
loans
became
available
to
Texans
in
1998
,
but
some
technical
issues
limited
the
availability
of
home
equity
loans
for
homesteads
larger
than
one
acre
and
from
reverse
mortgages
.
Subsequent
amendments
addressed
these
legal
concerns.
[
4
]
Changes
in
the
Texas
Constitution
expanded
the
conditions
under
which
homeowners
could
obtain
a
traditional
home
equity
loan
.
These
closed-end
loans
extend
for
a
specified
length
of
time
and
generally
require
repayment
of
interest
and
principal
in
equal
monthly
installments
.
Interest
rates
on
these
loans
are
ordinarily
fixed
for
the
life
of
the
loan
.
Growth
in
Home
Equity
Lending
in
Texas
Since
changing
the
Texas
constitution
to
allow
wider
use
of
home
equity
loans
,
Texans
have
steadily
increased
their
reliance
on
these
loans
.
According
to
American
Housing
Survey
(
AHS
)
data
on
nine
Texas
metropolitan
areas
that
cover
68
percent
of
Texas&#8217
;
owner-occupied
homes
,
only
2.5
percent
of
Texas
homeowners
had
any
form
of
home
equity
loan
in
1997
,
substantially
less
than
the
14.5
percent
for
all
U.S.
homeowners
outside
of
Texas
that
same
year
.
By
1999
,
the
proportion
of
Texas
homeowners
with
a
home
equity
loan
had
risen
to
4.5
percent
.
While
this
represents
nearly
a
doubling
of
home
equity
loan
usage
in
just
two
years
,
this
was
still
slightly
less
than
the
estimated
5
percent
rate
for
home
equity
loan
usage
in
the
nation
and
substantially
less
than
the
12.9
percent
estimated
by
the
AHS
that
year
for
both
home
equity
loans
and
lines
of
credit
.
By
2001
,
the
proportion
of
Texas
households
with
home
equity
loans
had
reached
6.4
percent
.
At
this
level
,
the
usage
in
Texas
actually
exceeded
the
usage
rate
of
fixed-term
closed-end
loans
in
the
U.S.
,
indicating
that
Texans
may
have
reached
the
saturation
point
with
traditional
home
equity
loans
.
These
loans
typically
are
written
for
a
set
amount
to
be
repaid
in
equal
installments
over
a
specified
time
,
just
like
a
traditional
mortgage
.
Based
on
a
survey
conducted
for
the
Comptroller
of
Public
Accounts
of
home
equity
lenders
in
Texas
,
from
1998
to
2000
,
the
amount
of
the
average
home
equity
loan
was
about
$
36,750
.
In
2001
and
2002
,
the
average
home
equity
loan
jumped
to
more
than
$
47,000.
[
5
]
Closing
the
Gap
Although
Texans&#8217
;
reliance
on
home
equity
loans
has
grown
substantially
since
the
passage
of
the
constitutional
amendment
,
further
gains
may
be
unlikely
.
Other
states&#8217
;
average
usage
of
14
percent
in
2001
included
both
traditional
home
equity
loans
and
home
equity
lines
of
credit
,
financial
instruments
not
now
available
to
Texas
homeowners
.
The
possibility
that
the
usage
rate
of
traditional
home
equity
loans
in
Texas
exceeded
the
usage
rate
of
similar
loans
in
the
nation
probably
indicates
that
without
the
home
equity
line
of
credit
option
,
more
homeowners
are
opting
for
the
fixed
term
loans&#8212;their
only
other
choice
.
During
much
of
the
1990s
,
about
8
percent
of
U.S.
homeowners
had
a
home
equity
line
of
credit
whereas
about
5
percent
of
homeowners
had
a
traditional
loan.
[
6
]
In
2001
,
AHS
data
indicated
an
estimated
8.4
percent
of
homeowners
had
a
home
equity
line
of
credit
(
HELOC
)
and
5.7
percent
had
traditional
home
equity
loans
.
This
newer
form
of
home
equity
lending
has
become
the
preferred
choice
by
homeowners
in
other
states
.
A
HELOC
is
a
revolving
account
that
permits
borrowing
from
time
to
time
,
at
the
account
holder&#8217;s
discretion
,
up
to
a
set
credit
limit
.
HELOCs
also
typically
have
more
flexible
repayment
schedules
than
traditional
home
equity
loans
and
have
a
variable
interest
rate
.
Most
consumers
think
home
equity
lines
of
credit
are
more
convenient
than
traditional
home
equity
loans
.
While
about
40
percent
of
consumers
cited
the
tax
advantages
of
both
types
of
home
equity
credit
as
an
important
consideration
,
43
percent
of
HELOC
users
cited
convenience
of
use
as
an
advantage
,
compared
with
only
1
percent
of
those
using
the
traditional
home
equity
loans.
[
7
]
Many
of
the
major
lenders
in
Texas
make
HELOC
loans
to
homeowners
in
other
states
.
Their
experiences
underscore
how
attractive
this
option
is
to
consumers
.
Figure
2
presents
the
percentage
of
the
amount
of
home
equity
loans
and
lines
of
credit
written
in
Georgia
,
Florida
and
California
by
three
major
Texas
lenders.
[
8
]
About
88
percent
of
the
consumers
in
these
states
choose
HELOCs
compared
with
about
12
percent
choosing
traditional
home
equity
loans
.
Potential
Economic
Impact
of
HELOCs
in
Texas
One
approach
to
examining
what
expanded
home
equity
lending
might
mean
in
Texas
is
to
estimate
what
consumers
would
save
if
they
had
access
to
HELOCs
.
Three
issues
are
crucial
when
estimating
this
impact
:
what
savings
could
be
expected
from
lower
interest
costs
;
how
much
would
HELOCs
lower
federal
income
tax
bills
;
and
how
large
total
borrowing
might
become
.
Underlying
this
assessment
is
the
assumption
that
if
Texans
had
access
to
HELOCs
the
total
home
equity
usage
in
Texas
would
approach
the
U.S.
average
.
This
implies
that
consumer
use
of
both
home
equity
lines
of
credit
and
traditional
loans
would
reach
about
14
percent
,
7.6
percentage
points
up
from
the
2001
level
,
which
was
6.4
and
consisted
of
only
traditional
home
equity
loans
.
The
true
economic
value
of
HELOCs
to
consumers
lies
in
low
interest
rates
and
as
a
deduction
from
federal
income
taxes
.
For
example
,
recent
data
from
February
2003
show
that
the
average
interest
rate
on
credit
card
debt
is
13.8
percent
,
the
rate
for
new
auto
loans
is
5.8
percent
and
on
home
equity
lines
of
credit
,
4.4
percent.
[
9
]
This
implies
that
on
a
$
1,000
loan
,
annual
credit
card
interest
charges
would
be
$
138
whereas
these
charges
would
amount
to
only
$
44
for
the
home
equity
line
of
credit
.
On
$
1,000
in
outstanding
credit
card
debt
,
conversion
of
this
debt
to
a
HELOC
would
save
$
94
in
interest
payments
annually
.
But
even
this
neglects
the
fact
that
HELOC
interest
costs
are
deductible
from
federal
income
taxes
,
whereas
credit
card
interest
charges
are
not
deductible
.
Although
each
individual&#8217;s
exact
marginal
tax
rate
paid
depends
on
adjusted
gross
income
,
the
National
Bureau
of
Economic
Research
estimates
that
,
on
average
,
in
1999
interest
deductions
reduced
income
taxes
24.5
cents
per
dollar
of
interest
paid.
[
10
]
This
implies
that
,
on
average
,
the
$
44
in
HELOC
interest
payments
would
generate
an
estimated
$
10.78
in
federal
income
tax
savings
so
that
the
total
consumer
savings
per
$
1,000
in
credit
card
debt
replaced
by
HELOC
would
be
$
104.78
annually
.
Savings
from
other
loans
would
be
less
dramatic
.
Based
on
current
rates
,
car
loans
would
cost
$
58
in
interest
charges
per
$
1,000
borrowed
,
or
only
$
14
more
than
HELOC
.
But
tacking
on
the
deductibility
of
HELOC
raises
this
savings
to
$
24.78
annually
per
$
1,000
borrowed
.
The
loans
likely
to
be
displaced
by
HELOC
would
be
a
mixture
of
credit
card
loans
and
other
consumer
loans
such
as
car
loans
.
According
to
Federal
Reserve
loan
data
,
consumer
debt
nationwide
at
the
end
of
2002
was
divided
into
$
738.9
billion
in
revolving
loans
,
of
which
credit
card
debt
is
a
large
part
,
and
$
1,017.9
billion
in
non-revolving
loans.
[
11
]
Assuming
Texas
consumers
have
a
similar
debt
profile
,
about
42
percent
of
Texas
consumer
debt
would
be
in
revolving
credit
and
58
percent
in
non-revolving
.
Based
on
these
shares
,
the
average
consumer
would
save
an
estimated
$
58.38
in
interest
and
tax
payments
per
$
1,000
owed
by
switching
from
other
consumer
credit
sources
to
HELOC.
[
12
]
How
much
Texans
could
save
depends
on
the
volume
of
consumer
loans
displaced
.
Using
2001
commercial
bank
data
to
update
national
figures
indicates
that
the
traditional
home
equity
loan
market
in
the
U.S.
reached
$
352.7
billion
,
up
from
$
267
billion
in
1997
.
Considering
Texas&#8217
;
share
of
home
equity
loans
and
the
average
per
loan
value
,
Texans
account
for
an
estimated
8.4
percent
of
the
U.S.
market
for
traditional
home
equity
loans
.
Based
on
this
percentage
and
assuming
that
Texans
would
use
both
traditional
and
HELOC
loans
at
the
national
rate
,
Texas
consumers
would
exchange
$
12.7
billion
in
existing
loans
for
HELOC
.
In
doing
so
,
Texas
homeowners
would
save
$
741
million
in
interest
charges
and
federal
income
taxes
annually
.
This
would
be
a
modest
level
of
savings
.
The
Federal
Reserve
Board
estimates
that
households
spend
about
8
percent
of
their
disposable
personal
income
servicing
the
debt
on
revolving
loans.
[
13
]
The
$
741
million
annual
savings
from
increased
use
of
HELOCs
would
be
about
1.7
percent
of
the
annual
amount
Texans
spend
on
debt
service
for
revolving
loans.
[
14
]
Home
Equity
Delinquencies
If
Texas
consumers
relied
more
on
home
equity
lines
of
credit
and
followed
national
trends
,
loan
delinquencies
would
likely
fall
.
Based
on
American
Bankers
Association
data
(
Table
1
)
,
Texas
averages
fewer
loan
delinquencies
for
closed-end
home
equity
loans
than
consumers
at
the
national
level
.
Loan
delinquencies
did
rise
in
Texas
from
1999
to
2001
,
but
dropped
off
in
2002
.
Table
1
:
Texas
Home
Equity
Delinquency
Rates
Compared
to
All
Other
States
Home
Equity
Delinquency
Rates
and
All
States
First
Mortgage
Delinquency
Rates*
Closed-End**
Home
Equity
Loans(1
)
Home
Equity
Lines
of
Credit(1
)
All
States
-
First
Mortgages(2
)
Texas
All
States
All
States
Conventional
FHA
VA
2002
0.99
%
1.30
%
0.59
%
3.06
%
11.55
%
7.87
%
2001
1.17
1.28
0.73
2.96
10.78
7.67
2000
0.88
1.20
0.75
2.50
9.10
6.80
1999
0.77
1.26
0.62
2.60
8.60
6.80
*
Delinquency
Rates
are
based
on
the
number
of
Loans
Past
Due
30
Days
or
More
as
a
Percentage
of
Loans
Outstanding.
**
"
Closed
End
"
includes
home
equity
and
second
mortgages
(
but
not
home
improvement
)
.
SOURCES
(
1
)
Home
equity
delinquency
rates
obtained
from
"
Consumer
Credit
Delinquency
Bulletin
"
published
quarterly
by
American
Bankers
Association
.
(
2
)
First
mortgage
delinquency
rates
obtained
from
"
U.S
.
Census
Bureau
,
Statistical
Abstract
of
the
United
States
,
2001
"
and
Mortgage
Bankers
Association
of
America
"
Quarterly
Delinquency
Surveys
.
"
But
nationwide
,
loan
delinquencies
for
lines
of
credit
are
slightly
more
than
half
the
rates
seen
for
closed
end
home
equity
loans
.
Based
on
this
pattern
,
a
shift
towards
using
home
equity
lines
of
credit
from
traditional
home
equity
loans
should
lower
overall
home
equity
delinquency
rates
.
Compared
with
first
mortgages
,
the
delinquency
rates
for
both
home
equity
loans
and
lines
of
credit
are
substantially
lower
.
Summary
The
use
of
home
equity
loans
in
Texas
has
risen
dramatically
following
constitutional
changes
in
Texas
in
1997
.
Use
of
closed-end
traditional
home
equity
loans
in
Texas
exceeds
nationwide
use
.
The
fact
that
home
equity
lines
of
credit
are
not
available
in
Texas
contributes
to
a
higher
reliance
on
traditional
home
equity
loans
.
But
the
strong
consumer
preference
expressed
for
HELOCs
in
other
states
and
consumer
preference
for
their
ease
of
use
may
indicate
that
continued
expansion
of
lower
interest
,
tax
deductible
home
equity
financing
by
consumers
in
Texas
may
slow
without
access
to
these
loans
.
If
Texans
were
to
use
home
equity
financing
only
up
to
the
national
average
through
HELOCs
,
lower
interest
payments
and
lower
federal
taxes
would
save
Texas
consumers
$
741
million
.
Making
HELOCs
available
to
Texas
consumers
would
require
passing
another
constitutional
amendment
and
legislation
proposing
such
amendments
will
likely
be
introduced
during
the
current
legislative
session
.
If
the
nature
of
consumer
safeguards
and
other
requirements
on
lending
institutions
in
Texas
making
HELOC
loans
were
significantly
more
restrictive
than
national
practices
,
interest
rates
on
these
loans
in
Texas
could
be
higher
than
national
rates
,
and
the
economic
impacts
less
.
Data
Collection
While
banking
and
finance
are
two
of
the
most
heavily
regulated
industries
,
this
level
of
scrutiny
does
not
always
result
in
the
availability
of
detailed
information
.
Since
1987
,
banks
and
finance
companies
have
reported
home
equity
lines
of
credit
under
receivables
on
quarterly
Call
Reports
and
since
1991
have
also
separately
reported
their
holdings
of
traditional
closed-end
home
equity
loans
.
Mutual
savings
banks
also
report
these
data
on
Federal
Reserve
Board
Call
Reports
.
Other
segments
of
the
financial
industry
report
this
information
to
varying
degrees
.
Savings
and
loan
associations
and
federal
saving
banks
report
credit
line
receivables
on
Call
Reports
,
but
they
do
not
separate
home
equity
loans
from
first
mortgages
.
Since
June
1996
,
finance
companies
have
reported
commercial
and
residential
mortgages
separately
but
do
not
distinguish
between
loans
under
lines
of
credit
and
traditional
loans
.
Credit
union
data
is
available
on
both
types
of
home
equity
debt
from
the
Credit
Union
National
Association
.
At
the
national
level
,
some
data
track
the
degree
to
which
consumers
utilize
the
various
home
equity
loan
alternatives
.
Every
two
years
the
Federal
Reserve
Board
surveys
consumers&#8217
;
use
of
credit
.
This
data
,
while
instructive
on
overall
trends
and
the
use
of
home
equity
loans
and
lines
of
credit
,
does
not
contain
information
about
practices
in
particular
states
.
Moreover
,
much
of
the
state-specific
data
collected
from
financial
institutions
is
available
primarily
for
the
location
of
the
financial
institution
involved
,
and
not
where
the
loan
was
made
.
Where
this
data
are
available
,
coverage
by
type
of
financing
(
home
equity
loan
versus
line
of
credit
)
is
limited
.
The
Texas-specific
data
in
this
analysis
is
derived
largely
from
two
sources
.
First
,
the
U.S.
Bureau
of
the
Census
surveys
about
60,000
Americans
every
two
years
about
housing
conditions
.
This
survey
includes
questions
about
the
usage
of
home
equity
loans
,
but
only
the
most
recent
survey
,
from
2001
,
elicits
responses
on
traditional
home
equity
loans
separately
from
home
equity
lines
of
credit
.
Because
this
survey
is
national
,
there
is
only
partial
coverage
of
Texas
.
Specifically
,
publicly
available
data
from
the
survey
identifies
only
responses
coming
from
nine
metropolitan
areas
in
Texas
.
Although
the
sample
does
contain
responses
from
non-metropolitan
areas
,
these
are
not
identified
by
state
.
The
Census
survey
covers
about
68.2
percent
of
the
Texas
population
.
The
second
source
of
data
is
internal
surveys
of
lending
activity
conducted
by
lending
institutions
doing
business
in
Texas
.
These
institutions
cover
more
than
10
percent
of
the
Texas
market
for
commercial
financial
institutions
and
financial
companies
.
These
data
are
used
to
identify
the
potential
to
expand
home
equity
lending
in
Texas
if
lines
of
credit
became
available
.
Endnotes
[
1
]
In
1997
and
before
,
availability
of
home
equity
loans
in
Texas
was
limited
to
home
improvement
loans
,
loans
to
pay
outstanding
taxes
and
loans
allowing
one
spouse
to
&#8220;buy
out&#8221
;
another
in
the
case
of
divorce
.
Such
loans
were
typically
known
as
a
second
lien
against
the
property
.
Homeowners
could
not
secure
a
loan
backed
by
the
equity
in
their
home
and
use
the
proceeds
of
the
loan
for
purposes
other
than
those
specified
in
law
.
Outside
of
Texas
,
using
home
equity
loan
proceeds
for
whatever
purpose
and
even
the
more
flexible
home
equity
line
of
credit
(
a
revolving
line
of
credit
secured
by
home
equity
)
have
been
widely
available
for
years.
[
2
]
The
tentative
nature
of
this
statement
stems
from
what
seems
to
be
respondent
confusion
to
the
American
Housing
Survey
(
AHS
)
.
In
the
2001
AHS
,
14
Texas
households
identified
themselves
as
having
a
home
equity
line
of
credit
in
2001
.
Since
these
lines
of
credit
currently
cannot
be
offered
in
Texas
,
the
most
likely
explanation
for
this
is
that
these
respondents
misunderstood
the
&#8220;line
of
credit&#8221
;
option
in
the
survey
as
describing
the
&#8220;draw
down&#8221
;
feature
of
a
home
improvement
loan
during
construction
when
,
in
fact
,
these
instances
were
almost
certainly
traditional
&#8220;closed
end&#8221
;
loans
.
Placing
these
responses
in
that
category
indicates
that
6.4
percent
of
the
homeowners
in
the
survey
in
Texas
had
a
closed-end
home
equity
loan
as
compared
to
only
5.7
percent
in
states
outside
of
Texas.
[
3
]
House
Joint
Resolution
31
(
HJR
31
)
passed
by
the
1997
Legislature
that
,
upon
passage
,
became
effective
January
1
,
1998.
[
4
]
On
November
2
,
1999
,
Texas
voters
approved
constitutional
amendments
proposed
by
the
1999
Legislature
to
address
these
problems
,
Senate
Joint
Resolutions
12
and
22
(
SJR
12
and
22).
[
5
]
Data
submitted
by
lenders
in
early
2003
.
For
number
and
amount
of
loans
in
Texas
,
the
survey
included
five
large
Texas
lenders.
[
6
]
Glenn
B.
Canner
,
Thomas
A.
Durkin
and
Charles
A.
Luckett
,
&#8220;Recent
Developments
in
Home
Equity
Lending,&#8221
;
Federal
Reserve
Bulletin
,
April
1998
,
p.
243.
[
7
]
Canner
,
Durkin
and
Luckett
,
pp
.
241-
251.
[
8
]
From
data
submitted
by
lenders
.
Together
these
three
lenders
serve
more
than
10
percent
of
the
commercial
banking
market
in
Texas.
[
9
]
These
rates
and
those
of
HELOCs
are
from
http://www.bankrate.com
/
on
February
18
,
2003
.
The
credit
card
rate
is
for
a
standard
card
(
not
gold
or
platinum
)
at
a
fixed
annual
rate
.
The
auto
loan
figure
refers
to
a
48-month
loan
for
a
new
car
.
The
HELOC
rate
is
for
a
$
10,000
or
minimum
amount.
[
10
]
http://www.nber.org/~taxsim/mrates/mrates2.html
,
February
20
,
2003.
[
11
]
Federal
Reserve
Board
Statistical
Release
,
G.19
,
Consumer
Credit
,
February
7
,
2003.
http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g19/current
/
.
[
12
]
This
is
a
fairly
conservative
assessment
on
two
points
.
First
it
assumes
that
consumers
would
replace
current
borrowing
in
proportion
to
the
amount
borrowed
of
each
type
without
consideration
of
the
interest
rates
charged
for
each
type
of
borrowing
.
A
more
rational
approach
would
be
to
replace
all
of
the
most
costly
borrowing
first
.
Secondly
,
new
car
financing
rates
are
among
the
lowest
cost
loans
available
and
this
probably
underestimates
the
interest
costs
of
non-revolving
loans.
[
13
]
,
February
19,2003.
[
14
]
Disposable
personal
income
in
Texas
is
estimated
to
be
$
535.2
billion
in
2001
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.window.state.tx.us/taxinfo/audit/salestax/1e.htm">
This
section
includes
revisions
through
May
1999
With
fluctuating
economic
conditions
,
bankruptcy
has
become
a
significant
topic
in
auditing
.
In
this
section
the
types
of
bankruptcy
are
listed
along
with
the
events
and
audit
guidelines
to
help
the
auditor
understand
how
it
relates
to
the
audit
.
Types
of
Bankruptcy
Chapter
7
-
Liquidation
Available
to
:
Corporations
Partnerships
Individuals
Provides
that
all
or
substantially
all
of
the
property
be
liquidated
.
Provides
the
individual
a
discharge
but
not
from
tax
.
Corporations
and
partnerships
do
not
receive
a
discharge
.
Corporations
should
be
liquidated
,
dissolved
,
and
uncollectable
.
Upon
filing
of
petition
,
business
operations
are
to
be
terminated
.
Chapter
9
Available
to
governmental
authorities
(
cities
,
MUD
's
,
school
districts
,
etc.
)
Chapter
11
-
Reorganization
Available
to
:
Corporations
Partnerships
Individuals
Generally
provides
for
a
reorganization
of
the
entity
.
Provides
a
discharge
from
pre-confirmation
taxes
,
including
state
taxes
that
are
not
included
under
their
plan
of
reorganization
.
Liquidation
is
allowed
and
provides
for
temporary
operation
of
business
by
a
trustee
to
facilitate
an
orderly
liquidation
.
The
debtor
obtains
relief
from
creditor
harassment
while
staying
in
business
;
is
allowed
to
file
a
plan
of
reorganization
to
implement
a
means
of
paying
off
his
pre-petition
and
administrative
expense
debt
.
The
debtor
should
be
remitting
all
post-petition
taxes
.
Chapter
12
Available
to
family
farmers
with
annual
income
.
May
include
a
corporation
or
partnership
if
over
50
%
owned
by
farmers
.
Chapter
13
-
Debt
Adjustment
Available
to
individuals
with
regular
income
only
(
includes
a
husband
and
wife
)
.
It
may
include
a
business
operated
as
a
sole
proprietorship
.
Includes
limit
on
debts
(
$
250,000
unsecured
;
and
less
than
$
750,000
secured
debt
)
.
Provides
a
hardship
discharge
from
taxes
for
certain
individuals
after
a
portion
of
the
taxes
have
been
paid
for
three
or
five
years
under
the
plan
.
Allows
debtor
to
orderly
pay
off
his
debts
without
harassment
from
creditors
.
Allows
debtor
to
pay
off
debts
under
a
plan
in
small
amounts
for
three
years
.
Corporations
and
partnerships
many
not
file
a
Chapter
B
petition
.
Bankruptcy
Events
The
following
time
line
shows
:
Typical
timing
requirements
,
but
the
sequence
of
events
may
vary
:
Petition
Bar
Confirmation
Case
Date
Date
Date
Closed
Petition
Date
(
Petition
for
bankruptcy
filed
)
-
case
is
begun
by
specifying
the
particular
chapter
under
which
relief
is
requested
.
May
be
voluntary
(
debtor
files
petition
)
or
involuntary
(
creditor
files
the
petition
)
.
The
State
is
a
secured
priority
creditor
if
liens
have
been
filed
prior
to
the
filing
of
the
petition
.
Otherwise
it
is
a
priority
creditor
and
is
paid
before
the
unsecured
creditors
.
Bar
Date
or
File
-
By
Date
(
Proof
of
claim
deadline
)
-
the
date
by
which
a
claim
must
be
filed
in
order
for
the
claim
to
be
considered
and
for
the
creditor
to
be
listed
.
This
may
be
approximately
90
days
from
bankruptcy
date
;
the
bankruptcy
judge
decides
the
actual
date
.
If
the
State
does
not
file
a
proof
of
claim
prior
to
the
bar
date
,
the
State
's
claim
for
taxes
in
some
instances
may
be
discharged
.
The
proof
of
claim
can
be
an
estimate
at
the
time
of
filing
,
but
the
final
amount
must
be
filed
prior
to
the
confirmation
of
the
plan
.
Confirmation
Date
(
Confirmation
of
plan/discharge
)
-
the
date
at
which
the
plan
for
reorganization
and
discharge
of
debts
is
accepted
by
the
court
.
If
a
taxpayer
is
bankrupt
and
did
not
file
returns
and
remit
tax
collected
,
the
taxes
collected
generally
will
not
be
discharged
by
the
bankruptcy
court
unless
the
Chapter
11
or
Chapter
13
reorganization
plan
allows
for
such
a
discharge
.
Case
closed
Audit
Guidelines
The
following
general
guidelines
should
be
followed
to
protect
the
State
's
interest
:
Review
the
MTSUMM
inquiry
to
determine
if
the
taxpayer
's
account
indicates
bankruptcy
status
.
Records
to
be
requested
:
If
the
taxpayer
is
in
bankruptcy
,
and
it
is
not
reflected
on
LISUMM
ask
for
a
copy
of
the
Section
342
Notice
or
Petition
for
Bankruptcy
and
send
it
to
the
Bankruptcy
section
.
If
the
taxpayer
states
that
his
bankruptcy
is
near
the
confirmation
date
or
a
discharge
,
ask
for
a
copy
of
the
Notice
of
Discharge
or
the
Confirmation
of
the
Plan
and
forward
it
to
the
Bankruptcy
section
.
Review
the
LISUMM
inquiry
for
information
on
the
bankruptcy
.
(
This
inquiry
may
not
be
current
due
to
the
lapse
of
time
between
filing
and
the
State
being
notified.
)
See
the
Auditing
Fundamentals
Manual
for
more
information
on
bankruptcy
inquiries
.
The
auditor
should
contact
and
appraise
the
audit
supervisor
of
the
situation
.
Contact
the
Bankruptcy
Section
of
Revenue
Accounting
.
An
accounts
examiner
will
work
with
the
auditor
to
determine
how
the
audit
will
proceed
and
the
time
frame
within
which
the
audit
must
be
conducted
.
If
a
Chapter
11
taxpayer
has
a
confirmed
Plan
of
Reorganization
,
then
only
audit
post-confirmation
periods
.
Remember
that
all
pre-confirmation
taxes
are
automatically
discharged
by
the
bankruptcy
court
order
authorizing
the
Plan
of
Reorganization
.
Always
check
the
inquiry
screen
to
see
if
a
Chapter
11
case
was
filed
and
,
if
so
,
when
the
Plan
of
Reorganization
was
approved
.
Any
tax
credits
and/or
taxes
due
before
that
date
are
discharged
and
cannot
be
audited
.
If
the
taxpayer
has
not
yet
filed
for
bankruptcy
but
is
about
to
or
the
auditor
feels
that
the
taxpayer
has
financial
problems
such
that
collection
of
taxes
would
be
jeopardized
,
the
auditor
's
supervisor
should
also
determine
whether
the
audit
should
be
expedited
so
that
a
jeopardy
determination
can
be
issued
.
An
immediate
request
for
lien
filing
may
be
sent
to
the
attorney
in
Revenue
Accounting
.
NOTE
:
There
are
no
set
guidelines
for
determining
when
a
jeopardy
determination
should
be
issued
.
The
auditor
should
obtain
as
much
financial
information
about
the
taxpayer
as
possible
and
discuss
the
situation
with
the
supervisor
and/or
manager
.
Standard
auditing
and
write-up
procedures
should
be
expedited
on
all
bankruptcy
audits
.
In
some
cases
,
figures
may
be
phoned
in
to
the
Bankruptcy
Section
for
claim
filing
.
Determine
the
final
amount
of
the
deficiency
,
both
pre-petition
and
post-petition
,
prior
to
the
confirmation
of
the
plan
.
If
necessary
,
estimate
the
liability
prior
to
the
bar
date
and
request
that
a
claim
be
filed
.
The
claim
can
be
amended
later
when
the
actual
amount
is
known
.
Notification
of
sampling
procedures
is
required
for
all
estimates
.
The
box
on
the
ACF
for
bankruptcy
should
be
checked
only
when
a
bankruptcy
is
involved
,
not
when
one
is
only
suspected
,
unconfirmed
,
or
yet
unfiled
.
Consider
penalty
and
interest
waiver
as
usual
.
Redetermination
requests
will
be
the
same
as
for
all
other
taxpayers
.
See
AM
Memo
1233
for
additional
information
.
Large
Corporations
in
Bankruptcy
If
a
large
corporation
files
for
a
Chapter
11
Reorganization
,
perform
an
audit
unless
one
was
recently
completed
.
The
audit
must
be
scheduled
as
soon
after
filing
as
the
taxpayer
will
allow
.
A
bar
date
for
claims
may
be
set
90
days
after
the
bankruptcy
is
filed
.
Keep
in
very
close
contact
with
the
Bankruptcy
Section
of
Revenue
Accounting
to
be
sure
that
the
claim
based
on
the
audit
is
timely
filed
with
the
court
.
If
the
taxpayer
is
uncooperative
,
the
attorney
for
Revenue
Accounting
might
want
to
submit
a
motion
to
the
bankruptcy
court
for
a
turnover
of
the
records
or
for
an
extension
of
time
.
Also
,
if
necessary
,
an
estimated
audit
should
be
performed
and
amended
at
a
later
date
after
discussion
with
the
Bankruptcy
Section
.
Sales
taxes
collected
prior
to
the
bankruptcy
filing
are
considered
"
trust
funds
.
"
The
court
will
be
petitioned
for
immediate
payment
of
these
taxes
.
INSOLVENT
TAXPAYERS
This
section
includes
revisions
through
May
1999
Insolvency
is
the
inability
to
pay
debts
as
they
fall
due
in
the
usual
course
of
business
and/or
having
liabilities
in
excess
of
a
reasonable
market
value
of
assets
held
,
or
insufficient
assets
to
pay
all
debts
.
A
claim
for
insolvency
should
not
be
confused
with
imminent
or
actual
bankruptcy
.
A
taxpayer
can
pursue
an
insolvency
claim
through
the
agency
without
filing
for
bankruptcy
.
See
the
bankruptcy
section
of
this
chapter
.
When
insolvency
is
claimed
,
Audit
Headquarters
generally
requires
an
examination
of
the
records
before
making
a
recommendation
.
Headquarters
will
issue
a
memo
to
the
field
office
requesting
an
insolvency
investigation
.
The
investigation
will
verify
the
accuracy
of
the
taxpayer
's
financial
data
by
the
given
deadline
and
convey
the
findings
to
the
designated
contact
in
Audit
Headquarters
.
The
auditor
's
supervisor
should
also
determine
whether
the
audit
should
be
expedited
so
that
a
jeopardy
determination
can
be
issued
.
An
immediate
request
for
lien
filing
may
be
sent
to
the
attorney
in
Revenue
Accounting
.
NOTE
:
There
are
no
set
guidelines
for
determining
when
a
jeopardy
determination
should
be
issued
.
The
auditor
should
obtain
as
much
financial
information
about
the
taxpayer
as
possible
and
discuss
the
situation
with
the
supervisor
and/or
manager
.
Sources
of
a
Claim
of
Insolvency
Audit
in
Progress
The
auditor
may
detect
an
unstable
financial
condition
.
The
auditor
should
consult
the
supervisor
and
determine
whether
or
not
to
continue
the
audit
.
If
management
decides
to
pursue
the
audit
,
management
may
consult
with
either
legal
counsel
for
Audit
Division
or
the
Bankruptcy
Section
of
Revenue
Accounting
.
Field
management
and
Austin
will
work
together
to
determine
the
appropriate
course
of
action
-
deadlines
,
scope
of
audit
and
other
measures
in
the
best
interest
of
the
state
.
Redetermination
Hearings
If
insolvency
is
claimed
at
any
stage
,
from
the
statement
of
grounds
through
motion
for
rehearing
:
Legal
Services
Division
will
issue
a
request
for
an
insolvency
investigation
indicating
Insolvency
Claim
.
Audit
Headquarters
will
then
assign
the
insolvency
claim
to
the
appropriate
field
office
with
any
attached
documents
and
instructions
for
completion
.
The
Audit
Office
will
have
thirty
days
from
receipt
to
complete
the
assignment
.
The
auditor
should
compose
a
summary
memo
which
highlights
the
more
significant
aspects
of
the
findings
on
each
claim
and
gives
a
definitive
bottom
line
statement
of
whether
or
not
the
taxpayer
is
insolvent
.
The
summary
should
also
include
the
auditor
's
determination
if
the
taxpayer
has
the
ability
to
pay
,
i.e.
,
whether
payout
terms
may
be
necessary
,
etc.
The
entire
package
,
including
the
summary
memo
,
the
Insolvency
Investigation
Request
and
related
documents
,
should
be
returned
to
Audit
Headquarters
.
The
staff
will
review
the
submission
and
,
where
required
,
make
recommendations
for
compromise
or
settlement
.
Audit
Headquarters
will
be
responsible
for
notifying
appropriate
parties
.
Direct
Contact
The
auditor
should
refer
all
taxpayers
claiming
insolvency
to
the
appropriate
personnel
in
Audit
Headquarters
who
will
be
primarily
responsible
for
handling
telephone
and
mail
contact
from
taxpayers
claiming
insolvency
outside
of
audits
in
progress
or
in
redetermination
.
Other
Circumstances
In
cases
of
extreme
or
urgent
circumstances
,
the
counsel
for
Audit
Division
will
be
primarily
responsible
for
action
taken
in
addressing
the
issue
and
formulating
recommendations
for
its
resolution
to
appropriate
Agency
Divisions
or
personnel
.
Performance
of
the
Review
Objectives
Ascertain
that
the
taxpayer
's
financial
condition
as
reflected
on
his
books
and
records
has
not
been
the
result
of
intentionally
or
unintentionally
falsified
financial
data
.
The
major
objectives
for
implementing
a
review
include
:
Confirming
balances
of
financial
statements
.
Determining
that
the
financial
data
submitted
by
the
taxpayer
is
in
accordance
with
G.A.A.P.
and
that
usage
is
consistent
.
Confirming
all
transactions
and
balances
as
bona
fide
.
Verifying
the
existence
and
ownership
of
all
assets
.
Verifying
that
expenses
and
liabilities
are
not
overstated
.
Verifying
that
income
and
expenses
are
not
understated
.
In
most
instances
,
the
taxpayer
is
a
sole
proprietorship
,
partnership
,
and/or
closely
held
corporation
.
The
records
maintained
by
these
taxpayers
often
represent
unaudited
financial
data
.
Scrutinize
all
audit
evidence
for
reliability
.
Records
Required
The
taxpayer
MUST
provide
records
for
an
insolvency
claim
to
be
approved
.
If
the
business
has
been
in
operation
for
three
years
or
longer
,
the
MINIMUM
records
required
are
:
the
last
3
Federal
Income
Tax
Returns
;
and
the
last
3
yearly
financial
statements
;
and
a
list
of
all
property
and
assets
owned
(
not
limited
to
Texas
)
.
Businesses
operating
for
less
than
three
years
will
provide
these
records
for
the
periods
in
operation
.
Basic
Plan
The
following
outline
is
a
basic
plan
in
the
overall
exam
of
a
taxpayer
's
books
and
records
.
Additional
procedures
unique
to
the
specific
audit
and
adapted
to
the
size
and
nature
of
a
taxpayer
's
business
may
be
needed
.
Review
the
system
of
internal
control
.
Analyze
and
review
the
general
ledger
.
Compare
general
ledger
balances
with
financial
statement
balances
.
Scan
account
entries
.
Test
account
balances
.
Trace
postings
from
subledgers
and
general
journal
.
Analyze
and
review
the
subsidiary
ledgers
.
Obtain
trial
balances
of
asset
accounts
.
Foot
trial
balances
and
compare
to
controlling
accounts
.
Compare
trial
balance
of
Accounts
Receivable
with
individual
account
balances
in
the
subsidiary
ledger
.
Examine
books
of
original
entry
.
Obtain
external
evidence
if
necessary
.
Confirm
accounts
receivable
.
Confirm
bank
accounts
.
Confirm
accounts
payable
.
Inspect
inventory
.
Inspect
other
assets
.
Test
cut-off
of
transaction
.
Make
overall
inquiries
of
accounting
policies
:
Depreciation
policy
;
Credit
policy
;
and
Basis
of
accounting
.
Review
financial
statements
and
accounting
principles
.
Make
an
overall
evaluation
of
the
financial
conditions
by
applying
tests
of
the
appropriate
ratios
:
TEST
1
CURRENT
RATIO
Current
Assets
(
Cash
+
Acct
.
Recv.
+
=
Inventory
)
___________________
_______________________
Current
Liabilities
(
Acct
.
Payable
+
Fed
.
Inc.
Tax
Payable
+
Misc
.
Acct
.
Payable
A
ratio
of
2
to
1
is
generally
regarded
as
satisfactory
.
TEST
2
ACID-TEST
RATIO
Cash
+
Net
Receivables
+
Current
Marketable
Securities
_________________________________
Current
Liabilities
A
ratio
of
1
to
1
is
generally
regarded
as
satisfactory
TEST
3
ACCOUNTS
RECEIVABLE
TURNOVER
Net
Credit
Sales
_____________________________
Avg
.
Bal.
of
Trade
Acct
.
Rec
.
TEST
4
INVENTORY
TURNOVER
Annual
Cost
of
Goods
Sold
_________________________
Average
Inventory
TEST
5
AVG.
#
OF
DAYS
SALES
Ending
Inventory
_____
__________________
x
365
days
Cost
of
Goods
Sold
TEST
6
DEBT
TO
EQUITY
RATIO
Total
Debt
__________________________
Total
Stockholders
'
Equity
In
analyzing
these
ratios
,
consider
several
factors
.
Generally
,
from
a
creditor
's
point
of
view
,
the
higher
the
current
and
acid-test
ratios
and
the
shorter
the
operating
cycle
,
the
better
.
However
,
excessive
current
and
acid-test
ratios
are
unfavorable
in
management
's
view
.
Similarly
,
an
unusually
high
rate
of
inventory
turnover
may
indicate
that
the
company
is
losing
business
by
failing
to
maintain
an
adequate
supply
of
goods
,
but
a
creditor
may
look
favorably
upon
a
high
turnover
rate
.
A
high
rate
of
accounts
receivable
turnover
may
indicate
that
the
company
's
credit
policies
need
to
be
relaxed
to
encourage
more
business
,
while
a
low
debt
to
equity
ratio
may
indicate
a
substantial
margin
of
protection
against
insolvency
.
For
the
purposes
of
determining
the
solvency
or
insolvency
of
the
taxpayer
,
a
comparison
of
ratios
over
time
is
more
revealing
than
studying
single
measurements
.
A
stable
position
or
a
degenerating
financial
condition
may
be
revealed
by
analyzing
the
trends
.
However
,
do
not
rely
solely
on
these
ratios
to
determine
solvency
or
insolvency
.
If
the
trend
is
favorable
or
unfavorable
,
make
further
inquiry
as
to
the
underlying
reasons
.
Statute
:
111.102
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Manual
|
Table
of
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-
Ch
.
1
|
Maintained
by
the
Audit
Division
</text>
<text id="http://www.window.state.tx.us/taxinfo/proptax/stmt/stmt0407/stmt0407_
6.html">
Attorney
General
Opinions
Five
Opinions
Address
Property
Tax
Issues
Texas
Attorney
General
Greg
Abbott
issued
five
opinions
since
January
on
property
tax
issues
.
His
opinions
addressed
amending
a
tax
abatement
agreement
,
taxing
private
roads
for
public
use
,
executing
tax
warrants
and
seizures
,
applying
a
new
law
on
temporary
absence
from
a
homestead
for
exemptions
and
holding
two
public
offices
.
Tax
abatement
agreement
In
his
January
13
Opinion
No.
GA-0134
,
Abbott
ruled
that
a
retroactive
amendment
of
a
tax
abatement
agreement
that
extinguishes
an
existing
tax
liability
violates
Article
III
,
Section
55
of
the
Texas
Constitution
.
He
held
that
Tax
Code
Section
312.208
,
permitting
amendment
of
tax
abatement
agreements
,
does
not
modify
the
rule
established
by
Tax
Code
Section
11.42(a
)
that
a
&#8220;person
who
does
not
qualify
for
an
exemption
on
January
1
of
any
year
may
not
receive
the
exemption
that
year.&#8221
;
Fort
Bend
County
Attorney
Ben
W.
&#8220;Bud&#8221
;
Childers
sought
the
opinion
on
behalf
of
the
county
tax
assessor-collector
.
In
2000
,
Fort
Bend
County
entered
into
a
tax
abatement
agreement
with
RTRON
,
Ltd.
Some
of
the
conditions
of
the
agreement
were
that
the
certified
appraised
value
of
the
improvements
and
tangible
personal
property
,
excluding
inventory
,
shall
be
not
less
than
$
7.25
million
and
that
tangible
personal
property
shall
have
a
total
certified
appraised
value
of
not
less
than
$
2
million
,
of
which
at
least
$
600,000
shall
be
new
and
not
have
been
subject
to
taxation
prior
to
the
date
of
the
agreement
.
On
December
17
,
2002
,
RTRON
requested
that
the
agreement
be
amended
to
decrease
the
appraised
values
to
$
5.75
million
and
$
1.4
million
,
respectively
,
and
that
the
amendments
be
retroactive
to
January
1
,
2002
,
so
as
to
apply
to
the
2002
taxes
.
Before
any
such
amendment
of
the
agreement
was
made
,
the
taxes
for
tax
year
2002
became
due
.
The
taxes
were
assessed
at
full
value
because
RTRON
Ltd.
did
not
have
the
required
appraised
value
for
abatement
for
tax
year
2002
.
On
March
25
,
2003
,
the
commissioners
court
approved
the
amendments
that
RTRON
had
requested
,
including
the
request
that
the
amendment
be
retroactive
to
January
2002
.
RTRON
sought
a
tax
refund
for
the
2002
tax
year
because
,
under
the
amended
terms
of
the
tax
abatement
agreement
,
it
did
not
owe
them
.
The
opinion
reviewed
Tax
Code
Chapter
312
that
permits
a
commissioners
court
to
enter
into
tax
abatement
agreements
with
owners
of
real
property
located
in
a
reinvestment
zone
if
it
&#8220;has
established
guidelines
and
criteria
governing
tax
abatement
agreements
by
the
taxing
unit
and
a
resolution
stating
that
[
the
county
]
elects
to
become
eligible
to
participate
in
tax
abatement.&#8221
;
Section
312.208(a
)
provides
that
a
tax
abatement
agreement
may
be
modified
or
terminated
by
the
parties
at
any
time
before
its
expiration
to
&#8220;include
other
provisions
that
could
have
been
included
in
the
original
agreement
or
to
delete
provisions
that
were
not
necessary
to
the
original
agreement.&#8221
;
The
opinion
also
reviewed
Tax
Code
Chapter
11.28
that
provides
the
owner
of
real
property
subject
to
a
Chapter
312
tax
abatement
agreement
is
entitled
to
a
tax
exemption
as
provided
by
the
agreement
.
It
stated
that
Section
11.42(a
)
generally
provides
that
eligibility
for
and
amount
of
an
exemption
authorized
by
this
chapter
for
any
tax
year
are
determined
by
a
claimant&#8217;s
qualifications
on
January
1.
A
person
who
does
not
qualify
for
an
exemption
on
January
1
of
any
year
may
not
receive
the
exemption
that
year
.
Abbott
found
that
Section
11.42&#8217;s
language
clearly
does
not
contemplate
a
post
facto
alteration
of
tax
exemption
qualifications
.
Further
,
he
stated
that
Section
312.208(a
)
does
not
indicate
that
the
power
to
amend
the
terms
of
a
tax
abatement
agreement
includes
the
power
to
modify
the
Section
11.42
statutory
rule
.
Finally
,
Abbott
wrote
:
&#8220;Significantly
,
the
constitutional
provision
that
chapter
312
implements
does
not
modify
article
III
,
section
55
,
and
chapter
312
may
not
be
construed
to
authorize
the
county
to
violate
that
constitutional
prohibition.&#8221
;
&#8220;Accordingly
,
the
amendment
approved
on
March
25
,
2003
,
after
2002
taxes
became
due
,
would
in
effect
retroactively
expunge
a
liability
.
The
fact
that
the
debt
in
question
was
paid
after
it
became
due
does
not
alter
the
terms
of
this
analysis
.
Once
the
debt
had
become
due
and
owing
,
it
could
not
be
cancelled
,
...
&#8220
;
the
opinion
stated
.
Private
roads
for
public
use
In
Opinion
No.
GA-0139
issued
January
28
,
Abbott
held
that
property
that
has
been
dedicated
to
the
public
for
use
as
streets
but
that
has
not
been
accepted
by
the
county
is
not
county-owned
for
tax-exemption
purposes
.
The
opinion
stated
that
the
county
must
,
consequently
,
levy
property
taxes
on
the
property
.
Senator
Kenneth
Armbrister
,
Natural
Resources
Committee
Chair
,
asked
about
the
status
of
certain
property
dedicated
for
use
as
public
roadways
in
a
subdivision
plat
in
a
county
with
fewer
than
50,000
people
where
the
commissioners
court
approved
the
plat
for
filing
but
did
not
accept
the
roads
for
county
maintenance
.
The
opinion
stated
that
only
a
commissioners
court
,
acting
as
a
body
,
has
authority
to
accept
a
street
for
county
maintenance
.
A
commissioners
court
in
a
county
with
a
population
of
50,000
or
less
may
acquire
an
interest
in
a
road
under
Section
253.011
or
281.002
,
Transportation
Code
.
The
opinion
also
found
that
a
county
has
no
authority
to
order
the
removal
of
an
obstruction
of
a
road
that
has
not
been
accepted
into
the
county
road
system
.
But
,
as
a
consequence
of
a
real
property
conveyance
that
expressly
refers
to
a
plat
showing
abutting
roads
or
streets
,
the
purchaser
acquires
a
private
interest
in
the
roads
shown
on
the
plat
.
A
property
owner
holding
such
a
deed
has
a
right
to
enforce
his
or
her
private
easement
.
Tax
warrants
and
seizures
On
January
28
,
Opinion
No.
GA-0140
addressed
the
execution
of
tax
warrants
and
property
seizure
and
sale
under
Tax
Code
Chapter
33
.
In
this
opinion
,
Abbott
ruled
the
following
six
key
points
:
&#8220;A
peace
officer
,
as
defined
by
article
2.12
of
the
Code
of
Criminal
Procedure
,
may
execute
a
tax
warrant
for
the
seizure
of
personal
property
under
section
33.23
of
the
Tax
Code
,
while
a
sheriff
or
constable
is
the
only
type
of
peace
officer
that
may
execute
a
tax
warrant
for
seizure
of
real
property
under
section
33.93
of
the
same
code
.
Likewise
,
any
peace
officer
may
seize
personal
property
that
is
the
subject
of
a
tax
warrant
,
while
a
sheriff
or
constable
may
seize
real
property
.
Seizure
requires
possession
or
control
of
the
property
.
A
peace
officer
who
seizes
personal
property
is
authorized
,
but
not
required
,
by
statute
to
relinquish
possession
to
the
tax
assessor-collector
.
On
the
other
hand
,
section
33.93
requires
the
sheriff
or
constable
to
turn
the
possession
of
seized
real
property
over
to
the
assessor-collector.&#8221
;
&#8220;Section
33.23
does
not
specify
who
is
to
prepare
the
inventory
or
personal
property
seized
in
accordance
with
a
tax
warrant
.
Consistent
with
case
law
and
with
practical
considerations
,
the
officer
who
executes
the
warrant
must
prepare
the
inventory.&#8221
;
&#8220;In
accordance
with
section
33.25
of
the
Tax
Code
,
in
a
county
the
size
of
Harris
County
,
the
sale
of
seized
personal
property
must
be
held
(
1
)
by
either
the
peace
officer
or
the
tax
assessor-collector
,
whomever
the
court
has
specified
in
the
tax
warrant
;
or
(
2
)
under
an
agreement
authorized
by
the
commissioners
court
,
by
an
auctioneer
or
Internet
service
provider
.
If
the
seller
is
an
auctioneer
or
an
Internet
service
provider
,
it
should
pay
the
proceeds
either
to
the
peace
officer
,
who
must
pay
them
to
the
assessor-collector
,
or
directly
to
the
assessor-collector
,
in
accordance
with
the
agreement
.
An
officer
who
receives
proceeds
from
a
third
party
or
who
receives
proceeds
as
a
result
of
having
personally
conducted
the
sale
must
pay
them
over
to
the
assessor-collector
.
The
assessor-collector
must
distribute
the
proceeds
as
section
33.25(f
)
directs.&#8221
;
&#8220;Seized
real
property
must
be
sold
by
&#8216;the
officer
charged
with
selling&#8217
;
it
,
unless
directed
otherwise
by
the
taxing
unit
that
requested
the
warrant
.
The
officer
who
conducted
the
sale
must
distribute
the
proceeds.&#8221
;
&#8220;Seized
personal
property
may
be
sold
at
any
time
,
unless
the
warrant
or
agreement
with
an
auctioneer
specifies
otherwise.&#8221
;
&#8220;None
of
the
Tax
Code
provisions
examined
in
this
opinion
unconstitutionally
delegates
authority
to
a
tax
collector-assessor.&#8221
;
Harris
County
Attorney
Mike
Stafford
requested
the
opinion
on
a
series
of
questions
dealing
with
Tax
Code
Chapter
33
,
including
tax
warrants
,
seizure
of
property
,
sale
of
seized
property
and
constitutionality
of
statutes
delegating
authority
.
Chapter
33
,
Subchapter
B
,
addresses
seizing
personal
property
,
including
tangible
personal
property
,
cash
on
hand
and
various
financial
instruments
.
A
taxing
unit
may
seize
a
person
's
personal
property
for
paying
a
delinquent
tax
,
penalty
and
interest
that
the
person
owes
on
the
property
.
Personal
property
also
may
be
seized
before
the
tax
becomes
delinquent
in
certain
limited
circumstances
.
When
a
tax
is
delinquent
,
or
in
those
circumstances
before
a
tax
is
delinquent
,
a
tax
collector
may
apply
to
a
court
for
a
tax
warrant
authorizing
that
the
property
be
seized
.
The
court
may
issue
the
warrant
upon
submission
of
a
sufficient
affidavit
.
Subchapter
E
of
the
chapter
provides
for
seizure
of
real
property
.
Section
33.911
,
which
relates
specifically
to
counties
,
authorizes
a
county
,
after
notifying
the
owner
,
to
seize
a
person
's
real
property
for
paying
a
delinquent
tax
,
penalty
and
interest
the
person
owes
on
the
property
in
certain
circumstances
.
After
property
becomes
subject
to
seizure
,
the
county
's
assessor-collector
may
apply
for
a
tax
warrant
to
a
district
court
,
which
must
issue
the
warrant
if
the
assessor-collector
submits
a
sufficient
affidavit
.
Tax
warrant
.
First
,
the
opinion
dealt
with
questions
about
who
is
authorized
to
execute
a
tax
warrant
.
The
opinion
concluded
that
any
peace
officer
,
as
defined
in
Article
2.12
,
Code
of
Criminal
Procedure
,
who
is
in
the
county
and
has
jurisdiction
to
do
so
may
execute
a
warrant
for
the
seizure
of
personal
property
under
Section
33.23
.
The
opinion
also
held
that
the
sheriff
or
a
constable
may
execute
a
warrant
for
the
seizure
of
real
property
under
Section
33.93
.
Seizure
of
personal
and
real
property
.
On
questions
about
who
seizes
the
property
,
the
opinion
said
that
a
warrant
directs
that
property
be
seized
;
thus
,
execution
of
the
warrant
requires
seizure
of
the
specified
property
.
For
this
reason
,
the
opinion&#8217;s
conclusion
mirrored
the
previous
issue
:
any
peace
officer
,
as
defined
by
Article
2.12
,
Code
of
Criminal
Procedure
,
who
is
in
the
county
and
has
jurisdiction
to
do
so
may
seize
personal
property
specified
in
a
warrant
issued
under
Section
33.23
,
while
the
sheriff
or
a
constable
may
seize
real
property
specified
in
a
warrant
issued
under
Section
33.93
.
On
the
question
of
whether
seizure
of
personal
or
real
property
requires
actual
possession
,
the
opinion
concluded
that
seizure
requires
the
officer
executing
the
warrant
to
possess
,
or
to
exercise
control
of
,
the
property
.
In
addressing
who
maintains
possession
of
the
seized
personal
property
,
the
opinion
found
that
a
peace
officer
is
not
statutorily
required
to
turn
possession
over
to
the
assessor-collector
.
It
held
that
,
under
Section
33.23(c
)
,
either
the
peace
officer
or
the
assessor-collector
may
"
take
possession
of
"
the
seized
personal
property
"
pending
its
sale
.
"
A
tax
warrant
may
order
a
peace
officer
to
turn
personal
property
over
to
the
assessor-collector
,
however
.
On
the
other
hand
,
the
opinion
found
that
a
peace
officer
must
turn
the
possession
of
seized
real
property
over
to
the
assessor-collector
.
It
said
that
Section
33.93(c
)
is
&#8220;unambiguous&#8221
;
on
this
point
.
On
the
question
of
who
prepares
the
inventory
of
seized
personal
property
,
the
opinion
held
that
the
inventory
must
be
prepared
by
either
the
peace
officer
or
the
tax
assessor-collector
.
It
found
that
case
law
suggests
that
,
in
general
,
the
officer
who
executes
the
warrant
inventories
the
seized
property
.
This
practice
would
serve
to
protect
the
officer
should
some
item
later
be
discovered
missing
,
and
it
therefore
serves
a
practical
purpose
.
Thus
,
it
concluded
that
the
officer
who
executes
the
warrant
must
prepare
the
inventory
.
Sale
of
seized
property
.
The
opinion
addressed
questions
on
who
is
authorized
to
hold
the
sale
of
property
seized
under
a
tax
warrant
and
to
receive
and
deliver
the
proceeds
.
The
opinion
found
that
,
for
a
county
that
exceeds
3
million
population
,
Section
33.25
appears
to
permit
a
county
to
authorize
a
peace
officer
or
the
tax
assessor-collector
to
contract
with
an
auctioneer
,
which
contract
may
provide
for
"
on-line
bidding
and
sale
"
through
an
Internet
service
provider
.
If
the
seller
is
an
auctioneer
,
it
should
pay
the
proceeds
either
to
the
peace
officer
,
who
must
pay
them
to
the
assessor-collector
,
or
directly
to
the
assessor-collector
,
in
accordance
with
the
contract
.
An
officer
who
receives
proceeds
from
a
third
party
or
who
receives
proceeds
as
a
result
of
having
personally
conducted
the
sale
must
pay
them
over
to
the
assessor-collector
.
The
assessor-collector
must
distribute
the
proceeds
as
Section
33.25(f
)
directs
.
Further
,
the
opinion
concluded
that
the
officer
whom
the
warrant
charges
with
doing
so
must
sell
the
real
property
.
And
,
in
accordance
with
Section
34.02
,
the
officer
who
is
charged
with
conducting
the
sale
must
distribute
the
proceeds
.
On
the
question
about
the
periods
of
time
during
which
a
sale
of
seized
personal
property
may
be
conducted
,
the
opinion
found
that
none
of
the
statutes
or
rules
regulate
the
hours
during
which
the
sale
of
personal
property
must
occur
.
It
said
,
&#8220;...
we
believe
the
sale
may
be
conducted
at
any
hour
,
unless
the
warrant
specifies
otherwise.&#8221
;
Constitutionality
of
statutes
delegating
authority
.
The
last
area
dealt
with
whether
the
Tax
Code
provisions
"
that
authorize
a
tax
assessor-collector
to
seize
property
[
are
]
a
delegation
of
authority
beyond
that
contemplated
in
the
Texas
Constitution
.
"
The
opinion
found
that
none
of
the
Tax
Code
provisions
examined
unconstitutionally
delegate
authority
to
a
tax
collector-assessor
.
It
said
that
Article
VIII
,
Section
14
of
the
Texas
Constitution
explicitly
gives
the
legislature
the
task
of
defining
an
assessor-collector
's
authority
.
It
held
that
the
legislature
decides
what
duties
an
assessor-collector
,
a
sheriff
and
a
constable
are
required
or
authorized
to
perform
in
the
tax
collection
process
.
Temporary
absence
from
homestead
Abbott
ruled
in
Opinion
No.
GA-0148
issued
February
12
that
the
amendments
adopted
during
the
78th
Texas
Legislature
,
Regular
Session
,
for
temporary
absence
from
a
homestead
to
still
receive
property
tax
exemptions
did
not
apply
to
the
exemptions
for
the
2003
tax
year
.
Abbott
reviewed
House
Bill
(
H.B.
)
1223
and
the
term
&#8220;temporary&#8221
;
for
purposes
of
residential
homestead
occupancy
and
exemption
qualification
.
H.B.
1223
limits
the
temporary
absence
from
the
homestead
to
two
years
to
maintain
property
tax
exemptions
,
unless
the
absence
is
a
result
of
military
service
or
residency
in
a
facility
providing
services
related
to
health
,
infirmity
or
aging
.
Representative
Fred
Hill
,
Local
Government
Ways
and
Means
Committee
Chair
,
had
asked
if
the
term
&#8220;temporary&#8221
;
applied
to
granting
exemptions
for
the
tax
year
beginning
on
January
1
,
2004
,
or
may
it
be
applied
to
homestead
exemptions
existing
on
January
1
,
2003
.
The
opinion
held
that
the
retrospective
application
of
a
statute
to
a
previous
year
requires
that
such
statutes
expressly
provide
that
they
shall
be
retrospective.
&#8220;Nothing
in
H.B.
1223
makes
it
retrospectively
applicable
to
the
2003
tax
year,&#8221
;
the
opinion
stated
.
Holding
two
offices
Abbott&#8217;s
Opinion
No.
GA-0169
issued
March
23
held
that
a
city
council
member
is
not
prohibited
from
simultaneously
serving
as
a
board
member
of
a
tax
increment
reinvestment
zone
and
on
the
city
council
that
created
the
zone
.
Senator
Troy
Fraser
,
Business
and
Commerce
Committee
Chair
,
requested
an
opinion
concerning
whether
there
was
a
conflict
with
the
common-law
doctrine
of
incompatibility
to
serve
in
both
positions
at
the
same
time
.
The
opinion
looked
at
the
three
areas
of
the
common-law
doctrine
of
incompatibility
:
self-appointment
,
self-employment
and
conflicting
loyalties
.
Abbott
found
that
a
city
council
member
does
not
violate
these
three
components
by
serving
in
both
positions
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.window.state.tx.us/tspr/glenrose/ch04a.htm">
This
chapter
discusses
financial
management
within
the
Glen
Rose
Independent
School
District
(
GRISD
)
in
the
following
sections
:
A.
Fund
Balance
B.
Districtwide
Planning
and
Budgeting
C.
Accounting
and
Payroll
Operations
D.
Cash
Management
E.
Risk
Management
F.
Fixed
Asset
Management
G.
Purchasing
Operations
A.
FUND
BALANCE
The
GRISD
General
Fund
is
the
primary
fund
that
supports
the
district
's
operations
.
It
receives
revenue
from
local
property
taxes
,
and
the
fund
balance
,
the
difference
between
the
assets
and
liabilities
in
the
fund
,
is
one
of
the
primary
measures
of
solvency
for
a
school
district
and
a
reflection
of
the
district
's
financial
condition
.
FINDING
Financial
information
is
not
provided
on
a
regular
basis
to
the
board
to
identify
the
effect
of
deficit
spending
.
The
district
does
not
have
a
policy
to
set
a
minimum
fund
balance
amount
.
At
the
time
this
review
began
in
October
2001
,
GRISD
faced
a
growing
financial
challenge
.
For
the
last
five
years
,
the
board
and
administration
have
purposely
adopted
deficit-operating
budgets
,
which
means
the
district
adopted
an
operating
budget
that
exceeded
the
revenues
available
to
fund
it
.
These
budgets
were
funded
out
of
the
district
's
general
fund
balance
to
allow
the
balance
of
$
13.1
million
to
be
used
,
rather
than
raising
taxes
to
help
fund
the
budget
.
Exhibit
4-4
provides
a
summary
of
the
changes
in
fund
balance
from
1997-98
through
the
budget
projections
for
2001-02
.
Although
the
district
's
adopted
budgets
in
each
of
these
years
were
greater
than
the
amount
actually
spent
,
the
fund
balance
still
decreased
.
During
this
five-year
period
,
the
district
's
fund
balance
dropped
from
$
11.8
million
to
an
anticipated
balance
at
the
end
of
2001-02
of
$
4.2
million
.
During
this
same
period
,
the
district
has
not
analyzed
spending
patterns
in
any
meaningful
way
,
developed
a
long-range
plan
to
balance
the
budget
or
reduced
spending
significantly
.
Its
tax
rate
remains
one
of
the
lowest
in
Texas
.
Exhibit
4-4
Change
in
General
Fund
Balance
1997-98
through
2000-01
Actual
and
2001-02
Adopted
Budget
1997-98
1998-99
1999-2000
2000-01
2001-02
Beginning
Fund
Balance
$
13,290,797
$
11,776,484
$
10,941,788
$
8,807,374
$
7,135,406
Budgeted
Fund
Balance
Reduction
(
$
3,607,415
)
(
$
4,355,356
)
(
$
2,764,047
)
(
$
3,766,005
)
(
$
2,948,527
)
Actual
Unspent
Funds
$
2,093,102
$
3,520,660
$
950,173
$
2,094,037
$
0
Actual
Fund
Balance
Reduction
(
$
1,514,313
)
(
$
834,696
)
(
$
1,813,874
)
(
$
1,671,968
)
$
0
Ending
Fund
Balance
$
11,776,484
$
10,941,788
$
8,807,374*
$
7,135,406
$
4,186,879
Source
:
GRISD
audited
financial
statements
1997-98
through
2000-01
and
2001-02
GRISD
adopted
budget.
*Includes
$
320,540
adjustment
to
fund
balance
for
unrelated
purpose
.
Exhibit
4-5
shows
the
trends
in
enrollment
,
revenue
and
expenditures
for
the
last
five
years
in
the
General
Fund
.
GRISD
's
enrollment
has
increasedmore
than
10
percent
,
while
its
expenditures
have
increased
more
than
40
percent
.
In
the
same
period
,
revenues
have
increased
nearly
23
percent
.
The
result
has
been
continued
reductions
of
the
General
Fund
balance
.
Exhibit
4-5
GRISD
Enrollment
,
Actual
Revenues
and
Expenditures
in
the
General
Fund
1997-98
through
2001-02
1997-98
1998-99
1999-2000
2000-01
2001-02
Percent
Change
1997-98
to
2001-02
Enrollment
1,507
1,555
1,596
1,614
1,666
10.6
%
General
Fund
Revenues
$
11,992,932
$
11,719,841
$
12,214,139
$
12,276,277
$
14,745,076
22.9
%
General
Fund
Expenditures
$
12,612,359
$
12,554,081
$
13,814,638
$
14,491,429
$
17,693,603
40.3
%
Effect
on
Fund
Balance
(
$
619,427
)
(
$
834,240
)
(
$
1,600,499
)
(
$
2,215,152
)
(
$
2,948,527
)
376.0
%
Source
:
GRISD
audited
financial
statements
1997-98
through
2000-01
and
2001-02
GRISD
adopted
budget
.
Note
:
Food
services
,
federal
programs
,
capital
projects
and
other
special
purpose
fund
amounts
are
not
included
.
District
staff
and
board
members
said
in
interviews
that
GRISD
made
a
conscious
decision
to
use
a
portion
of
the
general
fund
balance
to
fund
normal
district
operating
expenses
.
This
decision
has
resulted
in
a
budget
that
exceeds
current
revenues
and
has
reduced
the
district
's
ability
to
respond
to
emergencies
or
changes
in
funding
.
With
such
an
approach
,
the
district
's
General
Fund
balance
could
be
entirely
depleted
by
2003-04
.
For
example
,
if
district
revenues
decreased
due
to
changes
in
funding
formulas
by
the
Legislature
or
a
major
change
in
Texas
Utilities
operations
,
such
as
reduced
operations
,
and
sufficient
money
was
not
available
in
the
fund
balance
to
make
up
for
the
lost
revenue
,
district
operations
could
be
placed
in
jeopardy
.
Board
members
must
have
a
thorough
understanding
of
the
district
's
financial
condition
and
the
impact
of
their
deficit
spending
decisions
on
the
district
's
financial
health
.
For
example
,
in
2000
,
the
site-based
decision-making
committees
(
SBDM
)
at
both
the
elementary
and
intermediate
schools
recommended
eliminating
the
budget
item
that
provided
school
supplies
to
each
student
.
The
board
's
decision
not
to
adopt
this
recommendation
,
even
though
it
would
have
resulted
in
a
savings
of
approximately
$
20,500
,
to
the
district
,
ultimately
had
a
negative
effect
on
the
fund
balance
.
Without
specific
financial
information
on
each
board
spending
action
,
the
fund
balance
impact
will
not
be
clearly
stated
for
the
board
and
taxpayer
community
.
Recommendation
27
:
Develop
a
policy
that
establishes
the
optimum
balance
for
the
General
Fund
and
require
the
administration
to
report
regularly
to
the
board
regarding
changes
to
the
fund
balance
.
The
policy
should
include
a
strategy
as
to
how
to
reach
and
maintain
the
desired
balance
for
the
fund
.
The
board
should
conduct
frequent
reviews
of
district
spending
and
make
changes
to
spending
when
needed
.
Focusing
attention
on
the
fund
balance
will
keep
the
effects
of
financial
decision-making
in
front
of
the
board
.
The
monthly
report
to
the
board
by
district
administrators
should
include
the
status
of
the
fund
balance
.
Any
significant
events
that
have
an
effect
on
the
fund
balance
should
be
explained
.
IMPLEMENTATION
STRATEGIES
AND
TIMELINE
1.
The
superintendent
,
working
with
the
director
of
Finance
,
develops
a
policy
establishing
an
optimum
fund
balance
.
May
2002
2.
The
board
reviews
and
adopts
the
policy
.
June
2002
3.
The
director
of
Finance
develops
monthly
reports
for
the
board
.
July
2002
4.
The
board
reviews
the
effects
of
decisions
on
the
fund
balance
as
part
of
its
monthly
financial
reports
.
Ongoing
FISCAL
IMPACT
This
recommendation
can
be
implemented
with
existing
resources
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.window.state.tx.us/tspr/sanangelo/ch07a.htm">
This
chapter
reviews
the
San
Angelo
Independent
School
District
's
(
SAISD
's
)
financial
management
function
in
the
following
sections
:
A.
Fund
Balance
B.
Planning
and
Budgeting
C.
Accounting
Operations
D.
Payroll
E.
External
and
Internal
Audit
A.
FUND
BALANCE
Governmental
funds
such
as
SAISD
's
General
Fund
report
their
equity
as
a
"
fund
balance
.
"
A
fund
balance
is
the
difference
between
the
assets
and
liabilities
as
reflected
on
the
balance
sheet
.
It
is
the
measure
of
the
district
's
financial
resources
available
for
future
use
after
all
obligations
have
been
met
.
The
fund
balance
of
a
district
's
general
fund
is
significant
since
it
is
the
primary
fund
that
supports
most
of
the
district
's
activities
and
receives
state
aid
and
local
maintenance
taxes
.
It
is
one
of
the
primary
measures
of
solvency
for
the
school
district
.
The
fund
balance
is
viewed
as
the
most
meaningful
reflection
of
the
district
's
financial
condition
.
TEA
's
Financial
Accountability
System
Resource
Guide
(
FASRG
)
provides
a
computation
of
the
optimum
fund
balance
for
the
General
Fund
.
The
"
Computation
Worksheet
"
for
optimal
General
Fund
balance
is
a
required
schedule
in
the
annual
external
audit
.
TEA
recommends
that
the
optimal
fund
balance
be
equal
to
the
total
reserved
fund
balance
,
total
designated
fund
balance
,
an
amount
needed
to
cover
Fall
cash
flow
deficits
in
the
General
Fund
and
one
month
of
average
cash
disbursements
during
the
regular
(
non-summer
)
school
year
.
Reserved
fund
balances
are
those
that
are
legally
earmarked
for
a
specific
future
use
,
such
as
a
reserve
for
encumbrances
.
Designated
fund
balances
are
those
that
are
identified
by
the
school
district
management
to
reflect
tentative
plans
or
commitments
.
SAISD
has
operated
with
a
fund
balance
below
the
optimum
level
for
the
last
two
years
.
Over
the
last
five
years
,
there
has
been
a
71.8
percent
decrease
in
the
district
's
general
fund
balance
.
During
2000-01
,
the
district
spent
59.1
percent
of
its
general
fund
balance
that
was
available
at
the
beginning
of
the
year
.
At
the
end
of
2000-01
,
the
district
projects
that
it
will
have
a
general
fund
balance
of
$
5,887,942
.
Exhibit
7-11
shows
the
district
's
general
fund
balance
at
the
end
of
the
1997-98
through
1999-2000
years
compared
to
TEA
's
recommended
optimum
fund
balance
.
Exhibit
7-11
Analysis
of
SAISD
General
Fund
Balance
1997-98
through
1999-2000
1997-98
1998-99
1999-2000
Ending
Fund
Balance
$
23,222,299
$
22,889,100
$
14,400,885
Optimum
Fund
Balance
$
20,471,144
$
27,434,488
$
16,114,992
Excess/(Deficit
)
$
2,751,155
$
4,545,388
(
$
1,714,107
)
Total
Months
Covered
3.6
3.0
2.0
Source
:
SAISD
's
audited
financial
statement
1997-98
through
1999-2000
.
Exhibit
7-12
compares
SAISD
with
its
peer
districts
in
terms
of
projected
fund
balances
at
August
31
,
2001
and
the
total
number
of
months
the
fund
balances
would
cover
expenditures
.
None
of
the
peer
districts
meet
the
recommended
level
.
SAISD
has
the
second
lowest
reserve
balance
of
its
peer
districts
.
Exhibit
7-12
SAISD
Projected
General
Fund
Balance
Compared
to
Peer
Districts
As
of
August
31
,
2001
District
Fund
Balance
Total
Months
Covered
Abilene
$
24,926,777
2.8
Waco
$
15,759,345
2.1
Midland
$
12,079,740
1.3
San
Angelo
$
5,887,942
0.8
Ector
$
6,498,742
0.5
Source
:
TEA
,
PEIMS
2000-01
and
internal
SAISD
projections
.
Exhibit
7-13
summarizes
the
revenues
and
expenditures
per
student
over
the
past
four
years
and
the
percent
of
expenditures
funded
by
using
amounts
from
the
district
's
general
fund
balance
.
In
1999-2000
and
2000-01
,
a
portion
of
every
dollar
spent
on
students
was
taken
from
the
general
fund
balance
.
In
1999-2000
,
9.2
cents
and
in
2000-01
,
9.4
cents
of
every
dollar
spent
on
students
had
to
be
funded
from
the
general
fund
balance
.
Exhibit
7-13
Per
Student
Revenues
,
Expenditures
and
General
Fund
Balance
Contributions
1997-98
through
2000-01
1997-98
1998-99
1999-2000
2000-01
Revenues
per
Student
(
General
Fund
)
$
4,642
$
5,464
$
4,898
$
5,103
Expenditures
per
Student
(
General
Fund
)
$
4,506
$
5,400
$
5,392
$
5,631
General
Fund
Balance
Contributions
per
Student
0
%
0
%
9.2
%
9.4
%
Source
:
SAISD
's
Audited
Financial
Statements
1997-98
through
1999-2000
and
May
22
,
2001
SAISD
Business
and
Finance
Department
Projections
.
FINDING
The
district
does
not
have
an
effective
fund
balance
management
policy
.
SAISD
's
fund
balance
has
dropped
from
a
high
of
$
23.2
million
in
1997-98
to
a
low
of
$
5.9
million
projected
for
year-end
2000-01
(
Exhibit
7-14
).
Exhibit
7-14
SAISD
General
Fund
Balance
1996-97
through
2000-01
Source
:
SAISD
Audited
Financial
Statements
1996-97
through
1999-2000
and
May
22
,
2001
SAISD
Business
and
Finance
Department
Projections
.
Board
members
have
not
monitored
the
fund
balance
while
approving
deficit
spending
.
Deficit
spending
occurs
when
the
district
spends
more
than
it
collects
in
revenues
.
Although
the
district
has
been
under
budget
with
its
expenditures
,
except
in
2000-01
when
actual
expenditures
exceeded
budgeted
by
$
449,315
,
the
district
has
been
operating
under
a
deficit
budget
for
each
of
the
last
five
years
.
Each
year
,
the
board
has
approved
spending
from
the
fund
balance
to
cover
district
expenses
.
Based
on
district
projections
,
the
district
currently
has
only
24
days
of
reserves
in
its
fund
balance
.
The
board
has
not
historically
reviewed
its
fund
balance
on
a
regular
basis
to
recognize
the
impact
that
deficit
spending
was
having
on
the
district
's
financial
reserves
.
If
this
trend
is
not
reversed
,
the
district
will
deplete
its
general
fund
balance
.
Board
members
effectively
manage
a
school
district
's
financial
resources
by
having
a
thorough
understanding
of
the
financial
condition
of
the
district
.
Each
board
member
must
understand
the
impact
any
decision
the
board
makes
will
have
on
the
financial
well
being
of
the
district
.
Recommendation
57
:
Establish
a
general
fund
balance
management
policy
and
require
reports
to
the
board
.
This
policy
should
establish
goals
concerning
what
the
district
's
optimum
fund
balance
should
be
at
all
times
.
It
should
include
a
means
of
attaining
and
maintaining
the
desired
level
.
The
policy
should
provide
the
superintendent
with
clear
directions
as
to
how
to
increase
revenues
or
decrease
expenditures
in
order
to
meet
the
district
's
fund
balance
goals
.
It
should
also
require
that
every
agenda
item
contain
a
fiscal
impact
statement
.
One
of
the
essential
elements
of
the
policy
should
be
a
means
of
keeping
the
board
informed
about
the
status
of
the
fund
balance
.
In
every
board
packet
,
the
superintendent
should
include
a
summary
of
the
beginning
fund
balance
,
the
revenues
received
during
the
month
,
the
month
's
expenditures
and
the
ending
fund
balance
.
Any
significant
events
that
have
had
a
major
impact
on
the
fund
balance
during
that
month
should
be
explained
.
This
will
ensure
that
the
board
and
district
administration
are
always
aware
of
the
financial
position
of
the
district
.
IMPLEMENTATION
STRATEGIES
AND
TIMELINE
1.
The
board
Finance
Committee
drafts
a
fund
balance
policy
with
the
assistance
of
the
assistant
superintendent
of
Business
and
Finance
.
September
2001
2.
The
Finance
Committee
presents
the
policy
to
the
board
for
approval
.
October
2001
3.
The
board
approves
the
policy
and
directs
the
superintendent
to
implement
.
October
2001
4.
The
assistant
superintendent
of
Business
and
Finance
develops
the
required
reports
that
will
be
submitted
to
the
board
through
the
Finance
Committee
.
November
2001
5.
The
assistant
superintendent
of
Business
and
Finance
prepares
the
reports
for
the
board
.
December
2001
and
Ongoing
FISCAL
IMPACT
This
recommendation
can
be
implemented
using
existing
resources
.
FINDING
The
district
does
not
use
cash
flow
forecasts
or
financial
modeling
to
evaluate
whether
the
district
is
meeting
its
financial
goals
.
A
financial
model
allows
the
district
to
analyze
revenues
and
expenditures
and
to
project
the
financial
condition
of
the
district
to
the
end
of
the
year
.
It
provides
the
opportunity
to
evaluate
a
number
of
different
scenarios
to
determine
what
scenario
should
be
followed
to
realize
the
greatest
benefit
for
the
district
.
Financial
modeling
provides
an
essential
tool
to
assist
the
administration
in
guiding
the
future
of
the
district
.
By
setting
specific
financial
targets
,
a
financial
model
can
establish
measurement
criteria
to
track
the
success
of
the
plan
.
If
used
regularly
,
a
financial
model
can
help
the
district
achieve
its
goals
.
When
budgeted
amounts
are
judged
against
projected
amounts
on
a
monthly
basis
,
necessary
adjustments
can
be
identified
and
made
in
a
timely
manner
.
For
a
district
to
limit
the
impact
or
take
advantage
of
changes
in
its
anticipated
revenues
and
expenditures
,
it
must
identify
the
variances
in
a
timely
manner
.
A
sound
method
of
identifying
variances
is
by
preparing
monthly
reports
comparing
actual
revenues
and
expenditures
to
budgeted
amounts
and
then
making
projections
using
the
most
current
data
available
.
Using
the
projections
enable
the
district
to
identify
where
revenues
and
expenditures
will
exceed
or
not
meet
budgeted
amounts
for
the
year
.
Recommendation
58
:
Prepare
monthly
projections
of
revenues
,
expenditures
and
cash
flows
and
compare
to
budgeted
amounts
.
If
the
district
prepared
monthly
financial
projections
,
steps
could
be
taken
to
identify
problems
before
they
reach
a
critical
level
.
The
district
's
financial
condition
is
such
that
financial
projections
must
become
a
part
of
the
monthly
accounting
procedures
.
Financial
projections
will
enhance
the
financial
accountability
of
the
district
.
IMPLEMENTATION
STRATEGIES
AND
TIMELINE
1.
The
assistant
superintendent
of
Business
and
Finance
and
the
comptroller
determine
what
analysis
and
projections
are
necessary
to
enhance
the
district
's
financial
accountability
.
September
2001
2.
The
assistant
superintendent
of
Business
and
Finance
presents
recommended
reports
to
the
Finance
Committee
for
review
and
approval
.
October
2001
3.
The
comptroller
prepares
monthly
revenue
and
expenditure
projections
and
monthly
cash
flow
projections
based
on
the
prior
month
's
activity
.
November
2001
and
Ongoing
4.
The
superintendent
and
assistant
superintendent
of
Business
and
Finance
review
the
projections
and
develop
recommendations
for
change
when
needed
.
November
2001
and
Ongoing
5.
The
assistant
superintendent
of
Business
and
Finance
presents
the
projections
and
actual
results
to
the
Finance
Committee
each
month
and
presents
any
recommendations
at
that
time
.
November
2001
and
Ongoing
6.
The
Finance
Committee
presents
the
projections
and
actual
results
to
the
board
each
month
and
presents
any
recommendations
at
that
time
.
November
2001
and
Ongoing
FISCAL
IMPACT
This
recommendation
can
be
implemented
with
the
district
's
existing
resources
.
</text>
<text id="http://www2.clarke.k12.ga.us/cen/Morning%20Announcements.htm">
Clarke
Central
High
School
is
a
diverse
community
in
which
each
person
values
people
and
learning
.
We
challenge
and
inspire
each
other
toward
intellectual
and
personal
growth
in
a
safe
,
nurturing
environment
.
School
Hours
:
8:30-3:40
Grades
:
9-12
Enrollment
:
1504
Teachers
:
92
With
Advanced
Degrees
:
54
Average
Years
Experience
:
11
Colors
:
Red
and
Gold
Mascot
:
Gladiator
Parent-Teacher
Association
:
PTSO
Academics
*AP
Language
Test
administered
May
01
*AP
Literature
Test
administered
May
04
Opportunities
Pathways
to
Success
After-School
Program
is
a
free
tutoring
program
designed
to
meet
the
academic
needs
of
all
Clarke
Central
students
.
It
provides
extra
academic
assistance
in
a
small
group
setting
for
all
core
courses
.
Tutoring
is
provided
on
Monday
,
Tuesday
,
and
Thursday
from
3:50
until
4:50
pm
with
free
transportation
home
.
You
do
not
have
to
sign
up
?
just
show
up
in
the
room
where
you
need
assistance
.
See
Ms.
Melanie
Sigler
for
further
information
.
March
01
Cap
&
gown
prices
rise
to
$
65
;
April
01
Cap
&
gown
prices
rise
to
$
75
;
May
01
Cap
&
gown
prices
rise
to
$
85
*Graduation
Rehearsal
4:30
PM
,
UGA
Coliseum
on
May
18
*Graduation
8:30
PM
,
UGA
Coliseum
on
May
19
Technology
Clarke
Central
is
a
totally
wireless
school
with
both
mobile
and
desktop
computing
opportunities
for
students
.
Facility
The
facilities
at
Clarke
Central
have
undergone
major
improvements
.
Improvements
include
:
extensive
renovations
to
the
main
building
during
the
summer
of
2005
,
a
new
competition
gym
,
a
new
auditorium
,
a
new
media
center
,
and
a
new
cafeteria
.
In
addition
,
a
new
facility
housing
classrooms
and
labs
will
open
in
the
winter
of
2006
.
Learning
Environment
Dr.
Linda
Boza
,
Instructional
Specialist
(
Email
:
bozal@clarke.k12.ga.us
)
Accreditation
SACS
Georgia
Accreditation
Recent
Honors
and
Achievements
*
Clarke
Central
High
School
's
Academic
Teams
capped
undefeated
seasons
by
winning
the
recent
Northeast
Georgia
RESA
Academic
Bowl
.
Pounding
arch-rival
Oconee
County
High
School
for
the
third
time
this
season
,
the
varsity
racked
up
535
points
to
Oconee
County
's
380
.
The
back-to-back
varsity
champions
are
William
Dix
,
Cullen
Timmons
,
Alexander
Stephens
,
Mary
Leah
Friedline
,
Henry
Liang
,
and
Rob
Packer
.
The
junior
varsity
sent
Apalachee
High
School
packing
to
the
tune
of
450
to
320
.
Members
of
the
JV
region
champs
include
Athena
Lao
,
Aaron
Halper
,
Zing
Zing
,
Sterling
Dorminey
,
Shaun
Fiedler
,
Catherine
Martin
,
Amarachi
Anukam
,
Lauren
Wooten
,
Kristie
Wickwire
,
Jeron
Draine
,
and
Maggie
Friedline
.
Drew
Wheeler
coaches
the
varsity
and
Lindy
Cox
coaches
the
junior
varsity.
*
Clarke
Central
High
School
's
Odyssey
newsmagazine
has
earned
a
Gold
Medal
in
a
prestigious
national
competition
sponored
by
Columbia
University
.
Out
of
a
possible
1000
points
,
the
Odyssey
received
966
points
in
Columbia
Scholastic
Press
Association
competition
.
Odyssey
achieved
All-Columbian
Honors
in
the
following
categories
:
Coverage
,
Writing
and
Editing
,
and
Graphic
presentation
.
The
advisor
to
the
Odyssey
staff
is
CCHS
English
Instructor
David
Ragsdale.
*
The
Clarke
Central
Gladiator
Drill
Team
and
Color
Guard
Team
had
a
succcessful
showing
at
the
Area
8
ROTC
Competition
.
The
Squad
Drill
won
first
place
,
the
All
Female
Color
Drill
received
second
place
,
the
Mixed
Color
Drill
received
second
place
,
and
the
Platoon
Drill
received
third
place
.
Congratulations
for
a
job
well
done
!
*
Manoj
Rema
and
Joseph
Wauke
were
selected
to
participate
in
the
GMEA
All-State
Orchestra
in
Savannah
,
Feb.
23-25
.
Meg
Granum
was
selected
to
participate
in
the
GMEA
All-State
Chorus
.
Judges
awarded
her
a
perfect
score
at
her
final
audition
.
Athena
Lao
was
chosen
as
a
2006
GMEA
Solo
Piano
Recital
Winner
(
Grades
9-10
)
.
Wendy
Shon
was
chosen
as
a
2006
GMEA
Solo
Piano
Master
Class
Winner
(
Grades
11-12).
*
Congratulations
to
Ms.
Thomas-Poole
and
the
Clarke
Central
JGG
(
Jobs
for
Georgia
Graduates
)
students
for
winning
first
Place
in
four
out
of
five
categories
at
the
Regional
Competition
held
at
the
University
of
Georgia
.
Yashika
Solomon
won
first
place
in
the
Employability
Skills
Event
.
Andrea
Brown
won
first
place
in
the
Decision-Making
Skills
Event
.
Sanganyika
Thornton
,
Renu
Chhabra
,
Kayla
Barnett
and
Stacie
Barnes
won
first
place
in
the
Group
Creative
Problem
Solving
Event
.
Tanze
Cole
won
first
Place
in
the
Outstanding
Leadership
Event
.
Bianca
Brown
place
third
in
the
Public
Speaking
Event
.
These
students
will
advance
to
state
competition
in
Macon.
*
The
Georgia
Urban
Forest
Council
recognized
Clarke
Central
's
recent
Arbor
Day
celebration/tree
planting
event
.
Clarke
Central
was
awarded
a
large
Nuttall
Oak
from
Bold
Springs
Nursery
in
recognition
of
planting
trees
which
provide
cooler
temperatures
in
the
summer
and
cleaner
air
to
the
campus
and
surrounding
community
.
Athletics
Leroy
Ryals
,
Jr.
has
been
named
as
the
new
head
football
coach
at
Clarke
Central
High
School
.
Coach
Ryals
has
served
as
the
head
football
coach
at
both
Booker
High
School
in
Sarasota
,
FL
and
Martin
County
High
School
in
Stuart
,
FL
.
Coach
Ryals
has
also
served
as
an
assistant
coach
at
the
University
of
South
Florida
and
LSU.
*
2005
8AAAA
Men
's
Cross
Country
Region
Champion
*
2005
8AAAA
Volleyball
Region
Runner-up
*
2006
Area
8AAAA
171
lbs
Champion
and
Third
Place
in
the
2006
GHSA
AAAA
Wrestling
Tournament
-
Corry
Whitehead
*
2006
200
freestyle
and
500
freestyle
State
Runner-up
at
the
GHSA
State
Swimming
Meet
-
Erica
Malagon
*
2006
8AAAA
Men
's
Basketball
Region
Runner-up
*
2006
8AAAA
Women
's
Basketball
Region
Champion
Extra
Curricular
Activities
*Interact
meets
March
02
&
23
,
April
06
&
20
,
May
04
in
Room
212
at
8
AM
*FCCLA
(
Family
,
Careers
And
Community
Leaders
Of
America
)
is
a
nonprofit
vocational
student
organization
for
young
men
and
women
in
family
and
consumer
sciences
education
in
public
and
private
schools
through
grade
12
.
The
CCHS
chapter
meets
Tuesdays
bi-monthly
(
every
other
week
)
</text>
<text id="http://www2.sec.state.ri.us/faststart/">
The
Business
Fast
Start
project
is
a
collaboration
of
Rhode
Island
state
agencies
to
improve
the
business
registration
process
.
The
Master
Application
is
a
single
point
of
entry
for
new
business
owners
to
obtain
,
submit
and
pay
for
state
license
and
permit
applications
.
How
does
the
Master
Application
work
?
Businesses
that
can
currently
use
the
Master
Application
Information
that
you
should
know
before
you
begin
the
Master
Application
Terms
and
Conditions
of
Use
Business
Fast
Start
Calendar
and
News
Login
Disabled
.
Application
is
temporarily
unavailable
due
to
recent
statutory
changes
.
Email
comments
and
suggestions
to
:
businessinfo@sec.state.ri.us
Office
of
the
Secretary
of
State
Business
Development
Division
100
North
Main
St.
1st
Floor
Providence
,
RI
02903
Phone
:
401-222-2185
Email
:
businessdevelopment@sec.state.ri.us
How
does
the
Master
Application
work
?
The
Master
Application
will
allow
business
owners
,
or
business
agents
such
as
CPAs
and
attorneys
to
create
accounts
that
will
allow
them
to
register
their
business
with
the
state
.
The
Master
Application
:
Allows
the
business
owner
to
choose
a
business
type
and
to
provide
common
information
(
name
,
address
,
phone
number
,
etc.
)
on
the
front
page
,
eliminating
the
need
to
repeatedly
provide
common
information
on
each
license
application
.
Allows
the
business
owner
to
preview
and
answer
questions
related
to
the
operation
of
their
business
.
Provides
business
owners
with
a
customized
to-do
checklist
.
The
Agency
Checklist
provides
the
license
applications
pertinent
to
each
business
type
.
The
Applicant
Checklist
provides
the
rules
,
regulations
and
general
laws
applicable
to
each
business
type
as
well
as
city
and
town
licensing
information
.
Allows
the
business
owner
to
submit
their
license
applications
online
and
sign
them
electronically
.
Allows
the
business
owner
to
check
on
the
status
of
their
application
and
to
receive
information
from
the
licensing
agency
.
Allows
the
business
owners
to
submit
electronic
payment
for
applications
that
have
been
accepted
by
the
licensing
agency.
&#8249;&#8249
;
back
to
top
Businesses
that
can
use
the
Master
Application
The
following
business
structures
may
use
the
Master
Application
at
this
time
:
Sole
Proprietorships
General
Partnerships
Limited
Liability
Company
(
LLC'S
)
The
following
business
types
may
use
the
Master
Application
at
this
time
.
If
the
business
you
would
like
to
open
is
not
listed
below
,
please
contact
the
Business
Development
Division
at
401-222-2185
for
information
.
Retail
Establishments
(
limited
to
the
list
below
)
:
Art
Supply
Store
Clothing
Store
Furniture
Store
Radio
,
Television
,
and
other
Electronic
Stores
Computer
and
Software
Stores
Household
Appliance
Store
Home
Furnishings
Store
Prerecorded
Tape
,
Compact
Disc
and
Record
Store
Paint
and
Wallpaper
Store
(
supplies
only
,
no
installation
)
Hardware
Store
Gift
,
Novelty
,
and
Souvenir
Store
Graphic
Design
Florist
Sporting
Goods
Store
Hobby
Shop
Camera
and
Photographic
Supplies
Store
(
digital
processing
only
)
Optical
Goods
Store
Luggage
and
Leather
Goods
Store
Book
Store
Sewing
,
Needlework
and
Piece
Goods
Store
Food
Establishments
(
limited
to
list
below
)
:
Click
here
for
Department
of
Health
Pre-requisites
Bakery
Catering
Grocery
Store
Eating
Establishment
Refer
to
the
Business
Fast
Start
Glossary
for
definitions
of
the
business
structures
and
business
types
Service-Related
Businesses
(
limited
to
list
below
)
:
Graphic
Design
Jewelry
Design
Marketing
Consulting
Advertising
Agency
Medical
Billing
Political
Consultant
Management
Consulting
Computer
Repair
Errand
Service
Production
Studio
&#8249;&#8249
;
back
to
top
Information
you
should
know
before
starting
the
Master
Application
Determine
whether
you
are
eligible
to
use
the
Master
Application
by
reading
the
Businesses
that
can
currently
use
the
Master
Application
section
.
Note
:
The
business
name
you
have
selected
must
be
cleared
prior
to
completing
the
Master
Application
.
Sole
proprietors
and
general
partnerships
should
contact
the
city
or
town
in
which
their
business
will
be
located
for
more
information
.
Limited
liability
companies
that
have
not
cleared
their
business
name
can
click
here
to
submit
an
online
name
availability
search
request
with
the
Secretary
of
State
's
Corporations
Division
.
You
will
need
an
email
address
.
You
will
need
a
valid
mailing
address
.
A
valid
credit
card
(
Discover
,
MasterCard
or
Visa
)
.
It
is
suggested
that
you
refer
to
the
Frequently
Asked
Questions
and
Business
Fast
Start
Glossary
prior
to
starting
the
Master
Application
.
You
are
responsible
for
reading
and
understanding
the
Terms
and
Conditions
of
Use
prior
to
starting
the
Master
Application
.
The
Master
Application
is
an
optional
tool
to
register
your
business
.
It
is
not
meant
to
substitute
for
advice
from
a
CPA
or
attorney.
&#8249;&#8249
;
back
to
top
Terms
and
Conditions
of
Use
of
Business
Fast
Start
Master
Application
Public
Disclosure
Information
submitted
through
the
Master
Application
website
will
be
treated
similarly
to
paper
transactions
.
Information
submitted
on
the
Master
Application
website
may
be
subjected
to
disclosure
and
is
public
record
under
the
Access
to
Public
Records
law
(
RIGL
Title
38
,
Chapter
32
)
.
Email
Information
Disclaimers
Electronic
messages
sent
from
the
Master
Application
contain
confidential
information
and
are
intended
for
the
individual
named
.
If
you
are
not
the
named
addressee
you
should
not
disseminate
,
distribute
or
copy
this
e-mail
.
E-mail
transmission
cannot
be
guaranteed
to
be
secure
or
error-free
as
information
could
be
intercepted
,
corrupted
,
lost
,
destroyed
,
arrive
late
or
incomplete
,
or
contain
viruses
.
Agencies
sending
emails
through
the
Master
Application
do
not
accept
liability
for
any
errors
or
omissions
in
the
contents
of
messages
that
may
arise
as
a
result
of
e-mail
transmission
.
E-mail
messages
will
be
treated
the
same
as
any
other
written
communication
.
They
may
be
subject
to
public
inspection
or
legal
disclosure
and
may
be
saved
for
a
period
of
time
before
they
are
destroyed
.
E-mail
addresses
obtained
through
the
Master
Application
website
will
not
be
sold
or
given
to
private
companies
for
marketing
purposes
.
Agency
Disclosure
Name
of
organization
:
Office
of
the
Secretary
of
State
,
Rhode
Island
.
Type
of
organization
:
Rhode
Island
state
government
agency
.
Public
website
.
Contact
Information
:
Business
Development
Division
.
Phone
:
401-222-2185
.
Funding
source
:
Government
.
No
private
funding
or
paid
advertisements
.
Disclaimers
The
Master
Application
is
not
designed
to
substitute
for
the
advice
of
a
CPA
or
attorney
.
It
is
the
responsibility
of
every
user
of
the
Master
Application
to
contact
each
individual
agency
to
which
they
have
applied
for
a
license
if
any
information
provided
through
the
Master
Application
changes
.
The
Master
Application
website
contains
only
state
license
and
permit
applications
.
The
license
and
permit
applications
provided
may
not
be
complete
,
and
businesses
should
not
rely
on
this
information
exclusively
.
While
stringent
measures
have
been
taken
to
ensure
accuracy
,
there
is
no
substitute
for
personally
contacting
the
proper
state
departments
,
agencies
and
boards
.
The
Office
of
the
Secretary
of
State
's
Business
Development
Division
makes
every
effort
to
ensure
that
published
information
is
accurate
and
current
.
Neither
the
Secretary
of
State
,
nor
any
agency
,
officer
,
or
employee
of
the
Office
of
Secretary
of
State
warrants
the
accuracy
,
reliability
or
timeliness
of
any
information
published
on
the
Master
Application
website
,
nor
endorses
any
products
or
services
linked
from
this
system
,
and
shall
not
be
held
liable
for
any
losses
caused
by
reliance
on
the
accuracy
,
reliability
or
timeliness
of
such
information
.
Any
person
or
entity
that
relies
on
any
information
obtained
from
this
system
does
so
at
his
or
her
own
risk
.
Various
websites
may
be
linked
through
the
Secretary
of
State&#8217;s
website
.
Visitors
to
those
sites
are
advised
to
check
the
privacy
statements
of
those
sites
and
be
cautious
about
providing
personally
identifiable
information
without
a
clear
understanding
of
how
the
information
will
be
used
.
The
Office
of
Secretary
of
State
relies
on
participating
agencies
to
support
this
system
with
their
current
information
.
By
accessing
the
Master
Application
,
the
user
acknowledges
that
the
Office
of
the
Secretary
of
State
is
not
responsible
for
the
licensing
requirements
of
other
agencies
in
the
State
of
Rhode
Island
.
Users
should
not
rely
solely
on
this
information
,
but
should
contact
each
agency
involved
for
complete
and
accurate
information
.
Electronic
Transactions
In
the
State
of
Rhode
Island
,
if
a
law
requires
a
record
to
be
in
writing
,
an
electronic
record
satisfies
that
law
.
Errors
and
Omissions
Every
effort
has
been
made
to
make
the
Master
Application
website
error-free
.
The
Office
of
the
Secretary
of
State
's
Business
Development
Division
bears
no
responsibility
for
errors
or
omissions
.
Privacy
Policy
The
Office
of
Secretary
of
State
will
not
capture
personal
information
unless
it
is
submitted
through
the
Master
Application
.
Conduct
Users
of
the
Master
Application
agree
to
access
and
use
it
for
lawful
purposes
.
Applicants
are
solely
responsible
for
the
knowledge
of
and
adherence
to
any
and
all
laws
,
statutes
,
rules
and
regulations
pertaining
to
the
use
of
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you
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Use
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Use
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"
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,
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State
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means
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enforce
this
termination
.
Limitation
of
Liability
In
no
event
will
the
Secretary
of
State
or
its
employees
be
liable
for
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,
indirect
,
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,
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,
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of
State
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right
to
monitor
any
content
that
you
provide
,
but
shall
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do
so
.
Although
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State
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,
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(
but
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)
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.
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and
Conditions
of
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.
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.
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posting
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.
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A
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determine
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name
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.
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&#8249;&#8249
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back
to
top
</text>
<text id="http://www2.state.id.us/ag/about/overview.htm">
Office
of
Attorney
General
700
W.
Jefferson
Street
P.O.
Box
83720
Boise
,
ID
83720
Phone
(
208
)
334-2400
Fax
(
208
)
334-2530
Office
Overview
The
Office
of
the
Attorney
General
provides
legal
representation
to
the
State
of
Idaho
.
This
representation
is
furnished
to
the
State
's
agencies
in
the
furtherance
of
the
State
's
legal
interests
,
not
the
personal
interests
of
individual
citizens
.
These
duties
are
detailed
in
Article
4
,
Sections
1
,
17
,
and
18
of
the
Idaho
Constitution
and
are
further
defined
in
Idaho
Code
çç
67-1401
-
1409
.
The
State
's
chief
legal
officer
,
the
Attorney
General
,
meets
his
constitutional
and
statutory
responsibilities
through
the
efforts
of
seven
divisions
.
Each
division
has
a
division
chief
who
in
turn
reports
directly
to
the
Chief
Deputy
and
the
Attorney
General
.
Organizational
Structure
Chief
Deputy
Assistant
Chief
Deputy
Civil
Litigation
Division
Contracts
and
Administrative
Law
Division
Criminal
Law
Division
Human
Services
Division
Intergovernmental
and
Fiscal
Law
Division
Natural
Resources
Division
Administration
and
Budget
Division
Office
Statistics
Chief
Deputy
The
Chief
Deputy
advises
the
Attorney
General
on
matters
of
policy
and
strategy
.
He
oversees
all
office
administrative
matters
,
including
the
managing
of
all
employees
,
maintaining
office
expenditures
within
a
statutorily
determined
budget
and
preparation
and
presentation
of
the
annual
legislative
package
.
Contact
Persons
:
Chief
Deputy
:
Sherm
Furey
(
208
)
334-2400
Executive
Assistant
:
Janet
Carter
(
208
)
334-2400
Assistant
Chief
Deputy
The
Assistant
Chief
Deputy
provides
legal
advice
and
counsel
to
the
Chief
Deputy
and
Attorney
General
.
He
assists
the
Chief
Deputy
on
office
administrative
matters
and
assumes
responsibility
for
office
administration
and
policy
in
the
absence
of
the
Attorney
General
and
Chief
Deputy
.
The
Assistant
Chief
Deputy
is
also
called
upon
to
provide
front
office
management
and
direct
involvement
in
matters
of
particular
concern
to
the
Attorney
General
and
Chief
Deputy
.
Contact
Person
:
Assistant
Chief
Deputy
:
Brian
Kane
(
208
)
334-2400
Civil
Litigation
The
Civil
Litigation
Division
provides
advice
and
representation
to
all
state
agencies
in
major
cases
.
This
includes
defense
of
the
State
in
tort
claims
,
actions
filed
against
members
of
the
judiciary
,
employment
claims
made
against
state
agencies
,
and
actions
brought
against
the
legislature
(
including
education
lawsuits
)
.
Indian
gaming
matters
,
selected
workers
compensation
claims
,
Tax
Commission
litigation
and
agency
bankruptcy
issues
are
handled
by
the
Civil
Litigation
Division
.
A
source
of
centralized
legal
expertise
in
personnel
,
bankruptcy
and
tort
law
,
the
Division
endeavors
to
provide
the
information
necessary
for
state
agencies
to
make
informed
decisions
.
The
Consumer
Protection
Unit
of
the
Civil
Litigation
Division
aggressively
pursues
its
mission
of
protecting
both
consumers
and
businesses
against
unfair
and
deceptive
acts
in
trade
and
commerce
through
education
,
mediation
and
,
as
a
last
resort
,
enforcement
.
The
Consumer
Protection
Unit
has
its
own
section
on
the
Office
of
the
Attorney
General
site
.
The
Civil
Litigation
Division
prosecutes
administrative
actions
on
behalf
of
:
the
Bureau
of
Occupational
Licenses
;
the
Human
Rights
Commission
;
the
Board
of
Pharmacy
;
the
Board
of
Veterinary
Medicine
;
the
Board
of
Dentistry
.
Contact
Persons
:
Division
Chief
:
David
High
Senior
Deputy
:
Mike
Gilmore
Administrative
Assistant
:
Rhonda
Goade
(
208
)
334-2400
Consumer
Protection
Unit
:
Brett
DeLange
Legal
Secretary
:
Jennifer
Bithell
(
208
)
334-2424
Contracts
and
Administrative
Law
The
Contracts
and
Administrative
Law
Division
provides
support
for
internal
contract
work
for
all
agencies
of
state
government
.
The
division
also
manages
the
outside
legal
contracts
required
by
the
Bureau
of
Risk
Management
,
the
State
Insurance
Fund
,
the
Bureau
of
Child
Support
,
and
the
Industrial
Special
Indemnity
Fund
.
The
division
also
provides
legal
services
to
and
supervises
Deputy
Attorneys
General
who
serve
:
the
Board
of
Education
;
the
Department
of
Education
;
the
Division
of
Human
Resources
;
the
Human
Rights
Commission
;
the
Personnel
Commission
;
the
Public
Utilities
Commission
;
the
Department
of
Administration
;
the
Department
of
Commerce
and
Labor
;
the
Department
of
Transportation
;
and
numerous
smaller
agencies
,
Boards
and
Commissions
.
Contact
Persons
:
Division
Chief
:
Terry
Coffin
Senior
Deputy
:
Kent
Nelson
Legal
Secretary
:
Jodie
Stoddard
(
208
)
334-2400
Criminal
Law
The
Criminal
Law
Division
has
the
responsibility
of
discharging
the
statutory
duties
assigned
to
the
Attorney
General
to
include
statewide
representation
on
all
criminal
appeals
,
discretionary
assistance
and
investigative
support
to
local
prosecuting
attorneys
,
and
the
provision
of
legal
services
to
various
departments
that
deal
with
criminal
matters
.
The
division
provides
legal
services
for
and
supervises
Deputy
Attorneys
General
who
serve
:
the
Department
of
Correction
;
the
Idaho
State
Police
;
the
Department
of
Juvenile
Corrections
.
Specifically
,
the
Criminal
Law
Division
:
Represents
the
state
in
criminal
appeals
before
the
Idaho
Supreme
Court
,
the
Idaho
Court
of
Appeals
,
and
in
death
penalty
appeals
and
litigation
in
state
and
federal
courts
.
Provides
prosecutorial
assistance
to
counties
in
cases
requiring
special
expertise
,
or
where
there
is
a
conflict
of
interest
.
Provides
statewide
assistance
through
the
Complex
Criminal
Investigations
Unit
to
local
agencies
requiring
such
expertise
.
Provides
written
opinions
on
criminal
justice
issues
.
Contact
Persons
:
Division
Chief
:
Steven
Bywater
Senior
Deputy
:
LaMont
Anderson
Administrative
Assistant
:
Frances
Nix
(
208
)
334-2400
Human
Services
The
Human
Services
Division
provides
legal
services
to
the
Board
,
Director
and
staff
of
the
Department
of
Health
and
Welfare
,
including
all
its
divisions
and
regional
offices
;
assures
compliance
of
all
department
programs
with
state
and
federal
laws
and
regulations
;
and
advises
the
department
on
development
and
promulgation
of
rules
and
regulations
.
Programs
and
facilities
for
which
the
division
provides
assistance
include
:
child
and
adult
mental
health
;
child
protection
;
alternate
care
and
adoption
,
including
licensing
;
substance
abuse
;
child
care
;
child
support
services
;
institutions
for
mentally
ill
and
developmentally
disabled
;
Medicaid
;
medical
and
financial
assistance
;
Veterans
Homes
;
emergency
medical
services
;
laboratories
;
vital
statistics
;
health
promotion
.
Contact
Persons
:
Division
Chief
:
Jeanne
Goodenough
Senior
Deputy
:
Willard
Abbott
Administrative
Assistant
:
Patty
L.
McNeill
,
(
208
)
334-5537
Intergovernmental
and
Fiscal
Law
The
Intergovernmental
and
Fiscal
Law
Division
provides
legal
advice
to
Idaho
's
city
and
county
officials
(
notably
with
respect
to
the
Idaho
Open
Meetings
Law
,
the
Idaho
Public
Records
Act
and
the
Idaho
Regulatory
Takings
Act
)
,
and
serves
as
legal
counsel
to
the
Secretary
of
State
and
the
State
Treasurer
.
The
division
oversees
requests
for
official
Attorney
General
's
Opinions
to
assure
they
are
prepared
in
accordance
with
the
standards
established
by
the
Attorney
General
.
The
division
also
provides
legal
advice
to
and
supervises
Deputy
Attorneys
General
who
serve
:
the
State
Tax
Commission
;
the
Industrial
Commission
;
the
Real
Estate
Commission
;
the
Emergency
Response
Commission
;
the
Public
Employee
Retirement
System
(
PERSI
)
;
the
Department
of
Finance
;
the
Department
of
Insurance
;
the
Department
of
Commerce
.
Contact
Persons
Division
Chief
:
Bill
von
Tagen
Local
Government
Deputy
:
Mitch
Toryanski
Legal
Secretary
:
Melissa
Ward
(
208
)
334-2400
Natural
Resources
The
Natural
Resources
Division
provides
advice
and
assistance
to
state
officials
on
a
wide
range
of
legal
matters
impacting
Idaho
's
water
,
land
and
air
.
The
Natural
Resources
Division
provides
legal
services
for
and
supervises
the
Deputy
Attorneys
General
who
serve
:
the
Department
of
Agriculture
;
the
Department
of
Fish
and
Game
;
the
Department
of
Lands
;
the
Department
of
Parks
and
Recreation
;
the
Department
of
Water
Resources
;
the
Department
of
Environmental
Quality
.
Specifically
,
the
Natural
Resources
Division
:
Represents
the
State
of
Idaho
in
the
Snake
River
Basin
Adjudication
(
including
negotiations
of
federal
reserved
water
rights
)
;
represents
the
State
of
Idaho
in
the
remediation
of
Triumph
Mine
;
represents
the
State
of
Idaho
in
Coeur
d'Alene
Tribe
v.
Idaho
,
which
seeks
to
establish
ownership
of
the
beds
and
the
banks
of
Lake
Coeur
d'Alene
;
represents
the
State
of
Idaho
in
all
endangered
species
litigation
.
Contact
Persons
Division
Chief
:
Clive
Strong
Senior
Deputy
:
Steve
Strack
Legal
Secretary
:
Pat
Boehm
(
208
)
334-2400
Administration
and
Budget
The
Administration
and
Budget
Division
provides
support
services
to
the
Office
of
Attorney
General
.
Responsibilities
include
non-legal
functions
including
:
Budget
preparation
and
administration
;
Accounting
services
including
accounts
receivable/payable
;
Payroll
&
personnel
services
;
Office
technology
(
telephone
and
computer
support
)
;
Office
travel
.
Contact
Persons
Division
Chief
:
Tara
Orr
Business
Manager
:
Trudy
Jackson
IT
Manager
/
Network
Administrator
:
Greg
Rast
</text>
<text id="http://www2.state.id.us/ope/JLOCMinutes/000301.htm">
208/334-3880
â¢
FAX
208/334-3871
Maintained
by
opeinfo@ope.idaho.gov
Site
Disclaimer
é
2004
Idaho
Legislature
Office
of
Performance
Evaluations
â¢
P.O.
Box
83720
â¢
Boise
,
ID
â¢
83720-0055
208/334-3880
â¢
FAX
208/334-3871
Maintained
by
opeinfo@ope.idaho.gov
Site
Disclaimer
:
http://legislature.idaho.gov/disclaimer.htm
é
2004
Idaho
Legislature
</text>
<text id="http://www.whiteville.tec.tn.us/financia.htm">
The
financial
assistance
program
at
the
Technology
Center
is
designed
to
aid
students
who
require
financial
assistance
to
attend
the
educational
program
of
their
choice
.
To
determine
financial
need
,
the
Center
utilizes
the
Free
Application
for
Federal
Student
Aid
(
FAFSA
)
,
which
takes
into
consideration
certain
factors
related
to
family
status
.
Financial
aid
applications
and
forms
are
available
in
the
Student
Services
Office
as
well
as
on
the
World
Wide
Web
.
Assistance
is
awarded
on
a
first-come
,
first-serve
basis
as
long
as
funding
is
available
.
Renewal
of
financial
assistance
is
not
automatic
;
students
must
re-file
each
year
and
demonstrate
satisfactory
progress
and
attendance
.
NOTE
:
Regulations
and
funding
for
institutional
,
state
and
federally
supported
programs
are
subject
to
change
.
The
Technology
Center
reserves
the
right
to
administer
the
program
accordingly
.
Financial
assistance
is
available
through
a
combination
of
various
programs
which
are
funded
through
federal
,
state
,
local
and
private
sources
.
The
aid
is
designed
to
assist
those
students
who
find
it
difficult
or
impossible
to
attend
school
without
financial
assistance
.
A
brief
description
of
the
programs
are
listed
below
.
Federal
Pell
Grant
ÂThe
Pell
Grant
is
a
federal
aid
program
available
to
eligible
students
.
The
grant
is
based
on
need
.
Repayment
of
this
grant
is
not
required
as
long
as
the
student
completes
all
scheduled
requirements
.
Federal
Supplementary
Educational
Opportunity
Grant
(
FSEOG
)
ÂThe
Center
administers
these
funds
which
are
provided
by
the
federal
government
.
Funds
are
limited
.
Federal
College
Work
Study
(
FCWS)ÂThis
program
enables
eligible
students
to
earn
a
portion
of
their
educational
expenses
through
part
time
employment
at
school
.
Funds
are
limited
.
Families
First
Â
Families
First
is
Tennessee
's
new
welfare
reform
plan
which
replaced
the
AFDC
program
,
on
September
1
,
1996
.
The
program
provides
temporary
cash
assistance
,
job
training
,
employment
assistance
,
and
support
services
.
ScholarshipsÂOccasionally
,
scholarship
funds
are
made
available
by
civic
groups
,
church
organizations
,
business
organizations
,
and
professional
groups
.
The
groups
may
sponsor
a
studentÂs
daily
expenses
,
books
,
and
other
supplies
.
VeteransÂ
BenefitsÂAll
training
programs
at
TTCW
are
approved
for
VeteranÂs
benefits
.
A
veteran
should
confer
with
the
Student
Records
Officer
prior
to
filing
for
VA
benefits
or
to
inquire
about
VA
related
problems
.
Workforce
Investment
Act
(
WIA
)
Âfunds
are
available
to
eligible
students
.
Your
career
counselor
will
discuss
WIA
funds
with
the
student/applicant
during
the
initial
interview
process
.
Student
LoansÂThe
Technology
Center
at
Whiteville
does
not
participate
in
the
Student
Loan
programs
.
Student
Financial
Aid
Eligibility
The
Center
's
Counselor/Financial
Aid
Officer
is
in
charge
of
administering
all
financial
aid
programs
.
In
order
for
a
student
to
receive
financial
assistance
from
federal
or
state
financial
aid
programs
,
he/she
must
:
Complete
and
submit
the
free
application
for
Federal
Student
Aid
.
Be
enrolled
at
least
half-time
as
a
regular
student
in
an
eligible
program
(
Refer
to
Federal
Guidelines
for
exceptions
)
.
Be
a
U.S.
citizen/national
or
an
eligible
non-citizen
.
Show
that
he/she
has
need
.
Attain
and
retain
satisfactory
progress
in
accordance
with
policy
.
Not
be
in
default
on
Federal
Perkins/National
Direct
Student
Loan
,
any
Federal
Family
Education
Loan
Program
(
Stafford
Student
Loan
,
PLUS
Loan
,
Supplemental
Loan
for
Students
,
Income
Contingent
Loan
,
or
a
Consolidated
Loan
)
and
must
sign
a
statement
to
that
effect
.
Not
owe
a
refund
on
a
Federal
Pell
Grant
,
Tennessee
Student
Assistance
Award
,
Federal
Supplemental
Educational
Opportunity
Grant
,
or
a
Byrd
Scholarship
,
and
sign
a
statement
to
that
effect
.
Have
a
signed
statement
of
updated
information
.
Provide
verification
of
a
High
School
Diploma
,
GED
,
or
be
beyond
the
age
of
compulsory
school
attendance
in
Tennessee
,
and
have
the
ability
to
benefit
from
the
education
or
training
offered
.
Must
take
and
pass
an
independently
administered
examination
approved
by
the
Secretary
of
Education
if
without
a
high
school
diploma
or
GED
.
Male
citizens
of
the
U.S.
and
male
immigrant
aliens
18
through
25
years
old
must
be
registered
with
the
U.S.
Selective
Service
System
to
be
eligible
for
federal
student
loans
and
grants
.
Men
can
register
at
any
post
office
,
or
register
now
on-line
at
http://www.sss.gov/regist.htm
.
How
do
I
apply
for
student
aid
?
All
you
have
to
do
is
complete
a
Free
Application
for
Federal
Student
Aid
(
FAFSA
)
and
mail
it
to
the
address
indicated
on
the
application
.
You
may
obtain
this
from
our
Student
Services
Department
,
or
you
may
be
able
to
apply
electronically
from
your
home
computer
,
from
a
computer
at
a
central
location
like
your
high
school
,
your
local
public
library
,
or
your
local
educational
opportunity
center
using
FAFSA
Express
.
FAFSA
Express
is
designed
to
be
the
easiest
and
fastest
way
to
apply
for
federal
student
aid
.
It
's
a
user-friendly
program
that
allows
you
to
apply
for
federal
student
aid
from
a
personal
computer
equipped
with
the
Windows
operating
system
and
a
modem
.
You
can
complete
the
application
and
transmit
it
over
a
regular
telephone
line
in
just
a
few
easy
steps
.
The
screens
on
FAFSA
Express
resemble
the
paper
FAFSA
.
FAFSA
Express
has
extensive
on-line
instructions
,
pull-down
menus
with
multiple
choice
questions
to
guide
you
through
the
program
,
and
a
convenient
list
of
participating
schools
built
in
.
The
FAFSA
Express
application
process
will
be
faster
if
you
have
a
printer
because
you
can
print
,
sign
,
and
send
in
the
"
Releases
and
Signatures
"
page
of
the
application
.
Otherwise
,
you
must
wait
to
receive
a
Student
Aid
Report
(
SAR
)
asking
for
your
signature
.
A
SAR
is
what
you
receive
in
the
mail
as
a
result
of
your
application
.
You
might
also
be
able
to
apply
for
aid
at
the
school
you
plan
to
attend
.
Contact
the
school
to
find
out
if
you
can
apply
electronically
through
its
financial
aid
office
.
If
the
school
has
electronic
FAFSA
capability
,
just
fill
out
a
paper
FAFSA
and
bring
it
to
the
school
.
The
school
will
then
enter
your
information
into
a
computer
and
transmit
it
to
the
Department
's
Central
Processing
System
(
CPS
)
.
What
should
I
know
before
I
apply
?
You
'll
need
a
valid
Social
Security
Number
(
SSN
)
to
apply
for
federal
student
aid
.
You
have
to
put
this
number
on
your
FAFSA
or
enter
the
number
in
FAFSA
Express
.
We
use
your
SSN
to
find
your
application
in
our
records
.
If
you
do
n't
put
a
valid
SSN
on
your
FAFSA
or
if
you
do
n't
enter
one
in
FAFSA
Express
,
your
application
wo
n't
be
processed
.
If
you
do
n't
have
an
SSN
yet
,
you
should
apply
for
one
at
your
local
Social
Security
office
.
Most
students
who
,
like
you
,
are
entering
college
or
a
career
school
straight
from
high
school
are
considered
dependent
students
.
If
you
are
dependent
,
you
have
to
report
both
your
and
your
parents
'
financial
information
on
the
FAFSA
.
This
information
will
be
considered
when
your
eligibility
is
determined
.
You
are
a
dependent
student
if
you
do
not
meet
the
following
definition
of
an
independent
student
.
To
be
considered
an
independent
student
,
at
least
one
of
the
following
criteria
must
apply
to
you
:
you
were
born
before
January
1
,
1975
,
you
're
married
,
you
're
enrolled
in
a
graduate
or
professional
educational
program
,
you
have
legal
dependents
other
than
a
spouse
,
you
're
an
orphan
or
ward
of
the
court
(
or
were
a
ward
of
the
court
until
age
18
)
,
or
you
're
a
veteran
of
the
U.S.
Armed
Forces
.
If
you
're
independent
,
you
must
report
only
your
financial
information
(
and
your
spouse
's
if
you
're
married
)
.
In
special
or
unusual
circumstances
,
a
college
's
or
career
school
's
financial
aid
administrator
may
determine
that
an
otherwise
dependent
student
should
be
considered
independent
.
(
A
parent
's
refusal
to
provide
financial
assistance
or
to
provide
the
required
FAFSA
information
is
not
a
valid
reason
for
such
a
determination.
)
If
you
're
dependent
and
your
parents
are
divorced
or
separated
,
you
'll
need
to
complete
the
FAFSA
using
information
about
the
parent
you
lived
with
more
in
the
12
months
before
the
date
of
application
.
If
you
did
not
live
with
either
parent
,
or
if
you
lived
with
each
parent
an
equal
number
of
days
,
use
information
about
the
parent
who
provided
the
greater
amount
of
support
during
the
12
months
preceding
the
date
of
application
.
If
the
parent
you
receive
support
from
is
divorced
or
widowed
and
has
remarried
,
the
financial
information
of
your
stepparent
is
required
on
the
FAFSA
.
This
does
not
mean
that
your
stepparent
is
obligated
to
give
financial
assistance
to
you
,
but
his
or
her
income
and
assets
represent
significant
information
about
the
family
's
resources
.
Including
this
information
on
the
FAFSA
helps
us
form
an
accurate
picture
of
your
family
's
total
financial
strength
.
</text>
<text id="http://www3.ci.boulder.co.us/finance/sales_tax/regs/reg20.htm">
City
of
Boulder
Tax
Regulations
-
Revenue
and
Taxation
TR20
:
FABRICATION/MANUFACTURING
AND
OTHER
TAXABLE
LABOR
Fabrication
includes
any
operation
which
results
in
the
creation
,
production
or
manufacture
of
an
article
of
tangible
personal
property
,
or
is
a
step
in
a
process
or
series
of
operations
resulting
in
the
creation
or
production
of
such
an
article
.
Fabrication/manufacturing
labor
is
subject
to
Boulder
sales/use
tax
.
The
Boulder
Revised
Code
(
Code
)
includes
fabrication/manufacturing
labor
in
the
definition
of
"
price
"
or
"
purchase
price
"
at
section
3-1-1
,
BRC
,
1981
:
"
The
gross
purchase
price
of
articles
sold
after
manufacturing
or
after
having
been
made
to
order
,
including
the
gross
value
of
all
of
the
materials
used
,
and
the
labor
and
services
performed
,
and
the
profit
thereon
.
"
Labor
used
to
render
tangible
personal
property
useable
and
charges
for
connecting
or
installing
taxable
services
are
subject
to
Boulder
sales/use
tax
.
This
would
include
,
but
not
be
limited
to
,
installation
of
telephone
or
other
utility
services
,
new
telephone
extensions
or
cable
outlets
or
moving
existing
outlets
.
The
Code
includes
this
labor
and
these
charges
in
the
definition
of
"
taxable
services
"
at
section
3-1-1
,
BRC
,
1981
:
"
Labor
used
to
render
tangible
personal
property
sold
or
leased
into
a
form
usable
by
the
purchaser
or
lessee
and
the
charge
for
connecting
or
installing
taxable
services
for
the
purchaser
or
lessee
;
"
Transportation
or
delivery
charges
are
subject
to
Boulder
sales/use
tax
.
This
includes
,
but
is
not
limited
to
,
freight
,
delivery
charges
,
UPS
charges
and
other
like
charges
to
transport
tangible
personal
property
.
When
other
charges
are
not
separately
stated
on
the
invoice
and
are
commingled
with
delivery
charges
,
such
as
set-up
and
wheeling
in
charges
,
they
would
also
be
subject
to
sales/use
tax
.
The
Code
includes
these
charges
in
the
definition
of
"
Price
"
or
"
purchase
price
"
at
section
3-1-1
,
BRC
,
1981
:
"
(
5
)
Installation
and
wheeling
in
charges
included
in
the
purchase
price
and
not
separately
stated
.
(
6
)
Transportation
and
other
charges
to
effect
delivery
of
tangible
personal
property
to
the
purchaser
.
"
Fabrication/manufacturing
labor
may
be
exempt
from
sales/use
tax
if
the
labor
is
construction
labor
.
(
See
TR13
:
"
Construction
and
Contractors
"
for
detailed
information
)
Repair
labor
may
also
be
exempt
from
sales/use
tax
.
(
See
TR36
:
"
Repair
Work
"
for
detailed
information
)
Examples
:
A
Boulder
tool
and
die
maker
's
invoice
lists
the
following
charges
:
materials
$
250.00
and
labor
$
500.00
.
The
total
invoice
is
subject
to
sales/use
tax
,
even
though
the
charges
are
separately
stated
,
because
the
labor
is
fabrication
labor
.
A
Boulder
company
receives
an
invoice
from
a
supplier
with
the
following
charges
:
merchandise
$
500.00
and
shipping
,
handling
and
set-up
$
25.00
.
The
entire
invoice
is
subject
to
sales/use
tax
because
the
the
handling
and
set-up
charges
are
not
separately
stated
.
Return
to
City
of
Boulder
's
Home
Page
|
Return
to
Finance
Department
's
Home
Page
|
Return
to
Sales
Tax
Page
|
Return
to
Tax
Regulation
List
Last
Modified
Choose
a
language
:
English
to
Chinese
English
to
French
English
to
German
English
to
Italian
English
to
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English
to
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English
to
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English
to
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Clicking
the
translation
button
above
calls
a
free
translation
service
to
convert
the
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to
the
language
you
have
chosen
.
Text
graphics
,
PDF
files
,
and
special
applications
on
this
page
cannot
be
translated
.
As
with
any
computer
translation
,
conversion
is
not
context-sensitive
and
may
not
convert
text
into
its
intended
meaning
.
The
city
of
Boulder
does
not
guarantee
the
accuracy
of
the
translated
text
.
If
the
information
you
are
seeking
is
not
clear
please
return
to
the
main
page
for
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department
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.
Please
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</text>
<text id="http://weblogs.oxegen.us/oxegen/archive/2004/07/28/3613.aspx">
(
And
Other
Acts
of
Christian
Disobedience
)
By
Charles
Moore
Going
to
church
is
a
trap
&#8212;a
first-class
web
of
deception
.
No
,
what
follows
is
not
a
diatribe
.
I
love
the
church
too
much
to
cut
it
to
pieces
.
But
shock
treatment
is
sometimes
necessary
when
one
is
stricken
with
a
serious
disorder
.
And
when
it
comes
to
the
way
we
do
church
today
,
nothing
less
than
major
deconstruction
is
needed
.
Going
to
church
is
less
an
act
and
more
a
mentality
.
It
is
a
way
of
thinking
,
a
paradigm
within
which
one
approaches
the
Christian
life
itself
.
Within
the
&#8220;church
system&#8221
;
is
intertwined
a
web
of
interrelated
practices
:
worship
services
,
sermons
,
offerings
,
prayers
,
hymn
singing
,
spiritual
instruction
and
other
religious
undertakings
,
all
occurring
at
a
given
time
and
in
a
place
deemed
holy
or
special
apart
from
private
life
.
Along
with
this
package
comes
a
clergy
,
those
who
are
paid
for
performing
religious
services
,
and
a
laity
,
the
rest
of
us
who
perform
our
religious
duty
by
supporting
those
who
keep
the
church
running
.
Little
of
this
has
anything
to
do
with
being
the
church
described
in
the
New
Testament
.
Take
away
the
pulpit
and
the
pews
,
the
audio-visual
system
,
the
pastor&#8217;s
salary
,
the
praise
band
,
the
bulletin
,
the
tithes
and
offerings
and
Sunday
school
,
and
what
is
left
of
the
modern
church
?
Jesus
told
his
critics
that
the
temple
would
be
destroyed
,
only
to
be
raised
up
again
.
But
was
he
thinking
in
terms
of
steeples
and
stadiums
,
or
of
a
people
in
whom
the
Spirit
dwells
?
If
the
Spirit
gives
birth
to
the
church
,
and
if
genuine
worship
is
&#8220;in
spirit
and
in
truth&#8221;(John
4:24
)
,
then
where
are
the
edifices
,
vestments
,
rituals
,
and
hymnals
on
that
first
Pentecost
?
We
won&#8217;t
find
any
.
Instead
we
read
about
fire
,
wind
,
power
,
food
,
joy
,
unanimity
and
sharing&#8212;in
short
,
a
communism
of
love
(
Acts
2
and
4
)
.
When
was
the
last
time
you
went
to
church
at
an
undesignated
hour
?
If
you
had
I
bet
you
found
the
building
empty
(
except
,
perhaps
,
for
a
secretary
and
janitor
)
.
Ah
,
you&#8217;re
thinking
,
this
is
because
believers
aren&#8217;t
supposed
to
be
caged
within
the
four
walls
of
some
sanctuary
.
Their
task
is
to
disperse
themselves
,
and
fulfill
their
various
callings
in
society
as
salt
and
light
.
True
,
life
together
in
Christ
extends
far
beyond
the
confines
of
stained
glass
windows
.
But
this
notion
of
dispersion
is
tricky
.
For
with
dispersion
a
general
state
of
diffusion
has
crept
in&#8212;a
condition
in
which
the
&#8220;church&#8221
;
has
lost
its
distinct
identity
as
a
community
under
the
rulership
of
God
.
This
is
why
I
stopped
&#8220;going
to
church.&#8221
;
For
the
church
is
not
an
institution
,
or
an
event
,
and
least
of
all
a
building
.
Rather
it
is
distinguished
by
the
kind
of
relationships
its
members
have
with
one
another
.
It&#8217;s
not
about
suits
and
ties
,
or
about
sermons
and
singing
,
but
about
a
radical
realignment
of
relationships
governed
by
Christ&#8217;s
lordship
.
It
is
,
in
Bonhoeffer&#8217;s
words
,
life
together
in
Christ
.
There
is
much
talk
today
about
an
emergent
church
,
one
that
is
more
authentic
,
relational
,
liquid
,
culturally
relevant
,
organic
and
missional
.
This
is
a
church
that
works
for
nonbelievers
,
where
unnecessary
barriers
of
traditional
church
are
removed
,
via
alternative
worship
gatherings
,
while
at
the
same
time
integrating
the
spiritual
in
the
warp
and
woof
of
everyday
existence
,
by
practicing
the
Divine
Hours
,
for
example
.
This
is
encouraging
.
But
in
too
many
cases
,
these
postmodern
alternatives
confuse
the
symptom
for
the
cause
.
The
church
is
still
conceived
as
another
structure
,
albeit
sacred
,
along
side
those
of
family
,
work
,
neighborhood
,
education
,
etc.
The
church
is
an
add-on
to
real
life
in
the
world
.
The
biblical
notion
of
church
,
the
&#8220;ekklesia,&#8221
;
however
,
is
far
more
radical
.
It
is
a
community
that
is
called
out
,
called
together
and
called
forth&#8212;a
community
in
which
the
presence
of
the
risen
Christ
transforms
existence
itself
.
Church
is
the
locus
of
Christ&#8217;s
ongoing
work
of
reconciliation
and
redemption
,
where
people
exhibit
a
new
way
of
living
together
as
an
expression
of
their
new
life
in
Christ
.
Church
is
not
about
what
gets
proclaimed
by
a
preacher
or
taught
by
an
instructor
.
It&#8217;s
not
just
songs
,
sacraments
and
ceremonies
.
The
church
is
what
gets
lived
out
in
daily
life
by
a
people
who
bind
themselves
together
to
live
for
God&#8217;s
kingdom
of
unity
,
justice
and
peace
.
Contrary
to
popular
wisdom
,
the
first
words
about
the
Christian
life
are
not
about
what
we
as
individuals
can
experience
,
but
about
the
kind
of
society
God
intends
.
The
gospel
,
or
good
news
,
is
that
in
Christ
,
God&#8217;s
coming
kingdom
is
breaking
into
the
here
and
now&#8212;in
the
depths
of
the
believer&#8217;s
heart
,
but
also
in
the
world
itself
.
This
kingdom
encompasses
economic
,
material
,
psychological
,
political
,
social
and
spiritual
existence
.
The
gospel
is
not
that
there
is
still
more
to
come
in
the
future
.
It&#8217;s
not
about
going
to
heaven
when
we
die
,
or
about
being
forgiven
now
and
awaiting
freedom
later
.
It&#8217;s
not
about
experiencing
the
sacred
in
the
midst
of
the
secular
.
Neither
is
it
a
new
teaching
or
a
new
moral
code
.
It
is
the
promised
&#8220;power
of
God
for
salvation&#8221
;
(
Romans
1:16)&#8212;a
power
that
frees
us
from
all
that
opposes
God
and
his
will
and
all
that
alienates
us
from
ourselves
and
each
other
.
This
power
frees
us
to
live
according
God&#8217;s
original
plan
,
where
selfless
sharing
,
justice
,
mutuality
,
respect
,
trust
,
forgiveness
and
joyful
community
become
realized
.
As
Norman
Kraus
puts
it
,
&#8220;The
gospel
message
is
that
promise
is
now
becoming
reality
.
The
gospel
message&#8212;new
life&#8212;and
the
gospel
medium&#8212;a
new
people&#8212;are
simultaneously
one.&#8221
;
That&#8217;s
why
I
stopped
attending
worship
services
,
ceased
tithing
,
and
basically
quit
doing
Sunday
mornings
(
and
also
Wednesday
nights
)
.
For
what
do
I
ultimately
owe
God
?
Everything
,
including
my
body
(
Romans
12:1
)
.
But
how
can
I
show
this
if
I
keep
back
what
I
perceive
as
mine
,
instead
of
seeing
it
as
belonging
to
his
body
,
the
church
?
When
am
I
to
pay
God
homage
?
Always
.
But
how
is
this
possible
if
I
wait
for
some
&#8220;hour
of
power&#8221;&#8212;be
it
divine
or
otherwise&#8212;while
much
of
my
day
is
governed
by
priorities
dictated
by
consumer
values
and
competitive
self-interest
?
Where
am
I
to
bow
my
will
and
talents
to
the
one
who
is
master
of
all
?
Wherever
I
am
.
But
none
of
this
makes
much
sense
unless
I
surrender
every
area
of
my
life
to
God&#8217;s
new
order
.
In
short
,
how
does
the
private
life
,
with
all
its
accoutrements
of
personal
property
,
autonomous
decision-making
and
self-betterment
,
coincide
with
the
&#8220;more
excellent
way&#8221
;
of
love
to
one&#8217;s
brothers
and
sisters
?
On
the
day
of
Pentecost
the
Spirit
began
something
entirely
new
.
The
people
who
heard
Peter
that
day
were
cut
to
the
heart
and
exclaimed
:
&#8220;What
shall
we
do
to
be
saved?&#8221
;
Peter&#8217;s
answer
?
&#8220;Repent
and
be
baptized.&#8221
;
And
with
many
other
words
he
warned
them
;
and
he
pleaded
with
them
,
&#8220;Save
yourselves
from
this
corrupt
generation.&#8221
;
Those
who
embraced
his
message
were
baptized
and
joined
the
fellowship
of
Jesus&#8217
;
disciples
(
Acts
2:37-41
)
.
What
did
all
this
mean
?
One
thing
is
clear
.
Those
being
saved
declared
their
allegiance
to
Christ
by
throwing
in
their
lot
with
the
original
apostolic
band
.
They
didn&#8217;t
just
&#8220;receive
Jesus
into
their
hearts,&#8221
;
and
then
decide
to
attend
worship
services
in
Jerusalem
.
No
,
they
declared
and
defined
their
allegiance
to
the
Kingdom
by
joining
themselves
with
God&#8217;s
new
society&#8212;with
those
whose
lives
were
marked
by
an
altogether
different
way
of
living
where
heart
,
soul
,
house
and
property
were
shared
.
God&#8217;s
goal
for
human
history
is
a
universal
community
under
his
love
.
Paul
refers
to
this
as
&#8220;the
reconciliation
of
all
things&#8221
;
in
Christ
(
Eph
.
1:10
)
.
Going
to
church
is
a
far
cry
from
realizing
such
a
cosmic
plan
.
It
may
make
us
feel
more
religious
and
closer
to
God
and
to
each
other
,
or
it
may
enable
us
to
become
more
familiar
with
the
Bible
,
but
it
fails
to
encompass
the
meaning
and
purpose
of
the
church
.
Unless
we
find
ways
of
building
up
a
life
together&#8212;daily
,
material
,
face-to-face
life&#8212;that
counters
the
spirit
of
this
age
,
going
to
church
,
be
it
in
a
shopping
mall
or
in
a
cathedral
,
is
both
a
diversion
and
defection
.
It
vivisects
Christ
,
the
head
,
from
his
body
,
the
church
,
and
relegates
him
to
some
realm
entirely
out
of
our
orbit
,
thereby
reducing
his
body
to
a
few
vital
organs
stripped
of
flesh
and
bone
.
If
Christ
left
his
prerogative
as
God
to
become
a
human
slave
(
Philip
.
2:5-8
)
,
what
are
we
going
to
let
go
of
to
become
his
body
?
We
have
a
lot
of
changing
to
do
if
the
world
is
ever
going
to
see
Christ
in
us
.
Much
of
this
will
depend
on
whether
we
become
an
answer
to
Jesus&#8217
;
prayer
for
unity
or
not
(
John
17:21-23
)
.
This
is
the
task
of
the
church
:
to
show
the
world
,
by
the
way
we
are
as
God&#8217;s
people
,
that
unhindered
communion
is
possible
in
all
things
.
It&#8217;s
not
just
a
question
of
believing
it
,
but
of
doing
it
.
</text>
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If
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On
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Football
Jan
14
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2006
This
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I
have
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from
an
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and
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Your
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If
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please
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hesitate
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Thomas
Jan
11
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2006
Like
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only
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MovableBLOG
:
Asides
I
had
a
Weblogs.us
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but
I
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Well
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even
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The
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hosting
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usually
replied
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days
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their
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I
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simultaneously
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#4
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I
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You
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.
You
're
website
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I
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ya
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Bradley
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23
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2004
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you
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JD
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point2e
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J.D.
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are
a
god
among
men
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Day
I
believe
itÃÂs
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virtue
to
be
able
to
see
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,
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is
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Laura
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I
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Copyright
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</text>
<text id="http://wcc.dli.state.mt.us/S/Smith_KeithWarren_Finding.htm">
Jeanine
M.
Blaner
Law
Clerk
Paul
N.
Simon
Law
Clerk
Patricia
J.
Kessner
Clerk
of
Court
/
Administrator
Clara
Wilson
Deputy
Clerk
of
Court
/
Pretrial
Hearing
Examiner
Jackie
Bockman
Deputy
Clerk
of
Court
/
WEB
Master
</text>
<text id="http://web.stclair.k12.il.us/splashd/flowrexp.htm">
Contributors
to
this
activity
is
:
Mike
Schneider
Description
:
Students
obsereve
different
colored
flowers
in
the
schoolyard
and
count
the
number
and
variety
of
animals
that
visit
them
over
a
period
of
several
days.
They
then
submit
their
information
for
others
to
compare
and
analyze
.
Grade
Levels
:
K-6
(
Note
:
This
experiment
can
be
simplified
or
made
more
challenging
depending
on
the
developmental
levels
of
your
students
.
See
Teacher
Information.
)
Approximate
Time
Involved
:
One
30-minute
classroom
planning
session
,
30
minutes
to
conduct
the
flower
observations
and
list
findings
,
(
optional
)
30
minutes
to
capture
some
of
the
observed
animals
in
resealable
plastic
bags
and/or
take
digital
pictures
,
30
minutes
to
identify
and
count
animals
,
20
minutes
to
enter
data
online
,
one
or
two
30-minute
classroom
sessions
to
discuss
the
results
of
the
student
observations
and
collected
data
,
pose
questions
,
and
make
suggestions
for
future
flower
observations
and
investigations
.
NOTE
:
It
is
preferred
that
you
conduct
the
schoolyard
flower
experiment
sometime
between
September
27
to
October
15
,
1999
.
This
will
allow
students
to
compare
the
types
and
colors
of
flowers
and
the
types
,
stages
and
sizes
of
animals
captured
at
around
the
same
dates
.
We
also
plan
to
repeat
the
experiment
in
the
spring
to
allow
students
to
compare
their
data
at
different
seasons
of
the
year
.
National
Science
Standards
Addressed
:
Content
Standard
A
:
As
a
result
of
activities
in
grades
K-12
,
all
students
should
develop
Abilities
necessary
to
do
scientific
inquiry
Understanding
about
scientific
inquiry
Content
Standard
C
:
As
a
result
of
activities
,
all
students
should
develop
understanding
of
:
(
K-4
)
Organisms
and
environments
(
5-8
)
Structure
and
function
in
living
things
(
5-8
)
Populations
and
ecosystems
Program
Standard
D
:
The
K-12
science
program
must
give
students
access
to
appropriate
and
sufficient
resources
,
including
quality
teachers
,
time
,
materials
,
and
equipment
,
adequate
and
safe
space
,
and
the
community
.
Good
science
programs
require
access
to
the
world
beyond
the
classroom
.
Illinois
Applications
for
Learning
:
Through
applications
of
learning
,
students
demonstrate
and
deepen
their
understanding
of
basic
knowledge
and
skills
.
Recognize
and
investigate
problems
;
formulate
and
propose
solutions
supported
by
reason
and
evidence
.
Express
and
interpret
information
and
ideas
.
Use
appropriate
instruments
,
electronic
equipment
,
computers
and
networks
to
access
information
,
process
ideas
and
communicate
results
.
Learn
and
contribute
productively
as
individuals
and
as
members
of
a
group
.
Recognize
and
apply
connections
of
important
information
and
ideas
within
and
among
learning
areas
Illinois
Science
Goal
11
:
Understand
the
processes
of
scientific
inquiry
and
technological
design
to
investigate
questions
,
conduct
experiments
,
and
solve
problems
.
Standard
A.
Know
and
apply
the
concepts
,
principles
,
and
processes
of
scientific
inquiry
.
Illinois
Science
Goal
13
:
Understand
the
relationships
among
science
,
technology
,
and
society
in
historical
and
contemporary
contexts
.
Standard
A.
Know
and
apply
accepted
practices
of
science
.
Illinois
Math
Goal
6
:
Demonstrate
and
apply
a
knowledge
and
sense
of
numbers
,
including
numeration
and
operations
(
addition
,
subtraction
,
multiplication
,
division
)
,
patterns
,
ratios
and
proportions
.
Standard
A.
Demonstrate
knowledge
and
use
of
numbers
and
their
representations
in
a
broad
range
of
theoretical
and
practical
settings
Standard
B.
Investigate
,
represent
and
solve
problems
using
number
facts
,
operations
(
addition
,
subtraction
,
multiplication
,
division
)
and
their
properties
,
algorithms
,
and
relationships
.
Standard
D.
Solve
problems
using
comparison
of
quantities
,
ratios
,
proportions
,
and
percent
.
Illinois
Language
Arts
Goal
1
:
Read
with
understanding
and
fluency
.
Standard
C.
Comprehend
a
broad
range
of
reading
materials
.
Illinois
Language
Arts
Goal
3
:
Write
to
communicate
for
a
variety
of
purposes
.
Standard
A.
Use
correct
grammar
,
spelling
,
punctuation
,
capitalization
,
and
structure
.
Standard
B.
Compose
well-organized
and
coherent
writing
for
specific
purposes
and
audiences
.
Standard
C.
Communicate
ideas
in
writing
to
accomplish
a
variety
of
purposes
.
Illinois
Language
Arts
Goal
5
:
Read
with
understanding
and
fluency
.
Standard
A.
Locate
,
organize
and
use
information
from
various
sources
to
answer
questions
,
solve
problems
and
communicate
ideas
.
Standard
B.
Analyze
and
evaluate
information
acquired
from
various
sources
.
Standard
C.
Apply
acquired
information
,
concepts
and
ideas
to
communicate
in
a
variety
of
formats
.
Teacher
Information
:
Schoolyards
,
wetlands
,
fields
,
prairies
,
woodlands
,
gardens
,
and
other
outdoor
areas
are
homes
for
a
host
of
native
and
cultivated
flowers
.
These
flowers
contain
small
animals--insects
,
spiders
,
mites
,
etc.--that
you
rarely
see
.
A
magnifying
glass
can
be
used
to
observe
these
small
creatures
so
you
can
examine
their
numbers
,
life
cycle
stages
,
size
and
varieties
.
You
can
also
shake
the
flower
into
a
resealable
plastic
bag
to
examine
animals
that
may
have
hidden
inside
the
flower
.
At
the
same
time
,
your
students
can
also
observe
the
different
flowers
to
observe
and
note
similar
and
different
characteristics
that
they
display
.
Challenging
Your
Students
to
Be
Problem
Solvers
:
To
make
this
experiment
more
challenging
to
your
students
,
you
might
just
want
to
pose
a
question
or
problem
such
as
:
Using
your
eyes
and
a
magnifying
glass
,
look
at
at
least
five
different
flowers
in
the
schoolyard
and
record
what
you
are
able
to
see
.
Design
and
conduct
an
experiment
to
determine
what
colors
and
types
of
flowers
in
the
schoolyard
attract
the
most
animals
.
Where
in
the
schoolyard
do
you
find
flowers
visited
by
the
most
animals
?
Study
a
group
of
flowers
for
ten
minutes
each
day
for
three
to
five
days
and
determine
how
many
different
animals
visit
them
.
Design
an
experiment
to
determine
if
there
is
any
difference
in
the
number
and
types
of
animals
found
on
flowers
on
the
north
,
east
,
west
,
and
south
side
of
the
school
building
.
What
flower
color
attracts
the
most
animals
?
This
should
become
a
team
exercise
where
your
student
groups
might
each
come
up
with
a
question
,
decide
how
they
might
find
the
answer
to
their
question
with
a
test
,
list
the
materials
they
would
use
,
the
number
of
each
item
,
and
a
procedure
for
conducting
the
experiment
.
An
excellent
way
to
assess
this
activity
is
to
have
the
teams
repeat
each
other
's
experiment
to
see
if
they
achieve
the
same
results
.
This
will
also
mirror
the
real
world
challenges
facing
a
research
scientist
,
who
can
only
expect
to
gain
recognition
when
others
are
able
to
replicate
her/his
experiment
.
Here
is
an
opportunity
for
your
students
to
present
flower
observation
experiment
ideas
and
results
to
a
professional
in
the
field
:
Dr.
Elaine
AbuSharbain
,
Science
Educator
at
Southern
Illinois
University
at
Edwardsville
,
has
agreed
to
review
any
student
designed
experiments
,
questions
,
ideas
,
and/or
results
.
Elaine
's
Email
Address
is
:
eabusha@siue.edu
Student
Instructions
Available
to
download
as
a
PDF
file
.
Needed
Materials
:
Magnifying
glass
,
animal
identification
charts
or
field
guides
(
Golden
Guides
are
inexpensive
and
fairly
accurate
identification
books
)
,
felt-tip
marker
,
clipchart
and
paper
,
several
one-quart
or
larger
resealable
plastic
bags
,
two
pair
of
cotton
gloves
.
Safety
Rule
:
It
is
likely
that
some
stinging
insects
might
be
captured
in
this
activity
.
The
cotton
gloves
will
help
protect
the
hands
of
the
person
who
must
grasp
the
flower
and
shake
the
animals
into
a
resealable
plastic
bag
.
NOTE
:
Play
it
safe
and
make
sure
that
your
school
nurse
has
an
Epi-pen
and
knows
how
to
deliver
a
shot
to
a
student
who
may
have
an
allergic
reaction
to
an
insect
sting
.
Procedure
:
Student
Information
:
The
following
information
will
give
you
an
idea
of
how
you
might
conduct
your
flower
observation
experiment
.
If
you
are
going
to
compare
different
colored
flowers
,
be
sure
to
study
and
observe
the
same
number
of
each
type
of
flower
.
If
you
are
going
to
observe
your
flowers
over
several
days
,
be
sure
that
you
observe
them
for
the
same
amount
of
time
each
day
.
Be
sure
to
conduct
your
experiment
exactly
the
way
you
wrote
your
procedure
,
or
be
sure
to
change
your
procedure
and
redo
your
experiment
.
NOTE
:
Temperature
is
one
thing
that
will
be
difficult
to
control
in
this
experiment
.
However
,
from
your
experiments
,
you
may
be
able
to
see
if
temperature
has
any
impact
on
the
number
and
variety
of
animals
you
find
.
Can
you
think
of
some
other
things
you
must
do
to
make
sure
your
experiment
will
be
done
correctly
?
The
reporting
form
for
this
experiment
is
set
up
so
that
you
can
determine
the
color
and
number
of
flowers
you
want
to
study
and
observe
.
NOTE
:
You
may
want
to
form
several
different
groups
and
report
your
data
first
as
a
single
group
and
then
as
an
average
of
all
the
groups
.
Steps
to
Conducting
the
Flower
Observation
Experiment
1.
Choose
the
flowers
to
study
and
observe
for
your
experiment
.
You
may
want
to
mark
them
in
some
way
(
a
string
or
ribbon
)
so
that
you
can
observe
them
over
several
days.
2.
Using
your
eyes
and
magnifying
glass
,
carefully
study
and
observe
your
flowers
without
touching
them
.
3.
Write
down
all
of
the
things
that
you
have
studied
and
observed
(
different
animals
,
color
of
flower
,
shape
and
size
of
flower
,
etc
.
)
.
4.
Carefully
place
a
resealable
plastic
bag
over
the
flower
and
then
tilt
it
over
,
making
sure
the
bag
is
as
snug
as
possible
around
the
stem
.
Shake
the
flower
to
see
if
any
animals
fall
into
the
bag
.
5.
Carefully
slip
the
flower
out
of
the
bag
,
being
careful
not
to
damage
it
or
let
the
animals
escape
.
6.
Write
down
all
of
the
different
things
you
were
able
to
shake
from
the
flower
that
you
did
n't
already
put
on
your
list
.
11
.
Once
you
have
gathered
all
of
the
necessary
information
,
release
your
animals
back
onto
the
flowers
where
you
originally
captured
them
.
12
.
After
group
and
classroom
discussions
have
occurred
,
login
to
enter
your
data
.
Below
is
a
list
of
questions
that
can
be
used
to
stimulate
student
discussions
.
If
your
students
are
at
a
developmental
level
where
you
are
able
to
challenge
their
higher
level
thinking
skills
,
then
only
present
them
with
the
first
set
of
questions
from
each
group
below
.
Use
the
second
list
of
questions
as
a
way
to
stimulate
thinking
when
you
students
seem
unable
to
expand
their
knowledge
on
their
own
.
Examining
Local
Results
Discussion
Questions
that
Require
More
Critical
Thinking
Skills
:
What
did
you
find
out
from
this
experiment
?
What
did
you
learn
from
doing
this
experiment
?
How
would
you
design
this
experiment
differently
the
next
time
?
Discussion
Questions
that
Require
Less
Critical
Thinking
Skills
What
types
of
animals
did
you
find
in
your
flowers
?
Did
different
flowers
produce
different
numbers
and
types
of
animals
found
?
If
the
answer
to
the
above
question
is
"
yes
"
,
what
flower
attracted
the
most
animals
?
What
flower
attracted
the
most
different
animals
?
Did
certain
animals
prefer
certain
kinds
of
flowers
?
Did
the
outside
temperature
have
any
impact
on
the
number
of
animals
found
?
What
types
of
schoolyard
animals
are
not
likely
to
be
found
on
a
flower
?
If
you
also
did
the
pitfall
trap
experiment
,
what
comparisons
can
you
make
?
Would
you
expect
to
find
the
same
types
of
animals
on
your
flowers
if
you
conducted
this
experiment
several
times
throughout
the
year
?
How
could
you
test
your
predictions
?
Examining
Local
and
Online
Results
Discussion
Questions
That
Will
Require
Critical
Thinking
Skills
to
Compare
Local
Data
to
the
Online
Data
of
Others
How
did
your
results
compare
with
the
results
of
others
?
What
did
you
learn
when
you
compared
what
you
found
out
from
what
others
found
out
?
What
might
have
caused
the
online
information
to
be
different
from
your
information
?
What
changes
would
you
now
make
in
this
experiment
based
on
the
information
you
now
have
from
others
?
General
Discussion
Questions
that
May
Occur
as
a
Result
of
Comparing
Local
Data
to
the
Online
Data
of
Others
How
would
you
compare
the
geographic
locations
of
the
schools
who
have
provided
online
data
?
How
might
the
location
change
the
information
that
each
school
provided
?
How
did
the
types
of
animals
you
found
compare
with
those
found
by
others
?
What
things
may
have
caused
different
animals
to
be
found
in
other
students
'
flowers
?
What
similarities
existed
among
those
schools
that
found
the
same
types
and
numbers
of
animals
?
Did
others
have
the
same
success
with
the
same
colored
flowers
?
If
not
,
what
could
be
the
reason
for
the
differences
?
Were
the
life
cycles
of
the
observed
animals
different
at
different
geographic
locations
?
If
so
,
why
do
you
think
this
occurred
?
Performance
and
Multiple
Choice
Assessment
Options
Critter
Links
Entomological
Society
of
America
This
site
has
a
special
"
kids
"
page
for
insects
.
Monarch
Watch
Participate
in
a
migratory
census
of
butterflies
.
Iowa
State
Department
of
Entomology
This
is
a
good
source
for
information
on
insects
,
including
some
insect
recipes
.
Children
's
Butterfly
Site
This
butterfly
site
is
maintained
by
the
United
States
Geological
Survey
.
Butterflies
,
Moths
,
and
Cool
Bugs
Browse
this
collection
of
insects
from
Havana
Junior
High
's
annual
Adopt-An-Insect
Project
.
The
Butterfly
WebSite
Learn
more
about
the
facinating
world
of
butterflies
.
Young
Entomologists
'
Society
,
Inc.
If
you
really
like
to
explore
the
insect
,
spider
,
and
minibeast
world
,
check
out
this
site
and
become
an
amateur
entomologist
.
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Next
:
Plate
1
â¢
Index
â¢
Previous
:
Chapter
4
:
The
High
Sierra
(
1870
)
THE
YOSEMITE
BOOK
by
Josiah
D.
Whitney
(
1869
)
CHAPTER
V.
THE
BIG
TREES
.
The
fact
that
,
in
addition
to
the
Yosemite
Valley
,
already
described
in
the
preceding
pages
,
Congress
has
given
to
the
State
of
California
,
to
hold
as
a
public
park
,
one
of
the
largest
and
finest
groves
of
the
so-called
(
par
excellence
)
Big
Trees
,
makes
it
incumbent
on
us
to
devote
one
chapter
of
the
present
volume
to
a
statement
of
some
of
the
most
interesting
facts
concerning
these
truly
remarkable
productions
of
the
vegetable
kingdom
.
This
we
do
the
more
readily
,
as
it
is
astonishing
how
little
that
is
really
reliable
is
to
be
found
in
all
that
has
been
published
about
the
Big
Trees
.
No
correct
statement
of
their
distribution
or
dimensions
has
appeared
in
print
;
and
,
if
their
age
has
been
correctly
stated
in
one
or
two
scientific
journals
,
no
such
information
ever
finds
its
way
into
the
popular
descriptions
of
this
tree
,
which
are
repeated
over
and
over
again
in
contributions
to
newspapers
,
and
in
books
of
travel
.
For
all
the
statements
here
made
,
the
Geological
Survey
is
responsible
,
except
when
it
is
otherwise
expressly
stated
.
For
the
history
of
the
botanical
name
of
this
species
,
I
am
specially
indebted
to
Professor
Brewer
,
Botanist
of
the
Survey
,
who
has
investigated
this
somewhat
complicated
subject
with
care
and
with
access
to
all
the
authorities
.
According
to
Mr.
Hutchingsâs
statement
,
the
Calaveras
Grove
of
Big
Trees
was
the
first
one
discovered
by
white
men
,
and
the
date
was
the
spring
of
1852
.
The
person
who
first
stumbled
on
these
vegetable
monsters
was
Mr.
A.
T.
Dowd
,
a
hunter
employed
by
the
Union
Water
Company
to
supply
the
men
in
their
employ
with
fresh
meat
,
while
digging
a
canal
to
bring
water
down
to
Murphy
's
.
According
to
the
accounts
,
the
discoverer
found
that
his
story
gained
so
little
credence
among
the
workmen
,
that
he
was
obliged
to
resort
to
a
ruse
to
get
them
to
the
spot
where
the
trees
were
.
The
wonderful
tale
of
the
Big
Trees
soon
found
its
way
into
the
papers
,
and
appears
to
have
been
first
published
in
the
Sonora
Herald
,
the
nearest
periodical
to
the
locality
.
The
account
was
republished
,
among
other
papers
,
in
the
Echo
du
Pacific
of
San
Francisco
,
then
copied
into
the
London
Athenaeum
of
July
23rd
,
1853
,
(
p.
892
)
,
which
is
believed
to
be
the
first
notice
published
in
Europe
,
and
from
there
again
into
the
Gardenerâs
Chronicle
of
London
,
where
it
appeared
July
30th
,
1853
,
(
p.
488
)
.
In
the
last-named
journal
,
for
December
24th
,
page
819
,
Dr.
Lindley
published
the
first
scientific
description
of
the
Big
Tree
.
Overlooking
its
close
affinity
with
the
already
described
redwood
,
he
regarded
it
as
the
type
of
a
new
genus
,
which
he
called
Wellingtonia
,
adding
the
specific
name
of
gigantea
.
His
specimens
were
received
from
Mr.
William
Lobb
,
through
Messrs.
Veitch
&
Sons
,
well-known
nurserymen
.
The
tree
had
been
previously
brought
to
the
notice
of
scientific
men
in
San
Francisco
,
and
specimens
had
been
sent
to
Dr.
Torrey
in
New
York
considerably
earlier
than
to
Dr.
Lindley
,
but
the
specimens
were
lost
in
transmission
;
and
,
no
description
having
been
published
in
San
Francisco
,
although
Drs.
Kellogg
and
Behr
had
brought
it
to
the
notice
of
the
California
Academy
early
that
year
as
a
new
species
,
the
honor
and
opportunity
of
naming
it
was
lost
to
American
botanists
.
The
closely
allied
species
of
the
same
genus
,
the
Sequoia
sempervirens
,
the
redwood
,
had
been
named
and
described
by
Endlicher
in
1847
,
and
was
well
known
to
botanists
all
over
the
world
in
1852
.
At
the
meeting
of
the
"
Societé
Botanique
de
France
,
"
held
June
28th
,
1854
,
the
eminent
botanist
Decaisne
presented
specimens
of
the
two
species
,
the
Big
Tree
and
the
redwood
,
with
those
of
other
Californian
coniferae
,
recently
received
from
the
Consular
Agent
of
France
at
San
Francisco
.
At
this
meeting
M.
Decaisne
gave
his
reasons
,
at
some
length
,
for
considering
the
redwood
and
the
more
recently
discovered
"
Big
Tree
"
to
belong
to
the
same
genus
,
Sequoia
,
and
,
in
accordance
with
the
rules
of
botanical
nomenclature
,
called
the
new
species
Sequoia
gigantea
.
The
report
of
these
proceedings
is
to
be
found
in
the
Bulletin
de
la
Societé
Botanique
de
France
,
vol
.
1
,
page
70
,
which
was
issued
in
July
(
probably
)
of
1854
.
In
the
meantime
,
specimens
had
been
received
by
Dr.
Torrey
at
New
York
,
and
in
September
of
the
same
year
(
1854
)
,
Professor
Gray
of
Cambridge
published
,
in
the
American
Journal
of
Science
,
appended
to
a
notice
of
the
age
of
the
redwood
,
a
statement
,
on
his
own
authority
,
that
a
comparison
of
the
cones
of
that
tree
and
those
of
the
so-called
Wellingtonia
of
Lindley
,
did
not
bring
to
view
any
differences
adequate
to
the
establishment
of
a
new
genus
.
To
this
Professor
Gray
adds
:
"
the
so-called
Wellingtonia
will
hereafter
bear
the
name
imposed
by
Dr.
Torrey
,
namely
that
of
Sequoia
gigantea
.
"
It
does
not
appear
,
however
,
on
examination
,
that
Dr.
Torrey
had
himself
published
any
description
of
the
Big
Tree
,
or
of
the
fact
that
he
considered
it
generically
identical
with
the
redwood
,
and
priority
seems
to
have
been
secured
by
Decaisne
,
so
that
the
name
must
now
stand
as
Sequoia
gigantea
,
Decaisne
.
It
is
to
the
happy
accident
of
the
generic
agreement
of
the
Big
Tree
with
the
redwood
that
we
owe
it
,
that
we
are
not
now
obliged
to
call
the
largest
and
most
interesting
tree
of
America
after
an
English
military
hero
;
had
it
been
an
English
botanist
of
the
highest
eminence
,
the
dose
would
not
have
been
so
unpalatable
.
No
other
plant
ever
attracted
so
much
attention
or
attained
such
a
celebrity
within
so
short
a
period
.
The
references
to
it
in
scientific
works
and
journals
already
number
between
one
and
two
hundred
,
and
it
has
been
the
theme
of
innumerable
articles
in
popular
periodicals
and
books
of
travel
,
in
various
languages
;
probably
there
is
hardly
a
newspaper
in
Christendom
that
has
not
published
some
item
on
the
subject
.
Seeds
were
first
sent
to
Europe
and
the
Eastern
States
in
1853
,
and
since
that
time
immense
numbers
have
found
their
way
to
market
.
They
germinate
readily
,
and
it
is
probable
that
hundreds
of
thousands
of
the
trees
(
millions
it
is
said
)
are
growing
in
different
parts
of
the
world
from
seeds
planted
.
They
flourish
with
peculiar
luxuriance
in
Great
Britain
,
and
grow
with
extraordinary
rapidity
.
Numerous
examples
are
cited
where
they
have
grown
over
two
feet
per
year
,
and
have
produced
cones
when
four
or
five
years
old
.
Some
marked
gardenerâs
varieties
are
already
in
the
market
.
The
genus
was
named
in
honor
of
Sequoia*
[
*This
is
the
way
the
name
was
spelt
in
an
article
published
in
the
âCountry
Gentlemanâ
which
attracted
Endlicherâs
attention
,
and
led
him
to
adopt
this
name
for
the
genus
.
It
is
also
,
and
more
generally
spelt
âSequoyah,â
which
is
the
English
way
of
writing
it
,
while
the
other
is
what
it
would
naturally
and
properly
be
in
Latin.
]
or
Sequoyah
,
a
Cherokee
Indian
of
mixed
blood
,
better
known
by
his
English
name
of
George
Guess
,
who
is
supposed
to
have
been
born
about
1770
and
who
lived
in
Willâs
Valley
,
in
the
extreme
northeastern
corner
of
Alabama
,
among
the
Cherokees
.
He
became
known
to
the
world
by
his
invention
of
an
alphabet
and
written
language
for
his
tribe
.
This
alphabet
,
which
was
constructed
with
wonderful
ingenuity
,
consisted
of
eighty-six
characters
,
each
representing
a
syllable
;
and
it
had
already
come
into
use
,
to
a
considerable
extent
,
before
the
whites
had
heard
anything
of
it
.
After
a
time
the
missionaries
took
up
Sequoyahâs
idea
,
and
had
types
cast
and
a
printing
press
supplied
to
the
Cherokee
nation
,
and
a
newspaper
was
started
in
1828
,
partly
in
this
character
.
Driven
with
the
rest
of
his
tribe
,
beyond
the
Mississippi
,
he
died
in
New
Mexico
,
in
1843
.
His
remarkable
alphabet
is
still
in
use
,
although
destined
to
pass
away
with
his
nation
;
but
not
into
oblivion
,
for
his
name
attached
to
one
of
the
grandest
and
most
impressive
productions
of
the
vegetable
kingdom
will
forever
keep
his
memory
green.*
[
*For
the
above
particulars
of
Sequoyahâs
history
,
and
several
other
items
which
we
have
not
here
space
to
publish
,
we
are
indebted
to
Professor
Brewer.
]
Having
given
a
few
items
in
the
history
of
the
discovery
of
the
Big
Trees
,
we
will
pass
on
to
detail
some
of
the
facts
in
regard
to
their
geographical
distribution
,
age
,
size
,
and
appearance
,
with
which
it
will
be
desirable
for
travellers
to
be
acquainted
.
The
Big
Tree
is
extremely
limited
to
its
range
;
even
more
so
than
its
twin
brother
,
the
redwood
.
The
latter
is
strictly
a
Coast
Range
or
seaboard
tree
;
the
other
inland
,
or
exclusively
limited
to
the
Sierra
.
Both
trees
are
,
also
,
peculiarly
Californian
.
A
very
few
of
the
redwood
may
be
found
just
across
the
border
in
Oregon
,
but
the
Big
Tree
has
never
been
found
outside
of
California
,
and
probably
never
will
be.â 
[
â There
are
several
fossil
species
of
the
genus
Sequoia
.
The
Miocene
Tertiary
of
Greenland
,
in
70ð
north
latitude
,
furnishes
oneâthe
Sequoia
Langsdorffii
âwhich
,
according
to
the
eminent
botanist
Heer
,
can
with
difficulty
be
distinguished
from
the
redwood
of
California
;
it
may
,
perhaps
,
be
identical
with
it
.
The
statement
above
,
that
the
Sequoia
is
a
peculiarly
Californian
genus
,
must
be
understood
as
referring
to
the
vegetation
of
the
present
geological
epoch
,
and
not
to
that
of
former
ages.
]
The
redwood
forms
an
interrupted
belt
along
the
Coast
Ranges
,
from
about
latitude
36ð
to
42ð
,
or
from
a
little
below
the
head
of
the
Nacimiento
river
,
north
to
the
northern
boundary
of
the
State
.
Between
the
southern
termination
of
the
belt
and
Carmelo
,
the
redwoods
occur
but
sparingly
,
nowhere
forming
extensive
groves
;
and
from
Carmelo
to
the
Pajaro
river
they
are
interrupted
altogether
.
Near
the
last-named
place
this
tree
sets
in
again
,
and
forms
a
tolerably
continuous
belt
north
to
a
point
nearly
opposite
Half-Moon
Bay
,
keeping
well
upon
the
western
side
of
the
ridges
,
but
descending
on
the
eastern
side
into
the
cañons
.
There
were
formerly
fine
redwoods
opposite
San
Francisco
,
along
the
crest
of
the
Contra
Costa
Hills
;
but
they
are
now
all
cut
down
.
The
small
patches
of
them
in
Marin
Country
are
fast
going
the
same
way
.
Beyond
Russian
River
,
however
,
the
belt
of
redwoods
widens
out
rapidly
,
forming
almost
a
continuous
forest
,
some
ten
or
fifteen
miles
in
width
,
up
to
the
northern
end
of
Mendocino
County
,
or
for
more
than
a
hundred
miles
.
From
here
north
,
through
Humboldt
,
Klamath
and
Del
Norte
counties
,
this
tree
occurs
in
more
or
less
disconnected
patches
,
some
of
which
,
however
,
cover
an
extensive
area
.
In
this
direction
the
redwood
gradually
approaches
the
coast
,
and
at
Humboldt
and
Trinity
Bays
,
and
near
Crescent
City
,
is
directly
upon
the
ocean
.
Mr.
Bolander
thinks
that
his
observations
show
clearly
that
the
redwood
is
exclusively
confined
to
a
peculiar
kind
of
rockâthe
metamorphic
sandstoneâand
it
is
certain
,
also
,
that
it
will
only
flourish
where
it
is
frequently
enveloped
in
the
ocean
fogs
.
The
redwood
is
the
glory
of
the
Coast
Ranges
;
its
gigantic
size
and
its
beauty
of
form
and
foliage
entitle
it
to
a
place
hardly
second
to
that
of
the
Big
Tree
itself
,
as
may
be
gathered
from
the
following
facts
,
derived
chiefly
from
the
notes
of
Messrs.
Brewer
and
Bolander
.
Near
Santa
Cruz
is
a
redwood
grove
of
great
beauty
;
the
largest
tree
is
50
feet
in
circumference
at
the
base
and
275
feet
high
.
Near
Crescent
City
Professor
Brewer
measured
one
58
feet
in
circumference
at
four
feet
from
the
ground
,
and
it
scarcely
swelled
at
all
at
its
base
.
Several
persons
stated
,
however
,
that
there
were
larger
ones
south
of
this
,
and
that
near
the
Klamath
River
,
there
were
some
as
much
as
thirty
feet
in
diameter
.
Mr.
Ashburner
heard
of
a
hollow
redwood
stump
,
seven
miles
back
from
Eureka
,
thirty-eight
feet
in
diameter
,
in
which
thirty-three
pack-mules
were
corralled
at
one
time
.
Mr.
Bolander
reported
a
redwood
twenty-five
feet
in
diameter
,
near
Little
River
,
Mendocino
County
.
During
the
stormy
winter
of
1861-2
,
immense
numbers
of
redwood
logs
were
carried
out
to
sea
,
along
the
coast
in
the
northern
part
of
the
State
.
They
were
so
abundant
,
as
to
be
dangerous
to
ships
,
at
a
distance
of
over
150
miles
from
land
.
During
a
heavy
southwest
gale
,
great
numbers
of
these
were
cast
on
shore
near
Crescent
City
,
and
thrown
together
in
gigantic
piles
.
Professor
Brewer
measured
a
dozen
of
these
broken
,
battered
logs
,
and
found
them
to
vary
from
120
to
210
feet
in
length
;
one
of
200
feet
was
ten
feet
in
diameter
at
the
base
,
and
another
of
210
feet
was
three
feet
in
diameter
at
the
little
end
.
Accurate
measurements
of
the
height
of
the
trees
standing
in
the
forests
of
this
region
are
wanting
;
but
there
are
supposed
to
be
many
redwoods
from
250
to
300
feet
in
elevation
.
Thus
we
see
,
that
in
size
the
redwood
falls
but
very
little
below
the
Big
Tree
,
and
it
is
not
impossible
that
some
of
the
former
may
yet
be
found
as
large
as
any
of
the
latter
.
In
general
effect
the
forests
of
redwood
,
in
the
opinion
of
Professor
Brewer
,
surpass
even
the
groves
of
Big
Trees
.
The
great
reason
for
this
is
,
that
the
redwood
forms
frequently
almost
the
entire
forest
,
while
the
Big
Tree
nowhere
occurs
except
scattered
among
other
trees
,
and
never
in
clusters
or
groups
isolated
from
other
species
.
Let
one
imagine
an
entire
forest
,
extending
as
far
as
the
eye
can
reach
,
of
trees
from
eight
to
twelve
feet
in
diameter
and
from
200
to
300
feet
high
,
thickly
grouped
,
their
trunks
marvellously
straight
,
not
branching
until
they
reach
from
100
to
150
feet
above
the
ground
,
and
then
forming
a
dense
canopy
,
which
shuts
out
the
view
of
the
sky
,
the
contrast
of
the
bright
cinnamon-colored
trunks
with
the
sombre
,
deep
yet
brilliant
,
green
of
the
foliage
,
the
utter
silence
of
these
forests
,
where
often
no
sound
can
be
heard
except
the
low
thunder
of
the
breaking
surf
of
the
distant
oceanâlet
one
picture
to
himself
a
scene
like
this
,
and
he
may
perhaps
receive
a
faint
impression
of
the
majestic
grandeur
of
the
redwood
forests
of
California
.
The
Big
Trees
occur
exclusively
in
"
groves
,
"
or
scattered
over
limited
areas
,
never
forming
groups
by
themselves
,
but
always
disseminated
among
a
much
larger
number
of
trees
of
other
kinds
.
These
patches
on
which
the
Big
Trees
stand
do
not
equal
in
area
a
hundredth
part
of
that
which
the
redwoods
cover
exclusively
.
We
are
quite
unable
to
state
the
number
of
square
miles
or
acres
on
which
the
Big
Trees
grow
,
except
for
two
of
the
groves
,
the
Calaveras
and
Mariposa
,
both
of
which
have
been
carefully
surveyed
by
our
parties
.
It
may
be
roughly
stated
,
however
,
that
this
area
does
not
,
so
far
as
yet
known
,
exceed
fifty
square
miles
,
and
that
most
of
this
is
in
one
patch
,
between
Kingâs
and
Kaweah
Rivers
,
as
will
be
noticed
farther
on
.
The
groves
of
the
Big
Trees
are
limited
in
latitude
between
36ð
and
38ð
15
'
,
nearly
;
at
least
so
far
as
we
now
know
.
The
Calaveras
Grove
is
the
most
northerly
,
and
one
on
the
South
Fork
of
the
Tule
is
the
farthest
south
of
any
yet
known
to
us
.
They
are
also
quite
limited
in
vertical
range
,
since
they
nowhere
descend
much
below
5,000
,
or
rise
above
7,000
feet
.
They
follow
the
other
trees
of
California
in
this
respect
,
that
they
occur
lower
down
on
the
Sierra
as
we
go
northwards
;
the
most
northerly
grove
,
that
of
Calaveras
,
is
the
lowest
in
elevation
above
the
sea-level
.
We
will
first
describe
,
or
notice
,
so
far
as
our
space
allows
,
the
different
groves
which
have
been
discovered
,
giving
more
details
of
that
one
which
has
been
given
by
Congress
to
the
State
of
California
"
for
public
use
and
recreation
,
"
and
we
will
then
state
some
general
facts
connected
with
this
species
,
which
will
be
better
understood
after
reading
what
has
preceded
.
There
are
eight
distinct
patches
or
groves
of
the
Big
Trees
;
or
nine
,
if
we
should
consider
the
Mariposa
trees
as
belonging
to
two
different
groups
,
which
is
hardly
necessary
,
inasmuch
as
there
is
only
a
ridge
half
a
mile
in
width
separating
the
upper
grove
from
the
lower
.
The
eight
groves
are
,
in
geographical
order
from
north
to
south
:
first
,
the
Calaveras
;
second
,
the
Stanislaus
;
third
,
Crane
Flat
;
fourth
,
Mariposa
;
fifth
,
Fresno
;
sixth
,
Kingâs
and
Kaweah
Rivers
;
seventh
,
North
Fork
Tule
River
;
eighth
,
South
Fork
Tule
River
.
These
we
will
now
notice
in
the
above
order
,
beginning
with
the
one
best
known
and
most
visited
.
The
Calaveras
grove
is
situated
in
the
county
of
that
name
,
about
sixteen
miles
from
Murphyâs
Camp
,
and
near
the
Stanislaus
River
.
It
is
on
,
or
near
,
the
road
crossing
the
Sierra
by
the
Silver
Mountain
Pass
.
This
being
the
first
grove
of
the
Big
Trees
discovered
and
the
most
accessible
,
it
has
come
more
into
notice
and
been
much
more
visited
than
any
of
the
others
;
indeed
,
this
and
the
Mariposa
Grove
are
the
only
ones
which
have
become
a
resort
for
travellers
.
The
Calaveras
Grove
has
also
the
great
advantage
over
the
others
,
that
a
good
hotel
is
kept
there
,
and
that
it
is
accessible
on
wheels
,
all
the
others
being
at
a
greater
or
less
distance
from
any
road
.
This
grove
occupies
a
belt
3,200
feet
long
by
700
feet
broad
,
extending
in
a
northwest
and
southeast
direction
,
in
a
depression
between
two
slopes
,
through
which
meanders
a
small
brook
which
dries
up
in
the
summer
.
There
are
between
90
and
100
trees
of
large
size
in
the
grove
,
and
a
considerable
number
of
small
ones
,
chiefly
on
the
outskirts
.
Several
have
fallen
since
the
grove
was
discovered
;
one
has
been
cut
down
;
and
one
has
had
the
bark
stripped
from
it
,
up
to
the
height
of
116
feet
above
the
ground
.
The
bark
,
thus
removed
,
was
exhibited
in
different
places
,
and
finally
found
a
resting
place
in
the
Sydenham
Crystal
Palace
,
where
it
was
unfortunately
burned
,
in
the
fire
which
consumed
a
part
of
that
building
a
few
years
since
.
The
two
trees
thus
destroyed
were
perhaps
the
finest
in
the
grove
;
the
tallest
now
standing
is
the
one
called
the
"
Keystone
State
;
"
the
largest
and
finest
is
known
as
the
"
Empire
State
.
"
The
height
of
this
grove
above
the
sea-level
is
4,759
feet
.
The
annexed
table
shows
the
elevation
of
all
the
trees
which
could
be
conveniently
measured
,
and
their
circumference
at
six
feet
above
the
ground
:
table
of
measurements
of
height
and
circumference
of
trees
in
the
calaveras
grove
.
Name
of
Tree
.
Circumference
6
feet
above
ground
.
Height
.
Feet
.
Feet
.
Keystone
State
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
45
325
General
Jackson
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40
319
Mother
of
the
Forest
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(
without
bark
)
61
315
Daniel
Webster
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
47
307
Richard
Cobden
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
41
284
T.
Starr
King
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
52
283
Pride
of
the
Forest
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
48
282
Henry
Clay
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
47
280
Bay
State
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
46
275
Jas
.
King
of
William
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
51
274
Sentinel
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
49
272
Dr.
Kane
.
.
.
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.
50
271
Arborvitae
Queen
.
.
.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
30
269
Abraham
Lincoln
.
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.
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.
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.
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.
44
268
Maid
of
Honor
.
.
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.
27
266
Old
Vermont
.
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.
40
265
Uncle
Sam
.
.
.
.
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43
265
Mother
&
Son
(
Mother
)
.
.
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.
51
261
Three
Graces
(
highest
)
.
.
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30
262
Wm
.
Cullen
Bryant
.
.
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48
262
U.
S.
Grant
.
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34
261
General
Scott
.
.
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.
43
258
George
Washington
.
.
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.
51
256
Henry
Ward
Beecher
.
.
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.
34
252
California
.
.
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.
33
250
Uncle
Tomâs
Cabin
.
.
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.
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.
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.
50
250
Beauty
of
the
Forest
.
.
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39
249
J.
B.
M'Pherson
.
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.
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.
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.
.
31
246
Florence
Nightingale
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
37
246
James
Wadsworth
.
.
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.
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.
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.
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.
27
239
Elihu
Burritt
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
31
231
The
exact
measurement
of
the
diameter
and
the
ascertaining
of
the
age
of
one
of
the
trees
in
this
grove
was
made
possible
by
the
cutting
down
of
one
of
the
largest
of
them
.
This
was
done
soon
after
the
grove
was
discovered
,
and
is
said
to
have
occupied
five
men
for
twenty-two
days.
The
felling
was
done
by
boring
through
the
tree
with
pump
augers
;
it
was
no
small
affair
to
persuade
the
trunk
to
fall
,
even
after
it
had
been
completely
severed
from
its
connection
with
the
base
.
It
was
done
,
however
,
by
driving
in
wedges
on
one
side
,
until
the
ponderous
mass
was
inclined
sufficiently
,
which
was
not
effected
until
after
three
days
of
labor
.
The
stump
of
this
tree
was
squared
nicely
off
at
six
feet
above
the
ground
,
and
the
bark
being
removed
,
a
pavilion
was
built
over
it
,
forming
a
capacious
room
,
the
exact
dimensions
of
the
stump
inside
of
the
bark
being
,
Across
its
longest
diameter
,
south
of
centre
,
13
feet
9ý
inches
.
"
"
"
north
of
centre
,
10
"
4
"
Total
longest
diameter
24
"
1ý
"
The
shorter
diameter
,
or
that
east
and
west
,
was
23
feet
,
exactly
evenly
divided
on
each
side
of
the
centre
.
The
thickness
of
the
bark
,
averaging
18
inches
probably
,
would
add
three
feet
to
the
diameter
of
the
tree
,
making
27
feet
in
all
.
After
this
tree
had
been
cut
down
,
it
was
again
cut
through
about
30
feet
from
the
first
cut
.
At
the
upper
end
of
this
section
of
the
trunk
,
or
about
40
feet
from
the
ground
,
as
the
tree
originally
stood
,
we
carefully
counted
the
rings
of
annual
growth
,
measuring
at
the
same
time
the
width
of
each
set
of
one
hundred
,
beginning
at
the
exterior
;
the
result
was
as
follows
:
First
hundred
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3.
inches
.
Second
"
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3.7
"
Third
"
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4.1
"
Fourth
"
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3.9
"
Fifth
"
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4.1
"
Sixth
"
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4.1
"
Seventh
"
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4.6
"
Eighth
"
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5.6
"
Ninth
"
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7.3
"
Tenth
"
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7.9
"
Eleventh
"
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
10.1
"
Twelfth
"
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13.0
"
55
years
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
9.4
"
_______________
____
1,255
years
.
80.8
"
There
was
a
small
cavity
in
the
centre
of
the
tree
which
prevented
an
accurate
fixing
of
its
age
;
but
making
due
allowance
for
that
,
and
for
the
time
required
to
grow
to
the
height
at
which
the
count
was
made
,
it
will
be
safe
to
say
that
this
particular
tree
,
which
was
probably
about
as
large
as
any
now
standing
in
the
grove
,
was
,
in
round
numbers
,
1,300
years
old
.
The
Calaveras
Grove
contains
,
as
will
be
seen
in
the
table
above
,
four
trees
over
300
feet
high
,
the
highest
one
measured
by
us
in
the
Mariposa
Grove
being
272
.
The
published
statements
of
the
heights
of
these
trees
are
considerably
exaggerated
,
as
will
be
noticed
;
but
our
measurements
can
be
relied
on
as
being
correct.*
[
*Several
trees
were
measured
twice
,
and
the
results
,
in
every
case
,
found
to
be
closely
coincident.
]
The
Keystone
State
has
the
honor
of
standing
at
the
head
,
with
325
feet
as
its
elevation
,
and
this
is
the
tallest
tree
yet
measured
on
this
continent
,
so
far
as
our
information
goes
.
When
we
observe
how
regularly
and
gradually
the
trees
diminish
in
size
,
from
the
highest
down
,
it
will
be
evident
that
the
stories
told
,
of
trees
having
once
stood
in
this
grove
over
400
feet
in
height
,
are
not
entitled
to
credence
.
It
is
not
at
all
likely
that
any
one
tree
should
have
overtopped
all
the
others
by
75
feet
or
more
.
The
same
condition
of
general
average
elevation
,
and
absence
of
trees
very
much
taller
than
any
of
the
rest
in
the
grove
,
will
be
noticed
among
the
trees
on
the
Mariposa
grant
,
where
,
however
,
there
is
no
one
as
high
as
300
feet
.
The
next
grove
south
of
the
one
just
noticed
is
south
of
the
Stanislaus
River
,
near
the
borders
of
Calaveras
and
Tuolumne
counties
.
It
has
never
been
visited
by
any
member
of
the
Geological
Survey
,
and
is
not
located
on
any
map
.
It
has
been
described
to
us
as
being
about
ten
miles
southeast
of
the
Calaveras
Grove
,
on
Beaver
Creek
,
a
branch
of
the
Stanislaus
.
It
is
said
to
contain
from
600
to
800
trees
,
but
none
as
large
as
those
already
described
.
About
twenty-five
miles
southeast
of
the
last-mentioned
grove
is
another
,
which
may
be
called
the
Crane
Flat
Grove
,
as
it
is
from
a
mile
to
a
mile
and
a
half
from
the
station
of
that
name
on
the
Coulterville
trail
to
the
Yosemite
,
in
a
northwesterly
direction
.
It
was
visited
by
our
party
,
in
haste
,
and
its
extent
was
not
ascertained
nor
the
number
of
trees
counted
.
They
stand
mostly
on
the
north
slope
of
a
hill
,
rather
sheltered
from
the
wind
;
and
,
so
far
as
observed
,
are
rather
smaller
than
those
of
the
Calaveras
Grove
.
The
largest
sound
tree
measured
was
57
feet
in
circumference
,
at
three
feet
from
the
ground
.
A
stump
,
so
burned
that
only
one-half
remained
,
was
23
feet
in
diameter
,
inside
the
bark
at
three
feet
from
the
ground
.
A
single
Big
Tree
stands
in
the
woods
,
by
itself
,
somewhere
southwest
of
the
Crane
Flat
Grove
,
and
between
it
and
the
Merced
.
It
is
the
only
instance
,
so
far
as
we
know
,
of
the
occurrence
of
this
species
thus
solitary
and
alone
.
There
is
an
almost
entirely
unexplored
region
between
the
Beaver
Creek
and
the
Crane
Flat
Groves
,
and
there
may
possibly
be
some
more
Big
Trees
existing
there
and
not
yet
discovered
.
It
is
about
twenty
miles
,
still
in
a
southwesterly
direction
,
from
Crane
Flat
to
the
Mariposa
Grove
,
and
that
region
has
been
so
thoroughly
explored
by
the
Survey
,
that
there
is
no
reason
to
suppose
that
any
more
of
these
trees
will
be
found
there
.
The
Mariposa
Grove
is
situated
about
sixteen
miles
directly
south
of
the
Lower
Hotel
in
the
Yosemite
Valley
,
and
between
three
and
four
miles
southeast
of
Clarkâs
ranch
,
and
at
an
elevation
of
about
1,500
feet
above
the
last-named
place
,
or
of
5,500
feet
above
the
sea-level
.
It
lies
in
a
little
valley
,
occupying
a
depression
along
the
back
of
a
ridge
,
which
runs
along
in
an
easterly
direction
between
Big
Creek
and
the
South
Merced
.
One
of
the
branches
of
the
creek
heads
in
the
grove
.
The
grant
made
by
Congress
is
two
miles
square
,
and
embraces
,
in
reality
,
two
distinct
,
or
nearly
distinct
groves
;
that
is
to
say
,
two
collections
of
Big
Trees
,
between
which
there
is
an
intervening
space
without
any
.
The
Upper
Grove
is
in
a
pretty
compact
body
,
containing
,
on
an
area
of
3,700
by
2,300
feet
in
dimensions
,
just
365
trees
of
the
Sequoia
gigantea
,
of
a
diameter
of
one
foot
and
over
,
besides
a
great
number
of
small
ones
.
The
lower
grove
,
which
is
smaller
in
size
and
more
scattered
,
lies
in
a
southwesterly
direction
from
the
other
,
some
trees
growing
quite
high
up
in
the
gulches
on
the
south
side
of
the
ridge
which
separates
the
two
groves
.
The
trail
approaches
the
Upper
Grove
from
the
west
side
,
and
passes
through
and
around
it
,
in
such
a
manner
as
to
take
the
visitor
very
near
to
almost
all
the
largest
trees
;
to
accomplish
this
,
it
ascends
one
branch
of
the
Creek
and
then
crosses
over
and
descends
the
other
,
showing
that
the
size
of
the
trees
depends
somewhat
on
their
position
in
regard
to
water
.
Still
,
there
are
several
very
large
ones
on
the
side
hill
south
of
the
creek
,
quite
high
above
the
water
.
Several
of
the
trees
in
this
grove
have
been
named
,
some
of
them
,
indeed
,
half
a
dozen
times
;
there
are
no
names
,
however
,
which
seem
to
have
become
current
,
as
is
the
case
in
the
Calaveras
Grove
.
A
plan
has
been
drawn
for
the
Commissioners
,
however
,
showing
each
tree
,
with
its
exact
position
and
size
,
a
number
being
attached
to
each
.
The
circumference
of
every
tree
in
the
grove
was
also
carefully
measured
,
and
the
height
of
such
as
could
be
conveniently
got
at
for
this
purpose
.
There
are
about
125
trees
over
40
feet
in
circumference
.
The
annexed
table
gives
the
height
of
all
that
were
measured
,
and
the
circumference
of
these
and
of
several
other
of
the
largest
trees
in
the
grove
,
with
some
remarks
as
to
their
condition
and
appearance
:
table
of
measurements
of
height
and
circumference
of
trees
in
the
mariposa
grove
.
No.
Height
.
Circumference
at
Ground
.
Circumference
at
six
feet
above
the
Ground
.
Remarks
.
6
77.5
7
72.5
11
62
.
12
244
62
.
.
.
.
.
Very
fine
symmetrical
tree
.
15
272
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Fine
sound
tree
.
16
.
.
.
.
86.5
.
.
.
.
31
feet
in
diameter
.
Hollow
.
20
.
.
.
.
72.5
55
.
Fine
tree
.
21
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
44
.
Very
fine
tree
,
not
swollen
at
base
.
27
250
48
.
29
.
.
.
.
89.8
31
186
35.7
29.6
Very
straight
and
symmetrical
.
35
.
.
.
.
65
.
50.8
38
226
27
.
49
194
51
218
56
.
39
.
Very
fine
tree
.
52
249
.
.
.
.
40
.
Fine
tree
.
60
.
.
.
.
81.6
59
.
Very
fine
tree
,
but
burned
at
base
.
64
.
.
.
.
82.4
50
.
Very
fine
tree
.
66
221
39.8
69
219
35.7
70
225
43.9
77
197
.
.
.
.
27.8
102
255
.
.
.
.
50
.
Very
fine
tree
.
158
223
164
243
.
.
.
.
27.6
169
.
.
.
.
79.6
.
.
.
.
Much
burned
at
base
.
171
.
.
.
.
82.7
.
.
.
.
Badly
burned
on
one
side
.
174
268
.
.
.
.
40.8
194
192
.
.
.
.
46
.
Two
trees
,
united
at
the
base
.
205
229
87.8
.
.
.
.
Much
burned
on
one
side
,
formerly
over
100
feet
in
circumference
.
206
235
70.4
216
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
63.2
Very
large
tree
,
much
burned
at
base
.
226
219
.
.
.
.
48
.
Fine
tree
.
236
256
.
.
.
.
46
.
238
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
57
.
26
feet
in
diameter
,
burned
on
one
side
.
239
187
.
.
.
.
26.6
245
270
81.6
67.2
Burned
on
one
side
.
253
.
.
.
.
74.3
60
.
262
.
.
.
.
56
.
.
.
.
.
Half
burned
away
at
base
.
275
.
.
.
.
68
.
286
.
.
.
.
76
.
.
.
.
.
Burned
on
one
side
nearly
to
centre
.
290
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
46
.
301
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
51
.
304
260
92.7
.
.
.
.
Largest
tree
in
the
Grove
,
27
feet
in
diame
ter
,
but
all
burned
away
on
one
side
.
330
.
.
.
.
91.6
.
.
.
.
Splendid
tree
,
over
100
feet
in
circum
ference
originally
;
but
much
burned
at
base
.
348
227
.
.
.
.
51
.
From
the
above
table
it
will
be
seen
,
that
there
are
several
trees
in
this
grove
larger
than
any
in
the
Calaveras
,
and
that
their
average
size
is
greater
.
The
average
height
of
the
Mariposa
trees
,
however
,
is
less
than
that
of
the
Calaveras
;
and
the
highest
of
the
former
,
272
feet
,
is
53
feet
less
than
the
tallest
one
of
the
latter
.
There
is
a
burned
stump
on
the
north
side
of
the
grove
,
nearly
all
gone
,
but
indicating
a
tree
of
a
size
perhaps
a
little
greater
than
any
now
existing
here
.
The
beauty
of
the
Mariposa
Grove
has
been
sadly
marred
by
the
ravages
of
fire
,
which
has
evidently
swept
through
it
again
and
again
,
almost
ruining
many
of
the
finest
trees
.
Still
,
the
general
appearance
of
the
grove
is
extremely
grand
and
imposing
.
The
principal
trees
associated
with
the
Big
Trees
in
this
grove
are
:
the
pitch
and
sugar
pines
,
the
Douglas
spruce
,
the
white
fir
(
Picea
grandis
)
,
and
the
bastard
cedar
(
Libocedrus
decurrens
)
;
the
latter
so
much
resembles
the
Big
Tree
in
the
general
appearance
of
its
trunk
and
bark
,
that
there
was
no
person
in
our
party
who
could
certainly
distinguish
the
two
species
at
a
little
distance
.
There
are
but
very
few
of
the
young
Big
Trees
growing
within
the
grove
,
where
probably
they
have
been
destroyed
by
fire
;
around
the
base
of
several
of
the
large
trees
,
on
the
outskirts
of
the
grove
,
there
are
small
plantations
of
young
Sequoias
,
of
all
sizes
,
up
to
six
or
eight
inches
in
diameter
,
but
only
a
few
as
large
as
this
.
Those
trees
which
are
about
ten
feet
in
diameter
and
entirely
uninjured
by
fire
,
in
the
full
symmetry
of
a
vigorous
growth
of
say
500
years
,
are
,
although
not
as
stupendous
as
the
older
giants
of
the
forest
,
still
exceedingly
beautiful
and
impressive
.
The
meadows
on
the
Big
Tree
Grant
abound
in
gay
,
blooming
flowers
.
Mr.
Bolander
enumerates
,
as
the
most
conspicuous
:
Rudbeckia
Californica
,
Gray
;
Aconitum
nasutum
,
Fischer
;
Anisocarpus
Bolanderi
,
Gray
;
Boykinia
occidentalis
,
T.
and
G.
;
Sidalcea
malvaeflora
,
Gray
;
Myrica
Gale
,
L.
;
Hulsia
brevifolia
,
Gray
;
Epilobium
angustifolium
;
Veratrum
Californicum
.
A
species
of
lupine
is
very
abundant
,
and
this
,
with
the
Rudbeckia
,
gives
the
main
coloring
to
the
meadows
,
which
also
abound
with
numerous
carices
.
The
southern
division
of
the
Mariposa
Grove
,
or
Lower
Grove
,
as
it
is
usually
called
,
is
said
to
contain
about
half
as
many
trees
as
the
one
just
described
.
They
are
much
scattered
among
other
trees
,
and
do
not
,
therefore
,
present
as
imposing
an
appearance
as
those
in
the
other
grove
,
where
quite
a
large
number
can
often
be
seen
from
one
point
.
The
largest
tree
in
the
Lower
Grove
is
the
one
known
as
the
"
Grizzly
Giant
,
"
of
which
two
photographs
are
here
given
,
(
Nos
.
23
and
24
)
,
one
showing
the
whole
tree
,
the
other
the
base
,
with
Mr.
Galen
Clark
,
the
Guardian
of
the
Valley
and
Grove
,
standing
,
with
his
six
feet
two
inches
of
well
proportioned
height
,
as
a
scale
from
which
to
estimate
its
dimensions
.
The
Grizzly
Giant
is
93
feet
7
inches
in
circumference
at
the
ground
,
and
64
feet
3
inches
at
11
feet
above
.
Its
two
diameters
at
the
base
,
as
near
as
we
could
measure
,
were
30
and
31
feet
.
The
calculated
diameter
,
at
11
feet
above
the
ground
is
20
feet
nearly
.
The
tree
is
very
much
injured
and
decreased
in
size
by
burning
,
for
which
no
allowance
has
been
made
in
the
above
measurements
.
Some
of
the
branches
of
this
tree
are
fully
six
feet
in
diameter
,
or
as
large
as
the
trunks
of
the
largest
elms
of
the
Connecticut
Valley
,
of
which
Dr.
Holmes
has
so
pleasantly
discoursed
in
the
Atlantic
Monthly
.
This
tree
,
however
,
has
long
since
passed
its
prime
,
and
has
the
battered
and
war-worn
appearance
,
conveyed
by
its
name
.
The
next
grove
south
of
the
Mariposa
is
one
in
Fresno
County
,
about
fourteen
miles
southeast
of
Clark
's
,
and
not
far
from
a
conspicuous
point
called
Wammelo
Rock
.
Mr.
Clark
has
described
this
grove
,
which
we
have
not
visited
,
as
extending
for
above
two
and
a
half
miles
in
length
,
by
from
one
to
two
in
breadth
.
He
has
counted
500
trees
in
it
,
and
believes
the
whole
number
to
be
not
far
from
600
.
The
largest
measured
81
feet
in
circumference
,
at
three
feet
from
the
ground
.
No
other
grove
of
Big
Trees
has
been
discovered
to
the
southeast
of
this
,
along
the
slope
of
the
Sierra
,
until
we
reach
a
point
more
than
fifty
miles
distant
from
the
Fresno
Grove
.
Here
,
between
the
Kingâs
and
Kaweah
Rivers
,
is
by
far
the
most
extensive
collection
of
trees
of
this
species
which
has
yet
been
discovered
in
the
State
.
This
belt
of
trees
,
for
grove
it
can
hardly
be
called
,
occurs
about
thirty
miles
north-northeast
of
Visalia
,
on
the
tributaries
of
the
Kingâs
and
Kaweah
Rivers
,
and
on
the
divide
between
.
They
are
scattered
over
the
slopes
and
on
the
valleys
;
but
are
larger
in
the
depressions
,
where
the
soil
is
more
moist
.
Along
the
trail
which
runs
from
Visalia
to
the
Big
Meadows
,
the
belt
is
four
or
five
miles
wide
,
and
it
extends
over
a
vertical
range
of
about
2,500
feet
;
its
total
length
is
as
much
as
eight
or
ten
miles
,
and
may
be
more
.
The
trees
are
not
collected
together
into
groves
;
but
are
scattered
through
the
forests
,
and
associated
with
the
other
species
usually
occurring
at
this
altitude
in
the
Sierra
;
they
are
most
abundant
at
from
6,000
to
7,000
feet
elevation
above
the
sea-level
.
Their
number
is
great
;
probably
thousands
might
be
counted
.
Their
size
,
however
,
is
not
great
,
the
average
being
from
ten
to
twelve
feet
in
diameter
,
and
but
few
exceeding
twenty
feet
;
but
smaller
trees
are
very
numerous
.
One
tree
,
which
had
been
cut
,
had
a
diameter
of
eight
feet
,
exclusive
of
the
bark
,
and
was
377
years
old
.
The
largest
one
seen
was
near
Thomasâs
Mill
;
this
had
a
circumference
of
106
feet
near
the
ground
,
no
allowance
being
made
for
a
portion
which
was
burned
away
at
the
base
.
When
entire
,
the
tree
may
have
been
ten
or
twelve
feet
more
in
circumference
.
At
about
twelve
feet
from
the
ground
,
the
circumference
was
75
feet
.
Its
height
was
276
feet
.
The
top
was
dead
,
however
,
and
,
although
the
tree
was
symmetrical
and
in
good
growth
,
it
had
past
its
prime
.
Another
tree
,
which
had
fallen
,
and
had
been
burned
hollow
,
was
so
large
,
that
three
horsemen
could
ride
abreast
into
the
cavity
for
a
distance
of
thirty
feet
,
its
height
and
width
being
about
eleven
feet
.
At
a
distance
of
seventy
feet
the
diameter
of
the
cavity
was
still
as
much
as
eight
feet
.
The
base
of
this
tree
could
not
be
easily
measured
;
but
the
trunk
was
burned
through
at
120
feet
from
the
ground
,
and
at
that
point
had
a
diameter
(
exclusive
of
the
bark
)
of
13
feet
2
inches
;
and
,
at
169
feet
from
its
base
,
the
tree
was
nine
feet
in
diameter
.
The
Indians
stated
that
a
still
larger
tree
existed
to
the
north
of
Kingâs
River
.
All
through
these
forests
there
are
numerous
young
Big
Trees
,
of
all
sizes
from
the
seedling
upwards
.
Prostrate
trunks
of
old
trees
are
also
numerous
;
some
of
them
must
have
lain
for
ages
,
as
they
were
nearly
gone
,
while
the
wood
is
very
durable
.
The
only
other
groves
yet
discovered
are
those
on
the
Tule
River
,
of
which
there
are
two
,
one
on
the
north
and
the
other
on
the
south
branch
of
that
stream
.
They
are
fifteen
miles
apart
,
and
the
most
northerly
of
the
two
is
about
thirty
miles
from
the
grove
last
described
.
As
the
intervening
region
has
been
but
little
explored
,
it
is
not
at
all
unlikely
that
more
of
the
Big
Trees
may
be
found
along
the
fork
of
the
Kaweah
which
intersects
this
region
with
its
numerous
branches
.
We
are
not
aware
that
these
two
Tule
groves
were
known
previous
to
their
discovery
by
Mr.
D'Heureuse
,
one
of
the
topographers
of
the
Geological
Survey
,
in
1867
;
at
least
,
no
notice
of
them
had
ever
appeared
in
print
.
The
number
of
trees
in
these
groves
is
quite
large
,
as
they
are
scattered
over
several
square
miles
of
area
.
The
largest
of
them
were
said
by
Mr.
D'Heureuse
to
be
about
the
size
of
the
largest
in
the
other
groves
.
Not
one
of
the
Big
Trees
has
ever
been
found
south
of
the
grove
on
the
South
Fork
of
the
Tule
.
The
region
has
not
,
however
,
been
so
thoroughly
explored
that
it
would
be
safe
to
say
that
none
exist
there
.
Judging
from
the
extent
of
the
area
over
which
this
species
is
scattered
,
between
Kingâs
and
Kaweah
Rivers
,
it
would
seem
that
here
was
its
most
congenial
habitat
,
and
it
may
eventually
be
found
that
this
tree
forms
pretty
nearly
a
continuous
belt
,
for
some
fifty
or
sixty
miles
.
From
what
has
been
stated
above
,
the
reader
will
easily
gather
,
that
the
Big
Tree
is
not
that
wonderfully
exceptional
thing
which
popular
writers
have
almost
always
described
it
as
being
.
It
is
not
so
restricted
in
its
range
as
some
other
species
of
the
coniferae
in
California
;
it
occurs
in
great
abundance
of
all
ages
and
sizes
,
and
there
is
no
reason
to
suppose
that
it
is
now
dying
out
,
or
that
it
belongs
to
a
past
geological
era
,
any
more
than
the
redwood
.
The
age
of
the
Big
Trees
is
not
so
great
as
that
assigned
,
by
the
highest
authorities
,
to
some
of
the
English
yews
.
Neither
is
its
height
as
great
,
by
far
,
as
that
of
the
Australian
species
,
the
Eucalyptus
amygdalina
,
many
of
which
have
,
on
the
authority
of
Dr.
Müller
,
the
eminent
Government
Botanist
,
been
found
to
measure
over
400
feet
.
One
,
indeed
,
reaches
the
enormous
elevation
of
480
feet
,
thus
overtopping
the
tallest
Sequoia
by
155
feet
.
There
are
also
trees
which
exceed
the
Big
Trees
in
diameter
;
as
,
for
instance
,
the
Baobab
(
Adansonia
digitata
)
,
but
these
are
always
comparatively
low
,
not
exceeding
60
or
70
feet
in
height
,
and
much
swollen
at
the
base
.
On
the
whole
,
it
may
be
stated
,
that
there
is
no
known
tree
which
approaches
the
Sequoia
in
grandeur
,
thickness
and
height
being
both
taken
into
consideration
,
unless
it
be
the
Eucalyptus
.
The
largest
Australian
tree
yet
reported
is
said
to
be
81
feet
in
circumference
,
at
four
feet
from
the
ground
;
this
is
nearly
,
but
not
quite
,
as
large
as
some
of
the
largest
of
the
Big
Trees
of
California
.
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:
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â¢
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â¢
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Chapter
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The
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San
Francisco
)
and
Western
U.S.
John
Muir
Writings
The
Yosemite
,
by
John
Muir
(
1912
)
VI
THE
FOREST
TREES
IN
GENERAL
[
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to
chapter
5
]
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chapter
7
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[
Contents
]
For
the
use
of
the
ever-increasing
number
of
Yosemite
visitors
who
make
extensive
excursions
into
the
mountains
beyond
the
Valley
,
a
sketch
of
the
forest
trees
in
general
will
probably
be
found
useful
.
The
different
species
are
arranged
in
zones
and
sections
,
which
brings
the
forest
as
a
whole
within
the
comprehension
of
every
observer
.
These
species
are
always
found
as
controlled
by
the
climates
of
different
elevations
,
by
soil
and
by
the
comparative
strength
of
each
species
in
taking
and
holding
possession
of
the
ground
;
and
so
appreciable
are
these
relations
the
traveler
need
never
be
at
a
loss
in
determining
within
a
few
hundred
feet
his
elevation
above
sea
level
by
the
trees
alone
;
for
,
notwithstanding
some
of
the
species
range
upward
for
several
thousand
feet
and
all
pass
one
another
more
or
less
,
yet
even
those
species
possessing
the
greatest
vertical
range
are
available
in
measuring
the
elevation
;
inasmuch
as
they
take
on
new
forms
corresponding
with
variations
in
altitude
.
Entering
the
lower
fringe
of
the
forest
composed
of
Douglas
oaks
and
Sabine
pines
,
the
trees
grow
so
far
apart
that
not
one-twentieth
of
the
surface
of
the
ground
is
in
shade
at
noon
.
After
advancing
fifteen
or
twenty
miles
towards
Yosemite
and
making
an
ascent
of
from
two
to
three
thousand
feet
you
reach
the
lower
margin
of
the
main
pine
belt
,
composed
of
great
sugar
pine
,
yellow
pine
,
incense
cedar
and
sequoia
.
Next
you
come
to
the
magnificent
silver-fir
belt
and
lastly
to
the
upper
pine
belt
,
which
sweep
up
to
the
feet
of
the
summit
peaks
in
a
dwarfed
fringe
,
to
a
height
of
from
ten
to
twelve
thousand
feet
.
That
this
general
order
of
distribution
depends
on
climate
as
affected
by
height
above
the
sea
,
is
seen
at
once
,
but
there
are
other
harmonies
that
become
manifest
only
after
observation
and
study
.
One
of
the
most
interesting
of
these
is
the
arrangement
of
the
forest
in
long
curving
bands
,
braided
together
into
lace-like
patterns
in
some
places
and
out-spread
in
charming
variety
.
The
key
to
these
striking
arrangements
is
the
system
of
ancient
glaciers
;
where
they
flowed
the
trees
followed
,
tracing
their
courses
along
the
sides
of
cañons
,
over
ridges
,
and
high
plateaus
.
The
cedar
of
Lebanon
,
said
Sir
Joseph
Hooker
,
occurs
upon
one
of
the
moraines
of
an
ancient
glacier
.
All
the
forests
of
the
Sierra
are
growing
upon
moraines
,
but
moraines
vanish
like
the
glaciers
that
make
them
.
Every
storm
that
falls
upon
them
wastes
them
,
carrying
away
their
decaying
,
disintegrating
material
into
new
formations
,
until
they
are
no
longer
recognizable
without
tracing
their
transitional
forms
down
the
Range
from
those
still
in
process
of
formation
in
some
places
through
those
that
are
more
and
more
ancient
and
more
obscured
by
vegetation
and
all
kinds
of
post-glacial
weathering
.
It
appears
,
therefore
,
that
the
Sierra
forests
indicate
the
extent
and
positions
of
ancient
moraines
as
well
as
they
do
belts
of
climate
.
One
will
have
no
difficulty
in
knowing
the
Nut
Pine
(
Pinus
Sabiniana
)
,
for
it
is
the
first
conifer
met
in
ascending
the
Range
from
the
west
,
springing
up
here
and
there
among
Douglas
oaks
and
thickets
of
ceanothus
and
manzanita
;
its
extreme
upper
limit
being
about
4000
feet
above
the
sea
,
its
lower
about
from
500
to
800
feet
.
It
is
remarkable
for
its
loose
,
airy
,
wide-branching
habit
and
thin
gray
foliage
.
Full-grown
specimens
are
from
forty
to
fifty
feet
in
height
and
from
two
to
three
feet
in
diameter
.
The
trunk
usually
divides
into
three
or
four
main
branches
about
fifteen
or
twenty
feet
from
the
ground
that
,
after
bearing
away
from
one
another
,
shoot
straight
up
and
form
separate
summits
.
Their
slender
,
grayish
needles
are
from
eight
to
twelve
inches
long
,
and
inclined
to
droop
,
contrasting
with
the
rigid
,
dark-colored
trunk
and
branches
.
No
other
tree
of
my
acquaintance
so
substantial
in
its
body
has
foliage
so
thin
and
pervious
to
the
light
.
The
cones
are
from
five
to
eight
inches
long
and
about
as
large
in
thickness
;
rich
chocolate-brown
in
color
and
protected
by
strong
,
down-curving
nooks
which
terminate
the
scales
.
Nevertheless
the
little
Douglas
Squirrel
can
open
them
.
Indians
climb
the
trees
like
bears
and
beat
off
the
cones
or
recklessly
cut
off
the
more
fruitful
branches
with
hatchets
,
while
the
squaws
gather
and
roast
them
until
the
scales
open
sufficiently
to
allow
the
hard-shell
seeds
to
be
beaten
out
.
The
curious
little
Pinus
attenuata
is
found
at
an
elevation
of
from
1500
to
3000
feet
,
growing
in
close
groves
and
belts
.
It
is
exceedingly
slender
and
graceful
,
although
trees
that
chance
to
stand
alone
send
out
very
long
,
curved
branches
,
making
a
striking
contrast
to
the
ordinary
grove
form
.
The
foliage
is
of
the
same
peculiar
gray-green
color
as
that
of
the
nut
pine
,
and
is
worn
about
as
loosely
,
so
that
the
body
of
the
tree
is
scarcely
obscured
by
it
.
At
the
age
of
seven
or
eight
years
it
begins
to
bear
cones
in
whorls
on
the
main
axis
,
and
as
they
never
fall
off
,
the
trunk
is
soon
picturesquely
dotted
with
them
.
Branches
also
soon
become
fruitful
.
The
average
size
of
the
tree
is
about
thirty
or
forty
feet
in
height
and
twelve
to
fourteen
inches
in
diameter
.
The
cones
are
about
four
inches
long
and
covered
with
a
sort
of
varnish
and
gum
,
rendering
them
impervious
to
moisture
.
No
observer
can
fail
to
notice
the
admirable
adaptation
of
this
curious
pine
to
the
fire-swept
regions
where
alone
it
is
found
.
After
a
running
fire
has
scorched
and
killed
it
the
cones
open
and
the
ground
beneath
it
is
then
sown
broadcast
with
all
the
seeds
ripened
during
its
whole
life
.
Then
up
spring
a
crowd
of
bright
,
hopeful
seedlings
,
giving
beauty
for
ashes
in
lavish
abundance
.
THE
SUGAR
PINE
,
KING
OF
PINE
TREES
Of
all
the
worldâs
eighty
or
ninety
species
of
pine
trees
,
the
Sugar
Pine
(
Pinus
Lambertiana
)
is
king
,
surpassing
all
others
,
not
merely
in
size
but
in
lordly
beauty
and
majesty
.
In
the
Yosemite
region
it
grows
at
an
elevation
of
from
3000
to
7000
feet
above
the
sea
and
attains
most
perfect
development
at
a
height
of
about
5000
feet
.
The
largest
specimens
are
commonly
about
220
feet
high
and
from
six
to
eight
feet
in
diameter
four
feet
from
the
ground
,
though
some
grand
old
patriarch
may
be
met
here
and
there
that
has
enjoyed
six
or
eight
centuries
of
storms
and
attained
a
thickness
of
ten
or
even
twelve
feet
,
still
sweet
and
fresh
in
every
fiber
.
The
trunk
is
a
remarkably
smooth
,
round
,
delicately-tapered
shaft
,
straight
and
regular
as
if
turned
in
a
lathe
,
mostly
without
limbs
,
purplish
brown
in
color
and
usually
enlivened
with
tufts
of
a
yellow
lichen
.
Toward
the
head
of
this
magnificent
column
long
branches
sweep
gracefully
outward
and
downward
,
sometimes
forming
a
palm-like
crown
,
but
far
more
impressive
than
any
palm
crown
I
ever
beheld
.
The
needles
are
about
three
inches
long
in
fascicles
of
five
,
and
arranged
in
rather
close
tassels
at
the
ends
of
slender
branchlets
that
clothe
the
long
outsweeping
limbs
.
How
well
they
sing
in
the
wind
,
and
how
strikingly
harmonious
an
effect
is
made
by
the
long
cylindrical
cones
,
depending
loosely
from
the
ends
of
the
long
branches
!
The
cones
are
about
fifteen
to
eighteen
inches
long
,
and
three
in
diameter
;
green
,
shaded
with
dark
purple
on
their
sunward
sides
.
They
are
ripe
in
September
and
October
of
the
second
year
from
the
flower
.
Then
the
flat
,
thin
scales
open
and
the
seeds
take
wing
,
but
the
empty
cones
become
still
more
beautiful
and
effective
as
decorations
,
for
their
diameter
is
nearly
doubled
by
the
spreading
of
the
scales
,
and
their
color
changes
to
yellowish
brown
while
they
remain
,
swinging
on
the
tree
all
the
following
winter
and
summer
,
and
continue
effectively
beautiful
even
on
the
ground
many
years
after
they
fall
.
The
wood
is
deliciously
fragrant
,
fine
in
grain
and
texture
and
creamy
yellow
,
as
if
formed
of
condensed
sunbeams
.
The
sugar
from
which
the
common
name
is
derived
is
,
I
think
,
the
best
of
sweets
.
It
exudes
from
the
heart-wood
where
wounds
have
been
made
by
forest
fires
or
the
ax
,
and
forms
irregular
,
crisp
,
candy-like
kernels
of
considerable
size
,
something
like
clusters
of
resin
beads
.
When
fresh
it
is
white
,
but
because
most
of
the
wounds
on
which
it
is
found
have
been
made
by
fire
the
sap
is
stained
and
the
hardened
sugar
becomes
brown
.
Indians
are
fond
of
it
,
but
on
account
of
its
laxative
properties
only
small
quantities
may
be
eaten
.
No
tree
lover
will
ever
forget
his
first
meeting
with
the
sugar
pine
.
In
most
pine
trees
there
is
the
sameness
of
expression
which
to
most
people
is
apt
to
become
monotonous
,
for
the
typical
spiral
form
of
conifers
,
however
beautiful
,
affords
little
scope
for
appreciable
individual
character
.
The
sugar
pine
is
as
free
from
conventionalities
as
the
most
picturesque
oaks
.
No
two
are
alike
,
and
though
they
toss
out
their
immense
arms
in
what
might
seem
extravagant
gestures
they
never
lose
their
expression
of
serene
majesty
.
They
are
the
priests
of
pines
and
seem
ever
to
be
addressing
the
surrounding
forest
.
The
yellow
pine
is
found
growing
with
them
on
warm
hillsides
,
and
the
silver
fir
on
cool
northern
slopes
but
,
noble
as
these
are
,
the
sugar
pine
is
easily
king
,
and
spreads
his
arms
above
them
in
blessing
while
they
rock
and
wave
in
sign
of
recognition
.
The
main
branches
are
sometimes
forty
feet
long
,
yet
persistently
simple
,
seldom
dividing
at
all
,
excepting
near
the
end
;
but
anything
like
a
bare
cable
appearance
is
prevented
by
the
small
,
tasseled
branchlets
that
extend
all
around
them
;
and
when
these
superb
limbs
sweep
out
symmetrically
on
all
sides
,
a
crown
sixty
or
seventy
feet
wide
is
formed
,
which
,
gracefully
poised
on
the
summit
of
the
noble
shaft
,
is
a
glorious
object
.
Commonly
,
however
,
there
is
a
preponderance
of
limbs
toward
the
east
,
away
from
the
direction
of
the
prevailing
winds
.
Although
so
unconventional
when
full-grown
,
the
sugar
pine
is
a
remarkably
proper
tree
in
youthâa
strict
follower
of
coniferous
fashionsâslim
,
erect
,
with
leafy
branches
kept
exactly
in
place
,
each
tapering
in
outline
and
terminating
in
a
spiry
point
.
The
successive
forms
between
the
cautious
neatness
of
youth
and
the
bold
freedom
of
maturity
offer
a
delightful
study
.
At
the
age
of
fifty
or
sixty
years
,
the
shy
,
fashionable
form
begins
to
be
broken
up
.
Specialized
branches
push
out
and
bend
with
the
great
cones
,
giving
individual
character
,
that
becomes
more
marked
from
year
to
year
.
Its
most
constant
companion
is
the
yellow
pine
.
The
Douglas
spruce
,
libocedrus
,
sequoia
,
and
the
silver
fir
are
also
more
or
less
associated
with
it
;
but
on
many
deep-soiled
mountain-sides
,
at
an
elevation
of
about
5000
feet
above
the
sea
,
it
forms
the
bulk
of
the
forest
,
filling
every
swell
and
hollow
and
down-plunging
ravine
.
The
majestic
crowns
,
approaching
each
other
in
bold
curves
,
make
a
glorious
canopy
through
which
the
tempered
sunbeams
pour
,
silvering
the
needles
,
and
gilding
the
massive
boles
and
the
flowery
,
park-like
ground
into
a
scene
of
enchantment
.
On
the
most
sunny
slopes
the
white-flowered
,
fragrant
chamaebatia
is
spread
like
a
carpet
,
brightened
during
early
summer
with
the
crimson
sarcodes
,
the
wild
rose
,
and
innumerable
violets
and
gilias
.
Not
even
in
the
shadiest
nooks
will
you
find
any
rank
,
untidy
weeds
or
unwholesome
darkness
.
In
the
north
sides
of
ridges
the
boles
are
more
slender
,
and
the
ground
is
mostly
occupied
by
an
underbrush
of
hazel
,
ceanothus
,
and
flowering
dogwood
,
but
not
so
densely
as
to
prevent
the
traveler
from
sauntering
where
he
will
;
while
the
crowning
branches
are
never
impenetrable
to
the
rays
of
the
sun
,
and
never
so
interblended
as
to
lose
their
individuality
.
THE
YELLOW
OR
SILVER
PINE
The
Silver
Pine
(
Pinus
ponderosa
)
,
or
Yellow
Pine
,
as
it
is
commonly
called
,
ranks
second
among
the
pines
of
the
Sierra
as
a
lumber
tree
,
and
almost
rivals
the
sugar
pine
in
stature
and
nobleness
of
port
.
Because
of
its
superior
powers
of
enduring
variations
of
climate
and
soil
,
it
has
a
more
extensive
range
than
any
other
conifer
growing
on
the
Sierra
.
On
the
western
slope
it
is
first
met
at
an
elevation
of
about
2000
feet
,
and
extends
nearly
to
the
upper
limit
of
the
timber-line
.
Thence
,
crossing
the
range
by
the
lowest
passes
,
it
descends
to
the
eastern
base
,
and
pushes
out
for
a
considerable
distance
into
the
hot
,
volcanic
plains
,
growing
bravely
upon
well-watered
moraines
,
gravelly
lake
basins
,
climbing
old
volcanoes
and
dropping
ripe
cones
among
ashes
and
cinders
.
The
average
size
of
full-grown
trees
on
the
western
slope
where
it
is
associated
with
the
sugar
pine
,
is
a
little
less
than
200
feet
in
height
and
from
five
to
six
feet
in
diameter
,
though
specimens
considerably
larger
may
easily
be
found
.
Where
there
is
plenty
of
free
sunshine
and
other
conditions
are
favorable
,
it
presents
a
striking
contrast
in
form
to
the
sugar
pine
,
being
a
symmetrical
spire
,
formed
of
a
straight
round
trunk
,
clad
with
innumerable
branches
that
are
divided
over
and
over
again
.
Unlike
the
Yosemite
form
about
one-half
of
the
trunk
is
commonly
branchless
,
but
where
it
grows
at
all
close
three-fourths
or
more
is
naked
,
presenting
then
a
more
slender
and
elegant
shaft
than
any
other
tree
in
the
woods
.
The
bark
is
mostly
arranged
in
massive
plates
,
some
of
them
measuring
four
or
five
feet
in
length
by
eighteen
inches
in
width
,
with
a
thickness
of
three
or
four
inches
,
forming
a
quite
marked
and
distinguishing
feature
.
The
needles
are
of
a
fine
,
warm
,
yellow-green
color
,
six
to
eight
inches
long
,
firm
and
elastic
,
and
crowded
in
handsome
,
radiant
tassels
on
the
upturning
ends
of
the
branches
.
The
cones
are
about
three
or
four
inches
long
,
and
two
and
a
half
wide
,
growing
in
close
,
sessile
clusters
among
the
leaves
.
The
species
attains
its
noblest
form
in
filled-up
lake
basins
,
especially
in
those
of
the
older
yosemites
,
and
as
we
have
seen
,
so
prominent
a
part
does
it
form
of
their
groves
that
it
may
well
be
called
the
Yosemite
Pine
.
The
Jeffrey
variety
attains
its
finest
development
in
the
northern
portion
of
the
Range
,
in
the
wide
basins
of
the
McCloud
and
Pitt
Rivers
,
where
it
forms
magnificent
forests
scarcely
invaded
by
any
other
tree
.
It
differs
from
the
ordinary
form
in
size
,
being
only
bout
half
as
tall
,
in
its
redder
and
more
closely-furrowed
bark
grayish-green
foliage
,
less
divided
branches
,
and
much
larger
cones
;
but
intermediate
forms
come
in
which
make
a
clear
separation
impossible
,
although
some
botanists
regard
it
as
a
distinct
species
.
It
is
this
variety
of
ponderosa
that
climbs
storm-swept
ridges
alone
,
and
wanders
out
among
the
volcanoes
of
the
Great
Basin
.
Whether
exposed
to
extremes
of
heat
or
cold
,
it
is
dwarfed
like
many
other
trees
,
and
becomes
all
knots
and
angles
,
wholly
unlike
the
majestic
forms
we
have
been
sketching
.
Old
specimens
,
bearing
cones
about
as
big
as
pineapples
,
may
sometimes
be
found
clinging
to
rifted
rocks
at
an
elevation
of
7000
or
8000
feet
,
whose
highest
branches
scarce
reach
above
oneâs
shoulders
.
I
have
often
feasted
on
the
beauty
of
these
noble
trees
when
they
were
towering
in
all
their
winter
grandeur
,
laden
with
snowâone
mass
of
bloom
;
in
summer
,
too
,
when
the
brown
,
staminate
clusters
hang
thick
among
the
shimmering
needles
,
and
the
big
purple
burrs
are
ripening
in
the
mellow
light
;
but
it
is
during
cloudless
wind-storms
that
these
colossal
pines
are
most
impressively
beautiful
.
Then
they
bow
like
willows
,
their
leaves
streaming
forward
all
in
one
direction
,
and
,
when
the
sun
shines
upon
them
at
the
required
angle
,
entire
groves
glow
as
if
every
leaf
were
burnished
silver
.
The
fall
of
tropic
light
on
the
crown
of
a
palm
is
a
truly
glorious
spectacle
,
the
fervid
sun-flood
breaking
upon
the
glossy
leaves
in
long
lance-rays
,
like
mountain
water
among
boulders
at
the
foot
of
an
enthusiastic
cataract
.
But
to
me
there
is
something
more
impressive
in
the
fall
of
light
upon
these
noble
,
silver
pine
pillars
:
it
is
beaten
to
the
finest
dust
and
shed
off
in
myriads
of
minute
sparkles
that
seem
to
radiate
from
the
very
heart
of
the
tree
as
if
like
rain
,
falling
upon
fertile
soil
,
it
had
been
absorbed
to
reappear
in
flowers
of
light
.
This
species
also
gives
forth
the
finest
wind
music
.
After
listening
to
it
in
all
kinds
of
winds
,
night
and
day
,
season
after
season
,
I
think
I
could
approximate
to
my
position
on
the
mountain
by
this
pine
music
alone
.
If
you
would
catch
the
tone
of
separate
needles
climb
a
tree
in
breezy
weather
.
Every
needle
is
carefully
tempered
and
gives
forth
no
uncertain
sound
each
standing
out
with
no
interference
excepting
during
head
gales
;
then
you
may
detect
the
click
of
one
needle
upon
another
,
readily
distinguishable
from
the
free
wind-like
hum
.
When
a
sugar
pine
and
one
of
this
species
equal
in
size
are
observed
together
,
the
latter
is
seen
to
be
more
simple
in
manners
,
more
lively
and
graceful
,
and
its
beauty
is
of
a
kind
more
easily
appreciated
;
on
the
other
hand
it
is
less
dignified
and
original
in
demeanor
.
The
yellow
pine
seems
ever
eager
to
shoot
aloft
,
higher
and
higher
.
Even
while
it
is
drowsing
in
autumn
sun-gold
you
may
still
detect
a
skyward
aspiration
,
but
the
sugar
pine
seems
too
unconsciously
noble
and
too
complete
in
every
way
to
leave
room
for
even
a
heavenward
care
.
THE
DOUGLAS
SPRUCE
The
Douglas
Spruce
(
Pseudotsuga
Douglasii
)
is
one
of
the
largest
and
longest-lived
of
the
giants
that
flourish
throughout
the
main
pine
belt
,
often
attaining
a
height
of
nearly
200
feet
,
and
a
diameter
of
six
or
seven
feet
.
Where
the
growth
is
not
too
close
,
the
stout
,
spreading
branches
,
covering
more
than
half
of
the
trunk
,
are
hung
with
innumerable
slender
,
drooping
sprays
,
handsomely
feathered
with
the
short
leaves
which
radiate
at
right
angles
all
around
them
.
This
vigorous
tree
is
ever
beautiful
,
welcoming
the
mountain
winds
and
the
snow
as
well
as
the
mellow
summer
light
;
and
it
maintains
its
youthful
freshness
undiminished
from
century
to
century
through
a
thousand
storms
.
It
makes
its
finest
appearance
during
the
months
of
June
and
July
,
when
the
brown
buds
at
the
ends
of
the
sprays
swell
and
open
,
revealing
the
young
leaves
,
which
at
first
are
bright
yellow
,
making
the
tree
appear
as
if
covered
with
gay
blossoms
;
while
the
pendulous
bracted
cones
,
three
or
four
inches
long
,
with
their
shell-like
scales
,
are
a
constant
adornment
.
The
young
trees
usually
are
assembled
in
family
groups
,
each
sapling
exquisitely
symmetrical
.
The
primary
branches
are
whorled
regularly
around
the
axis
,
generally
in
fives
,
while
each
is
draped
with
long
,
feathery
sprays
that
descend
in
lines
as
free
and
as
finely
drawn
as
those
of
falling
water
.
In
Oregon
and
Washington
it
forms
immense
forests
,
growing
tall
and
mast-like
to
a
height
of
300
feet
,
and
is
greatly
prized
as
a
lumber
tree
.
Here
it
is
scattered
among
other
trees
,
or
forms
small
groves
,
seldom
ascending
higher
than
5500
feet
,
and
never
making
what
would
be
called
a
forest
.
It
is
not
particular
in
its
choice
of
soil
:
wet
or
dry
,
smooth
or
rocky
,
it
makes
out
to
live
well
on
them
all
.
Two
of
the
largest
specimens
,
as
we
have
seen
,
are
in
Yosemite
;
one
of
these
,
more
than
eight
feet
in
diameter
,
is
growing
on
a
moraine
;
the
other
,
nearly
as
large
,
on
angular
blocks
of
granite
.
No
other
tree
in
the
Sierra
seems
so
much
at
home
on
earthquake
taluses
and
many
of
these
huge
boulder-slopes
are
almost
exclusively
occupied
by
it
.
THE
INCENSE
CEDAR
Incense
Cedar
(
Libocedrus
decurrens
)
,
already
noticed
among
the
Yosemite
trees
,
is
quite
generally
distributed
throughout
the
pine
belt
without
exclusively
occupying
any
considerable
area
,
or
even
making
extensive
groves
.
On
the
warmer
mountain
slopes
it
ascends
to
about
5000
feet
,
and
reaches
the
climate
most
congenial
to
it
at
a
height
of
about
4000
feet
,
growing
vigorously
at
this
elevation
in
all
kinds
of
soil
and
,
in
particular
,
it
is
capable
of
enduring
more
moisture
about
its
roots
than
any
of
its
companions
excepting
only
the
sequoia
.
Casting
your
eye
over
the
general
forest
from
some
ridge-top
you
can
identify
it
by
the
color
alone
of
its
spiry
summits
,
a
warm
yellow-green
.
In
its
youth
up
to
the
age
of
seventy
or
eighty
years
,
none
of
its
companions
forms
so
strictly
tapered
a
cone
from
top
to
bottom
.
As
it
becomes
older
it
oftentimes
grows
strikingly
irregular
and
picturesque
.
Large
branches
push
out
at
right
angles
to
the
trunk
,
forming
stubborn
elbows
and
shoot
up
parallel
with
the
axis
.
Very
old
trees
are
usually
dead
at
the
top
.
The
flat
fragrant
plumes
are
exceedingly
beautiful
:
no
waving
fern-frond
is
finer
in
form
and
texture
.
In
its
prime
the
whole
tree
is
thatched
with
them
,
but
if
you
would
see
the
libocedrus
in
all
its
glory
you
must
go
to
the
woods
in
midwinter
when
it
is
laden
with
myriads
of
yellow
flowers
about
the
size
of
wheat
grains
,
forming
a
noble
illustration
of
Natureâs
immortal
virility
and
vigor
.
The
mature
cones
,
about
three-fourths
of
an
inch
long
,
born
on
the
ends
of
the
plumy
branchlets
,
serve
to
enrich
still
more
the
surpassing
beauty
of
this
winter-blooming
tree-goldenrod
.
THE
SILVER
FIRS
We
come
now
to
the
most
regularly
planted
and
most
clearly
defined
of
the
main
forest
belts
,
composed
almost
exclusively
of
two
Silver
Firsâ
Abies
concolor
and
Abies
magnifica
âextending
with
but
little
interruption
450
miles
at
an
elevation
of
from
5000
to
9000
feet
above
the
sea
.
In
its
youth
A.
concolor
is
a
charmingly
symmetrical
tree
with
its
flat
plumy
branches
arranged
in
regular
whorls
around
the
whitish-gray
axis
which
terminates
in
a
stout
,
hopeful
shoot
,
pointing
straight
to
the
zenith
,
like
an
admonishing
finger
.
The
leaves
are
arranged
in
two
horizontal
rows
along
branchlets
that
commonly
are
less
than
eight
years
old
,
forming
handsome
plumes
,
pinnated
like
the
fronds
of
ferns
.
The
cones
are
grayish-green
when
ripe
,
cylindrical
,
from
three
to
four
inches
long
,
and
one
and
a
half
to
two
inches
wide
,
and
stand
upright
on
the
upper
horizontal
branches
.
Full-grown
trees
in
favorable
situations
are
usually
about
200
feet
high
and
five
or
six
feet
in
diameter
.
As
old
age
creeps
on
,
the
rough
bark
becomes
rougher
and
grayer
,
the
branches
lose
their
exact
regularity
of
form
,
many
that
are
snow-bent
are
broken
off
and
the
axis
often
becomes
double
or
otherwise
irregular
from
accidents
to
the
terminal
bud
or
shoot
.
Nevertheless
,
throughout
all
the
vicissitudes
of
its
three
or
four
centuries
of
life
,
come
what
may
,
the
noble
grandeur
of
this
species
,
however
obscured
,
is
never
lost
.
The
magnificent
Silver
Fir
,
or
California
Red
Fir
(
Abies
magnifica
)
is
the
most
symmetrical
of
all
the
Sierra
giants
,
far
surpassing
its
companion
species
in
this
respect
and
easily
distinguished
from
it
by
the
purplish-red
bark
,
which
is
also
more
closely
furrowed
than
that
of
the
white
,
and
by
its
larger
cones
,
its
more
regularly
whorled
and
fronded
branches
,
and
its
shorter
leaves
,
which
grow
all
around
the
branches
and
point
upward
instead
of
being
arranged
in
two
horizontal
rows
.
The
branches
are
mostly
whorled
in
fives
,
and
stand
out
from
the
straight
,
red-purple
bole
in
level
,
or
in
old
trees
in
drooping
collars
,
every
branch
regularly
pinnated
like
fern-fronds
,
making
broad
plumes
,
singularly
rich
and
sumptuous-looking
.
The
flowers
are
in
their
prime
about
the
middle
of
June
;
the
male
red
,
growing
on
the
underside
of
the
branches
in
crowded
profusion
,
giving
a
very
rich
color
to
all
the
trees
;
the
female
greenish-yellow
,
tinged
with
pink
,
standing
erect
on
the
upper
side
of
the
topmost
branches
,
while
the
tufts
of
young
leaves
,
about
as
brightly
colored
as
those
of
the
Douglas
spruce
,
make
another
grand
show
.
The
cones
mature
in
a
single
season
from
the
flowers
.
When
mature
they
are
about
six
to
eight
inches
long
,
three
or
four
in
diameter
,
covered
with
a
fine
gray
down
and
streaked
and
beaded
with
transparent
balsam
,
very
rich
and
precious-looking
,
and
stand
erect
like
casks
on
the
topmost
branches
.
The
inside
of
the
cone
is
,
if
possible
,
still
more
beautiful
.
The
scales
and
bracts
are
tinged
with
red
and
the
seed-wings
are
purple
with
bright
iridescence
.
Both
of
the
silver
firs
live
between
two
and
three
centuries
when
the
conditions
about
them
are
at
all
favorable
.
Some
venerable
patriarch
may
be
seen
heavily
storm-marked
,
towering
in
severe
majesty
above
the
rising
generation
,
with
a
protecting
grove
of
hopeful
saplings
pressing
close
around
his
feet
,
each
dressed
with
such
loving
care
that
not
a
leaf
seems
wanting
.
Other
groups
are
made
up
of
trees
near
the
prime
of
life
,
nicely
arranged
as
if
Nature
had
culled
them
with
discrimination
from
all
the
rest
of
the
woods
.
It
is
from
this
tree
,
called
Red
Fir
by
the
lumbermen
,
that
mountaineers
cut
boughs
to
sleep
on
when
they
are
so
fortunate
as
to
be
within
its
limit
.
Two
or
three
rows
of
the
sumptuous
plushy-fronded
branches
,
overlapping
along
the
middle
,
and
a
crescent
of
smaller
plumes
mixed
to
oneâs
taste
with
ferns
and
flowers
for
a
pillow
,
form
the
very
best
bed
imaginable
.
The
essence
of
the
pressed
leaves
seems
to
fill
every
pore
of
oneâs
body
.
Falling
water
makes
a
soothing
hush
,
while
the
spaces
between
the
grand
spires
afford
noble
openings
through
which
to
gaze
dreamily
into
the
starry
sky
.
The
fir
woods
are
fine
sauntering-grounds
at
almost
any
time
of
the
year
,
but
finest
in
autumn
when
the
noble
trees
are
hushed
in
the
hazy
light
and
drip
with
balsam
;
and
the
flying
,
whirling
seeds
,
escaping
from
the
ripe
cones
,
mottle
the
air
like
flocks
of
butterflies
.
Even
in
the
richest
part
of
these
unrivaled
forests
where
so
many
noble
trees
challenge
admiration
we
linger
fondly
among
the
colossal
firs
and
extol
their
beauty
again
and
again
,
as
if
no
other
tree
in
the
world
could
henceforth
claim
our
love
.
It
is
in
these
woods
the
great
granite
domes
arise
that
are
so
striking
and
characteristic
a
feature
of
the
Sierra
.
Here
,
too
,
we
find
the
best
of
the
garden-meadows
full
of
lilies
.
A
dry
spot
a
little
way
back
from
the
margin
of
a
silver
fir
lily-garden
makes
a
glorious
camp-ground
,
especially
where
the
slope
is
toward
the
east
with
a
view
of
the
distant
peaks
along
the
summit
of
the
Range
.
The
tall
lilies
are
brought
forward
most
impressively
like
visitors
by
the
light
of
your
camp-fire
and
the
nearest
of
the
trees
with
their
whorled
branches
tower
above
you
like
larger
lilies
and
the
sky
seen
through
the
garden-opening
seems
one
vast
meadow
of
white
lily
stars
.
THE
TWO-LEAVED
PINE
The
Two-Leaved
Pine
(
Pinus
contorta
,
var
.
Murrayana
)
,
above
the
Silver
Fir
zone
,
forms
the
bulk
of
the
alpine
forests
up
to
a
height
of
from
8000
to
9500
feet
above
the
sea
,
growing
in
beautiful
order
on
moraines
scarcely
changed
as
yet
by
post-glacial
weathering
.
Compared
with
the
giants
of
the
lower
regions
this
is
a
small
tree
,
seldom
exceeding
a
height
of
eight
or
ninety
feet
.
The
largest
I
ever
measured
was
ninety
feet
high
and
a
little
over
six
feet
in
diameter
.
The
average
height
of
mature
trees
throughout
the
entire
belt
is
probably
not
far
from
fifty
or
sixty
feet
with
a
diameter
of
two
feet
.
It
is
a
well-proportioned
,
rather
handsome
tree
with
grayish-brown
bark
and
crooked
,
much-divided
branches
which
cover
the
greater
part
of
the
trunk
,
but
not
so
densely
as
to
prevent
it
being
seen
.
The
lower
limbs
,
like
those
of
most
other
conifers
that
grow
in
snowy
regions
,
curve
downward
,
gradually
take
a
horizontal
position
about
half-way
up
the
trunk
,
then
aspire
more
and
more
toward
the
summit
.
The
short
,
rigid
needles
in
fascicles
of
two
are
arranged
in
comparatively
long
cylindrical
tassels
at
the
ends
of
the
tough
up-curving
branches
.
The
cones
are
about
two
inches
long
,
growing
in
clusters
among
the
needles
without
any
striking
effect
except
while
very
young
,
when
the
flowers
are
of
a
vivid
crimson
color
and
the
whole
tree
appears
to
be
dotted
with
brilliant
flowers
.
The
staminate
flowers
are
still
more
showy
on
account
of
their
great
abundance
,
often
giving
a
reddish-yellow
tinge
to
the
whole
mass
of
foliage
and
filling
the
air
with
pollen
.
No
other
pine
on
the
Range
is
so
regularly
planted
as
this
one
,
covering
moraines
that
extend
along
the
sides
of
the
high
rocky
valleys
for
miles
without
interruption
.
The
thin
bark
is
streaked
and
sprinkled
with
resin
as
trough
it
had
been
showered
upon
the
forest
like
rain
.
Therefore
this
tree
more
than
any
other
is
subject
to
destruction
by
fire
.
During
strong
winds
extensive
forests
are
destroyed
,
the
flames
leaping
from
tree
to
tree
in
continuous
belts
that
go
surging
and
racing
onward
above
the
bending
wood
like
prairie-grass
fires
.
During
the
calm
season
of
Indian
summer
the
fire
creeps
quietly
along
the
ground
,
feeding
on
the
needles
and
cones
;
arriving
at
the
foot
of
a
tree
,
the
resiny
bark
is
ignited
and
the
heated
air
ascends
in
a
swift
current
,
increasing
in
velocity
and
dragging
the
flames
upward
.
Then
the
leaves
catch
forming
an
immense
column
of
fire
,
beautifully
spired
on
the
edges
and
tinted
a
rose-purple
hue
.
It
rushes
aloft
thirty
or
forty
feet
above
the
top
of
the
tree
,
forming
a
grand
spectacle
,
especially
at
night
.
It
lasts
,
however
,
only
a
few
seconds
,
vanishing
with
magical
rapidity
,
to
be
succeeded
by
others
along
the
fire-line
at
irregular
intervals
,
tree
after
tree
,
upflashing
and
darting
,
leaving
the
trunks
and
branches
scarcely
scarred
.
The
heat
,
however
,
is
sufficient
to
kill
the
tree
and
in
a
few
years
the
bark
shrivels
and
falls
off
.
Forests
miles
in
extent
are
thus
killed
and
left
standing
,
with
the
branches
on
,
but
peeled
and
rigid
,
appearing
gray
in
the
distance
like
misty
clouds
.
Later
the
branches
drop
off
,
leaving
a
forest
of
bleached
spars
.
At
length
the
roots
decay
and
the
forlorn
gray
trunks
are
blown
down
during
some
storm
and
piled
one
upon
another
,
encumbering
the
ground
until
,
dry
and
seasoned
,
they
are
consumed
by
another
fire
and
leave
the
ground
ready
for
a
fresh
crop
.
In
sheltered
lake-hollows
,
on
beds
of
alluvium
,
this
pine
varies
so
far
from
the
common
form
that
frequently
it
could
be
taken
for
a
distinct
species
,
growing
in
damp
sods
like
grasses
from
forty
to
eighty
feet
high
,
bending
all
together
to
the
breeze
and
whirling
in
eddying
gusts
more
lively
than
any
other
tree
in
the
woods
.
I
frequently
found
specimens
fifty
feet
high
less
than
five
inches
in
diameter
.
Being
so
slender
and
at
the
same
time
clad
with
leafy
boughs
,
it
is
often
bent
and
weighed
down
to
the
ground
when
laden
with
soft
snow
;
thus
forming
fine
ornamental
arches
,
many
of
them
to
last
until
the
melting
of
the
snow
in
the
spring
.
THE
MOUNTAIN
PINE
The
Mountain
Pine
(
Pinus
monticola
)
is
the
noblest
tree
of
the
alpine
zoneâhardy
and
long-lived
towering
grandly
above
its
companions
and
becoming
stronger
and
more
imposing
just
where
other
species
begin
to
crouch
and
disappear
.
At
its
best
it
is
usually
about
ninety
feet
high
and
five
or
six
feet
in
diameter
,
though
you
may
find
specimens
here
and
there
considerably
larger
than
this
.
It
is
as
massive
and
suggestive
of
enduring
strength
as
an
oak
.
About
two-thirds
of
the
trunk
is
commonly
free
of
limbs
,
but
close
,
fringy
tufts
of
spray
occur
nearly
all
the
way
down
to
the
ground
.
On
trees
that
occupy
exposed
situations
near
its
upper
limit
the
bark
is
deep
reddish-brown
and
rather
deeply
furrowed
,
the
main
furrows
running
nearly
parallel
to
each
other
and
connected
on
the
old
trees
by
conspicuous
cross-furrows
.
The
cones
are
from
four
to
eight
inches
long
,
smooth
,
slender
,
cylindrical
and
somewhat
curved
.
They
grow
in
clusters
of
from
three
to
six
or
seven
and
become
pendulous
as
they
increase
in
weight
.
This
species
is
nearly
related
to
the
sugar
pine
and
,
though
not
half
so
tall
,
it
suggests
its
noble
relative
in
the
way
that
it
extends
its
long
branches
in
general
habit
.
It
is
first
met
on
the
upper
margin
of
the
silver
fir
zone
,
singly
,
in
what
appears
as
chance
situations
without
making
much
impression
on
the
general
forest
.
Continuing
up
through
the
forests
of
the
two-leaved
pine
it
begins
to
show
its
distinguishing
characteristic
in
the
most
marked
way
at
an
elevation
of
about
10,000
feet
extending
its
tough
,
rather
slender
arms
in
the
frosty
air
,
welcoming
the
storms
and
feeding
on
them
and
reaching
sometimes
to
the
grand
old
age
of
1000
years
.
THE
WESTERN
JUNIPER
The
Juniper
or
Red
Cedar
(
Juniperus
occidentalis
)
is
preëminently
a
rock
tree
,
occupying
the
baldest
domes
and
pavements
in
the
upper
silver
fir
and
alpine
zones
,
at
a
height
of
from
7000
to
9500
feet
.
In
such
situations
,
rooted
in
narrow
cracks
or
fissures
,
where
there
is
scarcely
a
handful
of
soil
,
it
is
frequently
over
eight
feet
in
diameter
and
not
much
more
in
height
.
The
tops
of
old
trees
are
almost
always
dead
,
and
large
stubborn-looking
limbs
push
out
horizontally
,
most
of
them
broken
and
dead
at
the
end
,
but
densely
covered
,
and
imbedded
here
and
there
with
tufts
or
mounds
of
gray-green
scalelike
foliage
.
Some
trees
are
mere
storm-beaten
stumps
about
as
broad
as
long
,
decorated
with
a
few
leafy
sprays
,
reminding
one
of
the
crumbling
towers
of
old
castles
scantily
draped
with
ivy
.
Its
homes
on
bare
,
barren
dome
and
ridge-top
seem
to
have
been
chosen
for
safety
against
fire
,
for
,
on
isolated
mounds
of
sand
and
gravel
free
from
grass
and
bushes
on
which
fire
could
feed
,
it
is
often
found
growing
tall
and
unscathed
to
a
height
of
forty
to
sixty
feet
,
with
scarce
a
trace
of
the
rocky
angularity
and
broken
limbs
so
characteristic
a
feature
throughout
the
greater
part
of
its
range
.
It
never
makes
anything
like
a
forest
;
seldom
even
a
grove
.
Usually
it
stands
out
separate
and
independent
,
clinging
by
slight
joints
to
the
rocks
,
living
chiefly
on
snow
and
thin
air
and
maintaining
sound
health
on
this
diet
for
2000
years
or
more
.
Every
feature
or
every
gesture
it
makes
expresses
steadfast
,
dogged
endurance
.
The
bark
is
of
a
bright
cinnamon
color
and
is
handsomely
braided
and
reticulated
on
thrifty
trees
,
flaking
off
in
thin
,
shining
ribbons
that
are
sometimes
used
by
the
Indians
for
tent
matting
.
Its
fine
color
and
picturesqueness
are
appreciated
by
artists
,
but
to
me
the
juniper
seems
a
singularly
strange
and
taciturn
tree
.
I
have
spent
many
a
day
and
night
in
its
company
and
always
have
found
it
silent
and
rigid
.
It
seems
to
be
a
survivor
of
some
ancient
race
,
wholly
unacquainted
with
its
neighbors
.
Its
broad
stumpiness
,
of
course
,
makes
wind-waving
or
even
shaking
out
of
the
question
,
but
it
is
not
this
rocky
rigidity
that
constitutes
its
silence
.
In
calm
,
sun-days
the
sugar
pine
preaches
like
an
enthusiastic
apostle
without
moving
a
leaf
.
On
level
rocks
the
juniper
dies
standing
and
wastes
insensibly
out
of
existence
like
granite
,
the
wind
exerting
about
as
little
control
over
it
,
alive
or
dead
,
as
is
does
over
a
glacier
boulder
.
I
have
spent
a
good
deal
of
time
trying
to
determine
the
age
of
these
wonderful
trees
,
but
as
all
of
the
very
old
ones
are
honey-combed
with
dry
rot
I
never
was
able
to
get
a
complete
count
of
the
largest
.
Some
are
undoubtedly
more
than
2000
years
old
,
for
though
on
deep
moraine
soil
they
grow
about
as
fast
as
some
of
the
pines
,
on
bare
pavements
and
smoothly
glaciated
,
overswept
ridges
in
the
dome
region
they
grow
very
slowly
.
One
on
the
Starr
King
Ridge
only
two
feet
eleven
inches
in
diameter
was
1140
years
old
forty
years
ago
.
Another
on
the
same
ridge
,
only
one
foot
seven
and
a
half
inches
in
diameter
,
had
reached
the
age
of
834
years
.
The
first
fifteen
inches
from
the
bark
of
a
medium-size
tree
six
feet
in
diameter
,
on
the
north
Tenaya
pavement
,
had
859
layers
of
wood
.
Beyond
this
the
count
was
stopped
by
dry
rot
and
scars
.
The
largest
examined
was
thirty-three
feet
in
girth
,
or
nearly
ten
feet
in
diameter
and
,
although
I
have
failed
to
get
anything
like
a
complete
count
,
I
learned
enough
from
this
and
many
other
specimens
to
convince
me
that
most
of
the
trees
eight
or
ten
feet
thick
,
standing
on
pavements
,
are
more
than
twenty
centuries
old
rather
than
less
.
Barring
accidents
,
for
all
I
can
see
they
would
live
forever
;
even
then
overthrown
by
avalanches
,
they
refuse
to
lie
at
rest
,
lean
stubbornly
on
their
big
branches
as
if
anxious
to
rise
,
and
while
a
single
root
holds
to
the
rock
,
put
forth
fresh
leaves
with
a
grim
,
never-say-die
expression
.
THE
MOUNTAIN
HEMLOCK
As
the
juniper
is
the
most
stubborn
and
unshakeable
of
trees
in
the
Yosemite
region
,
the
Mountain
Hemlock
(
Tsuga
Mertensiana
)
is
the
most
graceful
and
pliant
and
sensitive
.
Until
it
reaches
a
height
of
fifty
or
sixty
feet
it
is
sumptuously
clothed
down
to
the
ground
with
drooping
branches
,
which
are
divided
again
and
again
into
delicate
waving
sprays
,
grouped
and
arranged
in
ways
that
are
indescribably
beautiful
,
and
profusely
adorned
with
small
brown
cones
.
The
flowers
also
are
peculiarly
beautiful
and
effective
;
the
female
dark
rich
purple
,
the
male
blue
,
of
so
fine
and
pure
a
tone
.
What
the
best
azure
of
the
mountain
sky
seems
to
be
condensed
in
them
.
Though
apparently
the
most
delicate
and
feminine
of
all
the
mountain
trees
,
it
grows
best
where
the
snow
lies
deepest
,
at
a
height
of
from
9000
to
9500
feet
,
in
hollows
on
the
northern
slopes
of
mountains
and
ridges
.
But
under
all
circumstances
,
sheltered
from
heavy
winds
or
in
bleak
exposure
to
them
,
well
fed
or
starved
,
even
at
its
highest
limit
,
10,500
feet
above
the
sea
,
on
exposed
ridge-tops
where
it
has
to
crouch
and
huddle
close
in
low
thickets
,
it
still
contrives
to
put
forth
its
sprays
and
branches
in
forms
of
invincible
beauty
,
while
on
moist
,
well-drained
moraines
it
displays
a
perfectly
tropical
luxuriance
of
foliage
,
flowers
and
fruit
.
The
snow
of
the
first
winter
storm
is
frequently
soft
,
and
lodges
in
due
dense
leafy
branches
,
weighing
them
down
against
the
trunk
,
and
the
slender
,
drooping
axis
,
bending
lower
and
lower
as
the
load
increases
,
at
length
reaches
the
ground
,
forming
an
ornamental
arch
.
Then
,
as
storm
succeeds
storm
and
snow
is
heaped
on
snow
,
the
whole
tree
is
at
last
buried
,
not
again
to
see
the
light
of
day
or
move
leaf
or
limb
until
set
free
by
the
spring
thaws
in
June
or
July
.
Not
only
the
young
saplings
are
thus
carefully
covered
and
put
to
sleep
in
the
whitest
of
white
beds
for
five
or
six
months
of
the
year
,
but
trees
thirty
feet
high
or
more
.
From
April
to
May
,
when
the
snow
by
repeated
thawing
and
freezing
is
firmly
compacted
,
you
may
ride
over
the
prostrate
groves
without
seeing
a
single
branch
or
leaf
of
them
.
No
other
of
our
alpine
conifers
so
finely
veils
its
strength
;
poised
in
thin
,
white
sunshine
,
clad
with
branches
from
head
to
foot
,
it
towers
in
unassuming
majesty
,
drooping
as
if
unaffected
with
the
aspiring
tendencies
of
its
race
,
loving
the
ground
,
conscious
of
heaven
and
joyously
receptive
of
its
blessings
,
reaching
out
its
branches
like
sensitive
tentacles
,
feeling
the
light
and
reveling
in
it
.
The
largest
specimen
I
ever
found
was
nineteen
feet
seven
inches
in
circumference
.
It
was
growing
on
the
edge
of
Lake
Hollow
,
north
of
Mount
Hoffman
,
at
an
elevation
of
9250
feet
above
the
level
of
the
sea
,
and
was
probably
about
a
hundred
feet
in
height
.
Fine
groves
of
mature
trees
,
ninety
to
a
hundred
feet
in
height
,
are
growing
near
the
base
of
Mount
Conness
.
It
is
widely
distributed
from
near
the
south
extremity
of
the
high
Sierra
northward
along
the
Cascade
Mountains
of
Oregon
and
Washington
and
the
coast
ranges
of
British
Columbia
to
Alaska
,
where
it
was
first
discovered
in
1827
.
Its
northernmost
limit
,
so
far
as
I
have
observed
,
is
in
the
icy
fiords
of
Prince
William
Sound
in
latitude
61ð
,
where
it
forms
pure
forests
at
the
level
of
the
sea
,
growing
tall
find
majestic
on
the
banks
of
glaciers
.
There
,
as
in
the
Yosemite
region
,
it
is
ineffably
beautiful
,
the
very
loveliest
of
all
the
American
conifers
.
THE
WHITE-BARK
PINE
The
Dwarf
Pine
,
or
White-Bark
Pine
(
Pinus
albicaulis
)
,
forms
the
extreme
edge
of
the
timberline
throughout
nearly
the
whole
extent
of
the
Range
on
both
flanks
.
It
is
first
met
growing
with
the
two-leaved
pine
on
the
upper
margin
of
the
alpine
belt
,
as
an
erect
tree
from
fifteen
to
thirty
feet
high
and
from
one
to
two
feet
in
diameter
hence
it
goes
straggling
up
the
flanks
of
the
summit
peaks
,
upon
moraines
or
crumbling
ledges
,
wherever
it
can
get
a
foothold
,
to
an
elevation
of
from
10,000
to
12,000
feet
,
where
it
dwarfs
to
a
mass
of
crumpled
branches
,
covered
with
slender
shoots
,
each
tipped
with
a
short
,
close-packed
,
leaf
tassel
.
The
bark
is
smooth
and
purplish
,
in
some
places
almost
white
.
The
flowers
are
bright
scarlet
and
rose-purple
,
giving
a
very
flowery
appearance
little
looked
for
in
such
a
tree
.
The
cones
are
about
three
inches
long
,
an
inch
and
a
half
in
diameter
,
grow
in
rigid
clusters
,
and
are
dark
chocolate
in
color
while
young
,
and
bear
beautiful
pearly-white
seeds
about
the
size
of
peas
,
most
of
which
are
eaten
by
chipmunks
and
the
Clarkeâs
crows
.
Pines
are
commonly
regarded
as
sky-loving
trees
that
must
necessarily
aspire
or
die
.
This
species
forms
a
marked
exception
,
crouching
and
creeping
in
compliance
with
the
most
rigorous
demands
of
climate
;
yet
enduring
bravely
to
a
more
advanced
age
than
many
of
its
lofty
relatives
in
the
sun-lands
far
below
it
.
Seen
from
a
distance
it
would
never
be
taken
for
a
tree
of
any
kind
.
For
example
,
on
Cathedral
Peak
there
is
a
scattered
growth
of
this
pine
,
creeping
like
mosses
over
the
roof
,
nowhere
giving
hint
of
an
ascending
axis
.
While
,
approached
quite
near
,
it
still
appears
matty
and
heathy
,
and
one
experiences
no
difficulty
in
walking
over
the
top
of
it
,
yet
it
is
seldom
absolutely
prostrate
,
usually
attaining
a
height
of
three
or
four
feet
with
a
main
trunk
,
and
with
branches
outspread
above
it
,
as
if
in
ascending
they
had
been
checked
by
a
ceiling
against
which
they
had
been
compelled
to
spread
horizontally
.
The
winter
snow
is
a
sort
of
ceiling
,
lasting
half
the
year
;
while
the
pressed
surface
is
made
yet
smoother
by
violent
winds
armed
with
cutting
sand-grains
that
bear
down
any
shoot
which
offers
to
rise
much
above
the
general
level
,
and
that
carve
the
dead
trunks
and
branches
in
beautiful
patterns
.
During
stormy
nights
I
have
often
camped
snugly
beneath
the
interlacing
arches
of
this
little
pine
.
The
needles
,
which
have
accumulated
for
centuries
,
make
fine
beds
,
a
fact
well
known
to
other
mountaineers
,
such
as
deer
and
wild
sheep
,
who
paw
out
oval
hollows
and
lie
beneath
the
larger
trees
in
safe
and
comfortable
concealment
.
This
lowly
dwarf
reaches
a
far
greater
age
than
would
be
guessed
.
A
specimen
that
I
examined
,
growing
at
an
elevation
of
10,700
feet
,
yet
looked
as
though
it
might
be
plucked
up
by
the
roots
,
for
it
was
only
three
and
a
half
inches
in
diameter
and
its
topmost
tassel
reached
hardly
three
feet
above
the
ground
.
Cutting
it
half
through
and
counting
the
annual
rings
with
the
aid
of
a
lens
,
I
found
its
age
to
be
no
less
than
255
years
.
Another
specimen
about
the
same
height
,
with
a
trunk
six
inches
in
diameter
,
I
found
to
be
426
years
old
,
forty
years
ago
;
and
one
of
its
supple
branchlets
hardly
an
eighth
of
an
inch
in
diameter
inside
the
bark
,
was
seventy-five
years
old
,
and
so
filled
with
oily
balsam
and
seasoned
by
storms
that
I
tied
it
in
knots
like
a
whip-cord
.
THE
NUT
PINE
In
going
across
the
Range
from
the
Tuolumne
River
Soda
Springs
to
Mono
Lake
one
makes
the
acquaintance
of
the
curious
little
Nut
Pine
(
Pinus
monophylla
).
It
dots
the
eastern
flank
of
the
Sierra
to
which
it
is
mostly
restricted
in
grayish
bush-like
patches
,
from
the
margin
of
the
sage-plains
to
an
elevation
of
from
7000
to
8000
feet
.
A
more
contented
,
fruitful
and
unaspiring
conifer
could
not
be
conceived
.
All
the
species
we
have
been
sketching
make
departures
more
or
less
distant
from
the
typical
spire
form
,
but
none
goes
so
far
as
this
.
Without
any
apparent
cause
it
keeps
near
the
ground
,
throwing
out
crooked
,
divergent
branches
like
an
orchard
apple-tree
,
and
seldom
pushes
a
single
shoot
higher
than
fifteen
or
twenty
feet
above
the
ground
.
The
average
thickness
of
the
trunk
is
,
perhaps
,
about
ten
or
twelve
inches
.
The
leaves
are
mostly
undivided
,
like
round
awls
,
instead
of
being
separated
,
like
those
of
other
pines
,
into
twos
and
threes
and
fives
.
The
cones
are
green
while
growing
,
and
are
usually
found
over
all
the
tree
,
forming
quite
a
marked
feature
as
seen
against
the
bluish-gray
foliage
.
They
are
quite
small
,
only
about
two
inches
in
length
,
and
seem
to
have
but
little
space
for
seeds
;
but
when
we
come
to
open
them
,
we
find
that
about
half
the
entire
bulk
of
the
cone
is
made
up
of
sweet
,
nutritious
nuts
,
nearly
as
large
as
hazel-nuts
.
This
is
undoubtedly
the
most
important
food-tree
on
the
Sierra
,
and
furnishes
the
Mona
,
Carson
,
and
Walker
River
Indians
with
more
and
better
nuts
than
all
the
other
species
taken
together
.
It
is
the
Indianâs
own
tree
,
and
many
a
white
man
have
they
killed
for
cutting
it
down
.
Being
so
low
,
the
cones
are
readily
beaten
off
with
poles
,
and
the
nuts
procured
by
roasting
them
until
the
scales
open
.
In
bountiful
seasons
a
single
Indian
may
gather
thirty
or
forty
bushels.
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<text id="http://www.waragainsttheweak.com/offSiteArchive/hnn.us/">
The
Story
of
the
New
Jersey
Doctor
Who
Helped
Kill
Prisoners
at
Buchenwald
in
the
Name
of
Eugenics
By
Edwin
Black
Mr.
Black
is
the
author
of
IBM
and
the
Holocaust
and
the
just
released
War
Against
the
Weak
:
Eugenics
and
America
's
Campaign
to
Create
a
Master
Race
.
The
"
Little
Camp"-the
isolation
and
quarantine
section
of
Buchenwald
.
Block
57
.
One
morning
in
late
May
1944
.
Three-tiered
geometric
wooden
boxes
lined
the
barrack
.
Each
shelf
housed
as
many
as
sixteen
emaciated
humans
.
A
thirsty
and
exhausted
Frenchman
named
Oliv
struggled
to
climb
down
from
the
top
for
his
day
's
work
.
But
he
was
too
weak
.
As
Oliv
lay
limp
,
a
fat
,
well-fed
inmate
doctor
walked
in
.
The
other
French
prisoners
pleaded
with
the
doctor
that
Oliv
was
too
ill
to
work
and
suffered
from
severe
rheumatism
.
He
needed
medical
attention
.
A
small
infirmary
,
stocked
with
medicines
and
called
"
the
hospital
,
"
had
been
established
in
the
Little
Camp
.
The
doctor
controlled
access
to
the
facility
and
the
drugs
.
Those
admitted
to
the
hospital
could
be
excused
from
work
until
nursed
back
to
working
strength-and
thereby
live
another
day
.
But
the
doctor
,
himself
a
prisoner
yet
reviled
as
a
barbaric
stooge
of
the
SS
,
was
known
for
refusing
admission
to
the
hospital
except
to
those
he
favored--or
those
who
could
bribe
their
way
in
with
relief
packets
.
Most
of
all
,
the
doctor
hated
the
French
communists
.
They--and
their
diseases--were
everywhere
in
the
Little
Camp
.
The
doctor
believed
that
each
inferior
national
group
was
a
carrier
of
its
own
specific
set
of
diseases
.
Frenchmen
,
he
thought
,
brought
in
diphtheria
and
related
throat
diseases
as
well
as
scarlet
fever
.
Simply
put
,
the
Little
Camp
doctor
was
unwilling
to
use
his
limited
hospital
to
lessen
the
prisoners
'
loads
,
extend
their
lives
or
relieve
their
suffering
.
The
prisoners
'
job
was
to
work
.
His
job
was
to
ensure
they
kept
working--until
they
could
work
no
more
.
Furious
and
impatient
,
the
Little
Camp
doctor
pushed
the
others
out
of
the
way
,
stepped
onto
the
lowest
of
the
three
tiers
,
reached
up
and
grabbed
Oliv
's
foot
as
it
dangled
over
the
edge
.
He
then
yanked
Oliv
over
the
short
sideboard
and
down
the
eight
feet
to
the
floor
.
Oliv
tumbled
to
the
floor
like
a
doll
,
cracking
his
skull
.
Blood
soaked
down
the
back
of
his
shirt
.
As
the
life
seeped
out
of
Oliv
,
his
comrades
hauled
him
onto
the
lowest
bunk
,
and
then
hurried
out
to
their
backbreaking
labors
at
the
quarry
.
When
they
came
back
to
Block
57
that
night
,
Oliv
was
dead
.
Next
to
the
bathroom
was
a
makeshift
morgue
;
they
moved
his
body
there
.
Later
,
Oliv
's
body
waited
its
turn
at
the
crematorium
.
The
French
inmates
of
the
Little
Camp
never
forgot
the
brutality
the
doctor
showed
them
,
while
exhibiting
seemingly
incongruous
medical
compassion
to
others
.
They
never
forgot
that
while
most
of
them
were
worked
and
starved
into
skeletons
,
the
doctor
ate
well
.
Many
prisoners
lost
40
percent
of
their
weight
shortly
after
arriving
in
the
Little
Camp
.
But
the
doctor
arrived
at
Buchenwald
fat
and
stayed
fat
.
No
one
could
understand
how
a
talented
physician
could
render
his
skills
so
effectively
to
some
,
while
allowing
others
to
die
horrible
deaths
.
After
Buchenwald
was
liberated
in
April
of
1945
,
the
stories
about
Dr.
Edwin
Katzen-Ellenbogen
emerged
.
He
was
accused
of
murdering
a
thousand
prisoners
by
injection
.
The
United
States
military
conducted
war
crimes
trials
at
Dachau
for
a
variety
of
lesser-known
concentration
camp
Nazis
and
their
inmate
collaborators
,
especially
the
medical
killers
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
among
them
,
and
was
found
guilty
of
war
crimes
,
right
along
with
the
other
so-called
"
butchers
of
Buchenwald
.
"
He
was
sentenced
to
a
long
term
in
prison
.
The
court
finding
,
however
,
was
not
an
easy
one
.
It
was
complicated
by
conflicting
stories
of
Katzen-Ellenbogen
's
outstanding
academic
background
and
prewar
record
.
Many
found
Dr.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
and
the
many
lives
he
led
incomprehensible
.
How
could
he
alternately
function
as
a
gifted
psychiatrist
and
as
a
murderous
man
of
medicine
?
At
the
time
,
none
understood
that
Katzen-Ellenbogen
viewed
humanity
with
multiple
standards
.
He
was
an
American
eugenicist
.
Nor
was
he
just
any
eugenicist
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
a
founding
member
of
the
prestigious
but
pro-Nazi
Eugenics
Research
Association
headquartered
at
the
Carnegie
Institution
and
the
chief
eugenicist
of
New
Jersey
under
then-Governor
Woodrow
Wilson
.
A
Superior
Species
In
the
first
years
of
the
twentieth
century
,
American
eugenics
crusaded
to
create
a
superior
species
.
The
superior
species
the
eugenics
movement
sought
was
not
just
tall
,
strong
,
talented
people
.
In
a
throwback
to
the
pre-Civil
War
era
,
eugenicists
craved
the
blond
,
blue-eyed
Nordic
types
who
had
settled
America
in
the
previous
century
.
This
group
alone
was
fit
to
inherit
the
earth
.
In
the
process
,
the
movement
intended
to
subtract
Negroes
,
Indians
,
Hispanics
,
East
Europeans
,
Jews
,
dark-haired
hill
folk
,
poor
people
,
the
infirm
and
really
anyone
classified
outside
the
gentrified
genetic
lines
drawn
up
by
American
raceologists
.
After
racist
eugenics
became
entrenched
in
American
law
and
national
health
policy
,
including
the
forced
sterilization
of
thousands
of
Americans
,
the
idea
was
transplanted
to
Germany
by
the
Rockefeller
Foundation
and
other
American
philanthropies
intent
on
ethnic
cleansing
.
Hitler
discovered
American
race
politics
and
made
it
the
scientific
and
juridical
basis
of
genocidal
Nazi
eugenics
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
a
classic
eugenicist
.
Viewing
humanity
through
a
eugenic
prism
,
he
was
capable
of
exhibiting
great
compassion
toward
those
he
saw
as
superior
,
and
great
cruelty
toward
those
he
considered
genetically
unfit
.
In
Buchenwald
,
the
French
,
with
their
Mediterranean
and
African
mixtures
,
were
eugenically
among
the
lowest
,
not
really
worthy
of
life
.
At
the
same
time
,
in
Katzen-Ellenbogen
's
view
,
those
of
Nordic
or
Aryan
descent
were
treasured--to
be
helped
and
even
saved
.
How
did
one
of
America
's
pioneer
eugenicists
wend
his
way
from
New
Jersey
to
Buchenwald
's
notorious
Little
Camp
?
The
story
begins
in
late
nineteenth-century
Poland
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
the
name
of
a
famous
line
of
Polish
and
Czech
rabbis
going
back
centuries
.
However
,
he--or
perhaps
his
immediate
branch
of
the
family--obscured
any
connection
with
a
Jewish
heritage
.
Like
many
European
Jews
who
had
drifted
from
tradition
,
he
spelled
his
last
name
numerous
ways
,
hyphenated
and
unhyphenated
,
and
sometimes
even
signed
his
name
"
Edwin
K.
Ellenbogen
.
"
He
was
probably
born
as
Edwin
Wladyslaw
Katzen-Ellenbogen
in
approximately
1882
,
in
Stanislawow
,
in
Austrian-occupied
Poland
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
first
studied
at
a
Jesuit
high
school
in
Poland
.
Then
he
attended
the
University
of
Leipzig
,
where
he
secured
his
medical
degree
in
1905
.
While
in
medical
school
,
he
became
engaged
to
a
girl
from
Massachusetts
,
Marie
A.
Pierce
,
daughter
of
a
judge
and
scion
of
a
prominent
family
of
Americans
dating
back
to
the
Minutemen
.
In
1905
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
sailed
for
America
,
settling
briefly
in
Massachusetts
,
where
he
married
Marie
.
He
added
"
Marie
"
to
his
various
middle
names
,
and
utilized
her
family
's
connections
to
further
his
academic
pursuits
.
Various
letters
of
introduction
were
provided
,
as
was
the
money
Katzen-Ellenbogen
needed
to
continue
his
university
work
in
Europe
.
There
he
studied
psychiatry
with
some
of
the
best
names
in
the
field
,
during
the
formative
years
of
the
profession
,
and
he
also
learned
the
mystifying
medical
art
of
hypnosis
.
In
1907
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
returned
to
the
United
States
,
where
he
was
naturalized
as
a
citizen
and
started
work
in
state
institutions
,
such
as
the
Danvers
State
Hospital
of
Massachusetts
.
One
of
the
early
exponents
of
Freud
in
America
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
became
a
Harvard
lecturer
in
abnormal
psychology
.
He
developed
expertise
on
fake
symptoms
,
authoring
an
article
on
the
topic
in
the
Journal
of
Abnormal
Psychology
.
His
expert
testimony
was
pivotal
in
convicting
a
murderer
who
claimed
diminished
capacity
due
to
an
epileptic
attack
;
the
convicted
man
was
electrocuted
in
1912
.
Epilepsy
became
one
of
his
specialties
,
and
he
was
appointed
co-editor
the
international
quarterly
,
Epilepsia
.
In
1911
,
Woodrow
Wilson
became
governor
of
New
Jersey
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
asked
to
become
scientific
director
of
the
State
Village
for
Epileptics
at
Skillman
,
New
Jersey
.
It
was
there
that
he
would
develop
his
eugenic
interests
.
"
While
there
,
"
recalled
Katzen-Ellenbogen
,
"
I
particularly
studied&#8230;the
hereditary
background
of
epilepsy
.
"
As
the
state
's
leading
expert
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
then
asked
by
Wilson
to
draft
New
Jersey
's
law
to
forcibly
sterilize
epileptics
and
defectives
.
In
the
process
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
became
an
expert
on
legal
and
legislative
safeguards
and
jurisprudence
.
In
1913
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
became
charter
member
#14
of
the
Eugenics
Research
Association
at
the
Carnegie
Institution
's
Cold
Spring
Harbor
lab
complex
.
The
eugenics
movement
,
spearheaded
by
the
Eugenics
Research
Association
,
campaigned
around
the
world
to
create
a
master
Nordic
race
and
sterilize
or
segregate
all
other
humans
out
of
existence
.
The
doctor
continued
his
active
membership
in
the
ERA
even
after
he
sailed
for
Russia
in
1915
,
never
to
return
to
the
United
States
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
bounced
around
the
capitals
of
Europe
for
the
next
few
years
.
He
was
about
to
board
a
ship
in
Holland
when
he
received
a
telegram
informing
him
that
his
only
son
had
died
in
America
after
falling
from
a
roof
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
never
the
same
.
He
became
morose
and
introspective
,
questioning
the
value
of
human
life
,
at
least
his
own
.
"
I
contemplated
to
offer
myself
as
physician
to
the
leprosy
colony
in
the
upper
State
of
New
York
,
"
he
recounted
.
He
also
considered
suicide
.
In
1925
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
developed
a
relationship
with
a
woman
named
Olga
.
She
described
him
as
"
the
companion
of
my
life
.
"
He
described
her
as
"
my
old
housekeeper
.
"
By
any
measure
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
developed
deep
parental
feelings
for
Olga
's
two
orphaned
grandsons
,
and
raised
them
as
though
they
were
his
own
.
They
were
living
in
Germany
when
Hitler
rose
to
power
.
Despite
his
Catholic
observances
,
after
the
1935
Nuremberg
Laws
Katzen-Ellenbogen
found
himself
defined
as
Jewish
.
Like
many
practicing
Christians
of
Jewish
ancestry
,
he
followed
a
typical
route
of
flight
evading
fascist
persecution
.
First
,
he
crossed
into
Czechoslovakia
,
then
Italy
,
then
France
.
After
war
broke
out
in
September
of
1939
,
he
escaped
to
France
.
But
when
the
Nazis
bifurcated
France
in
1940
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
caught
in
the
occupied
zone
in
Paris
.
Like
many
foreigners
living
in
Nazi-occupied
Paris
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
ultimately
arrested
several
times
for
questioning
.
The
final
knock
on
the
door
came
at
six
in
the
morning
,
in
the
late
summer
of
1943
,
when
Nazi
security
agents
came
for
him
.
Many
eugenicists
considered
Nazi
racial
policies
a
biological
ideal
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
discounted
his
Jewish
ancestry
,
considering
himself
a
eugenicist
first
and
foremost
.
This
made
him
different
,
and
almost
appealing
to
the
Gestapo
.
The
war-stretched
Nazis
needed
doctors
,
especially
in
occupied
lands
.
As
a
distinguished
physician
and
psychiatrist
who
spoke
German
and
also
enjoyed
American
citizenship
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
became
very
useful
to
both
the
Gestapo
and
the
Wehrmacht
.
Though
a
prisoner
,
he
was
twice
brought
to
the
Reich
military
prison
in
France
to
examine
a
German
soldier
suffering
from
mental
problems
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
even
testified
as
an
expert
at
the
soldier
's
court
martial
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
found
himself
in
a
somewhat
unique
position
.
"
I
was
the
only
doctor
in
France
,
a
psychiatrist
,
"
he
recalled
,
"
who
was
[
also
]
qualified
in
Germany
as
a
doctor
,
and
they
did
n't
have
anybody
[
with
those
skills
]
in
the
army
.
"
Eventually
,
the
overworked
regular
German
army
doctor
visiting
the
military
prison
asked
Katzen-Ellenbogen
,
"
As
you
speak
French
anyway
and
other
languages
,
relieve
me
here
.
And
when
something
very
important
happens
,
they
can
telephone
for
me
.
"
Thus
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
became
a
general
practitioner
for
the
German
military
in
Paris
even
as
he
remained
in
custody
.
Eventually
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
's
services
were
requested
for
German
military
men
outside
the
prison
.
But
in
September
of
1943
,
when
orders
came
from
Berlin
to
transfer
prisoners
in
France
to
slave
labor
camps
in
the
Reich
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
put
on
a
train
and
shipped
to
the
dreaded
Buchenwald
.
Buchenwald
functioned
for
two
purposes
:
to
inflict
cruelty
on
the
Nazis
'
enemies
and
to
systematically
work
its
inmates
to
death
in
service
of
the
Reich--in
that
order
.
In
the
hierarchy
of
Hell
,
Buchenwald
was
considered
among
the
worst
of
Nazi
labor
camps
.
Hundreds
,
often
thousands
,
of
people
died
within
its
confines
each
week
from
beatings
,
disease
,
starvation
,
exhaustion
or
execution
.
Cruel
and
painful
medical
experiments
were
conducted
at
Buchenwald
,
especially
in
Block
46
,
known
for
its
frosted
windows
and
restricted
access
.
Nazi
physicians
deliberately
infected
prisoners
with
typhus
,
converting
their
bodies
into
so
many
living
test
tubes
,
kept
alive
only
as
convenient
hosts
for
the
virus
.
Doctors
then
carefully
observed
the
progress
of
the
disease
in
order
to
help
evaluate
potential
vaccines
.
Some
six
hundred
men
died
from
such
infections
.
In
addition
,
Russian
POWs
were
deliberately
burned
with
phosphorus
to
observe
their
reactions
to
drugs
.
Those
who
survived
these
heinous
tests
,
or
otherwise
outlived
their
usefulness
,
were
often
murdered
with
injections
of
phenol
.
Large
electric
lifts
continuously
shuttled
corpses
to
waiting
crematoria
,
which
operated
ten
hours
a
day
and
produced
prodigious
heaps
of
white
ash
.
Death
was
an
hourly
event
at
Buchenwald--ultimately
more
than
50,000
perished
.
But
before
the
victims
were
burned
,
they
performed
additional
service
to
the
Reich
.
Pathologists
in
Block
2
dissected
some
35,000
corpses
so
their
body
parts
could
be
studied
and
then
stored
in
various
jars
on
shelves
.
Nuremberg
Trial
judges
denounced
"
conditions
so
ghastly
that
they
defy
description
.
The
proof&#8230;would
shame
the
most
primitive
race
of
savage
barbarians
.
All
the
instincts
of
human
decency
,
which
distinguished
men
from
beasts
were
forgotten
,
and
the
law
of
the
jungle
took
command
.
If
there
is
such
a
thing
as
a
crime
against
humanity
,
here
we
have
it
repeated
a
million
times
over
.
"
Most
new
arrivals
at
Buchenwald
were
instantly
shocked
by
the
camp
's
brutality
and
the
physical
cruelty
heaped
upon
them
by
the
guards
.
But
Katzen-Ellenbogen
seemed
fascinated
.
Recalling
his
first
moments
in
the
camp
,
he
said
,
"
I
was
really
amazed
about
the
efficiency
and
quickness
about
everything
that
happened
there
.
"
He
added
,
"
We
were
treated
not
badly
there
.
"
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
in
fact
privileged
from
the
moment
he
entered
the
camp
.
While
other
prisoners
at
that
time
were
forced
into
tattered
zebra-stripe
uniforms
,
the
doctor
was
permitted
to
wear
civilian
attire
,
including
a
three-piece
suit
and
tie
.
Yet
he
complained
that
the
shirt
with
its
button-down
collar
was
too
small
,
and
the
trousers
too
long
.
His
warm
furry
hat
and
medical
armband
gave
him
a
distinctive
look
as
he
toured
the
barracks
.
Early
on
,
Buchenwald
administrators
learned
through
the
prisoner
grapevine
about
Katzen-Ellenbogen
's
helpfulness
to
the
Gestapo
in
France
.
He
quickly
became
a
trusted
prisoner
to
the
camp
's
medical
staff
,
as
well
as
its
SS
officers
,
especially
chief
camp
doctor
Gerhard
Schiedlausky
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
announced
to
everyone
that
he
was
an
American
doctor
from
New
Jersey
,
and
a
skilled
hypnotist
to
boot
.
None
of
this
failed
to
impress
the
camp
administrators
,
who
often
referred
to
him
by
the
name
Dr.
K.
Ellenbogen
.
One
senior
Nazi
medic
dared
Katzen-Ellenbogen
to
demonstrate
his
skill
as
a
hypnotist
.
A
test
subject
was
brought
over
,
and
within
five
minutes
Katzen-Ellenbogen
successfully
placed
him
in
a
trance
.
Thereafter
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
assigned
to
the
hospital
at
the
Little
Camp
,
which
functioned
as
the
segregated
new
prisoner
intake
unit
.
Unlike
the
other
inmates
who
slept
sixteen-deep
on
stark
wooden
shelves
and
were
fed
starvation
rations
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
enjoyed
a
private
room
with
a
real
bed
shared
with
only
one
other
block
trustee
.
He
ate
plenty
of
vegetables
and
even
meat
purchased
through
black
market
sources
in
Weimar
.
From
time
to
time
,
he
even
cooked
his
own
meals
,
an
almost
unimaginable
prisoner
luxury
.
The
doctor
was
able
to
count
SS
and
Gestapo
officers
among
his
friends
even
as
fellow
prisoners
detested
him
and
despised
their
Nazi
taskmasters
.
He
was
widely
believed
to
be
a
Gestapo
spy
.
One
day
in
mid-1944
,
the
camp
doctor
,
Schiedlausky
,
summoned
Katzen-Ellenbogen
to
the
SS
hospital
.
"
You
're
a
hypnotizer
,
"
said
Schiedlausky
with
distress
,
"
You
're
a
psychotherapist
.
Save
me
.
"
In
the
midst
of
the
human
depravity
he
oversaw
,
Schiedlausky
had
become
unable
to
sleep
.
Self-administered
drugs
were
no
help
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
replied
,
"
I
can
help
you
only
,
Doctor
,
if
you
will
forget
that
I
am
a
prisoner
and
you
are
the
SS
doctor
.
"
Schiedlausky
collegially
replied
,
"
Naturally
.
"
As
Katzen-Ellenbogen
analyzed
Schiedlausky
's
dreams
,
he
concluded
that
the
SS
doctor
's
mind
was
troubled
by
a
great
burden
.
"
Unless
you
are
willing
to
tell
me
what
it
is
,
"
Katzen-Ellenbogen
told
him
,
"
no
further
treatment
would
be
of
value
.
"
Schiedlausky
answered
,
"
You
're
right
,
but
I
ca
n't
tell
you
.
"
At
one
point
Katzen-Ellenbogen
came
upon
Schiedlausky
weeping
uncontrollably
and
consoled
the
man
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
continued
to
treat
Schiedlausky
,
whose
mental
state
deteriorated
.
Soon
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
exercising
great
influence
over
the
camp
doctor
.
Schiedlausky
was
so
impressed
with
Katzen-Ellenbogen
that
he
asked
him
to
treat
other
SS
men
unable
to
sleep
because
of
their
murderous
deeds
.
Even
though
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
a
prisoner
,
the
Nazis
opened
up
to
him
.
For
example
,
a
bloodthirsty
Austrian-born
SS
lieutenant
name
Dumböck
admitted
to
Katzen-Ellenbogen
that
he
was
haunted
day
and
night
by
the
ghosts
of
at
least
forty
men
he
had
personally
beaten
to
death
.
As
though
confessing
to
a
priest
,
Dumböck
admitted
that
sometimes
when
he
caught
someone
stealing
vegetables
from
the
garden
,
he
just
"
[
could
n't
]
control
himself
.
"
It
would
typically
begin
as
an
urge
to
only
slap
the
prisoner
,
but
then
Dumböck
would
begin
jumping
on
the
man
's
body
until
his
ribs
caved
in
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
helped
Dumböck
realize
why
he
could
not
sleep
:
the
killings
.
"
That
's
it
exactly
,
"
Dumböck
agreed
.
Dumböck
was
so
grateful
that
he
granted
Katzen-Ellenbogen
special
privileges--ironically
,
to
the
vegetables
in
the
garden
.
Back
at
the
Little
Camp
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
administered
cruel
medicine
.
He
forced
Frenchmen
to
exercise
in
the
frigid
outdoors
without
their
scarves
and
often
without
their
shirts--this
to
"
cure
"
infected
throats
.
He
smuggled
in
needed
medicines
through
the
SS
medics
but
then
sold
them
for
money
or
favors
.
Such
extortions
allowed
him
to
deposit
some
50,000
francs
into
a
camp
bank
account
.
He
also
cached
large
quantities
of
Danish
food
,
medicines
and
cigarettes
in
his
bedroom
,
mainly
pilfered
from
the
Danish
Red
Cross
packets
turned
over
by
the
sick
and
injured
.
Denying
medical
treatment
was
an
entrenched
eugenic
practice
at
the
state
institutions
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
familiar
with
in
Massachusetts
and
New
Jersey
.
In
those
institutions
,
eugenic
psychiatrists
felt
that
medical
care
only
kept
alive
those
whom
nature
intended
to
die
off
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
applied
the
same
principles
in
Buchenwald
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
capriciously
decided
who
entered
the
hospital
.
Another
camp
doctor
confirmed
in
court
,
"
It
depended
on
Katzen-Ellenbogen
whether
a
certain
person
would
be
admitted
into
the
little
hospital&#8230;or
in
the
main
hospital
.
"
A
Czech
doctor
added
,
"
If
he
[
Katzen-Ellenbogen
]
found
a
man
with
appendicitis
or
pneumonia
and
said
,
'
I
will
not
send
you
to
the
hospital
,
'
then
the
man
would
not
get
through
because
he
,
Dr.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
,
was
the
only
medical
liaison
[
in
the
Little
Camp
]
.
"
Katzen-Ellenbogen
himself
casually
admitted
at
his
trial
,
"
We
selected&#8230
;
.
Let
's
say
there
were
35
[
needing
hospitalization
,
and
I
was
told
]
there
are
only
17
free
[
beds
]
.
Which
17
should
have
preference
for
immediate
hospitalization
?
"
He
held
the
power
of
life
and
death
over
those
who
desperately
needed
his
help
,
and
Katzen-Ellenbogen
sadistically
exercised
this
power
every
day
.
When
French
prisoners
approached
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
often
chased
them
away
,
slapped
and
punched
them
,
or
simply
"
beat
them
with
any
instrument
handy
.
"
Other
inmates
who
were
physicians
would
sometimes
complain
that
Katzen-Ellenbogen
stocked
the
necessary
medicines
,
but
that
the
Little
Camp
doctor
would
snarl
that
they
were
in
Buchenwald
to
"
die
like
dogs--not
to
be
cured
.
"
Failure
to
be
hospitalized
also
bestowed
a
death
sentence
because
it
often
facilitated
assignment
to
the
fatal
work
details
at
the
nearby
V-2
missile
works
at
Dora
.
Dora
's
death
rate
was
among
the
highest
of
any
of
the
thousands
of
labor
camps
and
subcamps
in
all
of
Nazi-occupied
Europe
.
Transports
from
Buchenwald
regularly
delivered
thousands
of
prisoners
at
a
time
,
and
some
twenty
thousand
died
in
backbreaking
labor
.
At
his
trial
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
asked
by
prosecutors
,
"
The
personnel
in
the
Medical
Department&#8230;certainly
knew
that
Dora
was
a
death
commando
,
is
n't
that
so
?
"
Katzen-Ellenbogen
replied
,
"
I
should
guess
so
.
"
Prisoners
reported
that
Katzen-Ellenbogen
actually
encouraged
unsuspecting
French
inmates
to
volunteer
for
"
death
details
.
"
In
one
instance
,
a
Frenchman
discovered
the
ruse
and
warned
comrades
to
remove
their
names
from
the
volunteer
roster
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
reported
the
Frenchman
who
spread
the
warning
and
the
prisoner
was
brutally
punished
.
Camp
medical
men
did
more
than
just
withhold
treatment
.
Many
actively
participated
in
the
murder
process
itself
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
publicly
accused
of
finishing
off
a
thousand
men
with
injections
.
The
fact
that
thousands
were
killed
by
a
20cc
injection
of
phenol
was
amply
proved
.
But
there
were
no
witnesses
to
corroborate
that
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
among
the
medics
who
wielded
the
hypodermics
.
When
the
subject
of
injections
was
brought
up
in
court
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
nonchalantly
testified
that
the
allegation
against
him
was
just
that--an
allegation
in
the
newspapers
that
could
not
be
proved
.
However
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
's
guilt-ridden
colleague
,
camp
doctor
Schiedlausky
,
did
admit
his
involvement
in
the
injections
as
well
as
the
other
medical
atrocities
that
took
place
in
Block
61
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
denied
claims
that
because
of
the
hypnotic
trances
,
he
exercised
a
"
sinister
influence
"
over
Schiedlausky
that
could
have
made
a
difference
.
Prosecutors
charged
,
"
You
could
have
stopped
it
,
is
that
correct
?
"
With
typical
insouciance
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
replied
,
"
Not
that
I
could
stop
it
,
but
that
I
would
do
my
best
,
and
I
think
that
I
would
have
succeeded
to
persuade
Schiedlausky
not
to
'
burn
his
fingers.
'
"
Prosecutors
shot
back
,
"
Well
,
is
n't
it
a
fact
,
doctor
,
that
you
[
previously
]
testified
that
you
would
have
had
enough
influence
that
his
extermination
of
prisoners
in
Block
61
would
never
have
happened
?
"
Katzen-Ellenbogen
admitted
,
"
Yes
,
I
said
it
before
.
It
is
the
same
thing
I
just
said
.
"
Q
:
Well
,
then
,
you
certainly
were
able
to
exercise
a
considerable
power
over
Schiedlausky
,
is
that
not
correct
?
A
:
I
would
n't
use
the
word
"
power
.
"
Influence
,
yes
.
Q
:
Well
,
was
there
any
other
man
in
Buchenwald
that
could
exercise
that
same
influence
over
Schiedlausky
?
A
:
Probably
not
,
because
Schiedlausky
was
a
very
secretive
man
,
who
,
for
instance
,
did
n't
say
anything
to
anybody
,
even
his
colleagues&#8230;Due
to
the
fact
that
he
was
a
patient
of
mine-I
have
a
certain
influence
of
psycho-analysis
which
is
exercised
over
a
patient
.
"
But
ghastly
science
continued
in
Block
61
.
Heinous
surgical
procedures
involving
eye
color
and
corneas
were
among
the
experiments
performed
by
Nazi
eugenicists
operating
in
concentration
camps
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
claimed
that
he
did
not
participate
in
the
painful
experiments
and
euthanasia
at
Buchenwald--only
pure
research
.
One
Nazi
doctor
,
Werner
Greunuss
,
received
life
imprisonment
for
his
activities
at
Buchenwald
.
While
admitting
that
he
assisted
Greunuss
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
explained
,
"
I
conducted
with
him
scientific
research
about
vision
.
"
Nothing
further
was
proved
about
Katzen-Ellenbogen
's
involvement
with
eye
research
.
The
eyewitnesses
did
not
exist
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
did
engage
in
other
experimental
medical
activity
,
however
.
He
regularly
applied
his
skills
as
an
accomplished
hypnotist
,
including
posthypnotic
suggestions
.
For
example
,
there
were
the
bedwetters
.
In
a
hell
where
Katzen-Ellenbogen
regularly
ignored
the
severest
diseases
,
injuries
and
afflictions
,
the
doctor
took
an
inexplicably
keen
interest
in
enuresis
,
or
bedwetting
.
Many
young
boys
,
gripped
by
fright
and
mistreatment
,
urinated
uncontrollably
at
night
.
These
boys
were
brought
to
the
doctor
,
who
placed
them
under
hypnotic
suggestion
to
cure
their
problem
.
But
prisoners
openly
accused
Katzen-Ellenbogen
of
using
his
hypnotic
skills
to
extract
information
and
confessions
for
the
SS
and
Gestapo
.
In
one
case
,
a
boy
in
his
late
teens
was
brought
in
at
4
P.M.
on
a
Sunday
afternoon
;
he
was
placed
under
a
trance
in
the
presence
of
other
SS
doctors
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
in
open
court
denied
that
he
"
was
hypnotizing
people
in
order
to
extort
confession
of
political
prisoners
and
deliver
them
to
the
Gestapo
.
"
Yet
he
was
never
able
to
explain
why
he
rendered
service
for
bedwetters
when
he
denied
medical
attention
to
so
many
others
who
were
dying
.
Eugenics
was
always
an
undercurrent
at
Buchenwald
.
One
block
was
known
as
the
Ahnenforschung
barrack
,
or
ancestral
research
barrack
.
It
was
worked
by
a
small
detachment
known
as
Kommando
22a
,
mainly
Czech
prisoners
,
researching
and
assembling
family
trees
of
SS
officers
.
SS
officers
were
required
to
document
pure
Aryan
heredity
.
In
addition
,
the
SS
Race
and
Settlement
Office
was
systematically
sweeping
through
Poland
looking
for
Volksdeutsche
,
that
is
,
persons
of
any
German
ancestry
.
When
this
agency
discovered
Polish
children
eugenically
certified
to
have
Aryan
blood
,
the
youngsters
were
kidnapped
and
raised
in
"
Germanized
"
Nazi
environments
.
As
a
skilled
and
doctrinaire
eugenicist
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
assigned
to
perform
eugenic
examinations
of
Polish
prisoners
,
seeking
those
fit
for
Germanization
.
Eugenic
certification
saved
them
from
extermination
.
To
protect
those
fit
for
Germanization
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
engaged
in
all
manner
of
medical
charades
.
"
So
I
manufactured
all
kinds
of
new
forms
of
insanity
and
made
false
reports
about
their
condition
,
"
he
recalled
.
"
As
the
invalids
were
not
sent
out
at
that
time
,
they
were
probably
saved
from
being
gassed
at
one
of
the
extermination
camps
.
"
Katzen-Ellenbogen
did
not
save
others
in
a
similar
fashion
,
just
the
fifty
or
so
Polish
prisoners
he
eugenically
certified
as
possessing
Aryan
qualities
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
an
expert
at
faking
symptoms
.
While
on
the
witness
stand
at
his
trial
,
he
was
asked
if
someone
could
be
trained
to
feign
symptoms
.
He
bragged
,
"
To
throw
a
fit
?
With
training
,
he
could
do
it
.
I
myself
,
for
instance
,
could
give
a
wonderful
performance
in
that
respect
.
"
Asked
if
a
specialist
could
be
fooled
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
rejoined
,
"
Yes
.
But
not
a
real
specialist
.
"
Asked
again
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
repeated
,
"
Not
a
real
specialist
.
"
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
very
sure
of
himself
.
When
called
to
testify
against
others
in
the
so-called
"
Doctors
Trial
"
at
Nuremberg
,
his
usual
brashness
was
more
than
evident
.
When
a
prosecutor
asked
when
he
had
joined
the
Nazi
Party
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
snapped
back
,
"
When
I
was
in
America
,
I
never
asked
a
nigger
whether
he
had
syphilis
,
only
when
he
got
syphilis
.
"
Later
he
quipped
,
"
That
's
about
the
same
[
as
the
]
question
he
put
to
me
.
"
By
any
measure
,
the
forgotten
story
of
Katzen-Ellenbogen
,
an
expert
American
eugenicist
in
Buchenwald
,
is
one
that
stands
alone
.
Kogon
recalled
it
this
way
for
prosecutors
:
"
Katzen-Ellenbogen
's
power
in
the
Little
Camp
was&#8230;extraordinarily
large
one&#8230;He
was
the
man
who
was
feared
by
the
prisoners
in
the
little
camp
as
'
the
man
in
the
background.
'
He
had
under
his
command
the
block
doctors&#8230;and
his
influence
upon
them
was
considerable
.
"
Prosecutors
found
Katzen-Ellenbogen
's
record
filled
with
contradictions
.
He
saved
Polish
men
with
German
blood
,
he
let
Frenchmen
die
before
his
eyes
,
and
he
sent
thousands
to
their
deaths
by
not
exempting
them
from
death
kommandos
.
He
was
a
Nazi
collaborator
;
he
was
an
eminent
New
Jersey
doctor
with
Harvard
credentials
.
The
haze
around
Katzen-Ellenbogen
's
record
grew
thicker
in
the
postwar
chaos
.
Witnesses
were
unavailable--either
returned
home
or
incinerated
,
the
evidence
was
burned
,
and
Nazi
medical
cohorts
were
quick
to
support
each
other
with
glowing
affidavits
.
Moreover
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
was
an
expert
on
the
fine
points
of
American
jurisprudence--the
standard
applied
to
war
crime
trials
.
His
court
record
is
riddled
with
procedural
jousting
as
he
corrected
prosecutors
on
what
questions
they
were
allowed
to
ask
,
and
how
questions
should
be
phrased
.
At
one
point
the
prosecutor
asked
,
"
So
that
everything
else
,
other
than
what
you
have
qualified
,
has
been
of
your
own
personal
knowledge
?
"
The
defendant
replied
,
"
Most
of
the
things
I
testified
to
was
of
my
own
personal
knowledge
.
Still
,
I
did
not
say
that
everything
I
said
is
correct
,
because
I
know
too
well
the
psychology
of
testimony
.
"
In
a
typical
exchange
,
the
prosecutor
attempted
to
poke
holes
in
Katzen-Ellenbogen
's
stories
.
Q
:
Is
it
not
a
fact
,
doctor
,
that
they
were
beaten
two
to
three
hours
later
at
Schebert
's
order
?
A
:
I
could
n't
say
yes
or
no
to
that
.
I
refer
once
more
to
the
well
known
psychology
of
the
testimony
that
if
a
man
,
month
after
month
,
tells
the
same
story
,
then
he
is
lying
.
Q
:
That
is
the
reason
you
are
not
telling
the
same
story
?
A
:
Maybe
so&#8230;I
heard
here
so
many
testimonies
,
I
am
influenced
.
I
made
in
Harvard
experiments
of
students
[
who
]
wanted
to
kill
somebody
and
they
made
a
statement
immediately
and
four
weeks
later
.
You
would
see
the
discrepancy
between
the
first
and
second
statement
.
I
am
not
above
that
myself
.
When
it
finally
came
time
to
sum
up
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
virtually
commanded
the
judges
to
take
the
contradictions
and
inconsistencies
into
account
.
From
the
witness
box
,
he
reminded
the
judges
:
"
It
is
a
legal
principle
of
all
courts
of
all
nations
,
the
Romans
as
well
in
that
time
,
in
dubio
pre
vero
,
which
in
the
English
says
:
'
give
them
the
benefit
of
the
doubt.
'
That
means
if
you
are
in
doubt
about
my
guilt
,
you
have
to
acquit
me
.
"
Then
Katzen-Ellenbogen
actually
invited
the
judges
to
commit
a
reversible
error
.
"
[
But
]
I
reverse
that
case
,
"
he
continued
.
"
If
you
are
in
any
doubt
that
I
am
not
guilty
,
convict
me
because
I
would
have
a
chance
then
in
higher
court
or
any
other
place
to
defend
myself
in
a
way
that
I
perhaps
did
n't
do
here
.
"
On
August
14
,
1947
,
in
a
Dachau
barrack
set
up
for
war
crimes
trials
,
Katzen-Ellenbogen
stood
,
somewhat
disheveled
,
before
the
military
tribunal
.
Flanked
by
three
shiny-helmeted
MPs
,
his
shoelaces
removed
to
prevent
suicide
,
bright
lights
above
to
aid
the
photographers
,
Edwin
Marie
Katzen-Ellenbogen
awaited
his
judgment
.
Without
evidence
of
specific
murders
,
he
could
not
be
hanged
,
as
were
other
medical
war
criminals
at
Buchenwald
.
Judgment
:
Guilty
.
Sentence
:
Life
imprisonment
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
appealed
,
issuing
a
pro
se
cascade
of
letters
,
petitions
and
motions
,
stressing
his
American
citizenship
and
desire
to
help
mankind
.
Upon
review
,
his
sentence
was
commuted
to
fifteen
years
.
Katzen-Ellenbogen
then
appealed
for
special
clemency
on
the
grounds
of
"
poor
health
.
"
In
July
of
1950
,
a
clemency
board
comprised
of
three
civilian
attorneys
reduced
his
sentence
to
just
twelve
years
,
concluding
,
"
Katzen-Ellenbogen
's
health
is
poor
.
He
is
suffering
from
a
coronary
insufficiency
causing
severe
myocardic
damage
,
and
a
chronic
congestive
heart
failure
.
"
Katzen-Ellenbogen
had
all
the
symptoms
.
After
all
,
symptoms
was
his
specialty
.
Copyright
Edwin
Black
.
This
article
is
based
on
his
new
book
,
War
Against
the
Weak
and
is
reprinted
with
permission
of
the
author
.
</text>

<text id="http://www.mail-archive.com/do-wire@tc.umn.edu/msg00267.html">
[
DW
]
Model
E-mail-based
Online
Civic
Event
-
Financing
Stadiums
Steven
Clift
Fri
,
15
Jun
2001
05:26:43
-0700
***
Democracies
Online
Newswire
-
http://www.e-democracy.org/do
***
See
announcement
below
.
When
you
hear
about
"
online
consultation
"
you
often
think
of
a
more
technologically
sophisticated
web-based
systems
for
well
organized
online
events
.
In
fact
,
if
your
goal
to
end
up
with
quality
deliberative
content
with
an
extended
time
value
and
your
online
event
is
time-limited
(
i.e.
specific
start
and
finish
)
,
with
a
structured
agenda
and
process
,
with
staff
and
significant
promotional
resources
,
then
I
do
feel
the
use
of
web-focused
tools
for
political
discourse
and
information
exchange
can
work
quite
well
.
If
you
are
willing
to
put
as
much
into
an
online
event
as
an
in-person
conference
and
_give
up_
any
notion
that
the
online
event
will
just
happen
easily
and
instantly
because
of
technology
,
then
you
can
achieve
success
.
While
I
tend
to
recommend
facilitated
e-mail
lists
with
web
archives
for
_sustained_
political
discussion
for
geographic
places
(
coffee
talk
)
,
e-mail
can
also
we
used
for
wider
audience
,
more
topical
deliberative
events
.
A
couple
of
years
ago
,
Tim
Erickson
experienced
the
limits
of
E-
Democracy
's
"
coffee
talk
"
model
where
our
general
state
political
discussions
http://e-democracy.org/mn-politics
&gt;
,
while
sustainable
,
often
touch
only
the
surface
of
complicated
issues
and
can
easily
become
personality
and
ideologically
focused
.
As
I
have
noted
in
person
many
times
,
"
Ninety-nine
percent
of
political
discussion
on
the
Internet
is
pure
junk
,
E-Democracy
's
is
only
half
junk
.
The
miracle
is
that
any
of
this
has
any
value
.
Our
challenge
is
to
build
upon
what
works
and
sustain
the
foundation
we
have
built
.
"
Tim
started
Politalk
http://www.politalk.com
&gt;
in
his
spare
time
to
experiment
with
time-based
topical
exchanges
using
multiple
e-mail
lists
-
a
public
stage
e-list
and
small
group
discussion
lists
.
Tim
does
one
of
the
best
jobs
with
structured
e-mail
exchanges
I
have
seen
.
He
is
also
E-Democracy
's
volunteer
list
manager
for
the
St.
Paul
Issues
Forum
and
produced
our
St.
Paul
Mayoral
Candidate
Conversation
.
While
facilitation
of
our
general
discussion
spaces
in
my
opinion
should
remain
fundamentally
volunteer
,
online
special
events
and
original
content
should
at
least
have
their
costs
and
production
time
covered
.
If
resources
present
themselves
,
Tim
and
E-Democracy
will
explore
adding
occasional
major
public
policy
online
events
to
our
non-profit
family
.
(
Wink
,
wink
.
Nudge
,
nudge.
)
Drop
us
a
note
if
you
can
help
in
this
department
.
Once
you
subscribe
to
the
main
Politalk
list
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Politalk/join
&gt;
you
can
explore
the
web
archive
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Politalk/messages
&gt;
and
see
how
you
might
try
these
tools
and
techniques
for
your
own
projects
or
perhaps
work
with
E-Democracy
and
Politalk
to
produce
future
events
.
Steven
Clift
Democracies
Online
-------
Forwarded
message
follows
-------
Date
sent
:
Fri
,
15
Jun
2001
03:22:55
-0500
From
:
Tim
Erickson
ANNOUNCEMENT
:
Please
Forward
----------------------------
Please
join
us
for
a
2
week
moderated
e-mail
discussion
on
:
--
Public
Financing
Of
Professional
Sports
Stadiums
--
Focus
on
Portland
,
Boston
,
Miami
,
Mpls/St
.
Paul
http://www.politalk.com/pages/topics/stadium/index.html
JUNE
11-22
Please
join
with
Politalk
,
E-Democracy
,
Quorum.Org
,
and
our
other
partners
,
as
we
host
a
virtual
conference
of
journalists
,
legislators
,
and
citizen
activists
from
4
cities
currently
debating
the
public
role
in
the
construction
or
rehabilitation
of
professional
sports
stadiums/arenas
.
Please
visit
our
web
site
for
a
partial
list
of
the
nationally
known
experts/guest
commentators
that
will
also
be
participating
.
Including
economist
Andrew
Zimbalist
,
stadium
expert
and
architect
Philip
Bess
,
journalists
Neil
DeMause
and
Jay
Weiner
,
and
many
others.
http://www.politalk.com/pages/topics/stadium/index.html
----------
To
join
our
two
week
e-mail
discussion
,
send
a
blank
message
to
:
[
EMAIL
PROTECTED
]
hyperlink
=
mailto:[EMAIL
PROTECTED
]
----------
Our
discussion
will
specifically
draw
on
the
experiences
and
lessons
learned
in
the
following
four
cities/sports
markets
:
Minneapolis
-
St.
Paul
Miami
Portland
Boston
Note
:
This
discussion
is
open
to
anyone
(
from
anywhere
)
who
has
an
interest
in
this
topic
and
would
like
to
participate
.
We
'll
be
addressing
such
questions
as
:
--------------------------------------
What
is
the
proper
role
for
government
in
maintaining
and
attracting
professional
sports
franchises
to
a
city
or
region
?
What
is
the
role
of
a
stadium
in
a
metropolitan
area
?
Is
it
basic
infrastructure
?
How
involved
should
local
government
be
in
the
planning
and
development
of
stadiums
?
What
,
if
any
,
economic
impact
does
a
stadium/team
have
on
a
city
?
What
,
if
anything
,
can
cities
do
collectively
to
diminish
the
competitive
pressures
for
sports
franchises
and
to
lessen
the
leverage
that
team
owners
have
on
local
governments
?
Is
there
a
need
for
Federal
involvement/regulation
regarding
the
movement
of
professional
sports
franchises
?
--------------------------------------
This
discussion
will
primarily
take
place
via
e-mail
,
with
the
option
for
some
web
based
participation
at
http://www.quorum.org
.
E-mail
participants
can
expect
to
receive
between
5
and
8
event
related
e-mails
per
day
for
the
duration
of
the
two
week
event.
===========
Partial
List
of
Participants
============
Council
Member
,
Paul
Scapicchio
,
Boston
District
1
Council
Member
,
Paul
Ostrow
,
Minneapolis
-
Ward
1
Representative
Chris
Beck
,
Oregon
-
District
:
12
Representative
Phil
Barnhart
,
Oregon
-
District
40
Drew
Mahalic
,
CEO
Portland
Oregon
Sports
Authority
Dan
Cook
,
editor
of
The
Business
Journal
Portland
Ron
Paul
,
Chief
of
Staff
-
Portland
Commissioner
Charlie
Hales
Andrew
Zimbalist
:
editor
of
"
Sports
,
Jobs
,
and
Taxes
:
The
Economic
Impact
of
Sports
Teams
and
Stadiums
"
author
of
"
Baseball
and
Billions
:
A
Probing
Look
Inside
the
Business
of
Our
National
Pastime
.
"
Dave
St.
Peter
,
Minnesota
Twins
Jay
Weiner
,
author
of
"
Stadium
Games
:
Fifty
Years
of
Big
League
Greed
and
Bush
League
Boondoggles
"
David
Brauer
,
Freelance
journalist
,
former
sports
business
reporter
for
City
Business
,
Corporate
Report
Minnesota
,
and
City
Pages
Thomas
Montgomery
,
Fans4MN
Neil
DeMause
,
co-author
of
"
Field
of
Schemes
"
Brett
Mandel
,
author
of
"
Minor
Players
,
Major
Dreams
"
Tom
Goldstein
,
Elysian
Fields
Quarterly
:
The
Baseball
Review
Brad
Humphreys
,
is
an
economist
who
is
actively
involved
in
research
on
the
economic
impact
of
professional
sports
franchises
and
facilities
on
local
economies
.
A
full
list
of
his
publications
in
this
area
can
be
found
on
his
curriculum
vitae
.
Shawn
McCarthy
,
Ralph
Nader
's
sports
industry
watchdog
Participating
Organizations
/
Web
Sites
:
=====================================================
Politalk
-
http://www.politalk.com
E-Democracy
-
http://www.e-democracy.org
Save
The
Minnesota
Twins
-
http://www.savetheminnesotatwins.com
/
Quorum
-
http://www.quorum.org
Save
Fenway
Park
-
http://www.savefenwaypark.com
/
Neighbor
Network
News
-
Boston
-
http://www.nnnonline.org
/
======================================
Note
:
Politalk
is
an
ongoing
discussion
forum
for
individuals
of
differing
political
ideologies
to
discuss
and
exchange
ideas
on
hot
topics
in
a
moderated
and
respectful
environment
.
For
more
information
,
please
visit
our
web
site
at
:
http://www.politalk.com
======================================
For
more
information
,
contact
:
Tim
Erickson
Politalk
Moderator
651-643-0722
[
EMAIL
PROTECTED
]
--
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Tim
Erickson
http://www.politalk.com
St.
Paul
,
MN
-
USA
651-643-0722
[
EMAIL
PROTECTED
]
ICQ
:
105978430
-------
End
of
forwarded
message
-------
^
^
^
^
Steven
L.
Clift
-
W
:
http://www.publicus.net
Minneapolis
-
-
-
E
:
[
EMAIL
PROTECTED
]
Minnesota
-
-
-
-
-
T
:
+1.612.822.8667
USA
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ICQ
:
13789183
***
Please
send
submissions
to
:
[
EMAIL
PROTECTED
]
***
***
To
subscribe
,
e-mail
:
[
EMAIL
PROTECTED
]
***
***
Message
body
:
SUB
DO-WIRE
***
***
To
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,
write
:
UNSUB
DO-WIRE
***
***
Please
forward
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***
***
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to
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free
DO-WIRE
service.
***
</text>
<text id="http://www.mail-archive.com/mcb-infoline@lists.berkeley.edu/msg00204.
html">
[
MCB-INFO
]
Fwd
:
Undergraduate
Research
Assistant
Wanted
Lynne
LaPointe
Thu
,
21
Apr
2005
11:16:27
-0700
The
following
message
is
official
and
has
been
approved
by
the
appropriate
authorities
to
be
posted
to
this
list.
&gt;&gt;Please
send
inquiries
to
:
Katherine
Harris
&gt;&gt;
&gt;&gt;Undergraduate
Research
Assistant
Wanted
&gt;&gt;
&gt;&gt;Research
Abstract
:
&gt;&gt;The
Beckendorf
lab
is
interested
in
studying
organogenesis
using
&gt;&gt;Drosophila
genetics
.
I
am
looking
for
a
research
assistant
to
help
me
&gt;&gt;screen
through
mutations
that
may
affect
salivary
gland
morphogenesis.
&gt;&gt;This
will
involve
learning
basic
fly
genetics
,
fixation
and
staining
&gt;&gt;of
fly
embryos
and
a
great
deal
of
microscopy
.
Upon
completion
of
the
&gt;&gt;screen
,
this
project
will
then
continue
on
in
the
preliminary
analysis
&gt;&gt;of
genes
identified
to
be
important
in
salivary
gland
development.
&gt;&gt;This
is
a
great
opportunity
to
gain
research
experience
as
well
as
&gt;&gt;learn
about
an
exciting
developmental
process.
&gt;&gt;
&gt;&gt;Requirements
:
&gt;&gt;This
position
requires
someone
willing
to
work
full
time
during
the
&gt;&gt;summer
(
30-40
hours/week
)
and
is
part-time
during
the
semester
(
~20
&gt;&gt;hours/week
)
.
Due
to
the
nature
of
the
screen
,
some
weekend
and
&gt;&gt;evening
hours
will
be
necessary
.
The
right
person
will
be
one
who
is
&gt;&gt;comfortable
working
as
part
of
a
team
and
who
has
a
flexible
schedule
,
&gt;&gt;especially
over
the
summer
.
I
am
looking
for
a
person
willing
to
&gt;&gt;commit
for
at
least
one
year
,
preferably
more.
&gt;&gt;Experienced
applicants
will
be
given
priority
;
however
I
will
train
&gt;&gt;the
right
person
.
I
would
prefer
to
have
an
MCB
student
that
is
&gt;&gt;willing
to
do
the
research
for
credit
(
MCB199
)
during
the
Fall/Spring
&gt;&gt;semesters
,
but
will
provide
compensation
for
summer
work
(
please
note
&gt;&gt;if
you
are
eligible
for
work
study
)
.
The
preferable
start
date
would
&gt;&gt;be
the
end
of
May/early
June
of
this
year.
&gt;&gt;
&gt;&gt;If
you
are
interested
,
please
submit
your
relevant
research
experience
&gt;&gt;and
coursework
(
and
grades
in
those
courses
)
as
well
as
your
overall
&gt;&gt;GPA
.
I
would
also
appreciate
a
brief
paragraph
about
yourself
,
&gt;&gt;educational
and
career
goals
,
as
well
as
why
you
are
interested
in
&gt;&gt;research.
&gt;&gt;
&gt;&gt;Thanks
,
&gt;&gt;Katherine
Harris
&gt;&gt;[EMAIL
PROTECTED
]
&gt;
&gt;Katherine
E.
Harris
&gt;Graduate
Student
Researcher
&gt;Beckendorf
Lab
&gt;University
of
California
,
Berkeley
&gt;Department
of
Molecular
&
Cell
Biology
&gt;16
Barker
Hall
#3204
&gt;Berkeley
,
CA
94720-3204
&gt;
&gt;Phone
:
510-642-6973
&gt;Email
:
[
EMAIL
PROTECTED
]
--
The
above
message
does
not
necessarily
represent
the
views
or
opinions
of
MCBcDNA
,
mcbUSA
,
the
MCB
Department
,
or
UC
Berkeley
.
TO
UNSUBSCRIBE
FROM
THIS
LIST
,
send
an
email
to
[
EMAIL
PROTECTED
]
with
"
unsubscribe
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"
in
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message
body
.
Please
send
questions
or
comments
to
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]
For
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of
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:
MCBcDNA
</text>
<text id="http://www.ag.iastate.edu/global/newsletter/newssept_oct04.html">
2004-05
Dean
of
Agriculture
's
International
Research
Grants
Program
for
faculty
and
staff
.
The
guidelines
and
criteria
for
proposals
can
be
found
at
:
http://www.ag.iastate.edu/global/isu_funding_01.htm
Deadline
:
October
15
,
2004
Contact
Shelley
Taylor
,
4-5393
,
sztaylor@iastate.edu
,
for
information
.
2004-05
International
Funding
for
Graduate
Students
and
Postdocs
.
The
guidelines
and
criteria
for
proposals
can
be
found
at
:
http://www.ag.iastate.edu/global/isu_funding_03.htm
Deadline
:
October
15
,
2004
Contact
Shelley
Taylor
,
4-5393
,
sztaylor@iastate.edu
,
for
information
.
World
Food
Prize
The
2004
World
Food
Prize
International
Symposium
,
From
Asia
to
Africa
:
Rice
,
Biofortification
and
Enhanced
Nutrition
,
will
be
held
at
the
Des
Moines
Downtown
Marriott
Hotel
,
October
14-15
,
2004
.
The
2004
Laureate
Ceremony
honoring
Professor
Yuan
Longping
of
China
,
and
Dr.
Monty
Jones
of
Sierra
Leone
,
which
is
by
special
invitation
,
will
be
held
on
October
14
,
2004
.
To
register
for
the
symposium
,
please
visit
:
www.worldfoodprize.org/Symposium/04register.htm
A
special
discounted
student
rate
of
$
75
is
available
for
ISU
graduate
and
undergraduate
students
.
Please
contact
Sue
Finestead
(
sfine@iastate.edu
)
for
a
copy
of
the
student
registration
form
.
2004
Borlaug
Lecture
The
2004
Norman
Borlaug
Lecture
,
presented
by
Catherine
Bertini
,
2003
World
Food
Prize
Laureate
,
is
scheduled
for
Wednesday
,
October
13
,
2004
,
at
8:00
p.m.
in
the
Sun
Room
of
the
Iowa
State
University
Memorial
Union
.
21st
Annual
World
Food
Day
The
21st
Annual
World
Food
Day
satellite
teleconference
,
"
Politics
of
Hunger
:
What
's
at
Stake
,
"
will
be
downlinked
in
Room
1141
Extension
and
4H
Youth
Building
on
the
ISU
campus
,
Friday
,
October
15
,
from
11:00
a.m.
to
2:00
p.m.
Please
register
by
contacting
:
Joyce
Greving
,
294-3079
,
jagrevin@iastate.edu
.
The
registration
deadline
is
October
11
,
2004
.
Seeking
2
Volunteers
for
a
Unique
Assignment
The
World
Food
Prize
Foundation
has
asked
the
College
of
Agriculture
to
identify
two
volunteers
who
can
spend
a
week
with
the
two
2004
World
Food
Prize
Laureates
(
Dr
.
Monte
Jones
and
Dr.
Yuan
Longping
)
serving
as
their
escorts
during
their
time
in
Iowa
.
The
dates
are
:
Sunday
,
October
10
to
Sunday
,
October
17
.
This
assignment
involves
long
hours
and
no
pay
,
but
it
is
an
excellent
opportunity
to
spend
time
with
two
extraordinary
individuals
getting
to
know
them
on
a
personal
level
.
The
volunteers
would
also
have
a
chance
to
meet
all
of
the
past
laureates
and
other
VIPs
in
attendance
.
The
two
volunteers
would
also
be
allowed
to
attend
all
of
the
WFP
events
without
charge
.
Interested
individuals
should
contact
Jayson
White
at
the
World
Food
Prize
Foundation
in
Des
Moines
at
515
245
3783
.
Undergraduate
and
graduate
students
are
preferred
.
A
driver
's
license
is
required
.
New
Grants
ISU
has
been
awarded
3
new
grants
funded
by
the
U.S.
Department
of
Education
's
Fund
for
the
Improvement
of
Postsecondary
Education
(
FIPSE
)
.
Title
:
&#8220;A
North
American
Program
to
Enrich
Animal
and
Public
Health
Education&#8221
;
PI
:
Nolan
Hartwig
Partners
:
Iowa
State
University
(
lead
)
;
Tuskegee
University
,
University
of
Nuevo
(
Mexico
)
;
University
of
Guadalajara
(
Mexico
)
;
Ontario
Veterinary
College
,
University
of
Guelph
(
Canada
)
;
and
the
Atlantic
Veterinary
College
,
Prince
Edward
Island
University
(
Canada
)
Title
:
&#8220;Precision
Agriculture
:
Technology
for
More
Sustainable
Agriculture
and
Greater
Food
Safety&#8221
;
PI
:
Bill
Batchelor
Partners
:
University
of
Georgia
(
lead
)
;
Iowa
State
University
;
Auburn
University
;
PanepistimioThessalias
(
Greece
)
;
UniversitÃ
degli
Studi
di
Padova
(
Italy
)
;
and
Technischen
Universität
München
(
Germany
)
Title
:
&#8220;Renewable
Resources
and
Clean
Technology&#8221
;
PI
:
Larry
Johnson
Partners
:
University
of
Arkansas
(
lead
)
;
Iowa
State
University
;
University
of
Washington
;
Universiteit
Gent
(
Belgium
)
;
Karl-Franzens
Universität
of
Graz
(
Austria
)
;
Institut
National
Polytechnique
de
Toulous
(
France
)
Title
:
&#8220;Rural
Sustainability
in
Agriculture
and
Aquaculture&#8221
;
PI
:
Cornelia
Flora
Partners
:
Virginia
Polytechnic
Institute
(
lead
)
;
Iowa
State
University
;
Nova
Scotia
Agricultural
College
(
Canada
)
;
Marine
Institute
of
Memorial
University
of
Newfoundland
(
Canada
)
;
Universidad
Autonoma
de
Baja
California
(
Mexico
)
;
Instituto
Tecnologico
Agropecuario
de
Oaxaca
(
Mexico
)
Proposals
Still
Being
Accepted
for
Summer
2005
Travel
Courses
Faculty
and
staff
interested
in
leading
students
abroad
on
Summer
2005
travel
courses
can
fill
out
the
Program
Planning
and
Approval
Form
located
under
the
applications
and
forms
link
at
www.iastate.edu/~study-abroad/SAEAC/home.html
.
The
due
date
for
Summer
2005
programs
is
October
1
,
2004
.
The
due
date
for
Fall
2005
programs
is
January
1
,
2005
.
For
assistance
in
planning
and
completing
the
form
,
please
contact
Shelley
Taylor
,
sztaylor@iastate.edu
,
294-5393
.
Grants
Available
for
Site
Visits
for
Group
Study
Abroad
Programs
Faculty
and
staff
interested
in
developing
travel
courses
can
apply
for
funding
for
the
costs
of
a
site
visit
to
the
proposed
location
of
the
trip
.
Applications
can
be
found
on
the
applications
and
forms
link
at
http://www.iastate.edu/~study-abroad/SAEAC/home.html
.
Applications
are
accepted
year
round
and
are
considered
on
a
first
come
,
first
served
basis
.
When
possible
,
successful
applicants
receive
up
to
90
%
of
funding
requested
.
For
assistance
in
planning
and
completing
the
form
,
please
contact
Shelley
Taylor
,
sztaylor@iastate.edu
,
294-5393
.
Agriculture
Study
Abroad
4th
Annual
Photo
Contest
To
celebrate
the
success
of
the
almost
250
students
who
went
abroad
on
College
of
Agriculture
study
and
work
abroad
programs
during
the
2003-04
academic
year
,
the
Agriculture
Study
Abroad
Office
will
host
it
's
annual
photo
contest
.
Students
participating
in
COA-sponsored
programs
can
submit
up
to
3
photos
from
their
trip
by
September
30
,
2004
.
The
photos
will
be
judged
and
prizes
will
be
awarded
for
Cross-Cultural
Content
,
Artistic
and
Technical
Quality
and
Reproducibility
.
To
find
out
more
about
the
contest
,
please
contact
Ag
Study
Abroad
at
agsao@iastate.edu
.
Winning
photos
will
be
announced
and
all
photos
will
be
displayed
in
October
.
New
Dean
of
Agriculture
Scholarship
for
Undergraduates
A
new
scholarship
will
be
available
to
COA
undergraduates
this
year
.
The
Dean
of
Agriculture
Semester
Exchange
Scholarship
is
a
$
1,000
scholarship
available
to
ag
students
who
participate
in
semester
or
year-long
programs
sponsored
by
the
Ag
Study
Abroad
Office
.
For
a
list
of
these
programs
,
students
should
visit
http://www.agstudyabroad.iastate.edu
/
.
For
more
information
on
the
scholarship
or
any
information
on
study
abroad
,
please
visit
the
Ag
Study
Abroad
office
,
111
Curtiss
Hall
,
agsao@iastate.edu
.
International
Visitors
to
the
College
of
Agriculture
Dates
of
Visit
Country
Visitor
(
s
)
Department/Contact
June
29
-
August
15
Taiwan
(
National
University
of
Taiwan
)
CiWen
Yang
Grain
Quality
Lab
Charles
Hurburgh
August
29
-
September
28
Mexico
(
Technological
Institute
of
Agriculture
of
Oaxaca
)
Abraham
Santa
Ana
Sociology
Cornelia
Flora
September
1
-
27
Serbia
(
Borlaug
Fellowship
Program
)
Jelena
Petkovic
Jasmina
Radovic
Nevena
Mitic
Jasmina
Milenkovic
Entomology
Jon
Tollefson
September
4
-
December
15
Costa
Rica
(
EARTH
)
Marlon
Villalobos
GAP
Eduarda
Becerra
September
11
-
December
12
China
(
Zhejiang
University
)
Qing
Zhu
NREM
Richard
Schultz
September
19
-
October
27
Bulgaria
(
Agro
Bioinstitute
,
Sofia
)
(
Borlaug
Fellowship
Program
)
Ivelin
Rizov
Entomology
Jon
Tollefson
October
15
,
2004
-
March
1
,
2005
Uzbekistan
(
TIIAME
)
Rustam
Satinbaev
Seed
Science
Center
Daniel
Curry
October
8
-
November
15
Romania
6
young
scientists
ABE
Ramesh
Kanwar
Where
Are
Fac
ulty/Staff
Traveling
?
?
?
David
Acker
,
Ag
Admin
,
Italy
,
Ukraine
,
Korea
,
FAO
meetings
,
cooperative
programs
,
Ensminger
Conference
presentation
Dong
Ahn
,
Animal
Science
,
Korea
,
present
paper
at
international
conference
Raymond
Arritt
,
Agronomy
,
Canada
,
England
,
attend
international
conference
,
invited
presentation
Theodore
Bailey
,
Statistics
,
Canada
,
attend
international
conference
David
Brenner
,
Agronomy
,
Canada
,
attend
international
conference
Thomas
Brumm
,
ABE
,
Canada
,
attend
ASAE
conference
Charles
Brummer
,
Agronomy
,
Canada
,
attend
annual
meeting
Petruta
Caragea
,
Statistics
,
Czech
Republic
,
attend
international
conference
Joel
Coats
,
Entomology
,
Hungary
,
invited
presentation
Dianne
Cook
,
Statistics
,
Canada
,
Czech
Republic
,
attend
international
conference
,
program
organizing
committee
Joseph
Cortes
,
Seed
Science
,
Vietnam
,
workshop
assistance
Jack
Dekkers
,
Animal
Science
,
The
Netherlands
,
present
invited
paper
Jerald
DeWitt
,
Entomology
,
Australia
,
attend
international
conference
Paul
Domoto
,
Horticulture
,
Latvia
,
research
W.
Sue
Fairbanks
,
NREM
,
Canada
,
attend
international
meeting
Steven
Fales
,
Agronomy
,
Australia
,
attend
international
conference
Rohan
Fernando
,
Animal
Science
,
Slovenia
,
present
invited
paper
Cornelia
Flora
,
Sociology
,
Canada
,
participate
in
review
committee
;
project
evaluation
Clark
Ford
,
FSHN
,
Chile
,
presentation
at
international
symposium
Mark
Gleason
,
Plant
Pathology
,
Germany
,
Serbia
,
seminar
and
presentations
at
international
conference
Hank
Harris
,
Animal
Science
,
Korea
,
present
paper
at
international
conference
Steven
Hoff
,
ABE
,
Canada
,
Belgium
,
attend
international
conferences
Maynard
Hogberg
,
Animal
Science
,
Korea
,
present
paper
at
international
conference
Michael
Holtzbauer
,
Animal
Science
,
Canada
,
attend
workshop
Robert
Horton
,
Agronomy
,
Japan
,
present
invited
seminars
,
research
Dean
Isaacson
,
Statistics
,
Canada
,
attend
international
conference
Jay-lin
Jane
,
FSHN
,
Korea
,
invited
seminar
Helen
Jensen
,
FSHN
,
South
Africa
,
Vitamin
A
research
Larry
Johnson
,
CCUR
,
Scotland
,
Ireland
,
attend
international
conferences
Steven
Jungst
,
NREM
,
Canada
,
attend
international
conference
Jacek
Adam
Koziel
,
ABE
,
Belgium
,
attend
international
conference
Monlin
Kuo
,
NREM
,
China
,
presentation
at
international
conference
Soumendra
Lahiri
,
Statistics
,
Canada
,
present
invited
paper
at
international
conference
Kendall
Lamkey
,
Agronomy
,
Mexico
,
attend
international
conference
Susan
Lamont
,
Animal
Science
,
Germany
,
attend
international
meeting
Michael
Larsen
,
Statistics
,
Canada
,
The
Netherlands
,
present
invited
paper
at
international
conferences
Michael
Lee
,
Agronomy
,
Portugal
,
proposal
review
for
FAO
John
Mabry
,
Animal
Science
,
Thailand
,
Australia
,
software
project
Andrew
Manu
,
Agronomy
,
Kenya
,
attend
international
conference
William
Meeker
,
Statistics
,
Canada
,
attend
international
conference
,
student
final
oral
exam
Ken
Moore
,
Agronomy
,
Australia
,
attend
international
conference
Gail
Nonnecke
,
Horticulture
,
Latvia
,
research
Jean
Opsomer
,
Statistics
,
Canada
,
attend
international
conference
Palle
Pedersen
,
Agronomy
,
Canada
,
attend
international
meeting
Ron
Prescott
,
Economics
,
Romania
,
program
trip
James
Reecy
,
Animal
Science
,
Japan
,
attend
international
conference
Marlin
Rice
,
Entomology
,
Australia
,
invited
presentation
at
international
conference
Max
Rothschild
,
Animal
Science
,
Australia
,
Japan
,
Korea
,
present
invited
papers
at
international
conferences
Wayne
Rowley
,
Entomology
,
Australia
,
research
project
,
attend
international
conference
Patrick
Schnable
,
Agronomy
,
Taiwan
,
present
invited
seminar
Robert
Stephenson
,
Statistics
,
Canada
,
attend
international
conference
Brian
Steward
,
ABE
,
Canada
,
attend
ASAE
conference
Robert
Summerfelt
,
NREM
,
Canada
,
present
invited
talk
at
international
conference
Eugene
Takle
,
Agronomy
,
Uruguay
,
attend
international
conference
Shelley
Taylor
,
GAP
,
Brazil
,
FIPSE
conference
Jon
Tollefson
,
Entomology
,
Serbia
,
international
conference
David
Topel
,
Animal
Science
,
Korea
,
present
paper
at
international
conference
Christopher
Tuggle
,
Animal
Science
,
Korea
,
Japan
,
invited
presentation
,
attend
international
conference
Wendy
White
,
FSHN
,
South
Africa
,
Vitamin
A
research
Jeffrey
Wolt
,
Seed
Science
,
France
,
invited
presentation
at
international
conference
Catherine
Woteki
,
Ag
Admin
,
Italy
,
FAO
meetings
Hongwei
Xin
,
ABE
,
Belgium
,
invited
presentation
X.B.
Yang
,
Plant
Pathology
,
Brazil
,
Switzerland
,
research
collaboration
,
attend
international
meeting
If
you
are
planning
to
travel
internationally
and
want
to
be
included
in
the
Global
Update
,
please
send
or
fax
a
copy
of
your
Out
of
State
Travel
Authorization
to
Sue
Finestead
,
104
Curtiss
Hall
,
FAX
:
4-9477
.
SUBSCRIBE
Global
Update
,
a
newsletter
to
keep
Iowa
State
University
College
of
Agriculture
faculty
and
staff
informed
of
international
activities
and
initiatives
,
is
prepared
bi-monthly
.
To
subscribe
,
send
your
name
,
e-mail
address
and
the
message
"
Global
Update
subscribe
"
to
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.
To
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,
send
"
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Update
unsubscribe
.
"
</text>
<text id="http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/entomology/entupdates/Indoor_pest
/bed_bug.htm">
A
group
of
bed
bugs
feeding
.
The
smaller
ones
are
nymphs
.
Note
the
raised
welt
on
the
skin
resulting
from
their
feeding
.
Bed
bugs
and
their
relatives
represent
a
small
group
of
ectoparasites
which
require
a
blood
meal
in
order
to
complete
their
life
cycles
.
They
are
frequently
encountered
in
homes
and
if
left
uncontrolled
,
may
quickly
become
established
and
infest
adjoining
rooms
and
dwellings
.
Description
and
Biology
:
Adult
bed
bugs
measure
approximately
1/5
inch
in
length
by
1/8
inch
in
width
.
They
are
reddish-brown
in
color
and
typically
oval
and
flattened
in
shape
.
After
feeding
,
the
abdomen
becomes
engorged
giving
the
bed
bug
a
somewhat
elongated
appearance
.
Immatures
are
yellowish-white
in
color
.
The
head
bears
piercing-sucking
mouthparts
which
enable
bed
bugs
to
pierce
the
skin
and
retrieve
blood
from
their
hosts
.
The
antennae
have
four
segments
and
two
compound
eyes
are
visible
.
The
wings
are
reduced
to
short
pads
and
incapable
of
generating
flight
.
Eggs
are
white
and
approximately
1/32
inch
long
.
Life
Cycle
and
Habits
Bed
bugs
are
nocturnal
in
their
feeding
habits
,
hiding
in
crevices
and
cracks
during
the
day
.
A
female
can
lay
a
total
of
200
to
500
eggs
.
The
eggs
are
laid
in
batches
of
10
to
50
in
areas
where
the
insects
hide
.
The
young
are
hatched
in
four
to
28
(
usually
about
10
)
days
,
depending
upon
temperature
.
Newly
hatched
bed
bugs
feed
and
molt
five
times
before
reaching
maturity
.
All
of
the
instars
are
tolerant
to
starvation
and
can
endure
several
months
or
more
without
a
blood
meal
.
In
one
year
,
there
may
be
three
or
more
generations
.
Usually
,
one
blood
meal
is
taken
between
egg
deposition
and
each
instar
molt
.
Host(s
)
:
Hosts
include
man
,
rats
,
guinea
pigs
,
rabbits
,
bats
,
poultry
,
birds
and
other
warm-blooded
animals
.
The
Cimicids
in
North
Dakota
that
affect
man
include
the
common
bed
bug
,
Cimex
lectularius
,
and
the
eastern
bat
bug
,
C.
adjunctus
.
Damage/Symptoms
:
When
bed
bugs
bite
,
they
become
completely
engorged
with
blood
in
from
three
to
fifteen
minutes
,
depending
on
the
bed
bugs
age
and
sex
.
A
fluid
is
injected
into
the
wound
while
feeding
which
may
cause
irritation
and
inflammation
.
In
many
cases
welts
develop
,
however
,
persons
bitten
by
bed
bugs
may
react
differently
.
In
some
cases
,
the
bite
causes
little
inconvenience
.
The
fact
that
bed
bugs
take
at
least
five
blood
meals
prior
to
maturity
has
placed
these
insects
under
suspicion
as
potential
vectors
of
disease
.
However
,
there
is
no
convincing
evidence
that
this
is
true
.
Initially
,
bed
bugs
are
found
in
bedding
and
associated
tufts
,
seams
,
and
folds
of
infested
mattresses
.
As
the
insects
multiply
,
they
spread
to
window
and
door
casings
,
pictures
,
loosened
wallpaper
,
plaster
cracks
,
baseboards
and
partitions
.
They
are
readily
moved
about
in
clothing
,
traveling
bags
and
suitcases
,
laundry
,
second
hand
beds
and
furniture
.
Bed
bugs
are
found
in
just
about
any
habitat
which
offers
darkness
,
isolation
,
and
protection
.
This
includes
new
and
old
buildings
.
Even
the
best
maintained
households
are
not
exempt
from
invasion
,
although
proper
sanitation
is
the
best
preventative
measure
against
these
and
many
household
pests
.
Close
relatives
of
bed
bugs
include
the
bat
bug
which
is
common
in
attics
infested
with
bats
,
and
swallow
and
chimney
swift
bugs
which
are
frequent
in
homes
inhabited
by
swallows
,
pigeons
,
and
other
wild
birds
.
These
insects
prefer
hosts
other
than
man
;
however
,
they
may
feed
on
man
if
the
opportunity
presents
itself
.
Comments
:
Effective
control
of
bed
bugs
involves
thorough
inspection
to
determine
the
areas
of
infestation
before
treatments
can
be
implemented
.
Careful
inspection
of
all
rooms
immediately
adjoining
infested
rooms
will
often
reveal
hidden
bed
bugs
.
Inspect
cracks
and
crevices
using
a
flat
bladed
instrument
that
dislodge
bed
bugs
from
their
hiding
places
.
Frequently
even
when
the
insects
themselves
cannot
be
located
,
their
presence
can
be
determined
by
looking
for
dark
spots
of
visible
fecal
material
or
remnants
of
blood
on
sheets
and
pillowcases
.
In
some
instances
,
a
distinctive
"
sweet
"
odor
often
identifies
the
presence
of
a
severe
infestation
.
Bed
bug
invasions
can
be
prevented
by
practicing
good
sanitation
.
Laundering
bedding
on
a
regular
basis
,
routine
cleaning
and
vacuuming
of
the
premises
,
repairing
cracks
in
the
walls
and
careful
inspection
of
used
beds
and
furniture
prior
to
purchase
can
reduce
the
potential
infestation
.
Eliminating
bird
nests
and
sealing
potential
openings
in
roofs
and
attics
will
prevent
wild
birds
and
bats
from
inhabiting
the
building
.
Bed
bugs
can
be
controlled
using
chemical
sprays
.
All
areas
where
bed
bugs
could
be
hiding
should
be
treated
.
This
includes
the
tufts
and
seams
of
mattresses
,
bed
frames
,
box
springs
,
furniture
,
baseboards
,
moldings
,
carpet
edges
,
around
window
and
door
casings
,
and
loose
wallpaper
.
Residual
sprays
containing
carbaryl
,
allethrin
,
cyfluthrin
,
deltamethrin
,
permethrin
,
pyrethrin
,
resmethrin
,
sumithrin
,
tetramethrin
,
and
tralomethrin
may
be
used
indoors
.
All
these
insecticides
,
except
carbaryl
,
may
be
applied
to
mattresses
.
However
,
no
insecticide
should
be
used
without
careful
consultation
of
the
label
since
there
may
be
exceptions
regarding
use
of
a
specific
product
.
Treated
surfaces
should
be
allowed
to
dry
for
at
least
3
or
4
hours
before
use
.
Reinfestations
may
occur
due
to
difficulties
in
locating
all
of
the
hiding
places
,
or
hidden
eggs
may
hatch
after
the
premise
has
been
treated
.
A
second
application
may
be
necessary
if
bed
bugs
are
detected
two
weeks
after
the
initial
treatment
.
Bat
bugs
,
swallow
bugs
and
chimney
swift
bugs
may
crawl
into
homes
and
cause
problems
after
the
bats
and
wild
birds
have
left
.
An
application
of
the
previously
mentioned
insecticides
will
give
control
.
In
many
instances
,
control
measures
can
be
successfully
implemented
by
the
homeowner
.
However
,
in
those
cases
where
professional
consultation
is
required
,
a
reputable
pest
control
operator
can
provide
assistance
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/bqa/manual/overview.htm">
Beef
carcasses
were
too
fat
Beef
carcasses
were
too
inconsistent
Beef
lacked
tenderness
Recommendations
to
producers
:
Evaluate
herd
health
and
genetic
management
programs
Eliminate
non-conforming
cattle
from
cow
herds
Analyze
management
practices
,
transportation
and
handling
systems
Encourage
the
flow
of
information
from
the
packing
plant
back
to
the
ranch
The
1991
U.S.
National
Beef
Quality
Audit
,
the
first
quality
audit
of
beef
carcasses
,
detailed
areas
where
beef
was
falling
short
of
the
final
customer
's
expectations
.
The
audit
determined
that
there
was
nearly
$
280
in
quality
defects
for
the
average
fed
animal
marketed
.
The
majority
of
the
loss
was
due
to
excess
fat
,
lack
of
marbling
,
and
other
carcass
defects
.
Figure
1
details
the
average
losses
due
to
taste
,
management
,
decreased
yield
,
and
carcass
weight
.
Figure
1.
Estimated
losses
per
head
of
fed
cattle
marketed
.
Source
:
1991
NCBA
Fed
Cattle
Quality
Audit
1995
National
Beef
Quality
Audit
Objectives
:
Conduct
a
quality
audit
of
carcasses
,
and
dress-off/offal
items
for
the
U.S.
beef
industry
Conclusions
:
$
137.82
lost
in
carcass
value
per
head
of
fed
beef
marketed
Recommendations
:
To
recapture
some
of
the
lost
value
of
beef
cattle
,
producers
should
:
Increase
red
meat
yield
Enhance
taste
and
tenderness
Improve
management
The
objectives
of
the
1995
National
Beef
Quality
Audit
were
to
:
1
)
conduct
an
audit
of
the
quality
of
slaughter
cattle
,
including
their
carcasses
and
dress-off
and
offal
items
;
2
)
establish
baselines
for
quality
shortfalls
and
identify
targets
for
desired
quality
levels
by
the
year
2005
;
3
)
assess
whether
or
not
progress
had
been
made
in
correcting
deficiencies
and
reducing
quality
concerns
when
compared
to
the
results
of
the
1991
audit
.
The
1995
audit
concluded
that
an
average
of
$
137.82
was
lost
per
head
of
fed
beef
marketed
,
as
detailed
in
Figure
2.
To
recapture
some
of
this
loss
,
the
industry
needs
to
increase
red
meat
yield
,
enhance
taste
and
tenderness
,
and
improve
methods
of
management
.
Figure
2.
Estimated
losses
per
head
of
fed
cattle
marketed
.
Source
:
1995
NCBA
Fed
Cattle
Audit
Increasing
red
meat
yield
could
regain
about
$
47.76
of
the
lost
value
.
The
audit
suggests
this
be
accomplished
by
producing
carcasses
that
have
less
trimmable
fat
.
The
audit
also
suggested
improving
cutability
of
carcasses
.
To
enhance
taste
and
tenderness
of
the
final
beef
product
,
the
audit
suggested
beef
producers
lower
the
age
of
cattle
by
minimizing
the
number
of
bullocks
and
heiferettes
.
They
also
suggested
that
fed
cattle
have
sufficient
amounts
of
marbling
before
slaughter
.
The
audit
addressed
specific
management
practices
that
could
improve
the
quality
of
the
final
product
.
These
practices
included
reducing
injection
site
lesions
by
giving
all
injections
in
the
neck
,
decreasing
hide
problems
,
dehorning
,
castration
,
decreased
bruising
,
and
lowering
the
overall
incidence
of
dark
cutters
.
Dark
cutting
beef
is
believed
to
be
the
result
of
reduced
sugar
content
of
the
lean
muscle
at
the
time
of
slaughter
.
The
dark
color
of
the
lean
associated
with
"
dark
cutters
"
is
present
in
varying
degrees
,
from
barely
evident
to
lean
which
is
nearly
black
in
color
.
Although
there
is
little
evidence
indicating
the
"
dark
cutting
"
condition
has
any
adverse
effect
on
palatability
,
it
is
considered
in
grading
because
of
its
effect
on
acceptability
and
value
.
Depending
on
the
degree
to
which
this
characteristic
is
developed
,
the
final
grade
of
carcasses
which
otherwise
would
qualify
for
the
prime
,
choice
,
or
select
grades
may
be
reduced
as
much
as
one
full
grade
.
1994
National
Non-Fed
(
Cull
)
Beef
Quality
Audit
Objectives
:
To
determine
baseline
information
on
quality
defects
associated
with
non-fed
animals
Identify
strategies
U.S.
beef
producers
and
dairyman
could
use
to
reduce
these
"
quality
"
defects
Conclusions
:
Losses
due
to
quality
defects
were
$
70/head
marketed
Top
10
defects
were
due
to
management
practices
Recommendations
for
recovering
lost
value
of
non-fed
or
cull
animals
:
Manage
cattle
to
minimize
defects
and
quality
deficiencies
Monitor
health
and
condition
of
non-fed
animals
often
Market
non-fed
cattle
in
a
timely
manner
Non-fed
animals
are
extremely
valuable
economically
to
the
individual
operation
as
well
as
the
beef
industry
.
The
sale
of
cull
bulls
and
cows
account
for
15
to
20
percent
of
a
typical
beef
cattle
producer
's
income
.
Therefore
,
producers
should
pay
considerable
attention
to
the
health
and
quality
of
cull
animals
they
market
to
receive
the
full
profit
potential
from
the
sale
of
these
animals
.
Non-fed
beef
is
very
important
to
the
entire
beef
industry
.
Roughly
6.4
billion
pounds
of
non-fed
beef
was
consumed
in
the
United
States
in
1994
.
Beef
products
from
non-fed
animals
included
primals
,
sub-primals
and
ground
beef
.
In
the
United
States
,
ground
beef
accounts
for
between
43
and
44
percent
of
the
beef
consumed
.
Contrary
to
popular
belief
,
not
all
beef
from
non-fed
animals
is
marketed
as
ground
beef
.
Examples
of
primal
and
subprimal
usage
from
non-fed
beef
carcasses
include
ribeye
rolls
that
are
often
shaved
and
used
for
philly
steak
sandwiches
,
flats
(
outside
rounds
)
which
are
often
sold
in
pressed
form
or
cooked
and
marketed
as
deli
meat
,
and
ribeyes
,
strips
,
and
tenderloins
which
are
generally
sold
to
"
family
"
steakhouses
,
casinos
,
and
airlines
.
The
1994
Non-Fed
(
Cull
)
Beef
Quality
Audit
suggested
managing
,
monitoring
,
and
marketing
cull
animals
properly
as
methods
for
regaining
some
of
the
value
lost
in
cull
animals
,
as
depicted
in
Figure
3.
Figure
3.
Suggested
methods
of
recovering
lost
value
per
head
non-fed
beef
.
Source
:
1994
NCBA
Non-Fed
Beef
Quality
Audit
The
top
10
defects
found
in
non-fed
animals
were
due
mainly
to
management
practices
.
The
defects
were
:
1
)
excessive
bruising
,
2
)
excessive
condemnation
rate
,
3
)
excessive
brands
,
4
)
small
ribeyes
in
cows
,
5
)
inadequate
muscling
in
cows
(
due
to
poor
condition
)
,
6
)
excessive
external
fat
,
7
)
excessively
heavy
live
weights
in
bulls
,
8
)
low
dressing
percentages
,
9
)
advanced
lameness
,
and
10
)
too
frequent
disease
(
cancer
eye
,
lumpy
jaw
,
arthritis
,
sheath
and
udder
damage
,
etc
)
.
Current
studies
are
finding
that
injection
sites
contribute
to
large
defects
in
the
rounds
of
non-fed
beef
.
Injection
site
lesions
were
found
in
28.7
percent
of
all
beef
cows
and
in
58
percent
of
carcasses
from
dairy
cows
.
These
rounds
from
non-fed
beef
are
extremely
important
economically
to
the
beef
industry
.
These
are
commonly
processed
and
marketed
as
whole
muscle
products
and
sold
as
deli
roast
beef
or
as
fast
food
sandwiches
.
Lesions
are
often
located
deep
in
the
muscle
.
They
are
not
found
in
the
normal
fabrication
process
,
and
may
not
be
discovered
except
by
the
end
user
of
the
product
.
The
non-fed
audit
suggested
that
producers
remember
the
"
Three
M
's
"
(
Manage
,
Monitor
,
and
Market
)
when
it
relates
to
cull
animals
.
Managing
non-fed
cattle
to
minimize
defects
and
quality
deficiencies
,
monitoring
the
health
and
condition
of
cull
cattle
often
and
in
a
timely
fashion
,
and
marketing
cattle
in
a
timely
manner
.
In
conclusion
,
keep
the
"
Three
M
's
"
in
mind
when
managing
cull
animals
.
Managing
cull
animals
properly
,
monitoring
cull
animals
correctly
,
and
marketing
non-fed
animals
appropriately
could
save
the
industry
about
$
70
per
head
marketed
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~news/story.php?id=3088">
Smart
Stuff
with
Twig
Walkingstick
:
Climate
Change
Problems
(
for
the
Week
of
March
20
,
2005
)
Writer
:
Kurt
Knebusch
knebusch.1@osu.edu
330-263-3776
Dear
Twig
:
Blah
blah
blah
.
You
say
thereâs
global
warming
.
Whatâs
so
bad
about
that
?
âGlobal
warming.â
Hmm
.
Maybe
it
isnât
a
bad
idea
.
Makes
me
think
of
palm
trees
in
Cleveland
.
Whee
!
Of
course
it
isnât
that
simple
nor
harmless
.
Global
warming
is
raising
Earthâs
average
temperature
â
by
1
degree
Fahrenheit
in
the
past
100
years
,
and
predicted
to
go
up
another
2
to
6
degrees
Fahrenheit
in
the
century
ahead
â
and
that
,
in
turn
,
is
changing
Earthâs
climate
.
Changing
the
climate
threatens
big
problems
.
Like
what
?
Well
,
potential
problems
from
climate
change
,
according
to
scientists
with
the
U.S.
Environmental
Protection
Agency
,
include
the
melting
of
our
polar
ice
caps
;
rising
sea
levels
;
flooding
of
coasts
;
extinctions
of
numerous
species
;
and
food
and
water
shortages
.
All
of
which
are
bad
.
The
key
â
for
scientists
and
for
all
of
us
â
is
to
see
exactly
whatâs
going
on
and
then
,
as
needed
,
to
take
helpful
action
.
Twig
P.S.
Check
out
EPAâs
Global
Warming
Kids
Site
,
www.epa.gov/globalwarming/kids/index.html
.
Dear
Subscriber
:
This
is
the
third
in
a
series
of
columns
related
to
human-caused
climate
change
.
Ohio
State
experts
on
the
topic
include
Rattan
Lal
,
School
of
Natural
Resources
,
co-author
of
Climate
Change
and
Global
Food
Security
,
Global
Climate
Change
and
Tropical
Ecosystems
,
and
Global
Climate
Change
and
Cold
Regions
Ecosystems
;
and
Lonnie
Thompson
,
Byrd
Polar
Research
Center
,
recently
featured
in
National
Geographic
(
)
and
on
CNN
(
âSmart
Stuff
with
Twig
Walkingstick,â
a
service
of
The
Ohio
State
University
College
of
Food
,
Agricultural
,
and
Environmental
Sciences
â
specifically
,
of
the
Ohio
Agricultural
Research
and
Development
Center
(
OARDC
)
and
of
Ohio
State
University
Extension
,
both
of
which
are
parts
of
the
College
â
is
a
weekly
column
for
children
about
science
,
nature
,
farming
and
the
environment
.
For
details
and
to
receive
Twig
free
by
mail
,
e-mail
or
fax
,
contact
Kurt
Knebusch
,
News
and
Media
Relations
,
SCT
,
OSU/OARDC,1680
Madison
Ave.
,
Wooster
,
OH
44691
,
knebusch.1@osu.edu
,
(
330
)
263-3776
.
Available
online
at
http://fusion.ag.ohio-state.edu/news/twig.asp
.
Available
in
Spanish
as
âCosa
Curiosas
con
Juan
Palitosâ
at
http://fusion.ag.ohio-state.edu/news/twigspanish.asp
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.agbioforum.missouri.edu/v7n3/v7n3a05-stewart.htm">
Fear
and
Hope
over
the
Third
Generation
of
Agricultural
Biotechnology
:
Analysis
of
Public
Response
in
the
Federal
Register
Patrick
A.
Stewart
and
William
McLean
Arkansas
State
University
The
third
generation
of
agricultural
biotechnology
looms
large
as
plant-made
pharmaceuticals
(
PMPs
)
and
plant-made
industrial
products
(
PMIPs
)
both
promise
new
,
cheaper
,
and
more
plentiful
pharmaceutical
drugs
and
industrial
products
,
such
as
plastics
,
cosmetics
,
enzymes
,
and
epoxies
.
At
the
same
time
,
they
threaten
the
US
food
supply
through
adventitious
presence
(
e.g.
,
inadvertent
mixing
)
of
PMPs/PMIPs
with
the
traditional
food
supplyâa
concern
brought
home
by
the
StarLink
and
Prodigene
controversies
in
the
past
few
years
.
This
paper
explores
the
third
generation
of
agricultural
biotechnology
by
looking
at
the
products
being
developed
and
field
tested
and
the
regulations
being
implemented
to
address
environmental
release
of
PMPs
and
PMIPs
.
We
next
address
the
overwhelming
public
response
to
Federal
Register
notices
concerning
field
release
of
PMPs
and
PMIPs
and
consider
both
the
unprecedented
volume
of
responses
and
their
content
,
which
reveals
public
and
industry
debate
in
terms
of
how
to
define
science
,
governmental
trust
,
and
emotional
response
to
the
new
technologies
.
We
conclude
by
considering
implications
for
not
only
PMPs
and
PMIPs
,
but
also
agricultural
biotechnology
in
general
.
Key
words
:
agricultural
biotechnology
,
Federal
Register
,
plant-made
industrial
products
(
PMIP
)
,
plant-made
pharmaceuticals
(
PMP
)
,
public
opinion
,
risk
.
As
the
new
agricultural
biotechnology
approaches
its
twentieth
year
,
the
much-vaunted
technology
evidences
a
mixed
record
,
as
the
third
generation
of
agricultural
biotechnologyâplants
that
produce
pharmaceuticals
and
industrial
productsâenters
the
fields
.
Although
the
first-generation
crops
,
which
were
modified
for
such
agronomic
purposes
as
insect
resistance
and
herbicide
tolerance
,
continue
to
dominate
the
corn
,
cotton
,
and
soybean
markets
in
the
United
States
,
the
future
viability
of
these
crops
are
in
doubt
,
as
the
European
Union
and
Africa
enacted
trade
restrictions
,
and
the
environmental
effectiveness
of
these
crops
have
been
reduced
through
insect
and
weed
adaptations
.
The
second
generation
of
genetically
engineered
plantsâthose
modified
for
product
quality
characteristics
such
as
Calgene
's
failed
experiment
with
the
McGregor
Flavr
Savr
tomato
and
the
much-hyped
"
golden
rice"âhave
not
lived
up
to
expectations
.
Furthermore
,
the
US
regulatory
scheme
,
the
Coordinated
Framework
for
the
Regulation
of
Biotechnology
(
Coordinated
Framework
)
put
in
place
in
1986
,
has
been
found
wanting
.
Three
incidents
since
1999
have
cast
unfavorable
public
attention
on
agricultural
biotechnology
and
its
regulators
.
The
first
controversy
dealt
with
the
monarch
butterfly
and
Bt
corn
(
1999-2001
)
.
Here
,
a
lab-based
study
found
that
monarch
larva
were
harmed
by
a
type
of
Bt
corn
in
production
agriculture
.
This
finding
,
in
turn
,
highlighted
a
gap
in
the
Coordinated
Framework
:
The
USDA
's
Animal
and
Plant
Health
Inspection
Service
(
APHIS
)
does
not
consider
effects
on
nontarget
species
in
field
tests
.
The
second
incident
dealt
with
StarLink
Bt
corn
entering
the
food
supply
of
the
United
States
and
other
countries
.
StarLink
was
approved
by
the
EPA
and
FDA
only
for
animal
feed
use
,
not
for
human
consumption
,
but
was
found
in
the
food
supply
in
2000
,
specifically
in
taco
shells
and
other
corn-based
products
.
The
incident
pointed
out
the
ease
in
which
US
food
security
was
breached
.
It
also
highlighted
the
inability
of
the
EPA
to
enforce
regulations
concerning
what
enters
into
the
food
stream
.
The
event
most
pertinent
for
this
research
was
Prodigene
's
plant-made
pharmaceutical
(
PMP
)
corn
almost
entering
the
US
food
supply
in
2002
.
Here
,
volunteer
corn
plants
engineered
to
prevent
"
traveler
's
diarrhea
"
were
found
in
Iowa
and
Nebraska
fields
.
This
mere
presence
violated
APHIS
field
test
conditions
.
As
a
result
,
more
than
500,000
bushels
of
soybean
were
destroyed
and
115
acres
of
corn
were
incinerated
due
to
cross-pollination
concerns
.
The
event
exposed
flaws
in
stringency
and
enforcement
of
the
APHIS
permitting
system
and
led
to
even
higher
levels
of
concern
over
the
safety
of
the
US
food
system
and
the
ability
of
the
Federal
government
to
regulate
it
(
Stewart
&
Knight
,
in
press
).
In
spite
of
these
incidents
and
the
uproar
they
aroused
,
there
are
still
high
expectations
for
the
third
generation
of
the
new
agricultural
biotechnologyâthat
of
plant-made
pharmaceuticals
(
PMPs
)
and
plant-made
industrial
products
(
PMIPs
)
.
Their
promise
is
to
provide
the
agricultural
sector
with
new
products
that
would
revolutionize
how
drugs
and
other
industrial
products
are
made
,
making
them
cheaper
,
more
diverse
,
and
more
plentiful
.
Examples
of
pharmaceutical
products
produced
by
these
plants
include
avidin
(
used
in
medical
diagnostics
)
,
tripsin
(
an
enzyme
used
in
drug
production
)
,
hiridin
(
a
human
anticoagulant
protein
)
,
a
topically
applied
antibody
that
prevents
the
transmission
of
herpes
,
and
a
potential
vaccine
for
HIV
(
Jaffe
,
2002
).
Industrial
products
include
enzymes
and
epoxies
for
industrial
uses
,
cosmetics
,
and
plastics
to
replace
petroleum-based
products
.
At
the
same
time
,
PMPs
and
PMIPs
raise
a
host
of
new
critiques
based
upon
fears
of
pharmaceuticals
and
industrial
products
entering
the
food
supply
,
along
with
the
familiar
critiques
of
agricultural
biotechnology
that
express
ecological
concerns
about
weediness
and
genetic
drift
.
This
is
due
mainly
to
the
current
regulatory
system
that
is
not
perceived
as
advanced
enough
to
address
the
range
of
environmental
and
health
concerns
raised
.
Specifically
,
although
the
science
of
agricultural
biotechnology
and
related
disciplines
has
advanced
,
and
the
range
and
extent
of
genetically
crops
grown
has
increased
since
the
Coordinated
Framework
of
Biotechnology
was
put
in
place
in
1986
,
regulations
continue
to
be
rooted
in
a
regulatory
framework
stitched
together
from
disparate
elements
and
agencies
in
response
to
theoretical
risks
from
limited
experimental
plantings
(
Stewart
&
Knight
,
in
press
;
Stewart
&
Sorensen
,
2000
).
Now
that
pharmaceuticals
and
industrial
products
have
the
potential
to
be
grown
outside
of
greenhouses
and
controlled
conditions
on
a
relatively
large
scale
,
with
the
potential
for
adventitious
presence
of
PMPs
and
PMIPs
in
food
crops
(
Mellon
&
Rissler
,
2004
;
National
Research
Council
[
NRC
]
,
2002
;
Taylor
&
Tick
,
2004
)
,
the
flaws
and
holes
in
the
Coordinated
Framework
have
become
highlighted
.
The
mixture
of
hope
and
fear
can
be
seen
in
the
debate
over
regulations
as
the
scope
,
direction
,
and
tenor
of
conflict
over
this
third
generation
of
technology
has
expanded
and
diversified
.
In
this
paper
,
we
explore
the
third
generation
of
agricultural
biotechnology
by
looking
at
the
products
being
developed
and
field
tested
,
the
regulations
being
implemented
to
assure
environmental
and
health
safety
,
and
public
response
to
these
regulations
.
Specifically
,
we
consider
trends
in
third-generation
agricultural
biotechnology
field
testing
by
analyzing
APHIS
databases
.
We
next
look
at
USDA
APHIS
regulations
recently
promulgated
to
address
environmental
release
of
PMPs
and
PMIPs
.
Finally
,
we
address
the
overwhelming
public
response
to
Federal
Register
notices
concerning
field
release
of
PMPs
and
PMIPs
.
We
consider
both
the
volume
of
response
,
which
is
unprecedented
in
terms
of
agricultural
biotechnology
,
and
the
content
of
these
responses
,
which
reveals
public
and
biotech
industry
debate
in
terms
of
how
to
define
science
,
governmental
trust
,
and
emotional
response
to
the
new
technologies
.
Field
Release
Trends
Since
1986
,
when
the
Coordinated
Framework
(
which
used
preexisting
regulatory
agencies
and
their
regulations
and
emphasized
regulation
on
the
basis
of
products
)
was
put
in
place
by
the
Office
of
Science
and
Technology
Policy
(
OSTP
)
,
biotechnology
policy
has
undergone
a
series
of
changes
.
From
its
inception
,
regulations
pertaining
to
the
field
release
of
genetically
engineered
plants
have
been
relaxed
,
as
the
agency
dealing
with
these
crops
,
USDA
APHIS
,
gained
experience
,
and
the
economic
importance
of
these
crops
,
as
realized
by
industry
,
grew
.
Table
1
suggests
there
have
been
three
periods
of
change
prior
to
current
times
.
The
first
occurred
as
the
regulatory
regime
was
being
put
in
place
in
1986-87
.
The
next
period
occurred
five
years
later
,
as
an
OSTP
directive
led
to
deregulation
of
field
release
activity
.
Three
years
later
,
the
APHIS
biotech
office
reorganized
,
and
field
release
activity
was
further
deregulated
.
Table
1.
Federal
regulation
of
field
release
of
agricultural
biotechnology
.
1986
Office
of
Science
and
Technology
Policy
(
OSTP
)
Coordinated
Framework
for
the
Regulation
of
Biotechnology
.
1987
USDA
Animal
and
Plant
Health
Inspection
Service
(
APHIS
)
establishes
Office
of
Agricultural
Biotechnology
(
OAB
)
and
Biotechnology
,
Biologics
and
Environmental
Protection
Division
(
BBEPD
)
.
1987
USDA
APHIS
"
Introduction
of
organisms
and
products
altered
or
produced
through
genetic
engineering
which
are
plant
pests
or
which
there
is
reason
to
believe
are
plant
pests
.
"
Start
of
field
release
permitting
.
1992
OSTP
"
Exercise
of
federal
oversight
within
scope
of
statutory
authority
:
Planned
introductions
of
biotechnology
in
the
environment
.
"
1993
"
Genetically
engineered
organisms
and
products
:
Notification
procedures
for
the
introduction
of
certain
regulated
articles
;
and
petition
for
non-regulated
status
.
"
Simplified
field
release
regulations
for
plants
not
considered
a
plant
pest
risk
(
corn
,
cotton
,
soybean
,
tobacco
,
tomato
)
.
1996
BBEPD
reorganized
.
1997
"
Genetically
engineered
organisms
and
products
:
Simplification
of
requirements
and
procedures
for
genetically
engineered
organisms
.
"
Extends
nonregulated
status
to
organisms
closely
related
to
those
already
deregulated
.
2002
OSTP
"
Proposal
to
update
field
test
requirements
for
biotechnology
derived
plants
and
establish
early
food
safety
assessments
for
new
proteins
produced
by
such
plants
.
"
Affects
USDA
,
EPA
,
and
FDA
.
2002
APHIS
Biotechnology
Regulatory
Service
(
BRS
)
replaces
BBEPD
to
regulate
and
facilitate
biotechnology
.
2,600
agricultural
quarantine
inspectors
transferred
from
APHIS
to
Department
of
Homeland
Security
.
March
10
,
2003
USDA
APHIS
request
for
comments
on
"
Field
testing
of
plants
engineered
to
produce
pharmaceutical
and
industrial
compounds
.
"
increases
regulatory
and
reporting
requirements
.
August
6
,
2003
USDA
APHIS
interim
rule
and
request
for
comments
on
"
Introductions
of
plants
genetically
engineered
to
produce
industrial
compounds
.
"
The
relaxation
is
reflected
in
the
nearly
exponential
increase
in
field
release
activity
,
as
shown
in
Figure
1
.
These
data
consider
both
the
more
expensive
and
rigorous
permit
track
and
the
fast-track
notification
procedure
.
Although
this
data
does
not
consider
total
acreage
or
experimental
plots
,
it
does
provide
us
with
insight
into
research
activity
involving
release
into
the
environment
.
From
the
start
of
field
experimentation
in
1987
until
the
most
recent
data
in
2002
,
the
rapid
increase
in
this
activity
is
linked
to
deregulatory
activity
by
USDA
APHIS
in
1993
and
1997
(
Stewart
&
Knight
,
in
press
).
Figure
1.
USDA
APHIS
field
release
permits
and
notifications-combined
total
.
Note
.
Data
from
USDA
APHIS
,
compiled
by
authors
.
Further
analysis
of
the
USDA
APHIS
field
release
data
considering
PMPs
and
PMIPs
reveals
a
similar
upward
trend
in
field
experimentation
activity
until
2001
,
when
the
three
agricultural
biotechnology
controversies
(
with
the
Prodigene
case
likely
having
the
most
impact
)
led
to
greater
regulatory
scrutiny
(
Figure
2
).
This
added
oversight
can
be
seen
as
called
for
,
given
that
of
the
413
total
field
release
activities
concerning
PMPs
or
PMIPs
,
75
%
(
310
)
used
food
plants
.
Corn
was
used
in
242
of
these
field
experiments
,
soybean
in
32
,
tomato
in
12
,
and
rice
in
10
,
amplifying
the
potential
for
pharmaceutical
and/or
industrial
product
traits
to
enter
the
food
supply
.
Figure
2.
Industrial-use
genetically
engineered
plants
and
PMPs-total
of
release
types
.
Note
.
Data
from
USDA
APHIS
,
compiled
by
authors
.
Consideration
of
trends
in
PMP/PMIP
experimentation
in
light
of
overall
field
experimentation
suggests
a
waning
of
activity
,
and
presumably
optimism
,
in
these
third-generation
crops
.
Although
it
is
difficult
to
pinpoint
the
exact
cause
,
the
flurry
of
regulatory
activity
starting
in
2002
occurred
after
the
three
crises
(
monarch
butterflies
and
Bt
,
StarLink
corn
,
and
Prodigene
corn
)
discussed
earlier
.
Public
concern
and
resultant
regulatory
action
have
come
to
be
focused
on
the
unknown
risks
from
the
new
PMPs
and
PMIPs
.
Regulating
PMPs
And
PMIPs
The
Animal
and
Plant
Health
Inspection
Service
created
the
Biotechnology
Regulatory
Services
(
BRS
)
presumably
to
deal
with
PMPs
and
PMIPs
specifically
and
genetically
engineered
organisms
generally
.
Monitoring
,
auditing
,
and
inspection
changes
instituted
by
BRS
include
training
for
APHIS
inspectors
,
new
technology
use
,
and
historical
trend
analysis
(
United
States
Department
of
Agriculture
[
USDA
]
,
2003a
).
To
carry
out
its
workload
,
the
26-member
BRS
draws
on
agriculture
quarantine
inspectors
,
of
which
more
than
2,600
have
been
transferred
to
the
Department
of
Homeland
Security
(
USDA
,
2003b
)
under
agreement
between
USDA
APHIS
and
DHS
.
Current
regulations
,
which
are
undergoing
modification
,
incorporate
significant
changes
in
how
PMPs
and
PMIPs
are
regulated
(
USDA
,
2003b
).
Using
the
PMP
regulatory
changes
as
a
starting
point
,
APHIS
took
immediate
action
to
remove
the
notification
track
option
,
requiring
complete
permit
track
review
in
their
recent
(
August
6
,
2003
)
interim
rule
.
For
all
plants
genetically
engineered
to
produce
pharmaceutical
and/or
industrial
compounds
and
field
tested
under
permit
,
APHIS
established
seven
conditions
that
can
be
grouped
into
three
categories
.
The
first
category
considers
field
test
siting
,
the
second
the
dedication
of
equipment
and
facilities
to
their
production
,
and
the
third
considers
procedural
matters
.
Field
test
siting
regulations
proposed
by
APHIS
for
PMPs
and
PMIPs
provide
perimeter
conditions
(
with
special
consideration
for
pharmaceutical
corn
)
in
order
to
prevent
inadvertent
commingling
and
inadvertent
harvesting
of
food
or
animal
feed
in
the
following
season
.
The
second
category
concerns
the
dedication
of
farm
equipment
and
facilities
to
the
production
of
such
crops
,
with
planters
and
harvesters
dedicated
to
the
test
site
for
the
test
's
duration
,
and
tractors
and
tillage
attachments
cleaned
according
to
APHIS
rules
.
Additionally
,
all
equipment
and
regulated
articles
must
be
stored
in
dedicated
facilities
for
the
duration
of
the
field
experimentation
.
The
final
requirements
from
the
proposed
rules
concern
submission
to
APHIS
and
approval
of
procedures
for
seed
cleaning
and
drying
.
Permittees
must
also
implement
an
APHIS-approved
training
program
.
To
ensure
that
those
being
regulated
comply
with
APHIS
requirements
,
increased
field
site
inspections
that
match
with
critical
times
for
confinement
will
occur
,
with
APHIS
potentially
inspecting
permitted
field
test
sites
up
to
five
times
during
the
growing
season
,
twice
after
harvest
,
and
more
frequently
if
necessary
(
Field
Testing
,
2003
).
Response
to
PMP
Regulations
Concerns
raised
by
increased
experimentation
with
PMPs
and
PMIPs
led
to
APHIS
changing
rules
concerning
field
testing
of
these
crops
in
March
2003
(
Field
Testing
,
2003
;
Introductions
of
Plants
,
2003
).
Response
to
the
Federal
Register
notice
of
these
changes
,
in
comparison
with
prior
Federal
Register
notices
of
regulatory
change
,
reflects
the
changing
salience
concerning
the
third
generation
of
genetically
engineered
plants
.
Changes
to
the
APHIS
regulations
in
1993
garnered
84
comments
,
whereas
the
more
wide-ranging
changes
in
1997
attracted
only
50
comments
(
NRC
,
2002
,
pp
.
104-105
)
.
However
,
the
Federal
Register
notice
of
March
2003
concerning
PMP
field-testing
requirements
attracted
at
least
847
comments
(
of
which
77
were
late
)
.
The
rationale
for
the
extreme
increase
in
comments
received
in
response
to
the
Federal
Register
notice
may
be
ascribed
to
a
variety
of
factors
.
The
first
is
the
salience
of
the
topic
,
as
previous
regulatory
changes
dealt
with
a
relatively
obscure
technology
with
not
easily
identified
risks
in
a
well-insulated
policy
subsystem
(
Stewart
&
Sorensen
,
2000
).
In
this
case
,
risks
are
easily
identified
as
pharmaceuticals
or
industrial
products
and
salient
on
the
basis
of
previous
regulatory
failures
to
deal
with
ecological
incidents
since
1999
.
Second
,
the
advent
of
the
electronic
docket
with
greater
ease
of
access
to
the
federal
rulemaking
process
(
the
Federal
Register
)
has
expanded
public
participation
.
Most
obviously
,
the
huge
response
to
the
proposed
organic
standardsâover
275,000
comments
,
with
the
proposal
to
define
genetically
modified
crops
as
part
of
organically
grown
generating
the
most
responseâmay
be
attributed
in
part
to
ease
of
access
through
the
internet
(
Nestle
,
2003
).
Here
,
of
the
847
total
comments
,
70
were
mailed
in
using
traditional
postal
mail
,
with
the
remainder
using
email
.
To
better
understand
public
response
,
the
contents
of
the
docket
were
analyzed
in
their
entirety
by
visiting
the
APHIS
reading
room
in
Washington
,
DC
and
obtaining
copies
of
all
the
comments
(
emailed
and
posted
)
.
Those
weighing
in
on
behalf
of
the
regulations
or
suggesting
minor
,
incremental
modifications
were
the
organizations
expected
to
benefit
from
maintaining
the
status
quo
(
or
some
semblance
of
existing
regulations
)
.
Most
obviously
,
biotechnology
and
bio-related
companies
and
agricultural
organizations
have
the
most
to
lose
from
radical
changes
to
the
regulatory
system
.
However
,
the
level
of
support
given
by
state
departments
of
agriculture
and
universitiesâthe
representatives
of
the
public
interestâsuggests
a
level
of
comfort
with
current
institutional
arrangements
.
A
high
percentage
of
comments
came
not
from
the
agricultural
biotechnology
community
(
as
had
been
the
case
with
previous
comments
)
but
rather
from
individuals
not
typically
associated
with
the
biotechnology
debate
.
As
may
be
expected
,
critiques
of
PMP
regulations
were
raised
by
individuals
who
appeared
to
have
ties
with
the
organic
movement
or
with
environmental
groups
such
as
Greenpeace
.
A
large
number
of
these
comments
were
received
via
email
,
with
nearly
600
of
these
cut-and-paste
forwards
.
However
,
concerns
were
also
raised
by
other
politically
powerful
groups
(
see
Table
2
)
with
the
Grocery
Manufacturers
of
America
and
affiliated
food
groups
expressing
concern
over
uncontained
field
release
of
PMPs
and
PMIPs
,
especially
in
food
and
feed
plants
.
Interestingly
enough
,
although
support
for
a
total
ban
on
PMPs
was
expressed
by
a
small
number
of
individuals
,
concern
by
consumer
groups
and
traditional
biotechnology
opponents
was
temperedâlikely
mitigated
by
the
potential
for
medical
benefits
from
this
new
technology
.
Table
2.
Organizations
responding
to
2003
PMP
Federal
Register
notice
.
Biotech/biotech-related
companies
Martin
Marietta
Aggregate
;
Numedloc
;
Monsanto
Protein
Technologies
;
Controlled
Pharming
Ventures
,
LLC
.
;
The
Dow
Chemical
Company
;
Stauffer
Seeds
,
Inc.
Agricultural
organizations
Rocky
Mountain
Farmers
Union
;
North
American
Millers
Association
(
NAMA
)
;
Crop
Life
America
;
Iowa
Corn
Growers
Association
;
National
Grain
and
Feed
Association
(
NGFA
)
and
North
American
Export
Grain
Association
(
NAEGA
)
;
American
Seed
Trade
Association
;
Association
of
Official
Seed
Certifying
Agencies
;
Michigan
Crop
Improvement
Association
;
International
Certification
Services
(
Organic
)
State
government
departments
Texas
Department
of
Agriculture
;
Iowa
Department
of
Agriculture
and
Land
Stewardship
;
Virginia
Department
of
Agriculture
and
Consumer
Services
;
Colorado
Department
of
Agriculture
Food
production
organizations
Grocery
Manufacturers
of
America
(
GMA
)
;
Biscuit
and
Cracker
Manufacturers
Association
(
BCMA
)
;
American
Bakers
Association
(
ABA
)
;
Food
Marketing
Institute
(
FMI
)
;
Institute
of
Shortening
and
Edible
Oils
(
ISEO
)
;
International
Dairy
Foods
Association
(
IDFA
)
;
National
Confectioners
Association
(
NCA
)
;
National
Council
of
Chain
Restaurants
(
NCCR
)
;
National
Restaurant
Association
(
NRA
)
;
National
Soft
Drink
Association
(
NSDA
)
;
Snack
Food
Association
(
SFA
)
Public
interest
groups
Center
for
Science
in
the
Public
Interest
;
Union
of
Concerned
Scientists
;
Consumer
Policy
Institute
;
Friends
of
the
EarthâGenetically
Engineered
Food
Alert
;
Center
for
Food
Safety
Universities
SpectroTech
,
Inc./Clemson
University
;
Cornell
College
of
Agriculture
and
Life
Sciences
;
Mississippi
State
UniversityâLife
Sciences
and
Biotechnology
Institute
Analysis
of
Response
to
PMP/PMIP
Regulations
Analysis
of
the
debate
shown
in
the
Federal
Register
docket
suggests
a
sea
change
of
sorts
when
considering
agricultural
biotechnology
.
Whereas
past
debate
focused
on
the
definition
of
"
nature
"
and
"
natural
"
and
their
juxtaposition
with
"
manmade
"
(
Plein
,
1990
;
Stewart
&
Sorensen
,
2000
;
Thompson
,
1988
)
,
the
tenor
of
the
current
debate
,
as
seen
in
response
to
the
Federal
Register
notice
concerning
PMPs
,
goes
beyond
the
debate
over
natural
and
manmade
to
ask
:
"
Whose
science
do
we
use
and
trust
?
"
Additionally
,
the
responses
emphasize
the
characteristics
of
risk
perceptions
for
these
plants
and
raises
questions
of
institutional
trust
.
Although
these
comments
were
selected
on
the
relatively
subjective
basis
of
expert
review
,
they
provide
insight
into
the
perceived
risks
of
those
fearing
the
third
generation
of
agricultural
biotechnology
and
may
be
seen
as
leading
to
greater
understanding
of
potential
fears
that
may
be
expressed
among
the
general
public
.
Table
3
provides
a
selection
of
statements
concerning
science
being
used
.
The
pro-status-quo
science
comments
give
the
perspective
of
those
companies
with
an
economic
stake
in
the
regulations
allowing
continued
experimentation
.
In
these
comments
,
"
sound
science
"
is
conflated
with
"
common
sense
"
and
the
status
quo
of
applying
regulations
concerning
conventional
crops
to
the
third
generation
of
agricultural
biotechnology
.
If
there
are
any
changes
to
be
made
,
they
are
incremental
changes
to
permit
conditions
.
Table
3.
Trans-science
debates.
a
Pro-status-quo
science
Â
"
We
favor
continued
evaluation
of
all
rules
and
embrace
changes
based
on
sound
scientific
data
and
common
sense
application
.
"
(
Stauffer
Seeds
Inc
.
;
293
)
â¢
"
Regulatory
policies
and
decisions
must
continue
to
be
based
on
sound
science
to
ensure
that
biotechnology-derived
products
are
being
held
to
the
same
high
standards
of
health
and
environmental
safety
as
their
conventional
counterparts
.
"
(
Monsanto
Protein
Technologies
;
654
)
â¢
"
We
support
the
efforts
of
regulatory
agencies
including
APHIS
to
utilize
a
science-based
coordinated
regulatory
framework
for
the
proper
development
and
implementation
of
plant
biotechnology
derived
pharmaceuticals
.
"
(
The
Dow
Chemical
Company
;
660
)
â¢
"
...generally
workable
.
Some
of
the
conditions
appear
to
be
subjectively
derived
rather
than
based
on
science
and
existing
crop
practices
.
"
"
Permit
conditions
should
be
adjusted
for
future
years
allowing
for
application
of
science
that
eliminates
a
pollution
concern
.
"
(
Iowa
Biotechnology
Association
;
753
)
Anti-status-quo
science
Â
"
Open
air
testing
of
this
technology
is
insane
.
Did
n't
anybody
there
study
biology
?
"
"
This
biotechnology
initiative
pretends
to
be
based
on
science
but
it
is
based
only
on
greed
and
an
arrogantly
willful
ignoring
of
basic
ecology
and
of
the
risks
to
humanity
and
the
natural
world
.
"
(
750
)
â¢
"
Scientific
evidence
points
to
the
fact
that
the
proposed
regulations
will
fail
to
protect
our
food
supply
and
environment
from
drug
contamination
.
"
(
625
)
â¢
"
Given
generally-accepted
science
about
pollination
,
it
is
unwise
and
imprudent
for
the
USDA
APHIS
to
allow
ANY
outdoor
growing
of
plants
that
are
genetically
engineered
to
contain
pharmaceutical
and
industrial
chemicals
.
"
(
299
)
â¢
"
Both
experience
and
science-based
research
tell
us
that
no
system
for
keeping
pharmcrops
separate
will
ever
be
able
to
contain
100
%
of
every
seed
kernel
,
plant
pollen
and
grain
kernel
generated
from
crops
grown
in
agricultural
fields
.
"
(
661
)
â¢
"
Where
is
the
science
that
shows
how
the
different
distances
for
different
plants
were
arrived
at
?
"
(
669
)
â¢
"
I
am
befuddled
(
by
the
1
mile
buffer
)
.
As
a
mother
,
wife
,
and
strong
supporter
of
the
organic
foods
movement
,
I
am
gravely
concerned
...
.
Please
keep
these
genetically
modified
foods
in
the
labs
where
they
belong
.
"
(
716
)
a
Numbers
in
parentheses
following
individual
comments
refer
to
the
comment
number
in
the
docket
.
Those
responding
critically
to
the
proposed
field
experimentation
conditions
likewise
used
science
as
a
reference
point
,
showing
the
inadequacy
of
the
decision
rules
used
by
USDA
APHIS
.
In
this
case
,
respondents
suggested
that
science
was
not
being
utilized
to
change
the
regulations
.
Instead
,
according
to
them
,
the
politics
of
corporations
and
greed
was
given
preeminence
.
Comments
proffered
ranged
from
specific
questions
concerning
how
buffer
parameters
were
arrived
at
,
to
what
may
be
construed
as
anger
over
ignorance
of
biology
and
ecology
as
applied
to
agriculture
.
This
conflict
over
whose
science
is
"
sound
science
"
and
whose
is
,
by
inference
,
"
junk
science
"
reflects
the
"
trans-scientific
"
nature
of
the
debate
,
where
the
rhetoric
of
politics
meets
the
uncertainty
of
science
,
especially
in
such
a
rapidly
expanding
and
poorly
understood
field
as
genetic
engineering
.
In
addition
to
conflict
over
the
application
of
science
,
perceptions
of
the
risk(s
)
posed
by
PMPs
appears
to
correlate
with
findings
in
the
psychometric
literature
concerning
the
characterization
of
risk
(
Slovic
,
1992
).
Specifically
,
in
this
literature
,
two
factors
define
risk
perceptions
.
The
first
factor
,
unknown
risk
,
is
made
up
of
such
characteristics
as
(
a
)
how
observable
it
is
,
(
b
)
whether
it
is
known
to
those
exposed
to
it
,
(
c
)
the
immediacy
of
its
effect
,
(
d
)
how
old
the
risk
is
,
and
(
e
)
whether
it
is
known
to
science
.
The
second
factor
,
dread
risk
,
is
composed
of
characterizations
of
:
(
a
)
how
controllable
the
risk
is
;
(
b
)
how
much
dread
(
i.e.
,
fear
)
it
raises
;
(
c
)
how
catastrophic
,
(
d
)
fatal
,
(
e
)
equitable
,
or
(
f
)
risky
to
future
generations
it
is
;
(
g
)
if
it
is
involuntary
or
(
h
)
easily
reduced
;
and
(
i
)
if
the
risks
increase
(
Slovic
,
1992
).
There
is
a
good
deal
of
overlap
in
characterization
of
risk
in
both
factorsâoverlap
that
appears
in
comments
concerning
plant-made
pharmaceuticals
(
Table
4
).
Table
4.
Risk
perceptions.
a
Unknown
risk
factor
Unknown
Â
"
UNKNOWN
CONSEQUENCES
IS
TOO
GREAT
FOR
SUCH
EXPERIMENTATION
TO
BE
ALLOWED
.
"
(
712
)
â¢
"
Please
respect
the
Precautionary
Principle
which
dictates
common
sense
and
restraint
in
the
face
of
unknown
risks
.
"
(
648
)
Unnatural
Â
"
[
PMPs
]
an
idea
worthy
of
Dr.
Frankenstein
.
My
family
and
I
do
not
want
drugs
in
our
food
.
"
"
...cannot
regulate
nature
.
"
(
697
)
â¢
"
I
know
that
splicing
and
dicing
of
DNA
and
genes
and
everything
else
in
all
growing
this
is
all
the
rages
these
days
...
.
Will
mother
nature
not
come
back
with
revenge
of
her
own
?
"
(
666
)
â¢
"
To
me
it
sounds
like
the
pharmaceutical
companies
(
who
are
very
rich
)
are
playing
God
.
This
is
very
scary
business
...
.
"
(
756
)
Dread
risk
factor
Uncontrolled
Â
"
GM
crop
production
is
a
technology
clearly
out
of
control
.
"
(
754
)
â¢
"
Stop
experimenting
with
the
health
of
the
American
citizens
by
exposing
our
food
supply
to
drug
contamination
.
"
(
633
)
â¢
"
Biotechnology
[
is
]
far
too
dangerous
for
anything
other
than
stringent
clean
room
laboratories
.
"
(
731
)
Disaster
and
intergenerational
equity
Â
"
Everybody
knows
that
pollen
,
air
and
âbiopharm'crops
are
an
ecological
disaster
waiting
to
happen
.
"
(
642
)
â¢
"
[
PMPs
will
]
lead
to
a
scientific
disaster
the
likes
of
which
we
have
never
seen
before
"
"
...spread
throughout
the
world
's
complex
and
sensitive
ecosystem
.
"
(
629
)
â¢
"
...taking
chances
with
untested
drug
crops
that
could
poison
our
human
and
animal
food
supplies
.
"
"
Contaminating
our
food
source
would
be
the
last
step
in
the
ultimate
human
extinction
.
"
(
733
)
â¢
"
Do
you
have
the
common
every
day
sense
to
realize
that
genetically
engineered
crops
pose
one
hell
of
a
threat
to
health
of
future
generations
?
"
(
649
)
â¢
"
DO
YOU
KNOW
WHAT
YOU
ARE
UNLEASING
[
sic
]
ON
US
AND
FUTURE
GENERATIONS
FOREVER
?
"
(
689
)
Fear
Â
"
I
am
horrified
that
your
proposed
regulation
titled
'
Field
testing
of
plants
engineered
to
produce
pharmaceutical
and
industrial
compounds
'
would
practically
guarantee
that
food
crops
will
be
contaminated
by
drugs
and
industrial
chemicals
.
"
(
L-19
)
â¢
"
I
am
very
concerned
at
the
idea
of
bioengineered
crops
grown
close
to
crops
for
human
(
or
animal
)
consumption
.
"
(
734
)
â¢
"
I
have
been
studying
the
issues
...
.
"
"
It
is
clear
there
are
grave
dangers
.
"
(
735
)
â¢
"
I
am
worried
about
genetically
engineered
agriculture
.
I
am
not
a
technophobe
,
nor
a
person
who
is
terrified
of
new
things
.
However
,
I
fear
that
without
proper
testing
...
"
(
691
)
a
Numbers
in
parentheses
following
individual
comments
refer
to
the
comment
number
in
the
docket
.
Numbers
preceded
by
the
letter
L
indicate
comments
that
were
received
late
.
Comments
that
may
be
characterized
as
reflecting
the
unknown
risk
factor(s
)
are
obviously
those
comments
that
convey
concern
over
knowledge
of
the
consequences
of
field
experimentation
with
PMPs
(
and
by
inference
,
PMIPs
)
.
Other
aspects
of
the
unknown
risk
factor
offered
in
comments
concerns
how
familiar
the
technology
is
,
with
respondents
referencing
Frankenstein
's
monster
,
mother
nature
's
revenge
,
and
playing
God
while
discussing
humans
'
inability
to
regulate
nature
.
Dread
risk
is
reflected
in
respondents
'
perceived
lack
of
control
,
perceived
potential
for
catastrophic
disaster
that
increases
over
time
while
inequitably
affecting
future
generations
,
and
fear
over
the
effects
of
PMPs
entering
the
ecosystem
and
food
supply
.
Those
expressing
concern
over
control
of
PMPs
stated
that
it
is
"
a
technology
out
of
control
"
that
is
too
dangerous
to
be
in
the
field
and
that
,
as
a
result
,
the
health
of
Americans
is
being
used
for
experiments
.
Linked
with
the
uncontrollable
nature
of
PMPs
is
the
belief
that
not
only
do
they
pose
the
potential
for
ecological/scientific
disaster
,
but
that
this
risk
will
increase
to
affect
future
generations
inequitably
.
Likewise
,
although
fear
is
not
a
separate
construct
,
it
is
tied
to
concerns
over
the
effects
of
PMPs
and
reflected
in
statements
of
concern
,
fear
,
perceptions
of
danger
,
and
being
horrified
.
Finally
,
there
is
a
level
of
outrage
expressed
in
these
comments
.
Respondents
are
angry
over
what
they
perceive
being
done
to
them
by
large
corporations
and
pharmaceutical
companies
.
The
lack
of
control
has
understandably
given
rise
to
anger
.
This
anger
is
then
focused
on
federal
government
agencies
responsible
for
regulation
(
specifically
the
USDA
)
as
well
as
on
the
government
in
general
.
Such
anger
can
be
categorized
as
being
over
regulatory
capture
and/or
perceived
negligence
by
the
government
regulators
(
Table
5
).
Table
5.
Institutional
trust.
a
Capture
Â
"
...recklessness
I
find
inexplicable...
even
given
the
interpenetration
of
corporate
personnel
with
that
of
regulatory
agencies
.
"
(
681
)
â¢
"
...PUBLIC
TRUSTâI
do
not
feel
protected
by
the
USDA
...
.
Regulations
can
be
waived
at
request
of
biotech
companies
.
"
(
698
)
â¢
"
It
is
clear
there
are
grave
dangers
.
"
"
The
USDA
should
withdraw
the
proposed
rules
and
explain
in
a
detailed
EIS
,
prepared
with
the
research
and
knowledge
of
individuals
who
are
not
connected
financially
with
pharmaceutical
and
chemical
companies
.
"
(
726
)
â¢
"
Ther
[
sic
]
are
too
many
ugly
things
going
on
in
agriculture
today
supposedly
in
the
name
of
science
that
have
not
been
studied
to
the
degree
they
should
have
been
.
Just
because
a
major
corporation
says
it
has
done
studies
does
n't
mean
FDA
or
EPA
should
take
their
[
sic
]
word
for
it
.
"
(
760
)
â¢
"
I
am
disappointed
to
learn
that
important
genetic
engineering
issues
will
be
discussed
later
this
week
at
a
USDA
public
meeting
that
is
cosponsored
by
a
biotechnology-industry
funded
group
.
"
(
732
)
â¢
"
Since
private
industry
is
the
profit
seeker
and
profit
taker...
the
risk
and
costs
should
be
theirs
...
.
"
"
Be
cautious
.
Be
overly
conservative
.
Please
do
not
bend
to
[
industry
]
.
"
(
737
)
Negligence
â¢
"
PLEASE
PEOPLE
,
WAKE
UP
!
!
THIS
IS
CRAZY
.
"
(
724
)
â¢
"
I
am
vehemently
and
totally
opposed
!
"
"
...much
more
threatening
to
our
'
Homeland
Security
'
than
outside
terrorist
activity
.
"
(
736
)
â¢
"
Our
ecosystem
is
not
a
laboratory
!
"
(
635
)
â¢
"
How
can
you
justify
killing
us
slowly
?
"
(
759
)
â¢
"
The
government
supports
this
mad
science
against
the
desires
of
the
people
of
the
world
.
"
(
644
)
â¢
"
[
Regulations
show
]
a
stunning
disregard
for
America
's
farmers
and
the
citizenry
dependent
on
the
food
they
grow
.
"
(
L-39
)
â¢
"
I
have
been
continually
appalled
at
the
USDA
's
lack
of
foresight
in
dealing
with
genetic
engineering
.
"
(
638
)
â¢
"
USDA
must
act
in
public
's
interest
to
ensure
the
safety
of
our
food
supply
.
"
(
639
)
â¢
"
I
am
disturbed
to
learn
USDA
(
PMPs
)
to
be
grown
with
such
lenient
regulations
.
"
(
729
)
â¢
"
Please
take
into
consideration
the
views
of
the
little
people
.
"
(
762
)
a
Numbers
in
parentheses
following
individual
comments
refer
to
the
comment
number
in
the
docket
.
Numbers
preceded
by
the
letter
L
indicate
comments
that
were
received
late
.
Regulatory
capture
,
in
which
the
USDA
and
other
government
agencies
are
seen
as
beholden
to
the
pharmaceutical/biotechnology
industry
,
is
perceived
by
a
large
number
of
Federal
Register
respondents
.
Respondents
charge
that
corporate
personnel
are
in
the
regulatory
agencies
,
with
movement
back
and
forth
from
government
to
industry
.
There
is
also
belief
in
more
obvious
and
blatant
corporate
influence
on
governmental
policy
making
and
implementation
.
Subjects
see
that
regulations
may
be
easily
waived
,
due
to
the
wording
of
the
PMP
proposal
.
Furthermore
,
concerns
were
raised
over
the
provision
of
science
by
industry
and
the
need
for
agencies
not
to
take
the
industry
's
word
regarding
findings
.
In
other
words
,
the
biotechnology
industry
is
not
to
be
trusted
,
and
any
risk
or
cost
should
be
borne
solely
by
them
.
Another
prevalent
and
broad
concern
raised
by
respondents
was
willful
negligence
by
USDA
in
carrying
out
their
regulatory
duties
.
Concern
and
anger
was
expressed
by
a
number
of
respondents
.
References
were
made
to
US
farmers
and
citizens
,
as
well
as
those
throughout
the
world
,
being
unwilling
subjects
in
"
mad
science
"
and
experimentation
.
In
one
case
,
the
threat
posed
by
PMPs
was
seen
as
greater
than
that
posed
by
terrorists
.
Moreover
,
USDA
was
seen
as
siding
with
the
powerful
against
the
little
peopleâthose
whose
interests
USDA
was
to
serve
.
Conclusions
The
new
agricultural
biotechnology
is
at
a
critical
nexus
.
The
first
generation
of
its
cropsâBt
corn
,
Bt
cotton
,
and
RoundUp
Ready
soybean
,
which
make
farming
easierâdominate
the
marketplace
without
general
public
awareness
of
their
consumption
(
Pew
Initiative
on
Food
and
Biotechnology
,
2003
;
Shanahan
,
Scheufele
,
&
Lee
,
2001
).
The
second
and
third
generations
of
this
technology
have
not
exhibited
its
value
;
only
the
promise
of
new
products
can
be
touted
.
This
lack
of
perceived
benefit
,
coupled
with
very
public
failures
of
the
federal
regulatory
system
in
at
least
three
circumstances
,
has
given
rise
to
changes
in
the
regulatory
arena
and
has
aroused
greater
concern
than
previously
had
been
the
case
.
Chief
among
these
new
agricultural
biotechnology
products
with
high
levels
of
perceived
benefit
and
risk
are
plant-made
pharmaceuticals
.
These
PMPs
are
marketed
as
providing
cheaper
,
more
plentiful
,
and
safer
pharmaceuticals
by
using
plants
as
factories
.
However
,
concerns
raised
by
Prodigene
's
failure
to
effectively
control
its
field
experiment
aroused
public
suspicion
and
led
to
tightened
regulations
.
PMIPs
likewise
raise
concerns
,
although
not
to
the
extent
PMPs
have
;
potentially
due
to
both
,
the
USDA
and
EPA
,
with
an
eye
towards
postmarket
concerns
,
are
currently
considering
restructuring
how
they
regulate
genetically
engineered
plants
.
Concerned
citizen
and
corporate
response
to
the
proposed
USDA
APHIS
regulations
gives
insight
into
the
extent
and
types
of
concerns
raised
.
Although
a
number
of
comments
received
in
response
to
the
Federal
Register
notice
were
cut-and-paste
email
forwards
and
may
not
reflect
the
depth
and
breadth
of
concern
,
many
more
enunciated
very
real
concerns
.
Most
obviously
,
and
perhaps
most
pertinently
,
issues
raised
by
the
food
industry
over
adventitious
presence
of
PMPs
and
PMIPs
in
food
plants
suggest
a
modicum
of
concern
that
very
well
might
sway
regulatory
activity
.
However
,
in
the
end
,
it
is
public
perception
that
matters
most
.
Public
support
for
the
new
technologies
and
confidence
in
government
regulation
will
establish
the
likelihood
of
PMPs
and
PMIPs
(
as
well
as
other
genetically
engineered
plants
)
being
grown
.
Respondents
to
the
Federal
Register
notice
show
a
lack
of
confidence
in
the
science
being
used
to
set
current
and
proposed
standards
,
stating
that
the
technology
pays
little
attention
to
basic
principles
of
ecology
.
Furthermore
,
stated
perceptions
of
the
risk
correlate
strongly
with
psychometric
theory
of
risk
characterization
.
Respondents
see
the
risk
as
unknown
and
unnatural
,
perceive
it
as
out
of
control
with
disastrous
repercussions
for
future
generations
,
and
fear
the
immediate
and
long-term
ramifications
.
These
risk
perceptions
are
reflected
in
the
absence
of
institutional
trust
possessed
by
respondents
who
perceive
the
responsible
agenciesâespecially
USDA
APHISâas
negligent
in
their
duties
to
protect
the
American
food
supply
,
and
as
captured
by
those
companies
developing
these
plants
.
In
most
cases
,
anger
is
the
underlying
theme
.
Although
respondents
'
concerns
may
be
dismissed
as
representing
fringe
interests
(
in
this
case
,
environmentalists
and
those
wishing
to
preserve
access
to
organic
foods
)
,
they
provide
a
perspective
of
risk
that
may
become
commonplace
if
not
addressed
.
Consent
for
the
use
of
this
new
technology
has
not
been
obtained
from
the
American
public
;
instead
,
consent
has
been
assumed
as
food
products
containing
genetically
engineered
plants
have
entered
the
food
supply
over
the
past
decade
.
To
maintain
the
support
of
the
American
consumers
and
reap
the
benefits
of
new
products
produced
through
the
new
agricultural
biotechnology
,
including
(
but
not
limited
to
)
plant-made
pharmaceuticals
and
plant-made
industrial
products
,
industry
and
regulatory
agencies
must
address
and
assuage
concerns
such
as
those
brought
up
in
the
Federal
Register
notice
discussed
here
.
References
Field
Testing
of
Plants
Engineered
To
Produce
Pharmaceutical
and
Industrial
Compounds
,
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.
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.
11,337
(
March
10
,
2003
)
.
Introductions
of
Plants
Genetically
Engineered
to
Produce
Industrial
Compounds
,
68
Fed
.
Reg
.
46,434
(
August
6
,
2003
)
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Jaffe
,
G.
(
2002
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.
How
to
approach
the
regulatory
conundrum
?
In
A.
Eaglesham
,
C.
Carlson
,
&
R.W.F.
Hardy
(
Eds.
)
,
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:
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agriculture
,
medicine
and
food
for
future
health
(
report
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pp
.
51-60
)
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,
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(
2004
)
.
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to
seed
:
Transgenic
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.
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)
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:
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and
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of
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.
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:
National
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.
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,
M.
(
2003
)
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:
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,
biotechnology
,
and
bioterrorism
.
Berkeley
,
CA
:
University
of
California
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.
Pew
Initiative
on
Food
and
Biotechnology
.
(
2001
)
.
An
update
on
public
sentiment
about
agricultural
biotechnology
.
Mellman
Group
,
Inc./Public
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Strategies
for
the
Pew
Initiative
.
Washington
,
DC
:
Pew
Initiative
on
Food
and
Biotechnology
.
Plein
,
L.C.
(
1990
)
.
Biotechnology
:
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and
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In
D.J.
Webber
(
Ed.
)
,
Biotechnology
:
Assessing
social
impacts
and
policy
implications
.
Westport
,
CT
:
Greenwood
Press
.
Shanahan
,
J.
,
Scheufele
,
D.
,
&
Lee
,
E.
(
2001
)
.
The
polls-trends
:
Attitudes
about
agricultural
biotechnology
and
genetically
modified
organisms
.
Public
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Quarterly
,
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(
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)
,
2687-281
.
Slovic
,
P.
(
1992
)
.
Perception
of
risk
:
Reflections
on
the
psychometric
paradigm
.
In
S.
Krimsky
&
D.
Golding
(
Eds.
)
,
Social
theories
of
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(
pp
.
117-152
)
.
Westport
,
CT
:
Praeger
Press
.
Stewart
,
P.A.
,
&
Knight
,
A.
(
in
press
)
.
Trends
affecting
the
next
generation
of
U.S.
agricultural
biotechnology
:
Politics
,
policy
and
plant
made
pharmaceuticals
.
Technological
Forecasting
and
Social
Change
.
Stewart
,
P.A.
,
&
Sorensen
A.A.
(
2000
)
.
Federal
uncertainty
or
inconsistency
?
Releasing
the
new
agricultural-environmental
biotechnology
into
the
fields
.
Politics
and
the
Life
Sciences
,
19
(
1
)
,
77-88
.
Taylor
,
M.R.
,
&
Tick
,
J.S.
(
2004
)
.
Post-market
oversight
of
biotech
foods
:
Is
the
system
prepared
?
(
report
commissioned
by
the
Pew
Initiative
on
Food
and
Biotechnology
)
.
Washington
,
DC
:
Resources
for
the
Future
.
Thompson
,
P.B.
(
1988
)
.
Agriculture
,
biotechnology
,
and
the
political
evaluation
of
risk
.
Policy
Studies
Journal
,
16
,
97-108
.
United
States
Department
of
Agriculture
.
(
2003a
)
.
Biotechnology
regulatory
services
:
Compliance
and
enforcement
.
Available
on
the
World
Wide
Web
:
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/compliance.html
.
United
States
Department
of
Agriculture
.
(
2003b
)
.
United
States
department
of
agriculture
pre-briefing
for
reporters
on
USDA
's
federal
register
notice
on
field
testing
of
pharmaceutical-producing
plants
.
Available
on
the
World
Wide
Web
:
http://www.usda.gov/news/releases/2003/03/0084.htm
.
Authors
'
Note
Patrick
A.
Stewart
is
an
associate
professor
and
the
Director
of
the
Masters
of
Public
Administration
Program
,
Department
of
Political
Science
,
Arkansas
State
University
.
William
McLean
is
an
assistant
professor
in
the
Masters
of
Public
Administration
Program
,
Department
of
Political
Science
,
Arkansas
State
University
.
This
report
was
funded
by
the
Arkansas
Biosciences
Institute
,
Arkansas
State
University
.
Suggested
citation
:
Stewart
,
P.A.
,
&
McLean
,
W.
(
2004
)
.
Fear
and
hope
over
the
third
generation
of
agricultural
biotechnology
:
Analysis
of
public
response
in
the
Federal
Register
.
AgBioForum
,
7
(
3
)
,
133-141
.
Available
on
the
World
Wide
Web
:
</text>
<text id="http://www.ag.auburn.edu/aaes/communications/highlights/spring99/coop
erative.html">
Stephen
L.
Kiser
and
John
L.
Adrian
K
nowledgeable
directors
are
leading
Alabama
's
many
cooperatives
;
however
,
there
is
still
room
for
education
among
these
leaders
,
according
to
AAES
research
results
.
A
recent
AAES
study
surveyed
agricultural
and
rural
electric
cooperative
directors
to
examine
their
understanding
of
the
cooperative
environment
,
with
special
attention
given
to
responsibilities
of
boards
and
managers
,
business
operational
activities
,
and
financial
analysis
.
Forty-eight
of
the
participating
directors
were
affiliated
with
agricultural
supply
,
credit
,
and
marketing
cooperatives
and
31
belonged
to
rural
electric
cooperatives
.
Response
rates
were
typical
with
the
overall
level
at
32.5
%
.
Farm
supply/marketing
directors
had
a
54
%
return
rate
while
rural
electric
and
farm
credit
directors
responded
at
23
and
29
%
,
respectively
.
The
agricultural
grouping
which
included
farm
credit
and
supply
marketing
directors
had
a
47
%
return
rate
.
Cooperatives
,
as
with
all
businesses
,
depend
on
effective
leadership
to
enhance
their
chances
for
success
.
Leadership
for
cooperatives
is
provided
by
an
elected
board
of
directors
and
a
hired
management
team
.
For
Alabama
agricultural
and
rural
electric
cooperatives
,
board
members
are
selected
from
among
the
membership
,
with
few
exceptions
.
The
nature
and
composition
of
a
cooperative
's
board
is
influenced
by
the
structure
utilized
by
the
cooperative
.
Agricultural
cooperatives
are
organized
as
"
locals
"
and
"
regionals
"
with
the
regionals
being
either
federated
,
centralized
,
or
mixed
in
structure
.
A
local
cooperative
generally
serves
a
small
geographic
area
,
such
as
a
county
or
several
counties
,
while
regionals
generally
serve
larger
areas
.
Local
agricultural
cooperatives
have
a
board
that
is
organized
and
operated
based
on
state
law
and
the
cooperative
's
bylaws
.
A
federated
regional
is
basically
a
cooperative
of
cooperatives
;
each
local
cooperative
has
a
board
and
there
is
an
overall
board
,
generally
comprised
of
selected
board
members
from
the
locals
.
Centralized
regionals
are
structured
like
a
local
,
with
one
overall
board
.
Mixed
regionals
are
comprised
of
both
cooperatives
and
individuals
as
members
.
Board
members
may
be
selected
based
on
geographic
location
,
by
farm
enterprise
,
at
large
,
or
some
other
agreed-upon
basis
.
As
in
other
business
forms
,
the
primary
responsibility
of
cooperative
boards
of
directors
is
the
establishment
of
long-term
,
broad
objectives/purposes/visions
for
the
cooperative
along
with
provision
of
a
resource
base
to
achieve
these
targets
and
be
successful
.
The
board
must
hire
and
guide
the
manager
but
not
interfere
in
day-to-day
operations
so
as
to
reach
defined
objectives
and
serve
the
best
interests
of
the
membership
.
In
the
analysis
of
board
members
'
opinions
of
the
division
of
responsibility
between
boards
and
management
,
board
members
clearly
recognized
that
day-to-day
operation
decisions
were
the
responsibility
of
the
manger
(
76
%
)
.
They
also
recognized
their
roles
in
being
loyal
to
the
cooperative
and
regularly
attending
board
meetings
.
Despite
their
primary
roles
for
ensuring
that
operations
are
consistent
with
the
articles
and
bylaws
,
understanding
the
corporate
philosophy
,
acting
in
good
faith
with
reasonable
care
in
handling
the
affairs
of
the
cooperative
,
avoiding
conflicts
of
interest
,
and
representing
the
best
interests
of
members
,
directors
often
indicated
that
responsibility
for
these
items
was
equally
shared
with
the
manager
.
Responding
board
members
noted
less
clarity
of
understanding
of
their
roles
in
establishing
direction
for
the
welfare
of
cooperative
members
,
fiduciary
responsibility
for
the
long-term
affairs
of
the
cooperative
,
and
maintaining
accuracy
of
minutes
of
board
meetings
.
These
responses
were
fairly
consistent
for
both
agricultural
and
rural
electric
directors
.
In
the
survey
,
board
members
were
asked
to
assess
their
knowledge
and
abilities
related
to
cooperative
law
,
financial
analysis
,
business
decision
making
,
and
strategic
planning
using
a
five-point
system
ranging
from
poor
(
1
)
to
excellent
(
5
)
.
Self-assessment
scores
were
calculated
for
each
grouping
by
cooperative
type
.
These
scores
were
favorable
and
fairly
consistent
for
the
four
items
and
by
cooperative
type
,
with
the
exception
that
about
a
third
of
the
agricultural
cooperative
directors
indicated
only
fair
(
2
)
to
average
(
3
)
knowledge
of
cooperative
law
.
Rural
electric
directors
had
higher
responses
in
the
average
(
3
)
to
good
(
4
)
range
for
knowledge
of
cooperative
law
.
More
than
three-fourths
of
the
directors
indicated
either
average
(
3
)
or
good
(
4
)
knowledge
for
financial
analysis
,
business
decision
making
,
and
strategic
planning
.
Overall
,
directors
of
agricultural
cooperatives
tended
to
be
slightly
less
favorable
than
rural
electric
directors
in
rating
themselves
.
By
knowledge
area
,
self-assessment
scores
tended
to
be
lower
for
knowledge
of
cooperative
law
and
financial
analysis
and
highest
for
business
decision
making
.
Directors
were
very
positive
about
their
understanding
and
use
of
financial
statements
to
make
decisions
for
their
cooperatives
.
On
a
five-point
scale
,
43
and
37
%
of
the
agricultural
and
rural
electric
directors
,
respectively
,
indicated
the
highest
level
(
5
)
of
understanding
financial
statements
presented
by
management
.
Combining
the
highest
two
rankings
(
4
and
5
)
included
80
and
83
%
of
the
directors
,
respectively
.
When
asked
about
their
confidence
in
using
financial
data
and
analysis
to
make
decisions
,
47
and
40
%
of
the
agricultural
and
rural
electric
directors
indicated
substantial
(
5
)
confidence
.
When
the
top
two
responses
were
combined
,
89
and
93
%
of
the
respective
directors
were
included
.
Directors
of
rural
electrics
were
much
more
likely
to
have
participated
in
training
sessions
to
help
them
analyze
and
evaluate
cooperative
financial
statements
,
63
versus
32
%
for
agricultural
cooperative
directors
.
Selected
questions
related
to
financial
relationships
and
several
business
decision
scenarios
were
utilized
to
evaluate
directors
'
knowledge
in
the
financial
analysis
and
decision-making
areas
.
Calculated
scores
from
director
responses
to
these
items
were
compared
to
self-assessment
scores
to
evaluate
consistency
between
perceived
knowledge
and
application
of
knowledge
.
Self
assessment
scores
were
in
the
average
(
3
)
to
good
(
4
)
range
,
with
business
decision-making
skills
being
rated
the
higher
of
the
two
areas
.
Agricultural
directors
were
slightly
more
positive
about
financial
analysis
skills
and
rural
electric
directors
rated
themselves
slightly
higher
for
decision-making
skills
.
Directors
performed
well
when
confronted
with
selected
financial
questions
and
decision
scenarios
,
with
little
difference
noted
by
cooperative
type
.
Actual
scores
generated
from
director
responses
in
both
areas
were
above
self-assessment
scores
.
Directors
scored
highest
in
the
decision-making
area
at
about
85
%
of
the
maximum
score
.
In
the
analysis
of
knowledge
in
the
financial
area
,
directors
tended
to
score
higher
for
questions
related
to
liquidity
and
profitability
measures
and
lower
with
measures
of
solvency
and
efficiency
.
Statistical
analyses
of
factors
affecting
financial
knowledge
scores
indicated
that
director
participation
in
financial
training
programs
increased
agricultural
directors
'
scores
by
20
%
and
rural
electric
directors
'
scores
by
28
%
.
Also
,
agricultural
directors
from
larger
cooperatives
tended
to
have
higher
financial
knowledge
scores
.
As
would
be
expected
,
the
analysis
indicates
that
knowledgeable
directors
are
leading
participating
cooperatives
.
However
,
there
seems
to
be
opportunity
to
strengthen
directors
'
knowledge
and
roles
with
training
related
to
cooperative
law
,
roles/responsibilities
of
directors
and
managers
,
and
financial
analysis
.
Since
previous
participation
in
training
programs
by
directors
shows
substantial
positive
impacts
on
directors
'
knowledge
,
expectations
are
that
future
training
programs
would
also
be
beneficial
.
The
evolving
business
environment
will
demand
the
very
best
leadership
skills
of
cooperative
directors
.
Kiser
is
former
Graduate
Research
Assistant
(
currently
an
Economic
Analyst
for
The
Federal
Deposit
Insurance
Corporation
's
Division
of
Insurance
,
Dallas
Region
)
and
Adrian
is
Professor
of
Agricultural
Economics
and
Rural
Sociology
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.ag.auburn.edu/srs/">
[
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]
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Southern
Rural
Sociology
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Awards
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The
Southern
Rural
Sociological
Association
(
SRSA
)
is
an
educational
and
scientific
organization
established
to
foster
the
study
and
understanding
of
rural
sociology
and
its
application
to
the
Southern
region
of
the
United
States
.
SRSA
members
'
interests
include
:
rural
economic
restructuring
,
rural
development
,
rural
households
in
transition
,
the
sociology
of
community
,
health
,
and
poverty
,
rural
labor
market
participation
,
agricultural
restructuring
,
natural
resource
and
environmental
issues
,
agricultural
and
natural
resource
commodity
systems
,
globalization
of
the
agro-food
system
,
and
race
,
gender
,
and
class
inequality
in
rural
localities
.
The
SRSA
provides
productive
forums
for
discussion
of
these
issues
of
rural
social
change
through
its
annual
meetings
and
through
its
refereed
journal
,
Southern
Rural
Sociology
.
O
ur
diverse
membership
draws
from
regions
across
the
country
and
from
a
range
of
social
science
disciplines
and
interests
.
Rural
sociologists
,
sociologists
,
anthropologists
,
agricultural
and
resource
economists
,
extension
specialists
,
natural
resource
and
environmental
specialists
,
home
economists
,
rural
and
regional
development
specialists
and
other
professionals
whose
research
has
implications
for
rural
life
and
rural
communities
are
invited
to
participate
in
our
meetings
and
publish
in
our
journal
.
Members
of
the
SRSA
come
from
universities
and
colleges
,
Cooperative
Extension
Systems
,
nonprofit
organizations
,
government
agencies
,
and
industry
.
Because
the
SRSA
places
a
high
value
on
collegiality
and
interaction
around
timely
issues
,
it
is
an
ideal
affiliation
for
students
.
Members
of
the
SRSA
often
interact
with
colleagues
from
a
number
of
other
professional
associations
which
share
common
interests
.
SRSA
MEMBERSHIP
If
you
would
like
to
become
a
member
of
the
Southern
Rural
Sociological
Association
,
please
download
a
membership
brochure
.
SRSA
NEWS
2006
Southern
Rural
Sociological
Association
Meeting
Join
Us
in
Orlando
,
Florida
!
February
4
-
8
The
SRSA
Conference
quickly
approaches
.
The
2006
SRSA
Program
is
now
available
.
Click
here
to
download
the
2006
SRSA
Program
in
Word
format
.
Click
here
to
download
the
2006
SRSA
Progam
in
.pdf
format
.
HOTEL
INFORMATION
Wyndham
Orlando
Resort
8001
International
Drive
Orlando
,
FL
32819
Phone
:
407-351-2420
http://www.wyndham.com/hotels/MCOWD/main.wnt
Deadline
for
Hotel
Reservations
:
Friday
,
January
13
,
2006
SAAS
Group
Rates
:
$
119
single
or
double
;
$
139
triple
;
$
149
Quad
RESERVATIONS
:
Call
1-800-421-8001
and
identify
yourself
as
part
of
the
SAAS
group
to
receive
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group
rate
.
Cancellation
must
be
made
72
hours
prior
to
arrival
date
.
Group
rates
shall
apply
3
days
prior
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and
subsequent
to
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event
,
subject
to
hotel
availability
.
Check
in
is
4:00
PM
and
check
out
is
11:00
AM
.
Hotel
is
16
miles
from
Orlando
International
Airport
.
Hotel
Shuttle
-
Round-trip
$
29/pp
,
One-way
$
15/pp
.
Prices
subject
to
change
.
Mears
Transportation
Co
,
1-800-759-5219
.
Taxi
cost
is
approximately
$
31.00
one
way
.
For
more
information
,
visit
the
SAAS
homepage
at
:
http://www.saasinc.org/Orlando2006/Orlando_MainPage.asp
The
Following
Items
are
available
for
download
:
The
SRSA
Fall
2004
Newsletter
(
.pdf
)
SRSA
Membership
Directory
The
Minutes
of
the
SRSA
General
Business
Meeting
,
February
16
,
2004
(
.pdf
)
The
Minutes
of
the
SRSA
Executive
Council
Meeting
,
February
14
,
2004
(
.pdf
)
The
SRSA
Fall
2003
Newsletter
.
.pdf
format
.doc
format
The
Minutes
of
the
SRSA
Executive
Council
Mid-Year
Meeting
,
June
7
,
2003
(
.pdf
)
The
SRSA
Summer
Newsletter
(
in
.pdf
)
.
OTHER
NEWS
OF
INTEREST
TO
SRSA
The
Southern
Sociological
Society
will
meet
in
New
Orleans
,
March
22-26
,
2006
.
The
theme
of
the
meeting
is
"
Diasporas
,
"
but
papers
on
all
topics
are
welcome
.
To
submit
a
paper
,
go
to
:
U.S.
child
Poverty
Rates
Concentrated
in
Rural
South
The
rate
of
child
poverty
in
the
U.S.
is
higher
than
in
most
other
industrialized
countries
,
finds
a
new
report
from
the
U.S.
Department
of
AgricultureÃÂs
Economic
Research
Service
.
The
report
notes
that
child
poverty
is
heavily
concentrated
in
the
South
,
and
remains
higher
in
rural
than
in
urban
areas
,
despite
progress
in
the
1990s
.
In
the
South
,
19
percent
of
rural
children
were
poor
in
2003
.
Proximity
to
an
urban
area
appears
to
impact
rural
poverty
rates
,
with
nonadjacent
counties
having
higher
rates
of
poverty
.
See
ÃÂRural
Children
at
a
Glance,ÃÂ
at
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/EIB1/EIB1.pdf
.
Grant
to
Establish
Nonprofit
Associations
in
Southern
States
A
grant
from
the
W.K.
Kellogg
Foundation
will
help
the
National
Council
of
Nonprofit
Associations
(
NCNA
)
establish
new
nonprofit
associations
in
15
states
,
including
Arkansas
,
Kentucky
,
Oklahoma
,
Tennessee
,
Virginia
and
West
Virginia
.
The
aim
of
the
associations
will
be
to
strengthen
their
stateÃÂs
nonprofit
organizations
through
advocacy
,
professional
development
,
network
building
,
research
and
information
sharing
,
and
other
activities
.
For
more
information
,
contact
NCNA
at
(
202
)
962-0322
or
visit
their
Web
site
at
http://www.ncna.org
.
Southern
Growth
Releases
The
Southern
Workforce
Index
The
Southern
Workforce
Index
offers
a
bird's-eye
view
of
the
South
's
workforce
development
challenges
.
The
Index
is
non-traditional
in
form
and
philosophy--it
equates
workforce
and
economic
development
and
calls
on
states
to
respond
on
multiple
fronts
,
not
through
a
fragmented
system
of
education
programs
.
Specifically
,
The
Index
focuses
on
the
need
to
tailor
services
to
individual
clients
,
tap
into
non-traditional
sources
of
workers
,
and
better
inform
students
and
teachers
about
the
economy
,
starting
at
the
earliest
ages
.
The
Index
outlines
15
indicators
for
measuring
the
region
's
process
and
contains
state-by-state
data
and
summaries
of
workforce
initiatives
in
the
region
.
The
full
report
can
be
viewed
in
pdf
format
at
Study
Reveals
Two-Lane
Roads
are
Most
Dangerous
Rural
two-lane
roads
in
Southeastern
states
are
among
the
most
dangerous
roads
in
the
nation
,
according
to
a
recent
national
analysis
of
traffic
fatalities
by
TRIP
,
a
nonprofit
transportation
research
group
.
Among
the
reportÃÂs
major
findings
is
that
traffic
fatalities
are
occurring
on
rural
roads
at
a
rate
approximately
two-and-a-half
times
higher
than
on
all
other
roads
.
Factors
cited
in
the
report
include
poor
roadway
design
,
longer
emergency
vehicle
response
times
,
and
the
higher
speeds
traveled
on
rural
roads
.
Download
the
report
and
appendices
at
http://www.tripnet.org
.
New
Book
:
The
American
South
in
a
Global
World
The
University
of
North
Carolina
has
released
a
new
book
,
The
American
South
in
a
Global
World
.
One
of
the
most
interesting
concepts
,
introduced
by
James
Peacock
,
former
director
of
the
University
Center
for
International
Studies
,
is
that
the
Southern
identity
is
having
to
shift
from
simply
"
we
're
not
the
North
"
to
one
that
reflects
its
global
interdependence
.
The
300-page
book
costs
$
25
in
paperback
.
To
order
,
call
1-800-848-6224
.
The
book
helped
to
inspire
,
"
Fast
Forward
:
Mobilizing
the
South
for
Prosperity
in
a
Global
Economy
.
"
A
summary
of
that
report
can
be
found
at
http://www.southern.org/pubs/fastforward-exec.pdf
or
,
for
the
full
version
,
visit
http://www.southern.org/pubs/gsc-fastforward.pdf
The
Rural
Information
Center
has
a
new
web
page
dedicated
to
"
Federal
Funding
Sources
for
Rural
Areas
"
which
is
available
at
:
http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ric/funding.php
.
Journal
of
Research
in
Rural
Education
becomes
e-journal
.
The
Journal
of
Research
in
Rural
Education
,
established
in
1982
by
the
College
of
Education
and
Human
Development
at
the
University
of
Maine
,
reports
the
results
of
educational
research
that
is
of
demonstrable
relevance
to
rural
settings
.
Book
reviews
are
published
as
well
.
With
Volume
19
,
JRRE
has
converted
to
an
online
open-access
journal
(
http://www.umaine.edu/jrre
/
).
The
International
Review
of
Modern
Sociology
Seeks
Submissions
The
International
Revew
of
Modern
Sociology
is
committed
to
publishing
sociologically
related
and
academically
engaging
papers
with
an
explicit
cross-cultural
and
comparative
focus
.
All
submissions
must
neither
be
under
review
elsewhere
nor
have
been
previously
published
.
Manuscripts
may
be
submitted
electronically
as
a
Word
document
to
:
Sunil
Kukreja
(
kukreja@ups.edu
)
along
with
A
title
page
with
the
name
of
the
author(s
)
and
institutional
affiliation(s
)
,
if
any
An
abstract
of
no
more
than
150
words
A
biographical
statement
of
the
author(s)--maximum
100
words
The
paper
should
not
be
longer
than
30
typewritten
pages
(
including
references
and
notes
)
and
in
size
12
font
Papers
should
conform
to
the
APA
style
A
processing
fee
of
$
30
(
payable
to
IRMS
)
must
be
submitted
before
the
paper
will
be
reviewed
.
Hard
copy
submissions
(
please
submit
3
copies
)
should
be
sent
to
:
Sunil
Kukreja
,
Department
of
Comparative
Sociology
,
CMB
1057
,
University
of
Puget
Sound
,
Tacoma
,
WA
98416
New
Equitable
Development
Toolkit
Available
On-Line
A
new
Equitable
Development
Toolkit
offers
communities
a
range
of
strategies
aimed
at
providing
opportunities
for
affordable
housing
,
good
jobs
,
and
environmental
safety
to
families
of
all
income
levels
.
The
Toolkit
contains
ideas
for
encouraging
the
redevelopment
of
abandoned
or
underutilized
industrial
properties
;
promoting
minority
contracting
;
developing
affordable
housing
;
ensuring
that
families
earn
living
wages
;
and
preserving
green
space
.
Access
the
Toolkit
at
http://www.policylink.org/EDTK/overview.html
JOB
-
NOAA
Seeks
Coastal
Management
Specialist
I.
M.
Systems
Group
,
Inc.
(
IMSG
)
,
a
contractor
to
the
National
Oceanic
and
Atmospheric
Administration
(
NOAA
)
Coastal
Services
Center
(
Center
)
,
seeks
an
individual
to
serve
as
a
Coastal
Management
Specialist
to
support
the
Center
's
Coastal
Management
Services
Outreach
Program
.
The
position
is
a
shared
position
between
the
NOAA
Coastal
Services
Center
located
in
Charleston
South
Carolina
and
the
NOAA
Office
of
Ocean
and
Coastal
Resource
Management
located
in
Silver
Spring
,
Maryland
.
The
incumbent
will
be
physically
located
in
Charleston
,
South
Carolina
,
but
will
travel
up
to
Silver
Spring
on
a
regular
basis
(
once
per
quarter
on
average
)
for
face
to
face
meetings
,
and
will
participate
on
weekly
conference
calls
with
staff
from
Silver
Spring
.
The
incumbent
will
work
on
several
coastal
management
initiatives
of
interest
to
both
NOAA
offices
including
the
national
coastal
management
performance
measurement
system
and
the
coastal
and
estuarine
land
conservation
program
.
The
incumbent
will
also
work
on
community-related
issues
,
such
as
residential
docks
and
piers
regulations
,
and
invasive
species
management
.
Other
projects
and
activities
will
also
be
assigned
based
on
the
selected
individual
's
interest
and
expertise
.
Experience
in
issues
associated
with
land
planning
and
land
use
,
recreation
and
tourism
,
coastal
management
and
policy
.
Experience
in
developing
performance
measures
.
Experience
in
facilitation
.
Understanding
of
social
science
methodologies
and
applications
as
they
relate
to
coastal
management
.
Self
starter
who
is
comfortable
working
with
a
variety
of
activities
and
programs
covering
subjects
ranging
from
coastal
resource
protection
to
public
access
to
community
development
.
Excellent
communication
skills
(
oral
,
written
,
and
inter-personal
)
.
Located
in
Charleston
South
Carolina
,
the
NOAA
Coastal
Services
Center
serves
the
nation
's
coastal
resource
management
community
by
facilitating
access
to
and
utilization
of
the
most
up-to-date
information
,
management
strategies
,
and
technology
.
For
more
information
visit
the
Center
's
Web
site
at
:
http://www.csc.noaa.gov
To
apply
,
send
resume
to
:
sandersj@imsg.com
Article
:
Trends
in
Successful
Rural
Economies
ÃÂRural
America
produces
much
more
than
cows
and
corn,ÃÂ
emphasizes
an
article
in
the
latest
issue
of
the
Federal
Reserve
Bank
of
Kansas
CityÃÂs
Main
Street
Economist
.
The
article
points
to
a
number
of
key
trends
in
the
rural
economy
,
including
rising
agricultural
productivity
,
the
emergence
of
services
as
a
vital
economic
sector
,
and
a
move
away
from
commodity
production
.
The
authors
point
out
that
rural
areas
often
donÃÂt
get
credit
for
their
dynamism
because
the
most
successful
areas
often
ÃÂgraduateÃÂ
to
non-rural
status
.
Formerly
rural
counties
that
have
been
reclassified
as
urban
since
1970
grew
in
population
by
more
than
80
%
between
1970
and
2000
,
the
authors
note
,
compared
with
a
32
%
growth
rate
for
counties
that
were
already
considered
metropolitan
in
1970
.
Access
the
article
at
.
Report
:
Active
Living
and
Local
Governments
Local
officials
think
itÃÂs
very
important
for
local
governments
to
provide
opportunities
for
citizens
to
pursue
healthy
,
active
lifestyles
,
finds
a
recent
survey
by
the
International
City/County
Management
Association
and
the
National
Association
of
Counties
.
Strong
community
support
,
local
government
leadership
,
and
partnerships
with
schools
are
seen
as
keys
to
success
.
The
report
offers
a
number
of
recommendations
to
local
governments
,
including
:
1
)
recognizing
the
importance
of
local
government
leadership
;
2
)
educating
citizens
about
linkages
between
active
living
and
quality
of
life
,
health
care
costs
,
and
other
priorities
;
3
)
looking
beyond
parks
and
recreation
exercise
programs
for
ways
to
promote
healthy
living
-
such
as
through
transportation
and
community
design
changes
;
4
)
partnering
with
schools
;
and
5
)
addressing
land
use
regulations
that
are
barriers
to
active
living
.
See
.
Report
:
Defining
The
Boundaries
of
Metro
vs.
Non-Metro
Areas
Are
you
confused
about
the
new
names
,
definitions
and
boundaries
for
metropolitan
and
non-metropolitan
areas
?
If
so
,
a
new
publication
from
the
Brookings
Institution
will
help
set
you
straight
.
Tracking
Metropolitan
America
into
the
21st
Century
includes
comparisons
of
metro
areas
under
old
and
new
definitions
,
describes
newly
defined
ÃÂmicropolitanÃÂ
areas
,
and
discusses
the
policy
and
research
implications
of
the
new
system
.
Download
the
report
at
.
Report
:
Options
for
Rural
High
School
Excellence
Roughly
30
percent
of
Southerners
live
in
rural
areas
compared
to
21
percent
nationally
.
Seeing
the
importance
of
the
rural
economy
and
workforce
,
the
Southern
GovernorÃÂs
Association
(
SGA
)
released
,
ÃÂOptions
for
Rural
High
School
Excellence.ÃÂ
The
report
highlights
state
and
local
policies
proven
to
improve
rural
education
.
The
paper
identifies
size
as
a
potential
advantage
of
small
rural
schools
,
but
also
points
to
leadership
,
discrimination
,
and
financing
as
areas
in
need
of
improvement
.
To
view
the
report
at
:
.
Does
Education
and
School
Quality
Affect
Economic
Development
?
In
their
most
recent
publication
,
the
Knowledge
Works
Foundation
(
KWF
)
discusses
the
relationship
between
education
and
economic
prosperity
.
The
paper
cites
research
from
the
Brookings
Institution
and
noted
education
policy
authors
attributing
the
U.S.ÃÂs
success
as
a
knowledge-based
economy
to
a
relatively
well-educated
workforce
.
The
research
also
extends
the
relationship
between
education
and
prosperity
to
state
and
local
economies
.
In
a
study
of
school
districts
with
court-mandated
public
school
funding
,
increases
in
education
spending
immediately
raised
real
estate
values
.
In
addition
,
cities
with
a
well-educated
workforce
and
strong
public
school
system
during
the
last
decade
were
the
areas
to
experience
the
greatest
amount
of
population
and
income
growth
.
To
view
the
paper
online
:
Rural
Business
Investment
Program
Designed
to
Promote
Job
Creation
in
Rural
Communities
The
U.
S.
Department
of
Agriculture
(
USDA
)
and
the
Small
Business
Administration
(
SBA
)
announced
a
new
,
initiative
to
promote
economic
development
and
job
creation
in
rural
areas
.
The
Rural
Business
Investment
Program
(
RBIP
)
licenses
companies
for
matching
venture
capital
funds
dedicated
to
the
nationÃÂs
rural
businesses
.
The
program
is
similar
to
existing
SBA
venture
capital
programs
.
Companies
ÃÂmust
identify
targeted
Rural
Areas
and
demonstrate
how
they
would
assist
those
areas
through
disciplined
,
profit-oriented
investing
in
rural
enterprises
and
through
hands-on
technical
assistance
to
rural
enterprisesÃ
ÃÂ
At
least
75
percent
of
RBIC
investments
,
measured
both
by
dollars
invested
and
number
,
must
be
made
in
Rural
Business
ConcernsÃÂan
enterprise
whose
principal
office
is
located
outside
a
standard
metropolitan
statistical
area
or
within
a
community
with
a
population
of
50,000
or
less
.
See
the
SBA
description
of
the
program
at
http://www.sba.gov/INV/RBIP
/
.
New
On-Line
Toolkit
Available
for
Community
Development
and
Planning
Pathways
to
Planning
is
a
new
on-line
tool
to
help
communities
diagnose
and
address
their
planning
issues
and
needs
.
The
tool
,
which
was
developed
by
the
Orton
Family
Foundation
and
the
Vermont
Forum
on
Sprawl
,
covers
eight
key
topics
,
including
development
patterns
,
transportation
,
natural
resources
and
the
environment
,
historic
resources
,
open
space
,
agriculture
,
the
town
center
and
housing
.
After
completing
a
series
of
questions
in
each
of
these
areas
,
users
are
offered
advice
and
resources
aimed
at
their
communityÃÂs
particular
needs
and
circumstances
.
Access
the
tool
at
http://www.surveycafe.com/VtForum/entry.asp
.
Towards
a
New
Metropolis
:
The
Opportunity
to
Rebuild
America
[
pdf
]
--
In
this
paper
,
Professor
Arthur
C.
Nelson
of
the
Virginia
Polytechnic
Institute
and
State
University
turns
his
attention
to
the
question
of
how
the
built
environment
of
the
urban
areas
of
the
United
States
might
be
reinvigorated
during
the
coming
quarter
century
.
The
51-page
paper
contains
a
number
of
interesting
findings
,
such
as
that
by
2030
about
half
of
the
buildings
in
which
Americans
live
,
work
,
and
shop
will
have
been
built
after
2000
.
Other
aspects
of
the
report
are
not
as
surprising
,
such
as
the
comment
that
a
preponderance
of
this
new
growth
will
occur
in
the
South
and
the
West
.
Professor
Nelson
concludes
the
report
by
asking
a
rather
pressing
question
:
"
Should
we
maintain
the
status
quo
in
terms
of
development
patterns
,
or
can
we
envision
a
different
pattern
of
growth
?
"
Southern
Growth
Policies
Board
has
added
a
comprehensive
list
of
resources
on
both
the
regional
and
national
level
to
assist
in
researching
topics
in
the
community
development
;
globalization
and
trade
;
innovation
and
technology
and
workforce
disciplines
.
Visit
http://www.southern.org/main/tools/tools.shtml
and
view
the
list
of
links
for
a
broad
range
of
topics
.
Rural
Governance
Innovations
Focus
of
New
Report
--
Innovations
in
rural
governance
are
the
focus
of
the
just-released
2003
Annual
Report
of
the
Center
for
the
Study
of
Rural
America
.
The
report
emphasizes
that
new
governance
ÃÂis
the
bookend
challenge
to
building
a
new
economy
in
rural
regions
throughout
the
nation,ÃÂ
along
with
the
need
to
build
new
engines
of
economic
growth
.
It
cautions
that
old
institutions
that
were
created
for
yesterdayÃÂs
economy
can
impede
partnerships
that
are
essential
to
progress
in
the
21st
century
.
The
report
emphasizes
that
rural
areas
need
a
way
of
governance
ÃÂthat
allows
a
region
to
make
economic
decisions
quickly
and
efficiently
ÃÂ
and
in
line
with
the
new
economic
opportunities.ÃÂ
Four
innovations
in
rural
governance
are
highlighted
:
1
)
Northeast
Minnesota
Higher
Education
District
;
2
)
Texas
Office
of
Rural
and
Community
Affairs
;
3
)
Oklahoma
Alliance
for
Manufacturing
Excellence
;
and
4
)
Discovery
Park
at
Purdue
University
.
New
Publications
William
W.
Falk
,
Michael
D.
Schulman
,
and
Ann
R.
Tickamyer
have
edited
a
new
book
,
Communities
of
Work
:
Rural
Restructuring
in
Local
and
Global
Contexts
,
which
is
being
published
by
Ohio
University
Press
.
Many
of
the
chapters
of
this
book
are
written
by
SRSA
members
.
The
Smart
Growth
Network
and
the
International
City
County
Management
Association
recently
published
a
follow-up
volume
to
Getting
to
Smart
Growth
,
a
2002
publication
that
featured
100
tools
for
implementing
smart
growth
principles
.
The
new
volume
,
aptly
named
Getting
to
Smart
Growth
II
,
adds
100
more
tools
to
the
mix
,
including
actions
that
the
private
sector
can
take
to
promote
more
livable
communities
.
Among
the
Southern
examples
highlighted
are
Atlanta
's
Land
Bank
Authority
and
Kansas
City
's
Country
Club
Plaza
.
The
U.S.
Department
of
Agriculture
's
Economic
Research
Service
recently
published
Rural
America
at
a
Glance
,
a
six-page
brochure
that
highlights
economic
and
social
conditions
in
the
nation
's
rural
areas
.
The
publication
is
designed
to
help
public
and
private
decision
makers
as
they
develop
policies
and
programs
to
strengthen
rural
communities
.
New
Listserv
Focuses
On
Rural
Space
If
you
're
interested
in
spatial
aspects
of
rural
spaces
and
locales
,
the
new
listserv
,
RuralSpace-L
,
is
now
available
for
subscribers
.
RuralSpace-L
is
open
for
rural
sociologists
and
members
of
other
disciplines
.
This
list
welcomes
questions
and
comments
on
both
theory
and
methods
of
spatial
analysis
involving
rural
locales
.
A
note
on
your
research
activities
involving
spatial
theory
or
methods
is
highly
welcomed
.
To
subscribe
send
"
subscribe
ruralspace-l
"
(
w/o
quotes
)
in
the
body
of
an
email
message
to
majordomo@Lists.MsState.Edu
.
If
you
have
a
signature
block
automatically
appended
to
your
outgoing
e-mail
,
put
the
word
"
end
"
(
no
quotes
)
on
a
separate
line
after
the
"
subscribe
"
command
.
That
will
instruct
Majordomo
to
ignore
everything
else
in
your
message
.
New
Guidebook
Released
for
Conducting
Challenging
Community
Dialogues
Public
Conversations
Project
has
released
an
updated
guidebook
entitled
Constructive
Conversations
about
Challenging
Times
:
A
Guide
to
Community
Dialogue
.
The
book
contains
instructions
for
conducting
a
two-hour
dialogue
on
a
challenging
issue
or
event
,
from
convening
the
group
to
facilitating
the
actual
dialogue
.
Additional
community
dialog
tools
are
also
available
for
download
.
GRANTS.GOV
Provides
Information
on
800
Government
Grants
Programs
Grants.gov
is
a
new
website
that
improves
the
process
of
identifying
and
applying
for
federal
government
grants
.
The
interagency
project
was
headed
by
the
Department
of
Health
and
Human
Services
,
which
awards
more
than
half
of
all
federal
grants
.
Grants.gov
provides
information
on
more
than
800
grant
programs
involving
all
26
federal
grant-making
agencies
.
The
site
uses
a
standardized
format
across
agencies
and
includes
a
Find
Grant
Opportunities
feature
to
help
applicants
find
potential
funding
opportunities
.
The
Apply
for
Grants
section
simplifies
the
application
process
by
letting
applicants
download
,
complete
and
submit
applications
for
specific
grant
opportunities
from
any
federal
grant-making
agency
.
Southern
Growth
Releases
New
Community
Toolkit
A
new
toolkit
from
Southern
Growth
Policies
Board
,
Globally
Positioning
the
South
,
is
designed
to
help
communities
plan
their
future
in
the
global
economy
.
Materials
are
available
to
guide
citizens
in
a
discussion
of
possible
approaches
,
including
making
sure
that
businesses
have
access
to
information
about
global
markets
and
new
technologies
,
that
the
workforce
has
the
skills
needed
in
today
's
global
marketplace
,
and
that
communities
are
making
civic
connections
that
will
help
them
build
stronger
communities
and
businesses
.
Feedback
and
input
from
these
community
meetings
will
be
used
in
developing
Southern
Growth
's
2004
Report
on
the
Future
of
the
South
.
Also
available
are
placemats
that
provide
fun
facts
and
games
to
get
citizens
thinking
about
their
community
's
connections
to
the
global
economy
.
The
placemats
can
be
used
in
conjunction
with
a
community
discussion
forum
,
or
at
any
type
of
lunch
or
dinner
gathering
.
For
more
information
on
these
materials
,
see
www.southern.org/placemat.asp
or
contact
Linda
Hoke
at
lhoke@southern.org
.
Rural
Housing
and
Economic
Development
Gateway
Launched
The
Housing
Assistance
Council
has
launched
the
Rural
Housing
and
Economic
Development
Gateway
to
connect
rural
organizations
with
information
,
technical
assistance
,
training
,
and
investment
capital
in
the
areas
of
economic
and
community
development
.
Gateway
staff
are
also
available
to
answer
housing
and
development
questions
in
English
and
Spanish
at
1-877-RURAL-26
(
1-877-787-2526
)
or
gateway@ruralhome.org
.
Free
Local
Government
Environmental
Toolkit
Available
Looking
for
resources
on
Brownfields
,
smart
growth
,
military
base
reuse
and
other
environmental
issues
?
The
International
City/County
Management
Association
(
ICMA
)
has
produced
a
toolkit
that
could
help
.
The
Local
Government
Environmental
Toolkit
,
available
on
CD-ROM
,
contains
publications
,
fact
sheets
,
and
other
resources
that
ICMA
has
produced
to
help
local
government
officials
meet
their
environmental
and
economic
development
challenges
.
Request
a
free
copy
of
the
toolkit
by
calling
(
877
)
865-4326
or
emailing
lgean@icma.org
with
your
name
mailing
address
,
and
phone
number
.
GIS
Data
http://data.geocomm.com
/
This
online
resource
for
GIS
and
geospatial
data
has
compiled
data
from
a
wide
range
of
GIS
Web
sites
located
on
the
Internet
.
Some
of
the
data
is
free
once
you
set
up
a
user
account
to
be
part
of
the
GeoCommunity
,
with
additional
data
available
for
a
fee
using
the
Premium
option
.
Downloading
may
require
the
user
to
be
proficient
in
GIS
and
own
relevant
software
.
Download
options
include
:
Digital
Raster
Graphic
(
DRG
)
Data
,
USGS
Digital
elevation
Models
(
DEM
)
,
Digital
Orthophotos
(
DOQ/DOQQ
)
,
and
FEMA
Flood
Data
.
Bundles
of
data
available
for
purchase
include
:
VECTOR
MAP
(
VMap
)
Level
1
,
National
Wetlands
Inventory
,
TIGER
Data
&
U.S.
Census
Resources
,
data
by
individual
states
in
the
U.S.
as
well
as
data
on
countries
around
the
globe
.
The
majority
of
the
datasets
are
in
ARC/INFO
E00
,
SHP
,
DLG
,
TIGER
,
and
DEM
formats
.
Updated
School
District
Demographic
Information
Available
On-Line
The
National
Center
for
Education
Statistics
(
NCES
)
has
released
an
updated
version
of
its
School
District
Demographic
System
.
The
tabulation
provides
more
than
100,000
demographic
characteristics
per
school
district
.
The
data
system
also
allows
you
to
create
your
own
demographic
map
of
the
school
district
.
To
view
this
,
see
:
http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/sdds
.
Another
NCES
publication
profiles
nearly
6,600
postsecondary
institutions
participating
in
Title
IV
federal
student
financial
aid
programs
are
profiled
.
The
report
looks
at
tuition
,
fees
,
and
other
costs
,
as
well
as
the
number
of
degrees
conferred
during
the
2001-2002
school
year
.
See
the
report
at
:
http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2004154
.
National
Association
of
Manufacturers
Statistics
Available
Via
On-line
Database
The
National
Association
of
Manufacturers
has
created
a
database
of
manufacturing
establishment
data
.
The
data
includes
numbers
of
establishments
and
employment
by
congressional
district
and
by
state
.
Harris
Selectory
provided
the
data
.
The
list
of
manufacturers
by
congressional
district
resides
at
www.nam.org/mfgdistricts
and
the
list
by
state
resides
at
</text>
<text id="http://www.ag.iastate.edu/aginfo/speech.html">
Know
your
audience
.
Here
are
some
questions
to
ask
.
How
many
people
will
be
there
?
What
is
their
background
,
gender
,
age
,
careers
and
interests
?
What
do
they
already
know
about
your
topic
?
How
much
more
will
they
want
to
know
?
What
's
in
it
for
them
?
Will
there
be
other
speakers
?
How
much
time
have
you
been
given
for
your
speech
,
including
Q
&
A
?
OUTLINE
DEVELOPMENT
1.
Decide
on
a
central
message
.
This
is
the
focus
of
your
talk
--
the
organizing
element
for
all
your
ideas
.
Some
criteria
for
helping
develop
a
good
central
message
include
:
What
's
your
purpose
?
Is
it
to
--
inform
or
educate
?
To
entertain
?
To
convince
or
persuade
?
To
stimulate
action
?
Keep
it
simple
!
If
you
ca
n't
state
your
central
message
in
one
or
two
sentences
,
you
probably
have
n't
narrowed
your
topic
enough
.
2.
Decide
on
three
to
five
key
points
.
3.
Develop
supporting
evidence
for
each
key
point
.
Include
statistics
,
stories
or
examples
.
4.
Develop
a
strong
introduction
and
powerful
conclusion
.
WRITE
AND
REWRITE
1.
Make
an
immediate
connection
with
the
audience
.
The
warm-up
is
for
the
speaker
as
much
as
the
audience
.
Give
yourself
time
to
get
comfortable
at
the
podium
and
get
the
audience
's
attention
.
2.
Provide
a
"
road
map
"
of
your
remarks
.
Tell
the
audience
what
you
will
say
,
how
you
plan
to
say
it
and
how
long
you
will
take
to
make
your
points
.
For
example
:
"
In
the
next
15
minutes
,
I
will
share
with
you
three
key
steps
to
...
"
3.
Use
this
three-point
checklist
to
prioritize
your
information
and
make
sure
you
're
not
giving
your
audience
too
much
.
Need
to
know
Nice
to
know
Do
n't
need
to
know
4.
Use
conversational
language
.
Speak
to
the
audience
as
if
you
are
speaking
to
a
friend
.
Use
contractions
.
Avoid
acronyms
and
jargon
.
Use
short
words
and
sentences
,
plus
active
verbs
.
Do
n't
be
afraid
of
sentence
fragments
--
people
talk
that
way
.
5.
Create
mental
bumper
stickers
.
Use
sentences
and
phrases
people
will
remember
.
Possible
sources
--
fortune
cookies
,
the
comic
pages
,
television
commercials
,
personal
experiences
and
childhood
events
.
6.
Repeat
your
main
points
.
Do
this
throughout
your
speech
and
again
at
the
end
.
Use
examples
,
illustrations
,
comparisons
,
quotes
,
statistics
--
anything
to
help
build
a
picture
in
the
minds
of
your
audience
.
7.
Prepare
for
a
speech
18-25
minutes
in
length
.
Eighteen
is
preferred
,
including
four
minutes
for
an
opening
,
ten
minutes
for
the
body
and
four
minutes
for
the
close
.
8.
Develop
an
effective
close
.
You
may
want
to
simply
restate
your
central
message
.
Or
use
a
short
story
,
well
known
quotation
,
poem
or
something
related
to
the
message
.
The
purpose
of
a
speech
is
to
move
the
audience
to
action
or
a
particular
belief
.
Work
on
mastering
the
art
of
making
a
challenge
.
PRACTICE
--
PRACTICE
--
PRACTICE
1.
Decide
on
the
physical
format
for
your
speech
.
Do
you
want
it
written
out
completely
?
How
about
a
few
note
cards
filled
with
key
points
?
Whichever
you
choose
,
use
large
letters
and
double
or
triple
space
.
Do
n't
staple
pages
together
.
Number
pages
.
Do
n't
break
a
thought
from
one
page
to
the
next
.
2.
Rehearse
your
delivery
.
Do
this
in
front
of
a
mirror
,
into
a
video
camera
or
tape
recorder
.
Stand
up
and
visualize
the
audience
in
front
of
you
.
3.
Make
the
most
of
visual
aids
.
Research
shows
retention
of
information
presented
with
visual
support
is
65
percent
after
five
days
,
compared
with
only
five
percent
without
.
But
do
n't
allow
visuals
to
become
a
crutch
,
taking
your
eyes
away
from
the
audience
.
And
what
you
're
showing
must
be
bright
,
clear
and
large
enough
.
4.
Do
a
room
analysis
.
If
possible
,
go
to
the
room
where
your
speech
will
be
given
in
advance
to
help
eliminate
surprises
.
How
large
is
the
room
?
Will
it
be
possible
to
use
slides
,
videos
or
overheads
if
you
want
?
Will
there
be
a
podium
?
What
type
of
microphone
is
available
?
How
can
the
sound
system
be
adjusted
?
Where
will
you
be
seated
before
you
're
introduced
?
DELIVERY
1.
Dress
appropriately
.
Wear
something
comfortable
and
conservative
.
Avoid
bright
white
shirts
,
big
jewelry
and
brass
buttons
,
any
of
which
may
catch
the
light
and
produce
a
distracting
glare
.
2.
Provide
a
proper
introduction
.
Take
along
a
prepared
bio
for
the
emcee
.
It
's
your
responsibility
to
provide
enough
information
so
the
audience
accepts
you
as
a
credible
source
.
3.
Stand
tall
--
take
deep
breaths
.
Flexing
your
hands
and
expanding
your
ribcage
are
good
ways
to
settle
your
nerves
.
Use
the
adrenalin
to
get
off
to
a
good
start
,
but
do
n't
go
too
fast
.
4.
Maintain
eye
contact
with
the
audience
.
Look
for
a
friendly
face
near
the
center
of
the
room
and
deliver
your
opening
to
that
person
.
Then
continually
move
your
gaze
around
the
room
,
giving
each
thought
to
a
different
person
.
5.
Vary
your
tone
of
voice
and
speed
of
delivery
.
Show
enthusiasm
for
your
topic
with
your
voice
.
Do
n't
speak
too
quietly
,
too
loudly
,
too
slowly
or
quickly
.
Do
n't
use
verbal
fillers
such
as
"
um
,
"
"
uh
"
and
"
you
know
.
"
Instead
,
pause
silently
.
6.
Use
gestures
and
facial
expressions
effectively
.
Smile
at
the
audience
.
Use
hand
gestures
when
appropriate
.
Between
gestures
,
rest
hands
at
your
sides
or
lightly
on
the
lectern
.
Lean
slightly
forward
.
Move
away
from
the
podium
,
if
possible
.
7.
Be
prepared
for
questions
.
Think
about
the
four
questions
you
would
most
like
to
be
asked
and
the
four
questions
you
fear
the
most
.
Then
prepare
answers
to
those
eight
questions
.
Keep
your
answers
short
and
to
the
point
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.ag.iastate.edu/agonline/ag-online.11.html">
The
College
of
Agriculture
Newsletter
Iowa
State
University
February
3
,
1995
No.
11
C
O
N
T
E
N
T
S
COLLEGE
NEWS
-
Faculty-staff
workshop
Feb.
28
-
Odor
lawsuit
appeal
-
New
Ag
Council
officers
COMMUNICATIONS
KIOSK
-
Pocketful
of
ISU
facts
INFOGRAZING
-
Plant
Health
Clinic
'
94
-
Agriculture
,
aerospace
,
copyrights
EXTERNAL
VOICES
-
Tomorrow
's
jobs
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
Jobs
tomorrow
?
MARGINALIA
-
Licking
a
problem
-
Whistleblower
C
O
L
L
E
G
E
N
E
W
S
FACULTY-STAFF
WORKSHOP
FEB
.
28
More
details
on
the
upcoming
College
of
Agriculture
professional
development
workshop
:
Faculty
and
staff
are
encouraged
to
attend
"
Human
Resources
:
Enhancing
the
Professional
Work
Environment
in
the
College
of
Agriculture
,
"
Tuesday
,
Feb.
28
,
Scheman
Building
,
5:00-8:30
p.m.
with
a
light
supper
at
6:30
.
The
workshop
focuses
on
sexual
harassment
and
diversity
issues
.
Participation
will
satisfy
the
university
requirement
that
all
faculty
and
staff
receive
training
in
these
areas
.
Note
:
Managers
and
supervisors
are
welcome
,
but
they
'll
also
be
required
to
attend
a
special
workshop
on
these
issues
.
Reservation
forms
(
return
deadline
,
Feb.
17
)
have
been
sent
to
departments
.
Questions
?
Contact
Robert
Martin
,
294-0896
.
ODOR
LAWSUIT
APPEAL
Last
week
the
Iowa
Court
of
Appeals
rejected
four
Boone
County
residents
'
appeal
of
a
1993
district
court
decision
involving
ISU
.
The
district
court
had
ordered
ISU
to
pay
the
residents
$
5,000
each
for
damages
resulting
from
odors
from
the
Swine
Nutrition
and
Management
Center
.
The
residents
appealed
,
seeking
the
more
than
$
1
million
in
damages
they
had
asked
for
in
their
original
lawsuit
.
NEW
AG
COUNCIL
OFFICERS
College
of
Agriculture
Student
Council
officers
serving
this
semester
and
the
next
are
Colby
Entriken
,
horticulture
,
president
;
Ryan
Bailey
,
agronomy
,
vice
president
;
Deanne
Dennison
,
ag
education
,
treasurer
;
and
Brian
Eipers
,
ag
engineering
,
secretary
.
C
O
M
M
U
N
I
C
A
T
I
O
N
S
K
I
O
S
K
POCKETFUL
OF
ISU
FACTS
Need
quick
,
concise
information
about
ISU
for
visiting
groups
or
as
a
personal
reference
?
"
How
It
Works
,
1994-95
"
is
a
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I
N
F
O
G
R
A
Z
I
N
G
PLANT
DISEASE
CLINIC
'
94
In
1994
,
the
Plant
Disease
Clinic
in
the
Department
of
Plant
Pathology
received
2,843
plant
samples
and
1,055
phone
inquiries
.
The
clinic
diagnoses
plant
problems
and
suggests
management
strategies
for
homeowners
,
commercial
growers
and
Extension
personnel
.
Trees
accounted
for
49
percent
of
the
samples
.
The
clinic
also
received
553
soil
samples
for
soybean
cyst
nematode
(
SCN
)
testing
.
Four
counties
were
added
to
the
list
of
those
known
to
have
SCN
infestations
;
the
total
is
now
64
.
Specialists
in
several
departments
routinely
contribute
to
diagnoses
of
problems
submitted
to
the
clinic
.
AGRICULTURE
,
AEROSPACE
,
COPYRIGHTS
U.S.
copyright
industries
have
foreign
sales
of
$
36
billion
annually
--
a
figure
exceeded
only
by
the
agricultural
and
aerospace
industries
.
Copyright
industries
account
for
nearly
6
percent
of
the
nation
's
GNP
and
are
creating
new
jobs
at
three
times
the
national
average
,
says
the
International
Intellectual
Property
Alliance
.
(
Wall
Street
Journal
,
Jan.
25
)
E
X
T
E
R
N
A
L
V
O
I
C
E
S
TOMORROW'S
JOBS
.
.
.
Reengineering
(
radical
redesign
of
a
company
's
processes
,
organization
and
culture
to
dramatically
improve
performance
)
squeezes
out
work
that
's
nonvalue-adding
,
say
"
Reengineering
the
Corporation
"
authors
Michael
Hammer
and
James
Champy
.
"
If
you
ca
n't
do
real
work
,
I
'd
get
real
nervous
.
.
.
A
successful
career
will
.
.
.
be
about
mastery
,
"
says
Hammer
.
They
add
that
the
few
remaining
managerial
jobs
will
be
the
process
planner
,
who
figures
out
how
;
the
coach
,
who
teaches
and
helps
people
improve
;
and
the
leader
,
who
creates
an
environment
where
people
get
work
done
.
(
Wall
Street
Journal
,
Jan.
24
)
.
.
.
JOBS
TOMORROW
?
Skill
requirements
of
the
emerging
workplace
are
more
general
than
specific
,
crossing
traditional
disciplinary
lines
and
leaning
much
more
towards
flexibility
and
resiliency
than
to
the
rigid
norms
of
the
traditional
"
job
,
"
says
William
Bridges
,
author
of
"
JobShift
.
"
He
says
the
job
is
poorly
adapted
to
the
needs
of
a
fast-moving
,
information-based
economy
and
has
outlived
its
usefulness
.
Many
organizations
are
moving
toward
being
"
dejobbed
"
--
meaning
job
definitions
go
out
the
window
and
workers
'
tasks
and
responsibilities
evolve
as
projects
evolve
.
(
Fortune
,
Sept.
19
,
1994
)
M
A
R
G
I
N
A
L
I
A
LICKING
A
PROBLEM
Canada
spreads
4
million
tons
of
salt
a
year
on
snowy
roads
,
creating
a
big
salt
lick
for
moose
and
,
in
turn
,
a
moose
hazard
for
drivers
.
To
keep
moose
off
roads
,
researchers
tested
repellents
redolent
of
wolf
urine
or
rotten
eggs
.
But
moose
got
used
to
the
odors
.
Digging
drainage
ditches
to
divert
salty
water
reduced
accidents
,
but
is
costly
and
time-consuming
.
Bumper
whistles
claiming
to
alert
moose
of
approaching
vehicles
are
popular
,
but
"
after
people
finished
picking
the
moose
hair
out
of
their
car
grill
,
they
realized
they
did
n't
work
very
well
.
"
(
Wall
Street
Journal
)
GAME
OVER
,
MAN
Now
there
's
a
software
program
that
literally
blows
the
whistle
when
it
senses
an
employee
playing
a
computer
game
on
company
time
.
GameCop
can
be
programmed
to
recognize
more
than
100
games
.
(
Information
Week
,
Jan.
30
)
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</text>
<text id="http://www.age.uiuc.edu/bee/Research/multi-sampler/multi3.htm">
Download
this
Paper
-
MS
Word
Dust
Spatial
Distribution
in
a
Typical
Swine
Building
Xinlei
Wang
,
Yuanhui
Zhang
,
Gerald
L.
Riskowski
Department
of
Agricultural
Engineering
,
University
of
Illinois
at
Urbana-Champaign
,
Urbana
,
IL
61801
,
U.S.A.
ABSTRACT
Dust
has
been
implicated
as
a
major
contributor
to
the
increased
incidence
of
respiratory
disorders
among
swine
workers
.
Unlike
gaseous
contaminants
,
the
dust
is
not
uniformly
distributed
within
swine
buildings
.
Dust
spatial
distribution
is
an
important
variable
to
understand
the
nature
of
dust
transportation
and
to
implement
appropriate
control
strategies
.
There
is
a
lack
of
data
on
dust
spatial
distribution
in
livestock
confinement
buildings
because
of
lack
of
adequate
sampling
techniques
.
In
this
project
,
a
multi-point
sampler
has
been
developed
using
critical
flow
control
venturis
and
was
used
to
measure
the
dust
spatial
distribution
in
a
typical
swine
building
.
Experimental
results
show
that
there
is
a
high
variation
in
the
dust
spatial
distribution
within
the
mechanically
ventilated
swine
building
.
Ventilation
rate
,
diurnal
change
of
weather
,
oil
sprinkling
and
air
cleaning
using
an
aerodynamic
deduster
all
affect
the
dust
spatial
distribution
.
Keywords
:
Dust
spatial
distribution
,
ventilation
,
multi-point
sampler
,
swine
building
INTRODUCTION
Confinement
livestock
housing
at
high
animal
density
causes
many
problems
such
as
poor
indoor
air
quality
(
Carpenter
,
1986
)
,
especially
for
cold
climate
buildings
,
in
which
the
ventilation
rate
is
low
during
winter
.
Many
studies
confirm
the
adverse
effects
of
high
contaminant
concentration
in
livestock
buildings
on
human
health
working
in
a
contaminated
atmosphere
.
(
Dosman
et
al.
,
1988
;
Donham
et
al.
,
1989
)
.
Air
quality
has
been
an
increasing
concern
for
confinement
livestock
buildings
.
Dust
in
enclosed
swine
buildings
is
primarily
generated
from
feed
grains
,
fecal
materials
,
animal
skin
and
hair
,
insects
,
and
dead
micro-organisms
.
They
are
comprised
of
viable
organic
compounds
,
fungi
,
endotoxins
,
absorbed
toxic
gases
,
and
other
hazardous
agents
.
It
has
been
proven
that
dust
adversely
affects
animal
health
and
productivity
(
Deboer
et
al.
,
1991
)
.
Dust
also
has
direct
damaging
effects
on
the
health
of
the
operators
(
Senthilselvan
et
al.
,
1997
)
.
A
considerable
amount
of
data
from
the
literature
has
shown
that
dust
along
with
viable
microorganisms
,
fungi
,
and
absorbed
toxic
gases
within
airspaces
of
swine
buildings
,
have
been
implicated
as
major
contributors
to
the
increased
incidence
of
respiratory
disorders
among
swine
producers
compared
to
nonfarm
workers
(
Donham
et
al.
,
1989
)
.
Unlike
gaseous
contaminants
,
the
trajectories
of
the
dust
particles
differ
from
the
air
streamlines
within
an
airspace
.
Dust
concentration
depends
largely
on
air
distribution
,
relative
locations
to
the
dust
sources
,
and
activity
level
in
the
building
.
Consequently
,
dust
can
not
be
as
uniformly
distributed
within
a
ventilated
airspace
as
gaseous
pollutants
.
It
can
be
expected
that
there
are
spatial
gradients
of
dust
concentration
within
a
ventilated
airspace
.
Dust
spatial
concentrations
in
livestock
buildings
have
been
studied
by
Barber
et
al
.
(
1991
)
.
They
found
that
there
is
a
significant
spatial
variability
of
dust
within
the
swine
buildings
.
But
more
research
on
dust
spatial
distribution
is
needed
to
characterize
the
dust
within
livestock
buildings
.
The
dust
transportation
and
behavior
in
a
ventilated
airspace
is
very
complicated
because
of
combined
effects
of
air
flow
turbulence
,
gravitational
sedimentation
,
diffusion
,
coagulation
,
adhesion
,
and
resuspension
.
One
of
the
challenges
in
indoor
air
quality
studies
is
to
measure
the
dust
spatial
distribution
so
that
the
nature
of
dust
transportation
can
be
better
understood
and
appropriate
control
strategies
can
be
implemented
.
A
clear
understanding
of
the
dust
spatial
distribution
will
provide
useful
information
to
control
dust
sources
,
improve
the
design
of
ventilation
systems
,
and
implement
the
control
technologies
.
The
objective
of
this
project
is
to
measure
the
dust
mass
spatial
distribution
within
a
mechanically
ventilated
swine
building
at
different
conditions
to
study
the
dust
behavior
and
to
evaluate
the
effectiveness
of
dust
control
strategies
.
MATERIAL
AND
METHODS
Muti-point
Dust
Sampler
Most
research
to
date
has
been
based
on
monitoring
dust
concentration
at
only
one
representative
location
or
on
"
grab
"
samples
collected
at
two
or
three
sites
within
the
animal
buildings
.
To
study
the
dust
spatial
distribution
and
behavior
,
it
is
critical
to
measure
dust
concentrations
across
an
airspace
at
multi-points
during
the
same
time
period
.
Otherwise
,
the
time
required
for
each
measurement
point
(
typically
on
the
order
of
hours
or
days
for
mass
concentration
)
will
introduce
large
errors
in
dust
distribution
patterns
which
are
highly
time
dependent
.
A
muti-point
dust
sampler
was
developed
by
the
authors
using
several
critical
venturis
(
Wang
,
et
al.
,
1999
)
.
A
conceptual
design
of
the
multi-point
sampler
is
shown
in
Figure
1.
It
consists
of
a
commercially
available
vacuum
pump
,
a
pressure
monitor
,
a
pressure
regulator
,
and
an
array
of
critical
venturis
with
air
filters
.
When
the
air
is
drawn
through
a
filter
,
the
volumetric
flow
rate
remains
constant
for
all
venturis
as
long
as
the
pressure
across
the
venturis
is
higher
than
the
critical
pressure
drop
.
Since
the
critical
pressure
drop
of
the
venturi
was
below
11
kPa
,
the
pump
was
operated
at
a
sufficiently
high
vacuum
and
a
constant
flow
through
the
filters
was
maintained
.
This
multi-point
sampler
was
used
in
this
study
to
measure
the
dust
mass
concentration
in
a
cross
section
of
a
typical
swine
building
.
Figure
1
.
A
multi-point
dust
sampler
Experimental
Setup
The
building
used
for
the
experiment
is
shown
in
Figure
2.
This
building
is
comprised
of
two
identical
rooms
each
consisting
of
11
pens
.
Each
pen
was
equipped
with
one
two-hole
feeder
and
a
nipple
drinker
.
Partially
slotted
floor
was
used
in
both
rooms
.
Two
pens
in
the
middle
of
the
room
were
keep
empty
to
set
up
the
multi-point
sampler
.
Each
room
had
72
pigs
weighing
approximately
160-240
lbs
fed
with
mashed
dry
corn
meal
.
Fresh
air
entered
each
room
through
slotted
air
inlets
.
Each
room
has
two
exhaust
fans
with
a
total
capacity
of
4.3
m
3
/s
.
During
winter
operation
,
the
room
air
temperature
was
approximately
18-22°C
.
A
feedback
control
system
was
used
to
activate
the
fans
or
heater
to
control
air
temperature
in
the
rooms
.
The
fan
duty
cycles
were
recorded
using
timers
connected
to
the
fans
.
Each
room
temperature
and
relative
humidity
was
measured
using
a
calibrated
hygrothermograph
.
Figure
2
.
Swine
building
(
top
view)(all
dimensions
in
meters
)
Dust
concentrations
at
27
points
within
each
room
were
measured
(
Figure
2
)
.
Measurement
points
were
uniformly
distributed
in
the
central
cross
section
(
sampling
plane
)
in
the
room
,
as
shown
in
Figure
3.
Figure
3
.
Sampling
point
set
up
(
side
view
)
(
all
dimensions
in
meters
)
The
dust
collector
located
upstream
of
each
critical
venturi
was
a
37
mm
diameter
(
0.8
&#956m
porosity
)
filter
housed
in
a
holding
cassette
.
As
the
room
air
velocity
at
most
of
the
sampling
points
was
less
than
0.5
m/s
,
the
dust
sampling
inlet
was
oriented
perpendicular
to
air
flow
to
keep
all
sampling
close
to
isokinetic
conditions
.
Filters
were
dried
in
a
desiccant
drier
for
24
hours
and
weighed
on
a
precision
electronic
balance
prior
to
the
dust
collection
.
Before
sampling
,
the
sampling
rate
of
each
filter
was
calibrated
with
a
calibrated
rotameter
.
The
sampling
rate
of
each
filter
was
19.2
±
0.2
L/min
.
The
start
time
and
the
stop
time
of
sampling
were
recorded
.
Each
measurement
was
over
an
approximate
twenty-four
hour
period
except
for
daytime
and
nighttime
sampling
(
diurnal
effect
study
)
.
The
samplers
were
dried
in
a
desiccant
drier
for
24
hours
after
sampling
and
immediately
weighed
again
on
the
precision
electronic
balance
.
The
dust
mass
in
each
filter
was
calculated
and
recorded
.
The
dust
mass
concentration
in
each
point
was
calculated
using
the
following
equation
.
(
1
)
where
:
C
m
=
mass
concentration
(
mg/m
3
)
m
=
net
mass
increase
of
the
filter
after
sampling
(
mg
)
Q
=
sampling
rate
of
each
filter
(
L/min
)
t
=
sampling
period
(
min
)
RESULTS
AND
DISCUSSION
The
dust
mass
concentrations
in
27
points
were
measured
using
the
multi-point
sampler
at
different
conditions
.
The
experimental
cases
and
results
are
summarized
in
the
Table
1.
Table
1
Test
cases
and
experimental
results
Cases
Indoor
Outdoor
Temp
(
°C
)
Sampling
Time
(
minutes
)
Fan
duty
cycle*
(
%
)
Overall
Mass
Concentration
C
ave
(
mg/m3)**
T
(
°C
)
RH
(
%
)
1.
Control
20~22
58~73
1
~
11
1375
26
4.56
2.
Control
20~23
40~60
-3
~
9
1385
68
4.05
3.
Nighttime
15~18
51~69
-2
~
1
971
11
4.23
4.
Daytime
16~19
51~70
-5
~
0
480
30
7.14
5.
Control
20~22
53~74
-5
~
0
1405
11
5.02
6.
Air
cleaning
19~24
51~66
4
~
21
1425
19
3.82
7.
Oil
sprinkling
16~19
48~80
-2
~
14
1330
N/A***
0.82
*Fan
duty
cycle
is
a
percentage
of
time
when
both
fans
were
on
during
the
sampling
period
**Overall
mass
concentration
is
the
average
mass
concentration
of
27
points
in
the
entire
room
***N/A
The
data
is
not
available
Effect
of
Ventilation
Rate
on
Dust
Spatial
Distribution
Ventilation
is
effective
in
the
control
and
dilution
of
gaseous
contaminants
.
It
is
also
widely
believed
that
ventilation
systems
have
a
direct
effect
on
the
dust
spatial
distribution
.
Ventilation
will
remove
the
dust
from
the
airspace
,
but
at
the
same
time
ventilation
may
increase
air
movement
and
stir
up
dust
and
keep
it
in
the
air
.
All
measured
results
show
that
there
is
a
high
variation
in
the
dust
spatial
distribution
within
the
mechanically
ventilated
swine
building
(
Figures
4
ÃÂ
6).
a
b
Figure
4
.
Effect
of
ventilation
rate
on
dust
spatial
distribution
(
mg/m
3
)
:
(
a
)
Low
ventilation
rate
at
26
%
fan
duty
cycle
,
Cave
=4.56
mg/m
3
;
and
(
b
)
High
ventilation
rate
at
68
%
fan
duty
cycle
,
Cave
=4.05
mg/m
3
.
Cases
1
and
2
were
measured
at
similar
indoor
and
outdoor
conditions
(
Figure
4
)
.
The
only
difference
is
the
average
ventilation
rate
.
The
fans
in
case
1
were
running
only
26
%
of
the
time
,
whilst
the
fans
in
case
2
were
running
68
%
of
the
time
.
With
low
ventilation
rate
,
there
was
a
zone
of
higher
dust
concentration
next
to
the
feeder
and
dust
was
more
symmetrically
distributed
across
the
building
section
.
With
high
ventilation
rate
,
there
is
a
zone
of
high
dust
concentration
near
the
air
inlet
side
.
This
could
be
a
dead
ventilation
zone
.
The
dust
spatial
distribution
is
similar
to
the
flow
pattern
.
It
appears
that
ventilation
rate
has
a
direct
effect
on
the
dust
spatial
distribution
.
However
,
the
measured
overall
average
dust
mass
concentration
had
little
difference
between
these
two
cases
although
the
ventilation
rate
in
case
2
was
2.6
times
higher
than
the
case
1.
The
possible
reason
is
that
dust
production
rate
increases
with
the
increase
of
ventilation
rate
.
This
verifies
that
ventilation
rate
has
less
effect
on
the
overall
dust
removal
.
Effect
of
Diurnal
Change
on
Dust
Spatial
Distribution
Figure
5
shows
the
dust
spatial
distribution
changes
with
the
diurnal
change
.
The
measured
spatial
dust
concentrations
show
that
the
overall
dust
level
during
the
daytime
was
much
higher
than
that
during
the
nighttime
even
though
the
daytime
had
a
higher
ventilation
rate
.
One
explanation
for
this
phenomenon
is
the
animal
activity
.
Compared
with
nighttime
,
pigs
are
more
active
during
the
daytime
.
They
are
eating
,
walking
and
playing
,
and
disturbing
more
dust
.
The
activities
of
farm
workers
might
be
another
factor
affecting
dust
production
during
the
daytime
.
Comparing
the
dust
spatial
distribution
patterns
,
the
dust
was
more
symmetrically
distributed
across
the
section
during
nighttime
because
of
low
ventilation
rate.
a
b
Figure
5
Effect
of
diurnal
change
on
dust
spatial
distribution
(
mg/m
3
)
:
(
a
)
Nighttime
in
control
room
,
Cave
=4.23
mg/m
3
;
and
(
b
)
Daytime
in
control
room
,
Cave
=7.14
mg/m
3
.
Effect
of
Dust
Source
Control
and
Air
Cleaning
on
Dust
Spatial
Distribution
Effects
of
two
dust
control
technologies
on
dust
spatial
distribution
were
evaluated
:
air
cleaning
using
aerodynamic
dedusters
and
dust
source
suppression
using
oil
sprinkling
.
In
the
deduster
treatment
,
the
ratio
of
air
flow
rate
through
the
dedusters
to
the
room
ventilation
is
32
%
.
The
dedusters
have
a
dust
removal
efficiency
of
85
%
.
Apparently
,
large
flow
rate
for
the
deduster
is
required
to
improve
the
room
air
cleaning
efficiency
.
The
measured
spatial
dust
concentrations
with
dedusters
show
that
the
overall
dust
level
is
approximately
20
%
lower
than
the
control
room
(
Figure
6b
)
.
The
high
dust
concentration
zone
near
the
air
inlet
side
disappeared
.
This
indicates
that
some
dust
was
removed
from
the
dusty
air
.
As
the
equipment
operation
affected
the
airflow
pattern
,
the
dust
spatial
distribution
was
different
from
the
control
room
.
Dust
spatial
distribution
and
dust
level
are
very
closely
related
to
the
dust
source
and
dust
production
rate
.
It
has
been
proven
that
oil
sprinkling
can
control
the
dust
source
and
reduce
the
dust
production
rate
(
Zhang
et
al.
,
1996
)
.
The
measured
dust
spatial
concentrations
with
oil
sprinkling
treatment
show
that
the
overall
dust
level
is
much
lower
than
the
control
room
.
This
indicates
that
oil
sprinkling
at
regular
frequency
can
significantly
reduce
the
dust
level
.
As
oil
sprinkling
reduces
most
of
the
big
size
particles
,
therefore
,
the
dust
spatial
distribution
after
treatment
was
more
close
to
the
air
flow
pattern
because
the
small
size
particles
are
more
likely
to
follow
the
air
streamline
(
Figure
6c).
a
b
c
Figure
6
Comparison
of
dust
spatial
distribution
for
dust
source
control
and
air
cleaning
with
control
(
mg/m
3
)
:
(
a
)
Control
room
,
Cave
=5.02
mg/m
3
;
(
b
)
Air
cleaning
(
deduster
)
,
Cave
=3.82
mg/m
3
;
and
(
c
)
Dust
source
control(oil
sprinkling
)
,
Cave
=0.82
mg/m
3
.
CONCLUSIONS
Dust
concentration
depends
largely
on
air
distribution
,
relative
locations
to
the
dust
sources
,
animal
and
human
activity
level
in
the
building
,
and
air
cleaning
technologies
.
Based
on
the
experimental
results
,
the
following
conclusions
are
summarized
.
Unlike
gaseous
contaminants
,
the
trajectories
of
the
dust
particles
may
differ
from
the
air
streamlines
within
an
airspace
.
There
is
a
high
variation
in
the
dust
spatial
distribution
within
the
mechanically
ventilated
swine
building
.
Ventilation
system
has
a
direct
effect
on
the
dust
spatial
distribution
.
But
increasing
the
ventilation
rate
does
not
effectively
reduce
the
overall
dust
level
because
the
dust
production
rate
increased
with
an
increase
of
ventilation
rate
.
There
is
a
large
variation
in
overall
dust
level
with
the
diurnal
change
.
The
overall
dust
level
during
the
daytime
is
much
higher
than
the
nighttime
,
likely
due
to
the
animal
activities
which
changed
the
airborne
dust
production
.
Measured
dust
spatial
distribution
shows
that
air
cleaning
can
reduce
the
dust
level
.
To
improve
the
overall
dust
removal
efficiency
,
large
flow
rate
of
the
dedusters
is
required
.
Oil
sprinkling
at
regular
frequency
is
an
effective
measure
to
control
the
dust
level
.
NOMENCLATURE
C
m
mass
concentration
(
mg/m
3
)
C
ave
average
overall
dust
mass
concentration
in
the
entire
room
(
mg/m
3
)
m
net
mass
increase
of
the
filter
after
sampling
(
mg
)
Q
sampling
rate
of
each
filter
(
L/min
)
t
sampling
period
(
min
)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The
authors
thank
Steve
Ford
and
Peter
Stroot
for
their
technical
assistance
in
the
setup
of
dust
sampling
system
.
We
also
extend
our
thanks
to
Brian
Anderson
,
Jerry
Edwards
,
Al
Gutival
and
J.R.
Hubele
for
their
help
on
the
measurement
.
REFERENCES
Barber
,
E.M.
,
J.R.
Dawson
,
A.
Battams
and
R.A.C.
Nicol
.
1991
.
Spatial
variability
of
airborne
and
settled
dust
in
a
piggery
.
J.
Agr
.
Eng
.
Res
.
50:107-127
Carpenter
,
G.A
.
.
1986
.
Dust
in
livestock
buildings--review
of
some
aspects
.
Journal
of
Agricultural
Engineering
Research
33
:
227-241
.
DeBoer
,
S.
,
W.D.
Morrison
and
L.A.
Braithwaite
.
1991
.
Effects
of
environmental
quality
in
livestock
buildings
on
swine
health
and
productivity
:
A
literature
review
.
Transactions
of
the
ASHRAE
97(2
)
:
511-518
.
Donham
,
K.J.
,
P.
Haglind
,
Y.
Peterson
,
R.
Rylander
and
L.
Belin
.
1989
.
Environmental
and
health
studies
of
workers
in
Swedish
swine
confinement
buildings
.
British
Journal
of
Industrial
Medicine
40
:
31-37
.
Dosman
,
J.A.
,
B.L.
Graham
,
D.
Hall
,
P.
Pahwa
,
H.H.
McDuffie
,
M.
Lucewicz
and
T.
To
.
1988
.
Respiratory
symptoms
and
alterations
in
pulmonary
function
tests
in
swine
producers
in
Saskatchewan
:
Results
of
a
survey
of
farmers
.
Journal
of
Occupational
Medicine
30
:
715-720
.
Senthilselvan
,
A.
,
J.A.
Dosman
,
S.P.
Kirychuk
,
E.M.
Barber
,
C.
S.
Rhodes
,
Y.
Zhag
and
T.
Hurst
.
1997
.
Accelerated
lung
function
decline
in
confinement
swine
building
workers
.
CHEST
.
111(6
)
:
1733-1741
.
Wang
,
X.
,
Y.
Zhang
,
L.
Zhao
and
G.L.
Riskowski
.
1999
.
Development
of
a
multi-point
aerosol
sampler
using
critical
flow
control
devices
.
Transactions
of
ASHRAE
(
accepted
)
.
Zhang
,
Y.
,
A.
Tanaka
,
E.
M.
Barber
and
J.
J.
R.
Feddes
.
1996
.
Effect
of
frequency
and
quantity
of
sprinkling
canola
oil
on
dust
reduction
in
swine
buildings
.
Transactions
of
the
Ame
.
Soc
.
Agr
.
Engr
.
39(3
)
:
1077-1081
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.agecon.uga.edu/~wacra/presents.htm">
WACRAî
1999
-
Sixteenth
International
Conference
WACRAî
-
The
World
Association
for
Case
Method
Research
&
Application
Guidelines
for
Presenters
Congratulations
to
the
acceptance
of
your
paper
and
thank
you
for
registering
for
the
ACT-WACRAî
conference
.
We
and
the
colleagues
who
participated
in
the
blind
peer
review
process
of
all
papers
submitted
,
are
excited
about
the
up-coming
conference
and
the
excellent
selection
of
high
quality
papers
which
are
going
to
be
presented
.
But
there
is
more
to
a
successful
meeting
than
good
papers
-
the
presentation
of
these
papers
.
Your
performance
as
a
presenter
at
the
conference
is
critical
to
its
success
.
To
help
you
prepare
a
presentation
that
matches
the
quality
of
your
paper
,
we
are
offering
the
following
set
of
guidelines
.
You
Owe
Your
Audience
a
Good
Presentation
Acceptance
to
an
ACT-WACRAî
conference
program
is
recognition
of
the
value
of
your
research/scholarship
activity
,
but
it
has
a
price
.
The
work
you
have
done
already
in
conducting
your
research
and
preparing
your
paper
is
a
major
part
of
it
.
The
task
is
not
done
,
however
,
until
you
have
presented
your
work
and
your
ideas
.
You
should
take
the
same
care
in
preparing
your
presentation
as
you
did
in
preparing
your
paper
.
You
owe
it
to
yourself
and
to
your
audience
at
the
ACT-WACRAî
conference
.
Start
Preparing
Early
Preparing
a
good
presentation
takes
time
.
Do
n't
wait
until
the
last
few
days
before
the
conference
.
Instead
,
prepare
your
presentation
a
few
weeks
ahead
of
time
,
then
set
it
aside
and
come
back
to
it
.
What
seemed
like
a
clear
,
logical
presentation
the
first
time
around
may
look
quite
different
after
you
gave
it
a
rest
.
Your
Presentation
Must
Be
Summarized
During
a
regular
session
at
the
conference
you
will
have
about
20
minutes
to
make
your
presentation
.
Of
the
allotted
30
minutes
,
some
time
is
used
for
introducing
you
and
questions
and
answers
at
the
end
of
your
presentation
.
This
is
not
nearly
enough
time
to
go
into
all
the
details
of
your
work
.
You
must
summarize
in
order
to
have
time
to
communicate
to
your
audience
the
most
important
points
of
your
paper
.
Prioritize
Topics
and
Allocate
Your
Time
Accordingly
Decide
which
topics
of
your
presentation
are
most
important
and
allocate
the
limited
time
you
have
accordingly
.
Keep
your
audience
in
mind
when
your
are
prioritizing
topics
.
Ask
yourself
what
the
audience
is
most
interested
in
and
what
the
audience
already
knows
.
You
can
assume
some
degree
of
audience
familiarity
with
your
topic/problem
setting
and/or
the
literature
relating
to
it
.
Do
n't
waste
time
telling
the
audience
what
it
already
knows
.
Divide
your
topic
into
equally-weighted
main
points
(
typically
2
to
5
for
most
presentations
)
.
For
example
:
Time
-
"
The
Four
Stages
of
Truman
Capote
's
Career
.
"
Sequence
-
"
The
Three
Steps
of
Learning
How
to
Juggle
.
"
Spatial
-
"
The
Location
,
Exterior
,
and
Interior
of
ÃÂBeaver'Stadium
"
Prepare
a
distinctive
Introduction
,
Body
and
Conclusion
for
your
presentation
.
Develop
the
Body
first
,
so
that
the
Introduction
and
Conclusion
fit
appropriately
.
Introduction
:
Gain
the
attention
of
the
audience
with
your
opening
statement
.
Body
:
Deliver
your
main
points
enthusiastically
and
spontaneously
.
Conclusion
:
Summarize
your
main
points
and
conclude
on
a
high
note
.
Your
Insights
and
Your
Conclusions
Are
Critical
You
have
had
much
more
time
than
your
audience
in
analyzing
,
interpreting
and
understanding
your
topic/problem
.
Share
your
insights
,
your
understanding
and
your
conclusions
.
Do
n't
just
present
data
or
summarized
results
without
proffering
your
conclusions
and
interpretations
.
Support
Your
Presentation
with
Appropriate
Visual
Aids
Many
presenters
use
overhead
transparencies
(
slides
,
flip
charts
,
handouts
,
videos
)
.
This
is
a
good
way
to
help
reinforce
and
clarify
a
verbal
presentation
.
To
use
transparencies
effectively
,
they
must
be
well
designed
and
used
properly
.
Here
are
a
few
tips
:
Use
high-quality
fonts
(
produced
by
a
laser
printer
)
at
least
1/4
inches
high
.
Avoid
hand-written
and
low
resolution
dot-matrix
print
.
Limit
the
number
of
transparencies
.
A
good
rule
of
thumb
is
to
allow
at
least
1-2
minutes
per
transparency
.
If
you
go
beyond
15
slides
,
you
are
likely
to
lose
your
audience
.
Do
n't
overload
the
transparencies
with
information
.
Limit
each
transparency
to
3-5
points
.
A
picture
(
a
good
one
!
)
Is
worth
a
thousand
words
.
A
well-designed
diagram
or
chart
can
often
make
your
point
more
quickly
and
more
effectively
than
words
.
Avoid
visual
clutter
-
do
n't
over-use
fancy
graphics
which
might
distract
your
audience
and
diminish
the
impact
of
the
transparency
.
Have
a
good
reason
for
showing
each
transparency
.
If
you
are
properly
prepared
,
your
transparencies
should
give
you
the
cues
you
need
to
keep
your
presentation
on
track
(
without
memorization
or
without
reading
it
)
.
Practice
Your
Presentation
The
time
you
have
for
your
presentation
is
limited
,
and
if
you
do
n't
practice
,
you
are
likely
to
have
difficulty
fitting
everything
you
want
to
say
.
Practice
also
gives
you
a
chance
to
try
out
your
transparencies
.
Are
there
too
many
?
Do
they
fit
logically
?
In
a
lecture
hall
,
place
your
transparencies
on
an
overhead
projector
and
find
out
ÃÂwhat
the
audience
sees
'
by
physically
moving
to
the
back
of
the
room
.
One
way
to
practice
is
to
set
up
a
"
dry-run
"
session
before
a
group
of
colleagues
2-3
weeks
before
the
conference
.
This
approach
can
provide
valuable
feedback
in
time
to
make
changes
and
adjustments
before
the
conference
.
Speak
slowly
and
clearly
.
Avoid
colloquialisms
.
This
is
good
advice
for
any
presentation
,
it
is
critical
for
international
conferences
where
for
many
in
the
audience
your
mother
tongue
is
a
foreign
language
.
Remember
,
one
of
the
main
themes
of
ACT-WACRAî
conferences
is
"
Interactive
Teaching
and
Learning
.
"
While
presenting
,
speak
from
your
outline
(
do
not
use
your
manuscript
)
so
that
your
wording
will
be
spontaneous
.
Flip
charts
,
transparencies
,
etc.
,
which
represent
your
outline
,
work
better
than
notes
,
since
they
allow
you
to
move
freely
without
being
tied
to
your
notes
(
which
should
never
be
held
)
.
Speak
to
your
audience
,
keep
eye
contact
.
Engage
your
audience
,
to
the
extent
possible
,
in
your
presentation
.
Do
not
read
to
your
audience
.
Reading
your
paper
to
your
audience
is
not
only
boring
,
but
a
waste
of
valuable
time
.
We
trust
that
you
will
find
these
guidelines
helpful
in
preparing
a
high
quality
,
professional
presentation
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.aiph.artinstitutes.edu/programs_detail.asp?ProgramID=6&loc
id=9&degtype=3">
For
renowned
fashion
designers
,
inspiration
for
stunning
fashions
comes
from
many
resources
such
as
art
,
costume
,
film
,
society
and
architecture
.
The
training
at
The
Art
Institute
of
Philadelphia
emphasizes
innovation
and
creativity
in
fashion
design
while
providing
students
the
technical
knowledge
necessary
for
a
successful
entry
into
the
fashion
industry
.
Many
of
our
instructors
are
professional
designers
who
nurture
creativity
and
teach
hands-on
skills
using
traditional
tools
as
well
as
industrial
equipment
found
in
the
industry
.
Computerized
patternmaking
technology
is
utilized
by
faculty
to
develop
student
talent
.
Students
also
take
specialty
classes
in
knit
construction
,
menswear
,
swimwear
,
sportswear
,
and
children
's
apparel
.
In
the
Associate
of
Science
Degree
Program
,
Fashion
Design
students
are
introduced
to
the
basic
skills
of
construction
in
sewing
,
flat
pattern
drafting
and
draping
.
Field
trips
to
showrooms
,
museums
and
factories
help
to
broaden
the
knowledge
of
the
fashion
industry
,
as
do
special
projects
and
lectures
by
guest
speakers
.
By
examining
their
own
work
and
the
work
of
their
peers
students
learn
to
think
critically
about
design
.
Students
move
on
to
the
development
of
collections
,
with
opportunities
to
present
their
creativity
in
fashion
shows
and
competitions
.
Business
practices
,
agency
procedures
,
marketing
,
and
client
relations
are
studied
to
support
the
creative
side
of
design
and
provide
students
with
a
realistic
view
of
the
world
of
business
.
The
Bachelor
of
Science
Degree
in
Fashion
Design
takes
a
well-rounded
approach
to
the
fashion
industry
as
well
,
offering
an
expanded
curriculum
that
allows
students
to
develop
the
knowledge
and
skills
in
business
,
design
,
fashion
,
technology
and
marketing
to
be
competitive
in
today
's
market
.
Technological
trends
in
fashion
design
are
reflected
in
the
curriculum
.
Many
things
previously
done
by
hand
are
now
accomplished
utilizing
CAD
(
computer
aided
drafting
)
and/or
Adobe
PhotoShop(tm
)
software
.
Students
will
polish
their
presentation
skills
while
they
continue
to
develop
technical
proficiency
through
the
utilization
of
PowerPoint
software
.
Creativity
is
vital
to
the
fashion
industry
.
To
maintain
a
balance
between
technology
and
creativity
,
students
take
such
courses
as
accessory
design
,
knitting
and
weaving
,
and
life
drawing
to
better
understand
design
and
their
craft
.
The
General
Education
courses
offered
lead
to
a
well-educated
graduate
.
Courses
such
as
Economics
and
Ethics
assist
students
in
developing
business
skills
,
so
necessary
in
this
industry
especially
for
those
anticipating
owning
their
businesses
.
Additionally
,
the
Effective
Speaking
class
aids
the
development
of
professional
presentation
skills
.
All
Fashion
Design
students
are
offered
the
opportunity
to
develop
a
professional
portfolio
,
highlighting
creativity
and
skills
in
fashion
,
technology
,
and
business
.
By
graduation
,
students
are
prepared
for
entry-level
positions
such
as
assistant
designers
,
stylists
,
costume
designers
,
production
managers
,
technical
designers
,
patternmakers
,
and
entrepreneurs
.
Â
Fashion
Design
News
Â
Fashion
Design
Portfolios
Â
Fashion
Design
Success
Stories
</text>
<text id="http://www.albright.edu/reporter/wint02/edge1.html">
The
lights
were
dim
.
Students
milled
about
.
Music
with
a
hiphop
beat
played
in
the
background
,
and
images
of
Marilyn
Monroe
,
Elvis
Presley
,
Martin
Luther
King
,
Jimi
Hendrix
and
John
F.
Kennedy
danced
on
a
computer
screen
in
a
video
set
to
American
Pie
by
Don
McLean
.
A
web
site
featuring
Mel
Blanc
,
the
voice
of
cartoon
characters
such
as
Tweety
Bird
and
Porky
Pig
was
projected
on
the
wall
for
students
to
critique
.
And
in
a
corner
,
students
discussed
their
recent
ÂDigital
Video
IÂ
projects
episodes
of
Seinfeld
in
which
they
produced
,
shot
,
directed
,
cut
and
edited
the
film
for
digital
media
distribution
.
A
unique
energy
not
found
in
other
computer
labs
on
campus
is
alive
in
MasterÂs
Hall
,
home
of
the
Johnson
Center
for
Digital
Media
.
According
to
Anthony
Crisafulli
,
associate
professor
and
director
of
the
Center
,
ÂThereÂs
a
lot
going
on
here.Â
ItÂs
a
place
where
athletes
,
scholars
,
Greeks
and
others
come
together
and
work
as
one
.
ÂStudents
have
no
differences
in
the
lab,Â
he
says
.
Welcome
to
the
world
of
digital
media
.
Digital
technologies
such
as
CD-ROMÂs
,
PDAÂs
,
the
Internet
and
film
special
effects
influence
how
people
communicate
,
are
entertained
,
conduct
business
and
learn
.
The
future
of
our
fast-paced
and
technology-driven
world
demands
individuals
who
are
fluent
in
the
language
and
skilled
with
the
tools
of
digital
media
.
AlbrightÂs
Digital
Media
Department
offers
students
the
opportunity
to
study
web
design
,
digital
video
production
,
streaming
media
,
virtual
communities
,
digital
art
,
CD-ROM/DVD-ROM
development
and
more
.
ÂWe
make
popular
culture
in
popular
culture
formats
such
as
the
web
,
music
videos
,
sitcoms
and
digital
music,Â
Crisafulli
says
.
ÂWeÂre
teaching
students
how
to
be
directors
,
producers
,
designers
,
videographers
and
creative
forces
.
And
weÂre
teaching
them
how
to
bring
digital
media
into
other
disciplines.Â
ÂPopular
cultureÂ
was
once
a
dirty
word
in
academia
.
However
,
he
says
,
digital
media
turns
it
into
a
substantial
field
of
study
,
especially
when
it
is
paired
with
a
liberal
arts
education
.
Digital
media
is
like
any
other
kind
of
media
.
Without
philosophy
,
history
,
English
,
art
,
theatre
,
literature
,
politics
,
etc.
,
it
doesnÂt
matter
,
Crisafulli
says
.
ÂIt
only
matters
when
we
cross
disciplines
.
By
ourselves
,
what
could
we
do
?
WeÂd
have
no
content.Â
Crisafulli
refers
to
digital
media
as
Âephemeral
architecture,Â
a
new
kind
of
art
form
.
But
to
really
understand
digital
media
,
he
says
,
one
must
have
an
understanding
of
how
it
evolved
.
In
the
past
,
new
media
added
new
dimensions
to
previous
forms
without
replacing
them
.
For
example
,
cinema
may
have
copied
the
methodology
of
the
theatre
,
but
it
did
not
do
away
with
it
.
It
simply
added
a
new
dimension
.
The
same
happened
with
painting
and
photography
,
he
says
.
The
main
goal
of
photography
is
to
capture
an
image
better
than
a
painter
can
paint
it
.
In
fact
,
he
says
,
ÂPicasso
once
said
that
he
had
been
liberated
by
photography
because
he
now
had
the
license
to
be
abstract
in
his
work.Â
The
same
is
true
for
the
field
of
digital
technology
,
Crisafulli
says
.
When
the
web
first
started
out
it
added
a
new
dimension
to
books
.
Then
,
in
1992-93
,
Âmany
things
changed,Â
he
says
.
With
the
Âweb
hierarchy,Â
which
has
a
table
of
contents
,
links
,
graphics
and
photos
,
the
web
took
on
a
magazine
aspect
.
However
,
in
1998-99
,
plug-ins
made
it
possible
to
run
video
and
databases
.
They
made
it
possible
to
buy
things
,
take
a
class
or
view
a
video
online
.
ÂWeÂre
not
talking
about
a
magazine
at
this
point,Â
he
says
.
ÂThis
is
its
own
art
form.Â
ÂWeÂve
rewritten
the
curriculum
to
meet
the
current
standards
in
the
industry...Â
Â
Matthew
Garrison
,
Assistant
Professor
of
Digital
Media
ÂThe
moment
I
can
buy
a
book
online
or
take
a
course
online
thereÂs
nothing
more
to
add
to,Â
Crisafulli
says
.
ÂIt
takes
on
its
own
form
and
becomes
as
important
as
bricks
and
mortar
.
Websites
are
as
important
to
institutions
as
the
buildings
are.Â
As
an
artist
himself
,
Crisafulli
says
,
ÂDigital
media
liberates
my
aesthetic
because
it
enables
me
to
use
multiple
devices
such
as
sound
,
video
,
and
interactivity
rather
than
a
singular
format
such
as
painting.Â
ÂEphemeral
architecture,Â
he
says
,
Âtranscends
concepts
of
space
and
time.Â
For
instance
,
a
person
can
sit
in
a
chair
and
watch
a
movie
.
ThatÂs
one
person
watching
a
movie
.
However
,
if
you
put
that
movie
on
the
web
40,000
people
can
watch
the
same
movie
from
their
own
chair
.
ÂWith
the
expansion
of
the
wireless
web
,
it
becomes
even
more
pervasive
.
You
can
watch
movies
in
the
palm
of
your
hand,Â
he
says
.
With
the
help
of
a
$
277,000
Pennsylvania
Link-to-Learn
grant
,
a
program
in
wireless
handheld
technology
was
started
in
the
fall
2001
semester
.
The
program
certifies
students
to
develop
applications
and
design
rich
media
for
handheld
mobile
computing
and
personal
digital
assistants
(
PDAs
)
such
as
Palm
Pilots
.
Students
are
designing
real-world
solutions
for
handheld
mobile
computing
,
Crisafulli
says
.
For
example
,
they
will
design
applications
to
assist
police
foot
patrols
in
handling
traffic
and
event
parking
.
And
,
Crisafulli
says
,
not
only
is
Albright
the
only
college
to
certify
its
students
as
official
Palm
technicians
,
itÂs
also
the
only
liberal
arts
college
with
the
ability
to
stream
video
onto
wireless
devices
.
Matthew
Garrison
,
assistant
professor
of
digital
media
,
says
the
future
for
wireless
technology
is
wide
open
.
ÂWith
work
on
streaming
video
over
Palm
Pilots
,
you
could
be
sitting
in
the
park
watching
CNN.Â
The
job
market
,
he
adds
,
is
also
wide
open
.
ÂThereÂs
a
huge
demand
.
This
is
the
first
generation
that
is
really
fluent
in
this
kind
of
technology
.
This
is
an
area
where
the
knowledge
is
being
passed
up,Â
rather
than
down
.
Three
new
classes
will
be
added
to
AlbrightÂs
curriculum
in
spring
2002
,
says
Garrison
.
ÂPop
StudioÂ
will
teach
students
how
to
make
their
own
music
.
ÂDigital
Video
IIÂ
will
teach
students
more
advanced
applications
,
and
ÂResearch
MethodsÂ
will
explore
paranormal
activity
using
technology
.
In
ÂResearch
Methods,Â
Garrison
explains
,
students
will
explore
UFOs
,
ESP
,
ghosts
and
supernatural
experiences
.
Through
interviews
and
technology
they
will
ultimately
create
a
TV
quality
documentary
,
he
says
.
ÂItÂs
a
wacky
idea
but
itÂs
so
much
fun
.
Really
,
the
subject
is
just
a
means
into
the
medium
.
In
the
end
,
the
students
learn
about
video
,
creating
film
,
and
so
on,Â
Garrison
says
.
Matthew
Jay
Â02
agrees
that
the
class
will
be
both
exciting
and
beneficial
.
ÂThe
entertainment
industry
loves
to
do
shows
like
this,Â
he
says
.
Four
years
ago
,
Crisafulli
says
,
AlbrightÂs
digital
media
program
enrolled
22
students
.
Today
,
approximately
200
students
are
enrolled
in
digital
media
with
an
expected
50
to
100
new
freshmen
next
year
.
"
We
make
popular
culture
in
popular
culture
formats
...
"
Anthony
Crisafulli
,
Associate
Professor
and
Director
,
Johnson
Center
for
Digital
Media
Two
new
faculty
positions
were
created
this
year
.
Joining
Garrison
was
Karen
Butler
,
assistant
professor
.
Both
Garrison
and
Butler
previously
worked
in
art-related
industries
in
New
York
City
.
Garrison
received
his
M.F.A.
from
Hunter
College
,
City
University
of
New
York
,
while
Butler
received
hers
from
the
Rhode
Island
School
of
Design
.
ÂWeÂve
rewritten
the
curriculum
to
meet
the
current
standards
in
the
industry,Â
Garrison
says
.
ÂWeÂve
created
meaningful
,
creative
projects
.
And
,
weÂre
(
the
professors
)
here
from
9
a.m.
to
2
a.m.
There
is
always
a
professor
in
the
lab
.
The
students
really
appreciate
that.Â
Jay
says
he
sure
does
.
ÂItÂs
a
different
atmosphere
in
the
digital
media
lab
than
anyplace
else
.
You
walk
through
and
thereÂs
always
a
teacher
helping
someone.Â
ItÂs
also
a
time
consuming
field
,
says
Crisafulli
.
The
average
time
a
student
spends
on
a
project
per
day
is
about
five
to
six
hours
in
one
sitting
.
Plus
,
with
applications
such
as
Adobe
Photoshop
,
Illustrator
,
GIF
Builder
,
After
Effects
and
Macromedia
Director
,
to
name
only
a
few
,
both
the
professors
and
the
students
must
stay
abreast
of
the
latest
software
.
ÂItÂs
a
cutting-edge
field
.
Every
three
months
the
applications
change,Â
Crisafulli
says
.
ÂLearning
the
programs
are
actually
half
the
battle,Â
Jay
says
.
The
Digital
Media
Department
also
has
plans
to
stream
shows
to
the
web
from
AlbrightÂs
Wachovia
Theatre
and
Campus
Center
,
as
well
as
athletic
events
.
Crisafulli
says
the
project
is
expected
to
run
by
the
end
of
the
2002
spring
semester
.
With
an
influx
of
students
,
new
classes
and
cutting-edge
programs
,
the
Digital
Media
Department
is
growing
as
fast
as
the
field
itself
.
ÂMy
goal,Â
Crisafulli
says
,
Âis
to
build
a
nationally
recognized
department.Â
</text>
<text id="http://www.adis.washington.edu/policies/Glossary/Pglossary.htm">
A
gift
payroll
deduction
is
a
pledge
to
a
gift
account
made
by
a
member
of
the
UW
faculty
or
staff
and
is
paid
through
the
UW
payroll
deduction
program
.
All
gift
payroll
deductions
consist
of
two
components
:
a
pledge
and
the
bi-weekly
pledge
payments
made
via
payroll
deduction
which
fulfill
the
pledge
.
Back
to
top
PGP
See
Principal
Gift
Prospect
Back
to
top
Planned
Gift
Planned
gifts
generally
refer
to
major
gifts
(
typically
deferred
but
often
outright
in
nature
)
which
involve
a
contribution
of
assets
(
as
opposed
to
income
)
,
usually
of
a
non-cash
nature
(
e.g.
securities
,
real
estate
)
and
which
present
special
planning
opportunities
to
enhance
tax
and
income
benefits
to
the
donor
and
a
significant
ultimate
gift
to
the
University
.
Back
to
top
Pledge
A
pledge
is
a
promise
to
make
a
gift
in
the
future
.
Although
not
always
legally
enforceable
,
pledges
are
generally
considered
to
be
ethically
binding
.
All
pledges
should
be
reported
to
Gift
Processing
for
recording
on
the
UniversityÃÂs
alumni/donor
database
(
Advance
)
.
Pledges
may
be
paid
in
a
single
payment
or
in
installments
.
The
payment
schedule
should
be
provided
to
Gift
Processing
when
the
pledge
is
reported
.
Gift
Processing
will
monitor
the
pledge
,
and
will
send
pledge
reminders
when
payments
are
due
.
Annual
gift
pledges
are
payable
within
one
year
.
Generally
,
major
gift
pledges
should
be
payable
within
five
years
.
Pledges
can
be
either
conditional
or
unconditional
:
Conditional
pledges
are
promises
to
give
in
the
future
if
certain
circumstances
or
criteria
are
met
.
For
example
,
a
donor
may
make
a
pledge
which
states
ÃÂI
promise
to
give
$
1
million
to
the
UW
,
if
the
University
breaks
ground
on
a
new
Administration
Building
no
later
than
June
2000.ÃÂ
This
type
of
pledge
is
not
common
and
is
not
recorded
on
Advance
,
in
accordance
with
CASE/NACUBO
reporting
standards
.
Unconditional
pledges
are
not
contingent
upon
specific
criteria
,
and
are
made
more
frequently
than
conditional
pledges
.
Back
to
top
Pledge
Payment
Payments
on
pledges
represent
the
fulfillment
of
a
donorÃÂs
intent
to
give
in
future
.
Generally
,
donors
make
payments
in
accordance
with
the
pledge
payment
schedule
.
Upon
receipt
of
the
payment
,
the
balance
due
on
a
donorÃÂs
pledge
will
be
decremented
by
the
amount
of
the
payment
.
Pledge
payments
are
counted
toward
gift
totals
when
using
the
cash
method
of
accounting
for
gifts
,
but
are
excluded
when
using
the
accrual
method
.
Back
to
top
Pledge
Payment
Frequency
Various
frequencies
are
possible
for
pledge
payment
schedules
.
The
standard
frequencies
are
:
Monthly
payments
Quarterly
payments
Semi-Annual
payments
Annual
payments
and
Custom
schedules
Back
to
top
Pledge
Payment
Schedule
Each
pledge
entered
on
Advance
is
assigned
a
payment
schedule
.
The
schedule
details
both
the
date(s
)
which
payments
toward
fulfillment
of
the
pledge
are
due
and
the
amount
due
with
each
payment
.
This
schedule
allows
Advancement
Services
to
forecast
future
pledge
payment
income
and
ensures
that
donors
are
reminded
of
their
commitments
to
the
University
.
The
following
minimal
information
is
necessary
to
enter
a
pledge
payment
schedule
:
date
of
first
pledge
payment
pledge
payment
frequency
thereafter
the
amount
of
each
payment
A
payment
schedule
may
be
simple
or
quite
complex
.
A
separate
payment
schedule
is
assigned
to
each
pledge
.
A
donor
could
conceivably
have
several
pledges
with
differing
payment
schedules
.
Back
to
top
Pledge
Reminders
Pledge
reminders
are
generated
once
each
month
from
Advance
for
all
pledges
which
have
a
scheduled
payment
due
in
that
month
,
or
which
have
delinquent
amounts
due
.
After
printing
,
the
reminders
are
handled
in
one
of
four
ways
,
as
follows
:
Reminders
for
all
pledges
of
$
100,000
or
more
from
individuals
are
sent
to
the
Office
of
the
Vice
President
of
Development
and
Alumni
Relations
for
handling
.
That
office
will
determine
the
most
appropriate
method
of
reminding
the
donor
of
the
payment
due
;
Reminders
for
pledges
from
corporations
,
foundations
and
associations
of
$
100,000
or
more
,
are
sent
to
the
Corporate
&
Foundation
Relations
Office
for
handling
;
Reminders
for
pledges
of
less
than
$
2,000
from
individuals
are
sent
to
the
donor
directly
;
Reminders
for
pledges
of
$
2,000
or
more
,
but
less
than
$
100,000
from
individuals
are
sent
to
the
Development
Officer
responsible
for
the
pledge
.
The
Development
Officer
may
elect
to
send
the
reminder
,
or
to
notify
the
donor
in
some
other
manner
.
Back
to
top
Pooled
Income
Fund
A
type
of
deferred
gift
;
a
trust
which
commingles
or
pools
the
contributions
of
a
number
of
donors
who
,
during
their
lifetimes
,
receive
their
pro-rata
share
of
the
trust
's
earnings
.
(
A
donor
may
designate
one
or
more
other
persons
to
receive
the
income
in
addition
to
or
in
lieu
of
him/herself.
)
Upon
the
income
beneficiaries
deaths
,
the
remainder
of
their
shares
in
the
fund
pass
to
the
fund
's
managing
charity
.
Questions
about
the
University
's
Pooled
Income
Fund
should
be
referred
to
the
Office
of
Gift
Planning
at
giftplan@u.washington.edu
.
Back
to
top
Premium
Refers
to
benefits
offered
to
donors
as
incentives
for
charitable
contributions
.
Examples
of
premiums
that
have
been
offered
are
bookends
,
reduced
parking
fees
,
coffee
mugs
,
and
T-shirts
.
See
Quid
pro
quo
gift
Back
to
top
Preproposal
A
succinct
version
of
a
full
proposal
.
Funding
organizations
often
request
a
preproposal
as
a
way
of
identifying
projects
likely
to
succeed
in
a
review
process
.
Some
organizations
have
formal
guidelines
for
preproposals
.
See
Letter
of
Inquiry
.
Back
to
top
Present
Interest
If
a
donor
gifts
his
interest
in
personal
property
,
such
as
artwork
,
for
a
defined
time
period
,
after
which
that
interest
reverts
to
the
donor
,
the
donor
is
considered
to
have
made
a
gift
of
a
present
interest
in
the
property
.
The
donor
is
entitled
to
an
immediate
tax
deduction
for
the
value
of
the
interest
given
.
(
Proviso
:
the
charityÃÂs
interest
in
the
property
must
begin
within
one
year
of
the
donation
,
and
the
charity
must
enjoy
the
full
and
uncontrolled
use
during
the
period
of
possession.
)
See
Charitable
Lead
Trust
and
Future
Interest
.
Back
to
top
Present
Value
Today
's
value
of
a
sum
(
or
series
of
payments
)
to
be
received
in
the
future
.
For
example
,
today
's
value
of
$
100,000
received
five
years
from
now
.
The
present
value
is
calculated
using
an
appropriate
discount
factor
and
a
specified
period
of
time
.
Back
to
top
President
's
Fund
for
Excellence
The
PresidentÃÂs
Fund
for
Excellence
(
PFE
)
is
a
general
discretionary
fund
for
the
PresidentÃÂs
use
.
Advance
fund
mnemonic
EXCELL
is
used
for
gifts
made
directly
to
the
University
;
UNRSTR
is
used
for
gifts
made
to
the
UW
Foundation
.
Back
to
top
Principal
Gift
Prospect
An
entity
,
defined
by
the
presence
of
entity
note
type
"
MG
"
,
who
has
given
or
is
believed
to
have
the
potential
to
give
a
gift
of
$
5
million+
,
or
is
an
extremely
important
donor
.
PGPs
are
subject
to
their
own
set
of
relationship
management
policies
.
Back
to
top
Procurement
Card
The
University
of
Washington
Procurement
Card
Program
is
a
purchasing
option
using
a
Visa
charge
card
that
can
be
used
for
making
most
purchases
up
to
$
2,000.00
per
transaction
.
The
procurement
card
is
a
purchasing
option
which
cannot
be
used
for
travel
expenses
.
It
is
a
web-based
(
Paymentech
)
accounting
system
for
UW
charge
card
purchases
.
Back
to
top
Proposal
A
formal
request
to
an
individual
or
an
organization
for
financial
support
.
The
basic
elements
of
a
proposal
are
standard
(
Examples
can
be
found
online
at
the
Foundation
Center
and
at
UW
Healthlinks
Grantsmanship
page
)
but
some
organizations
require
a
special
format
.
(
see
Guidelines
)
Back
to
top
Provost
Review
Committee
Committee
staffed
by
the
Office
of
Research
that
reviews
preproposals
to
organizations
that
will
accept
a
limited
number
of
requests
from
a
single
institution
(
e.g.
,
Murdock
Charitable
Trust
,
selected
government
agencies
)
and
determines
which
will
be
submitted
by
UW
.
Back
to
top
Purpose
(
in
Contact
Report
)
The
reason
a
Development
Officer
makes
contact
with
an
entity
:
Qualification
-
qualification
of
the
entity
for
a
viable
prospect
Cultivation
-
cultivation
of
entity
for
continued
support
toward
a
gift
Solicitation
-
solicitation
of
entity
for
a
gift
Negotiation
-
Negotiation
of
aspects
of
a
gift
(
type
,
amount
,
which
unit
gift
supports
,
etc.
)
Stewardship
-
stewardship
of
entity
for
past
completed
gift
Strategy
Discussion
-
discussion
with
a
volunteer
,
entity
or
advisor
about
strategy
for
a
prospect
.
Back
to
top
Purpose
Code
The
donee
of
a
gift
is
that
charity
to
which
the
gift
is
given
.
All
gifts
to
the
University
of
Washington
must
be
directed
to
one
of
the
following
six
purposes
:
U
=
University
of
Washington
F
=
University
of
Washington
Foundation
G
=
Henry
Gallery
Association
H
=
Harborview
Medical
Center
L
=
Washington
Law
Foundation
P
=
Washington
Pulp
and
Paper
Foundation
</text>
<text id="http://www.albany.edu/grad/expenses.html">
Following
registration
,
students
are
billed
through
the
mail
at
their
permanent
addresses
.
Payment
should
be
made
by
return
mail
at
least
five
business
days
prior
to
the
due
date
printed
on
the
invoice
.
Students
must
have
proof
of
approved
aid
,
waivers
,
or
scholarships
in
order
to
defer
payment
.
Without
satisfactory
evidence
to
defer
,
students
are
expected
to
pay
charges
up
front
and
wait
for
reimbursement
when
the
aid
,
waiver
,
or
scholarship
funds
are
actually
received
.
Veterans
may
defer
charges
pending
receipt
of
their
monthly
benefit
checks
.
Students
with
unpaid
financial
obligations
will
have
a
"
hold
"
placed
on
their
records
,
and
will
be
unable
to
receive
grades
or
transcripts
,
register
for
future
terms
,
or
receive
diplomas
.
In
addition
,
the
University
assesses
a
Late
Payment
Fee
of
$
30.00
each
time
an
invoice
is
issued
and
not
paid
or
covered
by
approved
financial
aid
or
waivers
by
the
invoice
due
date
.
Invoices
are
issued
on
a
monthly
basis
to
students
with
outstanding
balances
.
Delinquent
accounts
are
transferred
to
private
collection
agencies
and/or
the
New
York
State
Attorney
General
's
Office
for
collection
.
Delinquent
accounts
are
subject
to
interest
and
collection
fee
charges
.
Residency
for
Tuition
Rate
Purposes
Students
are
charged
in-state
or
out-of-state
tuition
rates
based
on
their
residency
status
.
The
Student
Accounts
Office
follows
SUNY
Board
of
Trustees
policies
in
determining
residency
for
tuition
rate
purposes
.
Generally
,
students
are
not
considered
in-state
until
they
have
completed
12
months
of
residency
in
New
York
.
Please
note
,
however
,
that
the
domicile
(
permanent
home
)
of
an
unemancipated
student
is
considered
to
be
that
of
the
parent
or
other
legal
guardian
regardless
of
the
length
of
the
student
's
residency
in
New
York
.
Students
who
wish
to
appeal
their
out-of-state
designation
should
contact
the
Student
Accounts
Office
for
an
application
and
copy
of
the
Board
of
Trustees
Guidelines
.
Refunds
Students
who
officially
drop
semester-length
courses
may
be
entitled
to
a
proportionate
adjustment
of
tuition
charges
or
a
proportionate
refund
of
tuition
paid
according
to
the
schedule
below
.
Adjustments
or
refunds
are
based
on
the
official
date
of
drop
,
not
the
date
of
the
last
class
attended
.
Please
note
that
the
University
Fee
is
generally
non-
refundable
.
For
adjustment/refund
purposes
,
the
first
week
of
classes
shall
be
deemed
to
have
ended
when
seven
calendar
days
,
including
the
first
day
of
scheduled
classes
,
have
elapsed
.
The
first
day
of
classes
as
scheduled
by
the
campus
shall
be
deemed
to
be
the
first
day
that
any
classes
are
offered
.
Refund
schedules
are
subject
to
change
by
official
action
of
the
State
University
of
New
York
.
Please
refer
to
the
Schedule
of
Classes
for
specific
semester
dates
.
Date
of
Official
Drop
Tuition
Adjustment/Refund
First
Week
100
%
Second
Week
70
%
Third
Week
50
%
Fourth
Week
30
%
Fifth
Week
0
%
Example
of
refund
to
a
student
whose
program
drops
below
12
credits
:
Tuition
charge
for
student
taking
13
graduate
credits
:
$
2,550.00
Student
drops
a
3
credit
course
during
the
fourth
week
.
Tuition
charge
as
a
part-time
student
for
the
remaining
10
credits
:
$
2,130.00
Difference
between
amount
originally
charged
as
a
full-time
student
and
reevaluated
charges
as
a
part-time
student
(
10
credits
at
$
213.00/credit
)
:
$
420.00
Adjustment/refund
percentage
as
provided
by
schedule
during
the
fourth
week
:
30
%
Adjustment/refund
:
$
126.00
Graduate
students
who
receive
federal
financial
aid
and
withdraw
from
the
University
may
have
a
portion
of
their
aid
refunded
back
to
the
individual
aid
program
,
thus
reducing
the
original
amount
of
aid
awarded
.
Federal
regulations
determine
the
amount
to
be
refunded
and
the
order
in
which
the
programs
are
repaid
.
Currently
,
federal
regulations
require
that
refunds
be
made
in
the
following
order
:
Unsubsidized
Stafford
,
Subsidized
Stafford
,
PLUS
,
PERKINS
.
If
a
student
either
officially
or
unofficially
drops
out
before
the
first
day
of
classes
,
all
aid
must
be
returned
.
Financial
Aid
Information
The
University
at
Albany
is
committed
to
helping
students
obtain
the
resources
necessary
to
assist
them
in
continuing
their
education
,
regardless
of
economic
circumstances
.
Although
the
primary
responsibility
for
paying
educational
expenses
rests
with
students
,
we
strongly
encourage
all
to
apply
for
financial
assistance
.
The
Office
of
Financial
Aid
administers
all
federal
and
New
York
student
assistance
programs
.
Application
and
Awards
Procedure
Students
interested
in
receiving
federal
student
financial
aid
at
the
University
at
Albany
begin
the
application
process
by
submitting
the
Free
Application
for
Federal
Student
Aid
(
FAFSA
)
.
This
form
may
be
obtained
from
the
financial
aid
office
at
any
college
or
university
.
Applicants
should
indicate
in
Section
"
H
"
of
the
form
that
the
information
be
sent
to
the
University
at
Albany
.
Our
federal
code
number
,
which
should
be
included
,
is
002835
.
We
recommend
that
you
submit
the
form
when
you
have
accurate
income
information
for
the
previous
year
,
but
prior
to
June
1
if
you
plan
to
apply
for
a
student
loan
and
wish
to
have
the
proceeds
available
to
you
at
the
beginning
of
the
fall
semester
.
You
should
have
financial
aid
transcripts
from
any
college
or
university
previously
attended
sent
to
the
Office
of
Financial
Aid
at
the
University
at
Albany
,
regardless
of
whether
or
not
you
received
financial
aid
.
New
York
State
residents
should
also
complete
the
New
York
State
Tuition
Assistance
Program
(
TAP
)
application
,
which
is
available
from
colleges
and
universities
.
After
all
required
information
is
received
by
the
University
,
a
financial
aid
award
will
be
sent
to
you
with
additional
instructions
about
how
to
complete
the
application
process
for
the
Stafford
Loan
.
Financial
Need
Most
federal
student
financial
assistance
is
awarded
on
the
basis
of
financial
need
.
Simply
stated
,
financial
need
is
:
Estimated
Cost
of
Attendance
-
Expected
Contribution
=
Financial
Need
The
estimated
total
cost
of
graduate
study
for
a
full-time
student
includes
both
direct
and
indirect
educational
expenses
.
Direct
educational
expenses
include
actual
charges
for
tuition
,
fees
,
and
room
and
meal
plan
charges
for
students
who
live
on
campus
.
Since
students
have
other
expenses
beyond
institutional
charges
,
reasonable
allowances
have
been
included
for
indirect
expenses
such
as
books
,
travel
,
personal
expenses
,
and
living
expenses
for
off-campus
students
.
Actual
institutional
charges
in
any
academic
year
are
subject
to
change
based
on
action
by
governmental
agencies
.
The
expected
family
contribution
(
EFC
)
is
computed
from
the
information
you
,
and
if
applicable
,
your
family
provided
on
the
FAFSA
.
The
EFC
is
shown
on
your
Student
Air
Report
(
SAR
)
,
the
form
you
receive
from
the
federal
processor
approximately
four
weeks
after
submission
of
the
FAFSA
.
Types
of
Assistance
Stafford
Loan
--
Students
with
financial
need
may
borrow
up
to
$
8,500
annually
on
a
subsidized
basis
,
which
means
the
government
pays
the
interest
on
the
loan
during
the
in-school
period
.
Students
without
financial
need
may
borrow
under
the
program
on
an
unsubsidized
basis
,
which
means
interest
must
be
paid
by
the
borrower
during
the
in-school
period
as
well
as
during
repayment
.
Students
who
need
additional
funds
may
borrow
up
to
$
10,000
more
(
beyond
$
8,500
)
on
an
unsubsidized
basis
,
depending
on
their
cost
of
education
.
New
York
State
Tuition
Assistance
Program
(
TAP
)
--
This
grant
program
for
New
York
State
residents
who
are
full-time
graduate
students
(
enrolled
for
at
least
twelve
credits
per
term
)
currently
provides
awards
ranging
up
to
$
550
per
year
.
University
at
Albany
Assistance
--
Assistance
is
available
from
University
graduate
departments
in
the
form
of
assistantships
,
fellowships
,
and
scholarships
without
regard
to
financial
need
.
Tuition
Scholarships
and
Waivers
of
Tuition
Graduate
students
may
be
eligible
for
tuition
scholarships
or
tuition
waivers
(
full
or
in
part
)
providing
they
meet
the
criteria
described
below
.
An
employee
request
for
a
waiver
of
tuition
must
be
filed
with
the
Personnel
Office
in
advance
of
the
semester
.
Requests
from
graduate
students
for
tuition
scholarships
need
to
be
completed
,
approved
by
the
appropriate
Dean
,
and
filed
with
the
Office
of
Vice
President
for
Academic
Affairs
before
the
end
of
the
registration
period
.
No
tuition
scholarships
or
waivers
can
be
given
to
New
York
State
residents
who
are
full-time
students
until
they
have
formally
applied
for
the
New
York
State
Tuition
Assistance
Program
(
TAP
)
or
have
clearly
demonstrated
their
ineligibility
for
a
TAP
award
.
Eligibility
for
a
tuition
scholarship
or
waiver
of
tuition
does
not
constitute
admission
to
graduate
study
.
University
Employees
All
full-time
academic
and
professional
employees
of
the
State
University
of
New
York
and
all
academic
employees
of
community
colleges
may
be
eligible
for
a
tuition
waiver
,
up
to
the
full
value
of
the
course
.
Specific
waiver
policies
vary
by
campus
.
Information
,
forms
,
and
statement
of
eligibility
for
this
waiver
must
be
obtained
from
the
employing
institution
.
Classified
employees
must
apply
for
tuition
assistance
for
job-related
courses
at
varying
levels
of
support
.
(
Part-
time
academic
appointees
of
the
University
are
eligible
for
a
tuition
waiver
not
to
exceed
6
credits.
)
Employees
represented
by
UUP
are
eligible
to
enroll
on
a
space-available
basis
in
one
course
per
semester
without
the
payment
of
tuition
.
Employees
admitted
to
study
may
register
for
courses
under
this
arrangement
only
during
the
last
half
of
the
program
adjustment
period
.
Full
details
about
this
program
may
be
obtained
by
writing
to
Richard
Farrell
,
University
Registrar
.
Fellows
and
Assistants
Graduate
students
with
high
academic
achievement
are
eligible
for
consideration
for
full
or
partial
tuition
scholarships
.
However
,
graduate
assistants
and
fellows
who
are
eligible
for
the
Tuition
Assistance
Program
must
apply
for
the
award
,
which
will
be
applied
to
their
tuition
before
the
University
tuition
scholarship
is
applied
.
Graduate
assistants
and
fellows
who
are
eligible
for
a
Tuition
Assistant
Program
award
and
who
do
not
apply
for
the
award
are
not
eligible
for
tuition
scholarships
.
Graduate
assistants
and
fellows
who
resign
prior
to
the
middle
of
a
session
lose
their
tuition
scholarship
and
become
liable
for
their
tuition
.
Cooperating
Teachers
For
each
half-session
of
service
to
the
University
,
a
cooperating
teacher
is
entitled
to
a
choice
of
a
$
250
Waiver
of
Tuition
or
a
$
200
cash
stipend
.
The
Waiver
of
Tuition
is
valid
at
any
state-operated
unit
of
the
University
.
The
Waiver
of
Tuition
must
be
used
within
the
period
of
25
months
following
the
session
in
which
cooperating
teacher
service
was
rendered
.
Waivers
of
Tuition
may
be
used
by
a
supervising
cooperating
teacher
or
any
professional
staff
employee
in
the
school
system
in
which
service
as
a
cooperating
teacher
was
rendered
provided
that
all
transfer
provisions
on
the
certificate
are
completely
filled
in
and
signed
by
the
cooperating
teacher
and
the
chief
administrative
officer
of
the
school
system
.
Cooperating
teachers
must
have
a
letter
admitting
them
to
graduate
study
before
registering
for
courses
.
An
application
for
admission
and
academic
credentials
must
be
submitted
at
least
one
month
in
advance
of
registration
.
Graduate
Fellowships
and
Assistantships
The
University
annually
offers
a
number
of
fellowships
,
assistantships
,
and
residence-hall
assistantships
to
qualified
students
enrolled
in
their
first
and
subsequent
years
of
graduate
study
.
Fellowships
carry
stipends
of
$
5,000
to
$
14,000
.
Assistantships
carry
stipends
of
$
5,500
to
$
14,000
per
academic
year
.
Both
assistants
and
fellows
may
be
eligible
for
a
full
or
partial
tuition
scholarship
.
Before
receiving
a
tuition
scholarship
,
students
eligible
for
a
Tuition
Assistance
Program
Award
must
apply
for
this
award
and
credit
the
award
to
the
tuition
.
The
University
also
has
available
a
number
of
assistantships
in
residence
halls
which
provide
a
waiver
of
room
charges
.
For
details
concerning
these
positions
,
please
contact
the
Office
of
Residence
Life
and
Housing
.
Graduate
students
who
hold
fellowships
are
required
to
register
for
full-
time
study
(
12
credits
per
semester
)
.
There
is
no
work
obligation
assigned
to
fellows
.
If
a
student
is
in
an
academic
program
that
requires
all
students
to
perform
ancillary
teaching
,
research
,
or
practicum
duties
,
the
student
should
register
for
independent
study
or
practicum
credits
,
and
this
activity
should
be
clearly
differentiated
from
the
fellowship
award
.
Fellows
may
not
be
employed
in
or
outside
the
University
while
holding
a
fellowship
.
Fellows
may
not
hold
any
kind
of
assistantship
,
traineeship
,
or
second
fellowship
concurrently
.
Graduate
students
who
hold
assistantships
with
$
6,500
to
$
6,999
stipends
are
expected
to
devote
about
15
hours
a
week
to
their
professional
duties
and
should
carry
an
academic
load
of
9
or
more
credits
each
regular
session
and
complete
at
least
20
credits
of
study
during
the
academic
year
.
The
award
also
makes
a
student
eligible
to
apply
for
a
full
or
partial
tuition
scholarship
after
T.A.P.
Graduate
students
who
hold
assistantships
with
$
7,000
to
$
14,000
stipends
are
expected
to
devote
approximately
one-half
of
their
time
to
their
academic
programs
and
one-half
of
their
time
to
their
assistantship
duties
.
They
must
complete
at
least
18
credits
of
study
during
the
academic
year
and
should
register
for
an
academic
load
of
9
credits
of
study
in
any
session
.
.
The
tuition
scholarship
associated
with
these
awards
is
limited
to
a
maximum
of
9
credits
per
semester
.
All
graduate
students
enrolled
in
specified
degree
programs
are
expected
,
in
addition
to
the
completion
of
coursework
,
to
perform
ancillary
teaching
,
research
,
administrative
,
or
professional
duties
contributing
to
their
academic
development
,
whether
or
not
they
receive
financial
support
from
this
institution
.
It
is
expected
that
these
duties
will
be
assigned
with
the
educational
objective
in
mind
.
Interpretation
of
this
policy
shall
be
made
by
the
Graduate
Office
.
Particular
duties
assigned
to
graduate
students
under
this
policy
are
subject
to
the
approval
of
the
Dean
of
Graduate
Studies
.
Graduate
assistants
and
fellows
need
to
report
their
stipends
as
part
of
their
net
taxable
income
except
for
that
portion
of
the
stipend
beyond
tuition
and
fees
,
books
,
supplies
,
and
equipment
required
for
courses
and
similar
educational
expenses
.
Graduate
assistants
and
residence-hall
assistants
may
not
be
employed
in
other
capacities
in
or
outside
the
University
while
holding
an
assistantship
.
They
may
not
hold
any
kind
of
fellowship
,
traineeship
,
or
second
assistantship
concurrently
.
Graduate
students
who
hold
fellowships
or
assistantships
are
expected
to
perform
their
duties
satisfactorily
and
to
remain
in
good
academic
standing
during
the
tenure
of
their
appointments
and
must
be
in
good
academic
standing
to
qualify
for
a
renewal
.
Requests
for
additional
information
and
applications
for
fellowships
or
assistantships
should
be
addressed
to
the
chair
of
the
department
or
to
the
dean
of
the
school
or
college
concerned
.
Requests
for
additional
information
and
applications
for
residence-hall
assistantships
should
be
addressed
to
the
Director
of
Residences
.
In
addition
to
University
fellowships
and
assistantships
,
the
University
has
available
fellowships
,
traineeships
,
and
scholarships
supported
by
other
agencies
.
In
addition
,
some
of
the
centers
provide
research
assistantships
in
connection
with
their
activities
.
Regulations
given
above
for
University
fellows
and
assistants
also
apply
to
recipients
of
fellowships
awarded
by
agencies
outside
the
University
.
The
Veteran
The
University
has
been
approved
for
Veterans
Administration
Educational
Benefits
.
An
eligible
veteran
receives
a
monthly
allowance
while
in
attendance
at
the
University
.
It
is
paid
directly
to
the
student
and
is
intended
to
cover
the
usual
costs
for
fees
and
books
,
as
well
as
basic
living
expenses
.
A
veteran
may
qualify
for
benefits
according
to
the
following
schedule
:
Classification
Registered
Credits
Full
time
12
or
more
3/4
time
9-11
1/2
time
6-8
Less
than
1/2
time*
1-5
The
certification
of
full-time
status
of
graduate
assistants
and
fellows
is
based
on
the
academic
load
requirements
specified
for
graduate
assistants
and
fellows
.
Having
been
admitted
to
a
program
at
the
University
in
advance
of
registration
,
a
veteran
who
is
eligible
for
benefits
and
who
wishes
to
apply
for
them
can
make
application
for
benefits
at
the
Registrar
's
Office
,
CC
B25
.
Veterans
who
have
never
drawn
benefits
at
Albany
must
have
a
certified
"
DD214
,
"
a
copy
of
marriage
certificate
if
married
,
and
a
copy
of
dependent
childrens
'
birth
certificates
if
applicable
.
A
veteran
who
has
already
made
application
must
complete
the
appropriate
form
each
session
at
the
Registration
Office
in
order
to
receive
benefits
.
A
veteran
wishing
to
receive
benefits
for
the
summer
session
must
do
the
same
.
Generally
,
the
Veterans
Administration
will
pay
benefits
for
two
academic
sessions
of
study
at
the
nondegree
or
nonmatriculated
level.
*Pays
tuition
and
fees
only
.
Ancillary
Duties
All
graduate
students
enrolled
in
degree
programs
are
expected
,
in
addition
to
the
completion
of
coursework
,
to
perform
ancillary
teaching
,
research
,
administrative
or
professional
duties
contributing
to
their
academic
development
,
whether
or
not
they
receive
financial
support
from
this
institution
.
It
is
expected
that
these
duties
will
be
assigned
with
the
educational
objective
in
mind
.
Interpretation
of
this
policy
shall
be
made
by
the
Dean
of
Graduate
Studies
.
Particular
duties
assigned
to
graduate
students
under
this
policy
are
subject
to
the
approval
of
the
Dean
of
Graduate
Studies
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.albany.edu/veterans/archives/individuals/jonesletter.htm">
Louis
C.
Jones
,
a
professor
at
State
College
for
Teachers
,
wrote
circular
letters
to
SCT
students
who
served
in
World
War
II
.
He
took
over
this
task
from
Donnal
Vore
"
DV
"
Smith
,
who
had
been
a
Professor
of
Social
Studies
at
SCT
,
when
DV
joined
the
service
himself
.
In
his
first
letter
,
Jones
wrote
October
9
,
1943
Dear
Gang
,
I
'm
writing
this
in
D.V.
's
old
office
which
I
have
inherited
along
with
his
red
address
book
.
As
I
looked
over
his
file
of
letters
to
you
I
became
increasingly
discouraged
because
they
were
,
as
so
many
of
you
have
said
,
very
swell
letters
.
They
have
real
style
.
My
letters
wo
n't
get
in
his
class
,
but
I
'll
do
what
I
can
to
get
you
the
good
words
as
they
come
in
.
I
gather
from
your
letters
that
all
of
you
want
to
know
whether
there
are
any
men
left
at
college
and
what
there
is
to
be
said
for
the
new
crop
of
lasses
.
Well
,
there
were
sixty-five
men
the
last
time
I
heard--that
subtracts
three
who
left
yesterday
.
About
forty
of
them
are
freshmen
,
most
of
whom
are
under
eighteen
,
with
a
smattering
of
F4
's
.
As
for
the
upperclassmen
,
known
as
"
the
wolf
pack
,
"
a
good
many
are
in
reserve
units
of
one
sort
or
another
and
awaiting
call
,
but
at
present
seem
to
be
doing
pretty
well
.
The
freshmen
women
were
hand-picked
by
Milt
Nelson
,
Doc
Dorwaldt
,
and
yours
truly
.
The
real
story
of
how
we
did
it
can
now
be
told
.
The
three
of
us
went
all
over
the
state
last
spring
and
before
we
were
done
we
had
it
down
to
a
system
.
After
dinner
we
'd
go
to
some
busy
corner
with
comfortable
lamp
posts
to
lean
against
.
Then
as
soon
as
a
good
looking
pair
of
gambes
came
along
one
of
us
would
whistle
(
Milt
's
wonderful
at
it
)
.
Then
Doc
would
speak
up
,
"
What
do
ya
say
to
a
little
college
education
,
honey
?
"
You
ought
to
hear
the
way
he
can
make
it
sound
exciting
,
mm
mm
!
The
rumor
is
false
that
the
only
other
entrance
requirement
was
that
they
be
able
to
make
a
cross
in
place
of
their
name
.
No
sir
,
every
girl
in
the
class
can
sign
her
name
and
some
of
them
can
do
it
in
ink
.
We
got
375
freshmen
this
way
.
I
do
n't
want
to
boast
about
my
services
to
the
college
but
there
were
a
remarkably
high
percentage
of
red
heads
and
blondes
.
The
college
itself
,
as
usual
,
is
undergoing
physical
improvement
.
The
new
floors
in
Draper
and
Husted
are
just
slippery
enough
that
you
damn-near
break
your
neck
every
time
you
walk
down
one
of
them
.
The
most
significant
change
of
the
times
is
that
we
've
taken
down
the
commando
hurdles--not
enough
men
to
make
it
worthwhile
,
and
it
was
too
easy
for
the
girls
.
You
will
be
amazed
to
hear
that
we
're
getting
edible
food
in
the
cafeteria
,
which
is
running
to
capacity
.
Fresh
paint
and
another
room
have
been
added
and
the
counter
is
now
in
the
hall
.
The
P.O.
has
been
done
over
in
a
bilious
green
and
everybody
has
been
kicked
out
except
the
NEWS
staff
.
All
of
the
organizations
have
offices
down
on
the
Commons
now
,
which
will
be
opened
for
public
view
on
Activities
Day
.
So
things
change
.
About
the
only
things
around
college
that
remain
the
same
are
the
ceilings
in
the
Boul
,
which
,
praise
God
,
changeth
not
.
A
number
of
the
faculty
have
joined
you
in
uniform
.
Bob
Rienow
has
been
shipped
out
of
Camp
Upton
,
where
he
was
doing
classification
for
some
time
,
and
no
one
yet
knows
where
he
is
.
He
and
Paul
Bulger
worked
side
by
side
.
I
do
n't
know
whether
or
not
they
were
responsible
,
but
Ralph
Baker
was
shipped
out
of
Upton
to
teach
basic
English
and
allied
subjects
to
social
studies
majors
at
Fort
Ontario
.
At
least
that
's
the
way
I
hearn
it
.
Varley
Lang
whom
some
of
you
knew
in
the
last
couple
of
years
,
has
gone
in
for
gold-bricking
in
a
big
way
,
as
paymaster
at
Jefferson
Medical
College
in
Philadelphia
.
Lt.
Hank
Sisk
is
at
ATSP
at
John
Hopkins
.
When
Hank
was
here
in
August
he
had
a
wonderful
story
about
how
he
nearly
did
and
died
for
his
country
.
It
seems
that
Hank
went
out
on
a
quiet
little
three
or
four
day
party
and
came
back
to
camp
a
little
worse
for
wear
.
He
no
sooner
landed
than
they
told
him
he
'd
have
to
go
out
and
squirm
along
his
belly
while
some
cherry
wombat
shot
a
machine
gun
over
his
head
.
So
Hank
went
out
,
after
much
argument
and
started
crawling
his
way
along
the
sod
.
Then
something
happened
to
his
pants
.
Something
drastic
.
The
result
was
that
the
last
half
of
the
course
was
run
with
Hank
trying
to
keep
his
pants
up
with
one
hand
and
his
balance
with
the
other
,
close
to
embarrassing
and
a
very
pretty
sight
to
think
about
.
No
word
has
come
recently
from
Lt.
Commander
Hatfield
,
last
heard
of
at
Naval
Pre-Flight
School
at
Chapel
Hill
,
N.C.
Hayfield
's
colleague
,
Miss
Hitchcock
,
is
now
in
the
Marines
.
Bill
Hardy
'
s
back
at
State
with
his
new
doctorate
nice
and
shiny
.
Tom
Candlyn
,
as
you
may
have
seen
by
the
Times
,
has
gone
to
be
organist
at
a
big
church
on
5th
Avenue
,
NYC
.
I
saw
Doug
Dillenbeck
during
the
summer
(
he
'd
just
gotten
his
gold
bars
)
,
and
he
was
expected
to
marry
into
the
Candlyn
family
the
next
time
he
got
home
.
I
've
had
a
letter
from
DV
and
at
that
point
he
was
living
a
in
a
sorority
house--and
smacking
his
lips
about
it
too
.
I
did
n't
gather
whether
the
girls
had
arrived
yet
or
not
,
but
I
do
n't
suppose
it
really
matters
.
Before
he
left
he
and
I
had
a
talk
during
which
he
gave
me
memos
or
correspondence
that
he
'd
had
from
some
of
you
and
had
not
had
a
chance
to
answer
.
So
figure
that
this
next
is
unfinished
business
.
Corp.
Howie
Anderson
had
written
him
a
couple
of
times
from
Africa
where
he
had
been
seeing
some
action
and
salting
away
some
honest
to
God
money
that
he
seems
to
have
made
playing
cards
.
It
just
goes
to
prove
the
value
of
a
college
education
.
A
recent
V-Mail
letter
from
Howie
to
me
raised
a
question
the
last
page
of
this
ought
to
answer
.
Howie
met
Al
Oetkin
and
they
had
an
unfortunately
dry
foregathering
.
Al
's
put
on
weight
and
apparently
is
able
to
get
enough
to
eat
with
his
"
Mahar
French
.
"
Word
of
this
also
came
in
from
Al
,
so
it
must
be
true
.
Capt.
Bob
Benedict
wrote
DV
and
me
a
cheery
pair
of
notes
during
the
summer
from
Hawaii
.
I
see
Lizette
every
once
in
a
while
and
she
seems
as
gay
and
chic
as
ever
,
but
lonesome
.
Ensign
Bill
Baker
reports
that
Bourbon
and
coke
is
the
best
drink
in
Atlanta
,
where
he
's
been
assigned
to
Instrument
Flight
Instructor
's
Squadron
,
Gordon
Airport
and
has
been
busy
trying
to
make
"
decent
teachers
out
of
naval
pilots
.
"
It
was
Bill
that
sent
word
that
Fred
Byrnes
was
married
in
May
and
is
now
in
the
Coast
Guard
.
He
wants
word
from
Amyot
,
Bancroft
and
Decker
.
I
'm
writing
in
their
address
on
Bill
's
copy
of
this
and
will
do
the
same
for
you
if
you
want
somebody
's
address
and
I
have
it
.
Johnny
Caramia
,
when
last
heard
from
,
was
in
England
where
he
was
having
a
grand
time
.
I
've
been
meaning
to
write
him
some
English
addresses
but
I
might
better
give
them
to
any
of
you
who
land
on
that
benighted
isle
.
Even
in
peace
times
it
's
almost
impossible
to
get
decent
cooking
in
England
,
and
it
must
be
a
lot
worse
now
.
But
if
anyone
is
cooking
well
there
,
it
'll
be
at
a
little
inn
about
an
hour
out
of
London
call
the
Apple
Orchard
,
in
West
Wycomb
.
Miss
Donald
,
who
runs
it
,
is
an
old
friend
of
mine
,
and
if
anyone
wants
to
get
away
from
London
for
a
pleasant
change
,
it
's
a
good
place
to
spend
a
weekend
.
In
the
Liverpool
area
there
's
a
former
member
of
the
State
College
summer
school
staff
,
Prof.
John
Bradbury
,
a
very
good
guy
who
'll
do
anything
respectable
he
can
to
give
you
a
good
time
.
He
's
at
Liverpool
University
.
A
sort
of
British
Adam
walker
only
20
years
younger
.
Chapell
is
at
Camp
Rucker
,
Alabama
,
and
some
time
during
the
summer
he
saw
Bob
Combs
in
Montgomery
.
He
's
in
the
same
barracks
as
Walt
Harper
'
s
brother
and
seemed
to
think
that
Walt
was
in
Naval
Intelligence
,
but
Will
Frament
,
who
dropped
in
the
office
the
other
day
,
tells
me
that
Harper
is
stationed
at
[
illegible
]
Hall
,
Harvard
,
with
the
Navy
Supply
Corps
.
Chapell
wants
Johnny
Alden
'
s
address
,
which
is
Squadron
A
43
Foater
Field
,
[
illegible
]
.
Bill
Sivers
,
also
in
the
Navy
,
was
playing
tag
with
his
clothing
when
last
heard
from
and
not
sure
whether
he
'd
get
a
ship
without
a
shirt
or
whether
his
ship
would
go
to
sea
without
him
.
Ben
Comi
has
been
riding
the
waves
,
which
he
reports
can
be
plenty
rough
,
on
a
mine
sweeper
.
John
Dooley
wrote
DV
in
August
and
me
in
September
.
He
's
down
at
North
Carolina
State
College
in
the
ASTP
and
they
seem
to
be
making
an
engineer
of
him
.
Says
it
will
be
a
year
before
he
can
relieve
a
WAC
for
active
duty
.
He
had
the
low-down
on
a
lot
of
the
boys
.
Graham
Duncan
,
Dick
Beach
and
Joe
Harder
are
in
the
same
outfit
with
him
.
Several
others
were
also
there
in
the
STAR
unit
.
Rolf
Toepfer
was
one
of
them
and
has
just
written
me
from
Chapel
Hill
.
The
army
has
taken
advantage
of
Toep
's
language
background
and
he
's
polishing
up
his
Deutch
.
The
Mary
Mac-Toepfer
affair
seems
to
keep
clicking
.
Dooley
said
Art
Cornwell
had
been
in
the
STAR
unit
and
then
he
was
shipped
back
to
Bragg
.
The
latest
word
is
that
A.C.
was
sent
to
Camp
Wheeler
,
Ga.
I
got
that
from
Joe
Higgins
,
who
dropped
in
to
see
me
when
he
was
home
a
week
or
so
ago
.
Joe
discovered
Art
's
whereabouts
when
he
was
doing
a
trick
as
mail
clerk
and
forwarded
mail
to
him
.
No
word
form
Cornwell
in
these
parts
and
same
would
be
welcome
.
Frank
Woodworth
'
s
with
the
marines
at
Treasure
Island
and
Stan
Gipp
is
at
Hobart
.
He
says
that
Red
Evans
is
at
Camp
Marshall
,
wearing
the
high
boots
of
the
Parachute
Infantry
.
The
Parachute
Infantry
looks
like
the
answer
to
those
people
who
used
to
tell
Dr.
Norris
on
their
freshman
tests
that
they
'd
like
to
jump
from
high
buildings
,
but
I
doubt
Red
was
one
of
them
.
DV
had
a
letter
from
Tom
Feeney
with
a
New
York
APO
.
By
the
middle
of
July
he
had
found
Africa
hot
,
dull
and
uninteresting
.
Lt.
Fred
Ferris
wrote
both
DV
and
me
from
Camp
Lee
,
Va.
,
which
,
he
says
,
is
a
swell
joint
.
He
ran
into
Jim
Quinn
at
officers
'
mess
and
says
that
Jim
is
now
a
first
Looie
.
We
saw
a
lot
of
Fred
around
here
when
he
was
up
at
Syracuse
,
but
since
then
it
's
been
long
time
no
see
.
There
is
another
letter
from
Rex
Finster
who
says
he
saw
Mike
Walrath
at
Camp
Wheeler
one
day
,
apparently
just
before
Mike
shuffled
off
to
Camp
Campbell
,
Ky.
Rex
wrote
his
letter
in
a
terrific
fog--actual
,
not
figurative
.
But
he
seems
pretty
happy
to
have
his
wife
within
whistling
distance
all
the
time
.
Len
Friedlander
is
Assistant
Personnel
Officer
at
Ft.
Jackson
and
wrote
his
last
letter
to
DV
in
the
midst
of
two
weeks
of
maneuvers
.
He
apparently
kept
one
eye
on
the
general
and
the
other
on
the
best
bar
in
the
locality
and
,
if
I
know
Len
,
began
polishing
as
soon
as
the
General
arrived
.
What
,
by
the
way
,
is
the
service
equivalent
for
apple-polishing
?
The
only
ones
I
've
heard
I
ca
n't
dictate
to
the
wench
that
takes
this
down
.
Does
anybody
know
a
decent
euphemism
that
will
pass
both
the
censors
and
dictation
?
Len
had
heard
from
Dick
Lonsdale
and
I
've
seen
Dick
's
wife
a
number
of
times
.
He
's
with
the
Amphibious
Force
and
apparently
missed
the
Sicilian
snow
by
merest
chance
.
That
seemed
to
be
all
right
with
Carol
who
,
I
should
report
,
is
looking
fine
.
Bill
Forrest
sent
DV
news
about
a
member
of
the
gang
.
Item
1
:
Lt.
Dennis
Dole
is
in
the
Adjutant
's
Office
in
Drew
Field
,
Tampa
.
Item
2
:
he
complains
that
Combs
is
one
of
the
worst
correspondents
that
he
ever
knew
and
that
Marsland
,
over
at
MIT
,
is
having
the
time
of
his
life
.
The
word
from
Bob
Hertel
comes
in
august
whispers
from
the
very
edge
of
Robert
E.
Lee
's
grave
.
Bob
moved
shortly
after
that
letter
and
Mrs.
Underwood
,
over
in
the
Alumni
Office
,
tells
me
he
's
at
Camp
Roberts
,
Cal
.
He
certainly
does
get
around
,
that
boy
.
Avrom
Koblenz
wrote
in
August
that
he
'd
gone
through
Bragg
with
the
Flaxes
and
Bernie
Bernhardt
and
then
moved
on
to
the
ASTP
.
From
there
he
went
to
Raleigh
,
North
Carolina
State
College
,
where
he
hit
the
crew
that
Beach
,
Toepfer
,
and
Brenni
and
Declay
were
in
and
word
comes
from
the
underground
that
he
's
on
his
way
to
California
,
address
unknown
.
Higgins
said
that
Abba
was
studying
Japanese
.
Nick
Morsillo
is
flying
for
the
Marines
and
DV
gathered
that
he
was
missing
his
Maine-born
bride
considerably
.
Bolo
Marsland
was
in
Albany
in
June
when
he
saw
big
John
Sussina
.
He
wrote
DV
that
Stan
Gipp
and
Jim
Ryan
were
sent
to
Hobart
,
while
of
course
,
the
larger
number
of
naval
reserve
men
went
first
to
Union
.
He
also
had
had
,
when
he
wrote
,
word
from
Frank
Hansen
that
he
was
then
at
Dartmouth
with
Ben
Reed
,
Red
O'Leary
and
Bill
Tucker
,
all
of
the
USMC
.
Speaking
of
Hansen
,
the
Southwick
gal
is
flashing
sparkling
hardware
in
our
faces
these
days
and
,
and
my
agents
report
that
as
a
news
item
it
belongs
at
this
point
in
the
letter
.
Bolo
was
to
have
left
MIT
is
September
,
but
whither
away
I
do
n't
know
.
Howard
Merriam
sends
in
word
that
he
's
Communications
Officer
on
the
USS
Stanley
.
He
says
somewhat
nostalgically
that
on
his
job
the
homework
does
n't
after
the
dorm
closes
.
It
just
does
n't
stop
.
I
gather
that
he
's
somewhere
out
of
San
Francisco
.
Saddlemire
(
Ensign
G.
L.
S.
of
the
USS
Hala
to
you
)
reports
,
as
do
many
,
of
these
distinguished
officers
of
the
United
States
Navy
,
that
come
the
wave
,
they
oops
like
hell
.
However
,
Gerry
adds
that
by
strong
control
of
the
mind
and
stomach
muscles
he
is
now
able
to
look
at
the
ocean
without
making
a
contribution
.
He
's
run
into
both
Charlie
Quinn
and
Hal
Duffey
(
quite
another
Duffey
is
now
Mrs.
Quinn--did
you
guys
all
know
?
Handsome
picture
in
the
society
column--big
write
up
violent
social
stir
up
!
)
They
planned
a
little
party
together
but
somebody
with
lots
of
gold
braid
sent
them
in
opposite
directions
before
they
could
get
together
.
Characteristically
,
Gerry
thinks
there
is
a
future
for
radar
in
street-corner
wolfing
.
John
Stromei
wrote
in
from
New
Guinea
and
reports
it
's
very
pleasant
there
.
Everything
his
little
heart
desires
except
some
cold
beer
and
some
hot
women
.
There
seems
to
be
a
general
feeling
among
the
boys
that
get
to
the
South
Sea
Islands
that
Hollywood
producers
have
a
lot
to
learn
about
what
really
goes
on
in
these
parts
.
At
least
as
late
as
July
Strommei
had
seen
nothing
that
resembled
Dorothy
Lamour
.
What
's
sarong
out
there
,
Strommei
?
The
machine
the
letter
was
written
in
was
a
refugee
from
the
Dutch
East
Indies
and
apparently
,
said
John
,
had
never
recovered
from
the
shock--putting
it
in
the
class
with
all
the
typewriters
DV
ever
used
.
(
What
say
,
Cortland
?
)
Ralph
Tibbetts
was
getting
his
basic
training
in
Miami
Beach
before
going
on
to
Pre-Flight
.
Rich
Young
finished
up
his
pre-flight
in
late
July
and
went
on
to
the
training
detachment
at
Clarksdale
,
Miss.
,
where
,
he
reported
to
DV
,
they
have
air-conditioned
barracks
,
wonderful
food
,
and
a
small
school
.
There
was
a
little
card
in
Don
's
file
saying
that
Ray
Walters
is
to
be
reached
through
the
Maritime
Commission
and
this
correspondent
for
one
would
like
to
hear
from
the
elegant
TRW
.
Zubon
wrote
that
the
Engineers
at
Camp
Chaffee
had
loads
of
fun
during
the
flood
hoisting
people
off
tree
tops
and
roofs
,
with
one
especially
charming
job
in
which
they
had
a
race
with
the
stork
,
which
Zubon
seems
to
have
won
.
I
think
that
clears
up
the
bulk
of
notes
that
DV
gave
me
in
the
midst
of
the
rush
of
Summer
School
.
My
notes
were
a
little
crude
and
I
may
have
gotten
some
of
this
dope
wrong
,
but
I
think
substantially
that
's
the
story
.
That
then
clears
up
the
unfinished
business
and
brings
me
to
the
fat
file
of
letters
that
have
been
accumulating--some
of
them
for
an
indecent
length
of
time--on
my
own
desk
.
Here
,
for
example
,
are
some
Christmas
cards
about
which
I
did
nothing
.
That
was
Xmas
1942
,
and
just
to
keep
the
record
clear
,
Merry
Christmas
to
Bernie
Arbit
.
Bob
Agne
has
been
writing
a
good
deal
of
poetry
in
between
learning
to
fly
transports--some
of
it
very
good
stuff
,
especially
the
one
long
piece
called
"
Course
13
Has
the
Honor
to
Report
,
"
which
was
printed
in
the
Embry-Riddle
Flypaper
.
Bob
was
in
to
see
me
in
September
with
gold
decorations
on
his
shoulder
and
a
first-rate
state
of
mind
.
Had
lived
for
a
while
with
some
British
pilots
in
Florida
and
found
them
good
fellows
after
they
relaxed
a
little
.
Marshall
Ackerman
and
I
have
been
carrying
on
a
name-calling
contest
by
way
of
the
luscious
Rhona
Ryan
for
some
weeks
.
He
seems
to
think
I
owe
him
mail--and
I
guess
he
's
right
.
There
's
a
card
from
Camp
Upton
sent
out
in
May
when
he
says
that
he
was
company
librarian
and
the
only
catch
was
that
they
did
n't
have
any
books
.
At
the
present
time
he
's
in
Jefferson
Barracks
,
Mo.
,
and
herewith
owes
me
a
letter
as
long
as
this
one
.
I
forget
who
told
me
about
Vito
Brenni
,
but
there
comes
a
sad
story
up
from
Camp
Ritchie
that
,
last
heard
from
,
Vito
was
headed
for
two
weeks
of
KP
.
When
Cappon
was
in
Mississippi
I
heard
from
him
,
and
it
was
just
like
it
always
was
.
When
Mac
and
I
are
in
our
eighties
we
'll
still
be
growling
at
each
other
and
just
as
sure
that
each
is
a
screwball
.
Ensign
Freddy
Day
sent
in
word
from
Africa
that
the
most
hellish
part
of
war
in
his
area
was
that
the
nurses
were
all
in
Sicily
,
which
looks
like
things
have
n't
changed
much
with
Freddy
.
He
wants
Jim
Quinn
to
unbend
his
elbow
long
enough
to
write
.
Things
must
be
pretty
bad
in
his
neck
of
the
woods
because
he
says
that
even
Hedrick
's
would
taste
like
the
nectar
of
the
gods
.
I
called
Pete
Fox
'
s
mother
the
other
day
and
she
tells
me
that
Pete
is
now
a
Corporal
and
teaching
electronics
at
Boca
Raton
Field
,
Florida
.
I
guess
DV
told
you
that
Charlie
Franklin
was
here
in
July
.
I
ran
into
him
when
I
was
rushing
for
my
commuter
train
,
and
he
looked
pretty
magnificent
with
his
chest
full
of
ribbons
.
He
had
been
the
Southern
Pacific
Ferry
Command
,
and
now
word
comes
that
he
's
gotten
his
Majority
.
While
we
were
writing
this
,
Ralph
Fredricks
stuck
his
head
in
the
door
and
reports
that
he
and
Feigenbaum
,
and
Wise
and
McLaren
have
been
getting
weatherwise
down
at
NYC
.
There
have
been
a
number
of
kinks
in
their
program
and
the
future
seems
dark
and
cloudy
.
I
'd
like
to
have
the
rich
and
colorful
vocabulary
of
Mrs.
Fegenbaum
's
little
boy
on
said
situation
.
If
the
army
is
treating
them
badly
,
however
,
the
Stage
Door
Canteen
is
doing
pretty
well
by
them
.
It
's
like
I
always
say
,
life
is
full
of
little
compensations
.
Moose
Gerber
writes
from
Johnson
Hall
,
Columbia
University
.
Moose
,
in
my
day
Johnson
Hall
was
the
place
where
all
the
pretty
little
girls
just
come
north
from
the
south
and
all
damnedest
bunch
of
old
maids
you
ever
saw
tried
to
keep
them
from
spilling
their
tea
.
Do
any
of
their
ghosts
haunt
you
?
Ghosts
of
some
of
the
former
haunt
me
,
but
that
's
beside
the
point
.
Bombard
,
Guarino
,
Kensky
and
Greenberg
were
there
together
.
The
whole
crowd
expects
to
get
their
commissions
around
Thanksgiving
.
Jake
Powell
,
now
Lt.
(
j.g
)
is
apparently
the
big
shot
in
the
armory
at
Columbia
.
1st
Sgt.
Bob
Teeter
was
around
college
in
the
summer
and
said
that
Les
Gerdts
now
has
a
captaincy
and
his
APO
is
still
New
York
.
Bob
,
who
had
been
teaching
wild
men
in
Texas
,
is
now
at
Camp
van
Dorn
,
Miss.
,
and
anxious
to
hear
from
anyone
nearby
.
Ben
Gitlin
,
I
was
glad
to
get
your
letter
and
I
hope
they
've
decided
by
this
time
whether
they
're
going
to
make
a
linguist
or
a
physician
out
of
you
.
And
I
was
glad
to
hear
about
Santi
Forcino
.
What
on
earth
is
a
machine
record
unit
?
Maybe
word
had
gotten
out
somewhere
but
I
had
n't
heard
that
you
were
married
and
glad
to
find
you
so
enthusiastic
about
it
.
With
a
little
effort
and
a
little
luck
it
can
be
a
very
pleasant
state
of
affairs
,
I
find
.
I
guess
I
said
above
that
Joe
Higgins
was
in
to
see
me
.
At
that
time
he
thought
he
was
going
into
an
ASTP
routine
.
But
a
week
later
he
sent
me
a
post
card
with
a
picture
of
a
moonshine
still
on
one
side
and
word
on
the
other
that
he
'd
be
at
Fort
Bragg
a
little
longer
.
That
's
all
right
,
Joe
.
Troy
is
still
the
same
old
place
.
Ran
into
Lt
Mike
Gross
of
the
Chemical
Warfare
Office
who
had
come
up
to
lecture
officers
.
Mike
seems
to
be
doing
all
right
by
himself
and
it
was
good
to
see
him
.
Buck
Hippick
and
Gil
Snyder
have
been
at
the
Citadel
in
Charleston
,
S.C.
Gil
has
been
selected
for
pre-med
work
and
that
's
good
news
for
him
.
Babe
Kaplan
,
I
ashamed
not
to
have
answered
you
before
,
especially
since
you
got
your
San
Francisco
APO
.
I
have
n't
seen
Debby
for
months
on
end
but
talked
to
her
about
the
time
she
was
working
on
the
memorial
fund
for
Sam
Dorrance
.
As
she
probably
wrote
to
you
,
they
collected
something
over
$
1,000
,
from
Sam
's
friends
to
buy
a
war
bond
for
his
baby
son
and
to
start
a
memorial
in
the
Medical
School
Library
.
I
see
Harmon
Lockrow
now
and
then
and
he
always
speaks
affectionately
of
you--as
who
does
n't
?
Frank
Kluge
,
DV
and
I
were
both
glad
to
hear
about
your
second
meeting
with
Freddy
Day
,
but
an
in
no
position
to
pass
judgment
until
I
hear
from
Freddy
about
his
fouling
up
the
lines
tossed
to
him
by
the
Coast
Guard
.
The
gang
will
be
interested
,
I
think
,
in
a
sentence
in
which
you
remark
with
an
eye
to
the
censor
,
"
we
both
agreed
that
we
had
a
swell
time
in
Toniland
,
though
some
people
there
were
not
so
glad
to
see
us
.
"
Sorry
I
do
n't
have
an
address
for
Havco
.
Maybe
someone
does
and
will
pass
it
on
.
Feeney
ought
to
be
eligible
for
your
Africa
club
for
the
address
which
I
am
adding
to
the
bottom
of
this
.
Merry
Xmas
to
you
too
,
George
Kunz
.
And
just
to
be
sure
I
beat
you
to
it
,
Merry
Xmas
in
1943
,
1944
,
and
1945
.
After
that
,
to
hell
with
you
.
And
I
was
glad
,
too
,
to
hear
from
Pete
Marchetta
in
August
,
still
at
the
marine
base
on
Parris
Island
.
Pete
says
he
's
on
the
second
phase
of
his
boot
training
and
was
on
the
rifle
range
when
he
wrote
.
From
there
he
goes
back
to
Parris
Island
and
then
to
Quantico
.
He
says
that
Walt
Griwacz
is
in
the
same
training
platoon
and
that
they
've
been
together
constantly
since
they
left
these
parts
.
The
prettiest
redhead
in
summer
school
told
me
she
has
lived
all
her
life
next
door
to
Ed
and
gave
me
news
that
he
was
doing
fine
and
has
his
Lieutenancy
all
right
in
the
Marines
.
There
's
a
story
I
want
to
hear
firsthand
from
Ed
about
the
morning
he
decided
that
it
would
be
more
fun
to
stay
in
bed
than
get
up
.
The
way
I
heard
it
,
this
was
the
last
revolt
of
a
great
individualist
.
Ed
Melanson
sent
a
joint
letter
to
DV
and
me
via
the
Fleet
APO
in
San
Francisco
.
I
wondered
what
happened
to
Ed
O'Hora
.
The
last
word
I
had
was
when
I
wrote
a
letter
of
recommendation
for
the
Coast
Guard
.
Of
course
I
ca
n't
really
complain
,
I
suppose
.
I
've
always
owed
Ed
three
times
as
many
letters
as
he
owed
me
,
but
I
'd
sure
like
to
hear
form
him
.
I
'm
gong
to
try
to
send
this
just
c/o
University
of
Cal.
as
you
suggest
and
see
what
happens
.
I
know
just
how
you
feel
about
the
sea
.
I
've
never
been
on
the
Pacific
,
but
four
Atlantic
crossings
are
among
the
best
of
my
memories
.
I
realize
of
course
that
in
my
day
we
were
n't
watching
for
periscopes
or
enemy
aircraft
.
Suppose
I
just
pass
on
to
the
crowd
your
memoranda
on
the
boys
you
'd
heard
from
,
namely
that
Mike
Walko
was
married
in
June
and
is
now
at
Navy
Supply
Corp
School
in
Boston
,
that
Lt
(
JG
)
Bill
Sivers
relieved
Lt
(
ditto
)
Carl
Schoeffler
as
Assis
Disbursing
Officer
at
Naval
Training
St.
,
Farragut
,
Idaho
,
that
Sivers
sees
Caroline
Mattie
Ryther
and
her
CPO
husband
.
I
hope
that
by
this
time
the
stripe
you
were
expecting
has
caught
up
with
you
.
Also
that
by
thus
time
you
've
found
in
at
least
one
of
the
bars
you
've
been
visiting
some
benighted
Statesmen
.
From
the
way
it
looks
here
,
the
whole
world
is
just
one
damned
Okkie
's
after
another
for
all
State
College
men
taking
care
of
aching
thirst
.
This
does
n't
happen
to
the
Africa
Club
,
however
,
which
seems
to
have
a
universal
complaint
.
Word
from
Paul
Merritt
comes
from
Charleston
.
I
've
passed
the
word
on
to
the
News
,
and
to
the
Alumni
Office
.
Perhaps
I
ought
to
explain
to
all
of
you
that
Mrs.
Underwood
in
the
A.O.
and
the
girls
in
the
News
staff
and
I
try
to
work
together
to
that
if
one
of
us
gets
addresses
,
we
pass
it
on
to
the
others
.
Gertrude
Myers
has
made
it
her
job
to
keep
my
address
file
up
to
date
,
and
of
course
it
will
help
if
you
can
pass
the
word
on
when
you
move
from
place
to
place
.
It
was
thro
'
a
card
to
Mrs.
U
that
I
heard
that
A/C
Ed
Perretz
was
in
Los
Angeles
.
Ed
has
spent
some
time
out
on
the
Mohave
[
sic
]
Desert
and
seems
to
be
glad
to
get
back
to
whatever
civilization
Cal.
can
offer
.
A/C
Harry
Passow
also
wrote
the
A.O.
saying
that
he
was
at
Boca
Raton
.
Then
he
goes
to
Yale
to
study
communications
pretty
soon
.
Harry
says
that
Bob
Wesselman
,
Rook
Roberts
,
Van
Schultze
,
Grant
Hermans
and
Hank
Ruback
are
all
down
there
with
him
.
Looks
like
a
Boca
Raton
Alumni
branch
to
me
.
Thanks
,
Harry
Gumaer
,
for
the
letter
from
your
part
of
the
Pacific
area
.
Your
note
"
somewhere
in
the
Pacific
"
is
so
wonderfully
definite--but
we
got
the
APO
number
and
I
guess
that
's
all
we
need
.
Hank
Schoen
,
whose
sister
is
still
in
college
,
is
up
in
the
Aleutian
area
and
has
been
moved
from
one
igloo
to
another
.
He
sent
some
pictures
which
looked
darned
chilly
to
me
but
were
,
nevertheless
good
to
see
.
Jean
Chapman
stopped
in
the
office
today
to
show
me
a
news
item
in
the
Ft.
Benning
paper
telling
how
Earl
Snow
was
organizing
a
glee
club
.
Some
people
get
into
bad
habits
and
ca
n't
stop
.
But
I
'll
bet
Earl
makes
'
em
sing--and
good
.
Thanks
for
the
card
,
Bernie
Skolsky
.
"
PGFABF
,
"
you
've
got
what
you
wanted
.
Andy
Takas
,
it
was
good
of
you
to
write
me
after
the
long
talk
we
had
when
you
were
home
.
It
certainly
seemed
like
old
times
to
have
you
draping
your
tail
piece
over
the
backside
of
a
chair
got
an
hour
or
so
.
Good
shoveling
,
as
we
say
down
on
the
farm
.
Will
Walley
sends
word
from
Monroe
,
La.
,
that
he
's
being
made
into
a
Navigator
at
Selman
Field
.
I
'm
hereby
passing
the
threat
to
Jake
Powell
that
you
'll
tear
him
limb
from
limb
.
You
'll
see
above
word
of
Jake
and
his
doings
at
Columbia
.
I
wondered
what
had
happened
to
Bob
McGregor
.
Glad
to
hear
that
he
got
his
commission
and
have
fixed
up
the
address
to
read
Shepperd
Field
,
Tex.
This
ought
to
reach
Bob
Seifert
about
the
time
he
gets
his
wings
at
Moore
Field
.
Will
say
that
young
McGregar
is
making
tanks
at
Berwick
,
PA
but
expects
to
be
inducted
soon
,
and
that
Mike
Prym
holds
the
money
bags
at
Buckingham
Air
Field
,
Fort
Myers
,
Florida
.
The
last
item
in
the
file
is
a
notice
of
change
of
address
saying
that
north
country
werewolf
,
Leonard
J.
Varmette
,
has
been
shipped
out
of
Ft.
Sam
Houston
and
now
has
a
San
Francisco
APO
.
I
guess
this
is
the
news
we
have
.
I
'm
hoping
to
get
one
of
these
out
to
you
every
five
or
six
weeks
,
and
probably
the
others
will
not
be
quite
so
long
as
this
one
.
Whatever
word
seeps
into
this
place
will
be
dripped
out
as
soon
as
we
have
a
bucketful
.
We
are
n't
forgetting
you
and
we
hope
that
you
are
n't
forgetting
us
.
Lou
From
the
Louis
C.
Jones
Collection
Letter
of
February
11
,
1944
Letter
of
April
28
,
1944
Letter
of
March
14
,
1945
</text>
<text id="http://www.albertson.edu/aboutaci/liberal_arts/la_lecture.asp">
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</text>
<text id="http://www.adec.edu/clemson/papers/stukel.html">
The
Future
of
Land
Grant
Universities
by
James
J.
Stukel
President
,
University
of
Illinois
Presented
to
the
National
Association
of
State
Universities
and
Land-Grant
Colleges
Extension
Directors
'
Meeting
in
Corpus
Christi
,
TX
,
Feb.
19
,
1998
I
am
delighted
to
be
here
,
and
let
me
begin
with
a
story
.
A
woman
was
preparing
breakfast
when
her
son
entered
and
said
,
"
Mom
,
I
am
not
going
to
school
today
for
two
reasons
.
First
,
nobody
there
likes
me
and
,
second
,
they
continually
hurt
my
feelings
.
"
His
mother
replied
,
"
Son
,
you
are
going
to
school
today
for
two
reasons
.
First
,
you
're
50
years
old
and
,
second
,
you
're
the
president
of
the
university
.
"
As
the
president
of
the
university
--
the
University
of
Illinois
--
I
'd
like
to
discuss
some
strategic
issues
that
will
shape
the
university
's
future
for
the
next
decade
.
Indeed
,
all
of
higher
education
will
be
changed
in
the
next
ten
years
by
the
Among
these
strategic
concerns
,
two
appear
to
be
the
most
important
.
The
first
is
resource
availability
and
government
oversight
.
The
second
concerns
academic
programs
.
Let
's
begin
with
resource
availability
and
government
oversight
,
where
four
sub-matters
will
dictate
the
way
our
campuses
develop
.
One
,
we
will
continue
to
deal
with
cost
containment
,
productivity
,
and
accountability
at
state
and
federal
levels
.
Two
,
federal
policy
will
continue
to
determine
funding
levels
for
student
aid
,
research
and
health
care
.
Three
,
state
funding
policies
and
priorities
will
continue
to
have
significant
impact
on
us
.
And
lastly
,
market-driven
changes
in
health-care
delivery
will
greatly
influence
all
universities
,
particularly
those
institutions
with
medical
schools
.
My
university
is
a
$
2
billion-dollar-a-year
organization
;
about
a
quarter
of
that
total
is
health-care
related
.
Our
number
is
high
,
perhaps
,
because
we
have
the
largest
college
of
medicine
and
the
largest
health
sciences
education
program
in
the
country
.
The
second
strategic
issue
involves
academic
programs
.
In
this
category
,
eight
major
subsets
should
concern
us
.
They
are
:
The
basic
matter
of
access
to
higher
education
.
The
quality
of
teaching
,
learning
,
research
,
and
scholarship
.
The
increasing
need
for
life-long
learning
.
The
internationalization
of
education
and
commerce
.
The
responsiveness
of
our
public
service
outreach
to
societal
issues
.
The
faculty
work
environment
and
shared
governance
.
The
threat
of
increasing
competition
from
for-profit
higher
education
organizations
.
The
rates
of
change
of
technological
advances
and
knowledge
creation
.
Now
,
which
technologies
will
affect
higher
education
most
dramatically
in
the
next
decade
?
I
feel
confident
that
five
are
likely
to
challenge
us
the
most
.
The
first
of
these
five
is
the
Internet
and
the
related
telecommunications
and
computer
technologies
.
The
remaining
four
are
genetics
,
materials
,
nano-structures
,
and
molecular
biology
.
Of
all
of
those
,
I
think
the
most
important
technology
in
terms
of
its
effect
on
academic
issues
,
and
also
on
the
other
technologies
I
mentioned
,
is
the
Internet
.
That
includes
telecommunications
and
computers
.
Look
at
the
eight
issues
we
face
.
Access
to
higher
education
will
be
dramatically
affected
by
telecommunications
and
computer
technologies
.
So
will
the
quality
of
teaching
,
learning
,
and
research
.
I
do
n't
know
whether
the
coming
changes
will
be
positive
or
negative
,
but
there
will
be
changes
.
It
also
seems
obvious
to
me
that
telecommunications
and
computers
and
the
Internet
will
increase
the
need
for
life-long
learning
.
Continuous
education
will
be
needed
for
people
to
advance
--
or
even
just
to
stay
current
--
in
most
fields
.
And
how
will
we
meet
that
need
?
I
believe
it
will
be
through
the
Internet
.
It
will
be
at
once
the
catalyst
for
great
change
and
the
tool
by
which
we
respond
to
the
challenge
.
Just
as
advances
in
telecommunications
and
computers
are
rapidly
changing
the
commerce
side
of
the
global
economy
,
they
also
will
speed
up
the
internationalization
of
education
.
These
forces
will
change
the
ways
in
which
we
respond
to
societal
issues
through
outreach
programs
.
And
,
I
think
they
will
have
dramatic
impacts
on
the
faculty
work
environment
and
on
how
we
govern
ourselves
.
And
,
of
course
,
the
existence
of
these
technologies
is
why
we
have
today
's
increasing
competition
from
a
growing
number
of
for-profit
higher
education
organizations
.
So
,
in
my
view
,
technology
,
particularly
telecommunications
and
computers
,
represents
the
most
profound
strategic
issue
that
universities
must
deal
with
in
the
next
decade
.
At
this
point
,
let
me
suggest
that
the
Internet
,
and
the
technology
that
supports
it
,
may
constitute
the
third
revolution
of
higher
education
.
The
first
was
the
land-grant
movement
of
the
19th
century
,
which
gave
the
lower
and
middle
classes
access
to
college
educations
.
Next
came
the
community
college
development
of
the
20th
century
,
which
gave
us
universal
access
to
a
higher
education
at
the
district
level
.
The
third
,
the
technology
revolution
of
the
21st
century
,
will
give
us
access
beyond
the
bounds
of
time
and
place
.
Now
the
question
becomes
,
will
land-grant
universities
lead
the
creation
and
the
integration
of
new
technologies
into
all
facets
of
our
operations
or
will
we
simply
follow
others
?
Who
will
be
out
front
and
who
will
be
merely
among
the
rest
?
Some
argue
that
the
challenge
is
even
more
profound
.
I
agree
,
for
I
believe
the
very
success
or
failure
of
universities
will
depend
on
their
ability
to
create
new
technology
and
integrate
it
into
all
they
do
.
Is
there
any
evidence
of
this
need
?
I
think
that
there
is
.
I
recall
vividly
when
the
National
Center
for
Supercomputing
Applications
(
NCSA
)
opened
in
1985
at
the
University
of
Illinois
at
Urbana-Champaign
,
providing
university
researchers
with
access
to
the
most
powerful
supercomputer
in
the
world
at
that
time
,
a
Cray
.
Remember
how
exciting
that
Cray
was
?
Last
summer
,
NCSA
created
an
exhibit
designed
to
convey
the
unprecedented
speed
of
computer
evolution
.
One
item
on
display
was
a
Super
Nintendo
play
set
--
a
game
!
--
along
with
the
explanation
that
it
possesses
nearly
the
same
computing
power
as
the
most
powerful
supercomputers
of
the
1970s
.
Another
illustration
of
the
incredible
rate
at
which
computing
is
changing
:
in
1993
,
the
Web-browser
Mosaic
was
created
,
also
at
NCSA
on
our
Urbana
campus
.
Mosaic
was
later
incorporated
into
Netscape
Navigator
and
Microsoft
Internet
Explorer
.
Now
,
barely
five
years
later
,
roughly
80
to
100
million
people
have
access
to
the
Web
through
these
software
programs
.
In
that
time
,
we
went
from
nearly
zero
access
to
access
for
some
100
million
people
.
This
incredible
market
penetration
in
such
a
short
period
of
time
should
be
a
wake-up
call
to
us
.
It
says
something
is
happening
out
there
.
It
says
if
we
do
n't
lead
in
technology
development
,
someone
else
will
.
What
will
the
Internet
's
impact
be
on
higher
education
in
the
years
to
come
?
First
,
networks
will
be
put
in
place
intrastate
and
interstate
that
will
connect
all
higher
education
institutions
to
each
other
.
Second
,
the
Internet
will
give
people
access
to
higher
education
no
matter
where
they
are
.
Third
,
it
will
provide
advanced
training
opportunities
.
And
it
will
provide
advanced
outreach
opportunities
.
What
impact
will
these
networks
have
on
our
current
practices
and
how
will
they
make
them
different
?
Today
,
most
academic
interactions
occur
in
many
different
,
but
isolated
,
ways
.
For
example
:
Classrooms
,
lounges
,
and
cafes
allow
students
to
communicate
with
faculty
and
with
each
other
.
Laboratories
make
it
possible
to
learn
through
experiments
and
to
test
theories
.
Books
display
text
and
graphical
information
.
CD
ROMs
add
video
,
sound
and
planned
interaction
.
Broadcast
TV
reaches
huge
audiences
at
a
distance
.
Interactive
video
allows
audiences
to
respond
.
We
speak
in
pairs
or
multiple
pairs
over
telephones
.
We
send
written
messages
and
some
graphics
by
fax
.
But
these
are
all
isolated
events
.
The
Internet
allows
us
to
combine
all
these
things
,
and
to
overcome
their
limitations
.
The
Internet
can
:
Update
material
rapidly
at
relatively
low
cost
to
the
producer
and
at
no
cost
to
the
receiver
.
Transmit
voice
,
data
,
graphics
,
and
video
.
Reach
large
audiences
or
small
ones
,
and
the
audiences
can
respond
and
interact
.
Be
used
to
communicate
to
and
from
any
place
and
any
number
of
places
.
Allow
participants
to
be
involved
at
the
same
time
or
to
respond
on
their
own
time
.
Be
used
both
on
campus
or
at
a
distance
.
All
of
these
things
can
happen
simultaneously
.
Is
the
Internet
changing
the
way
we
do
outreach
?
We
all
realize
that
extension
and
outreach
are
information-rich
areas
.
We
have
relied
upon
print
,
face-to-face
,
and
radio
and
TV
for
communication
,
but
now
we
are
expanding
in
terms
of
telecommunications
.
Interactive
,
collaborative
,
Web-based
applications
are
changing
the
process
of
information
delivery
.
The
vision
for
the
future
of
cooperative
extension
is
that
these
on-line
extension
information
holdings
across
the
country
will
be
merged
into
a
national
website
.
The
current
system
of
operating
independently
--
your
own
websites
--
your
own
databases
--
is
all
changing
,
as
I
'm
sure
you
know
.
But
these
changes
are
occurring
must
faster
than
most
of
us
realize
,
because
now
people
can
access
websites
and
find
expert
information
on
tools
for
managing
,
decision-making
,
and
record
keeping
,
as
well
as
traditional
technical
information
.
At
the
University
of
Illinois
,
Web-based
interactive
tools
are
emerging
very
,
very
quickly
.
In
Illinois
,
the
StratSoy
Program
(
http://stratsoy.ag.uiuc.edu/stratsoy.html
)
is
among
the
first
wave
of
speedy
implementation
.
StratSoy
,
the
strategic
soybean
system
,
is
a
communication
and
information
system
that
has
been
developed
for
the
soybean
industry
both
in
this
country
and
worldwide
.
StratSoy
provides
direct
communications
and
exchange
of
information
among
soybean
offices
,
industry
,
producers
,
and
the
public
.
The
objective
is
to
promote
better
decisions
by
check-off
boards
and
other
soybean-related
organizations
by
increasing
their
coordination
and
efficiency
.
In
that
way
,
StratSoy
contributes
to
the
U.S.
soybean
industry
's
profitability
worldwide
.
The
impact
of
StratSoy
is
changing
the
way
the
agriculture
community
transmits
information
.
The
program
has
provided
extensive
training
to
state
and
national
soybean
organizations
.
Now
they
can
use
e-mail
,
the
Internet
,
and
the
Web
to
communicate
with
their
producer
members
,
business
associates
,
suppliers
,
and
researchers
.
It
is
replacing
the
more
expensive
media
of
conference
calls
,
overnight
mail
,
and
personal
meetings
.
These
changes
are
occurring
quickly
.
In
just
three
years
,
the
soybean
industry
has
moved
from
individual
interactions
to
StratSoy
,
which
,
as
I
said
,
has
become
not
only
a
national
but
a
worldwide
network
.
We
can
expect
more
and
more
such
developments
as
we
learn
more
about
how
to
use
the
emerging
technologies
.
Are
StratSoy-type
programs
the
final
outcome
of
where
Internet
technology
is
going
or
are
they
just
the
beginning
?
Are
there
more
global
institutional
initiatives
underway
using
the
Internet
and
telecommunications
?
Will
they
further
transform
how
we
do
our
teaching
,
research
,
and
outreach
?
The
answers
to
the
latter
two
questions
are
yes
and
yes
.
We
have
evidence
of
institutional
changes
that
are
occurring
very
quickly
involving
the
Internet
.
Look
at
the
regional
systems
being
developed
.
The
Western
Governors
Association
has
created
the
regional
Western
Governors
University
,
which
will
offer
its
first
courses
this
spring
.
There
is
also
the
Southern
Regional
Electronic
Campus
,
with
61
courses
on
the
Web
.
There
also
are
statewide
organizations
.
For
example
:
The
State
University
of
New
York
,
with
its
20
campuses
,
will
have
111
lower-division
courses
up
this
spring
on
the
Web
.
Penn
State
University
is
opening
its
World
Campus
.
The
California
Virtual
University
will
link
together
301
colleges
and
universities
to
offer
more
than
40
accredited
courses
.
The
University
of
Colorado
's
CU
Online
will
offer
84
courses
.
The
University
of
Illinois
,
through
UI-OnLine
offers
26
for-credit
courses
.
We
have
one
degree
program
online
in
library
science
,
and
we
are
developing
33
more
for-credit
courses
,
along
with
six
certificate
courses
.
Our
Public
Service
Database
is
online
and
receives
thousands
of
hits
each
month
.
In
addition
to
the
regional
and
statewide
online
systems
,
there
are
individual
institutions
with
program
initiatives
.
These
include
Duke
,
with
its
global
executive
MBA
;
the
University
of
California--Berkeley
,
with
its
UC
Extension
Online
,
and
Stanford
University
,
with
Stanford
Online
.
And
others
.
Next
we
find
proprietary
universities
,
the
for-profits
,
such
as
the
University
of
Phoenix
,
with
on-line
courses
at
19
campuses
,
where
3,200
students
are
enrolled
in
nine
complete
degree
programs
.
International
University
has
37
on-line
courses
.
This
has
all
happened
in
three
years
.
Think
of
this
.
Three
years
ago
,
none
of
these
things
could
have
existed
using
the
on-line
organizations
.
The
use
of
Web
sites
like
StratSoy
represents
only
the
beginning
,
although
it
is
certainly
an
impressive
start
.
My
point
,
however
,
is
that
more
profound
changes
are
coming
,
and
we
need
to
be
aware
of
them
and
learn
to
use
them
.
Where
,
then
,
is
the
future
being
created
?
Where
do
we
look
to
see
what
it
will
be
like
?
One
place
is
the
National
Science
Foundation
's
Partnership
for
Advanced
Computational
Infrastructure
.
The
Partnership
's
mission
is
:
To
provide
access
to
high-end
computing
infrastructure
for
the
scientific
and
engineering
communities
.
To
partner
with
universities
,
states
,
and
industry
to
facilitate
and
enhance
that
access
.
To
support
the
effective
use
of
such
infrastructure
through
training
,
consulting
,
and
related
support
services
.
To
be
vigorous
early
users
of
experimental
and
emerging
high-performance
technologies
that
offer
high
potential
for
advancing
computational
science
and
engineering
.
To
facilitate
the
development
of
the
intellectual
capital
required
to
maintain
world
leadership
.
In
general
,
the
partnership
will
address
the
nation
's
most
important
technological
problems
by
using
our
nation
's
best
minds
in
unaccustomed
ways
.
That
is
new
.
No
longer
will
we
talk
about
drawing
people
together
at
Penn
State
or
the
University
of
Illinois
or
Oregon
State
or
anywhere
else
.
Rather
,
research
and
management
teams
that
are
geographically
dispersed
will
be
linked
electronically
to
deal
with
all
kinds
of
issues
.
Thus
,
virtual
research
teams
and
virtual
management
will
be
created
,
which
means
virtual
cooperative
extension
activities
will
be
created
.
They
will
greatly
expand
our
computer
shared
memory
capacity
to
deal
with
previously
intractable
problems
,
taking
advantage
of
the
new
parallel-processing
computer
techniques
.
They
will
revise
software
for
geographically
dispersed
models
of
physical
and
biological
systems
to
be
compatible
with
parallel-processing
hardware
,
where
applicable
.
These
changes
will
provide
access
to
geographically
dispersed
databases
on
architecturally
diverse
machines
for
running
these
physical
and
biological
models
.
For
those
of
you
in
the
field
,
this
will
allow
desktop
access
to
the
models
and
databases
so
geographically
dispersed
researchers
can
perform
collaborative
research
.
And
finally
,
the
transfer
of
those
research
findings
to
society
will
be
done
in
this
virtual
environment
,
too
.
Think
of
that
.
When
you
have
a
problem
,
no
longer
will
you
phone
your
local
university
or
your
local
cooperative
extension
service
.
I
predict
that
in
a
decade
you
will
operate
in
a
virtual
environment
with
a
$
500
desktop
computer
that
will
give
you
access
to
the
most
advanced
computing
and
database
environment
in
the
world
.
To
create
this
future
,
several
partnerships
will
be
formed
that
envision
a
coalition
of
computer
scientists
;
computational
scientists
;
and
professionals
in
education
,
outreach
,
and
training
,
along
with
industrial
partners
.
The
partner
activities
include
four
general
areas
:
Advanced
Hardware
Partners
.
They
will
provide
access
to
mid-range
computers
,
data
storage
systems
,
and
experimental
machine
architectures
.
Application
Technology
Partners
.
They
will
engage
in
high-end
applications
to
develop
and
optimize
specific
codes
and
software
infrastructures
.
Enabling
Technology
Partners
.
These
partners
will
develop
software
tools
for
both
parallel
computing
and
heterogeneous
computing
on
geographically
distributed
,
architecturally
diverse
machines
and
databases
.
Education
,
Outreach
,
and
Training
Partners
.
They
will
work
to
build
awareness
and
understanding
of
how
to
use
high-performance
computing
and
communications
resources
on
the
job
.
There
are
two
teams
nationally
that
will
implement
the
vision
.
One
is
led
by
the
University
of
Illinois
at
Urbana-Champaign
and
one
is
led
by
the
University
of
California
at
San
Diego
.
Now
look
at
the
National
Computational
Science
Alliance
program
at
Urbana
.
Why
?
As
I
said
earlier
,
our
future
is
being
created
at
such
sites
.
The
Alliance
will
create
a
national
technology
grid
.
It
will
provide
access
at
your
desk
to
the
most
powerful
computational
science
and
engineering
problem-solving
environments
ever
put
together
.
The
Alliance
will
do
this
by
making
computing
routinely
parallel
,
distributed
,
collaborative
,
and
immersive
.
Begin
to
think
of
immersive
technology
now
.
The
national-scale
metacomputer
will
be
as
usable
in
ten
years
as
a
stand-alone
supercomputer
is
today
.
It
will
have
enormous
power
.
You
will
have
it
at
your
fingertips
.
The
national
technology
grid
will
permit
us
to
access
any
database
on
any
network
in
the
country
by
just
keying
in
what
we
want
.
Look
at
the
creation
of
the
Alliance
partnership
teams
.
I
mentioned
the
Advance
Hardware
Partners
.
This
partnership
will
grow
the
memory
capacity
of
our
computers
.
From
1985
to
1995
,
the
shared
memory
capacity
grew
24
percent
per
year
,
compounded
growth
rate
.
Remember
all
the
things
that
I
have
talked
about
that
have
changed
between
1985
and
1995
?
Between
1995
and
2000
,
shared
memory
capacity
will
grow
at
180
percent
per
year
,
compounded
rate
.
That
means
that
between
now
and
about
the
year
2003
,
the
advanced
shared
memory
capacity
will
grow
by
a
factor
of
1,000
.
Think
of
it
.
Advanced
computers
with
1,000
times
more
capacity
than
the
advanced
computers
you
have
now
will
be
available
to
you
at
the
desktop
.
The
Application
Technology
Partners
will
focus
on
six
areas
.
They
are
chemical
engineering
,
cosmology
,
environment
hydrology
,
molecular
biology
,
nano-materials
,
and
scientific
instrumentation
.
Two
of
those
will
be
of
particular
interest
for
university
extension
programs
.
One
is
environment
hydrology
.
The
goal
in
this
area
is
to
create
numerical
modeling
,
data
analysis
,
and
visualization
software
for
use
in
predicting
environmental
events
and
evaluating
environmental
phenomena
.
Applications
will
include
emergency
flood
management
,
logistical
operations
,
and
ecosystems
management
.
That
means
that
we
will
be
able
to
link
isolated
computer
models
across
the
country
of
such
things
as
atmospheric
precipitation
,
surface
water
flow
,
and
watershed
ecosystems
.
Such
an
integrated
model
would
be
event-driven
,
multi-spacial
,
and
multi-temporal
.
So
if
you
are
a
cooperative
extension
person
in
,
say
,
California
's
current
desperate
situation
,
with
incredible
rainfall
day
after
day
,
how
do
you
deal
with
emergency
flood
management
?
The
answer
I
foresee
will
be
available
within
this
next
decade
.
You
will
be
able
to
access
models
and
databases
and
computers
anywhere
in
the
country
from
your
desktop
and
accurately
predict
what
a
heavy
rainfall
along
the
Russian
River
will
mean
to
people
in
the
Russian
River
watershed
.
Look
also
at
ecosystem
management
.
Cooperative
extension
workers
in
Illinois
in
the
environmental
group
are
worrying
about
nitrate
problems
and
runoff
problems
in
the
Illinois
River
watershed
.
Soon
they
,
and
even
non-technical
people
,
will
be
able
to
access
powerful
computer
models
at
their
desktops
,
key
in
their
information
,
and
get
back
information
that
will
enable
them
to
accurately
forecast
the
chemical
and
biological
impacts
of
such
problems
on
their
area
.
Another
example
is
in
molecular
biology
.
Again
,
it
will
be
a
Web-based
environment
.
The
goal
will
be
to
integrate
software
tools
for
searching
and
analyzing
both
the
genome
and
the
protein
databases
.
It
will
also
be
used
for
interactive
computation
,
such
as
visualization
and
docking
(
modeling
the
way
in
which
genomes
and
molecules
go
together
)
,
scientific
instrument
control
,
and
programs
to
simulate
molecular
and
Brownian
dynamics
and
Monte
Carlo
calculations
.
Creating
such
advanced
computational
models
requires
aligning
and
accessing
enormous
databases
.
The
Enabling
Technology
Partners
will
make
available
distributed
access
to
the
massive
data
sets
necessary
for
work
on
such
data-intensive
subjects
as
the
genome
project
or
environmental
issues
.
They
will
give
you
universal
desktop
access
,
as
well
as
high-resolution
displays
and
virtual
environments
.
Not
only
will
you
see
the
data
,
but
you
also
will
be
in
virtual
environments
in
which
you
can
experience
the
changes
.
For
example
,
today
you
could
walk
into
the
CAVE
at
the
University
of
Illinois
in
either
Chicago
or
Urbana
and
become
immersed
in
the
virtual
environment
of
Chesapeake
Bay
.
There
you
could
watch
what
happens
when
the
nitrates
run
off
.
There
are
algae
blooms
in
May
,
June
,
July
,
and
August
.
You
are
there
as
the
algae
bloom
and
then
die
off
as
their
own
presence
diminishes
the
very
light
they
need
to
survive
.
This
is
called
an
immersive
environment
.
When
you
are
able
to
do
this
,
in
about
a
decade
,
it
will
change
the
way
you
conduct
your
business
.
This
is
going
to
result
in
multi-media
support
for
collaboration
,
data
exploration
,
computational
steering
,
and
replay
.
It
means
you
will
be
able
to
do
"
what-if
"
sorts
of
things
at
your
desk
with
collaborators
all
across
the
country
.
The
local
,
geographic-based
operation
,
in
either
education
or
cooperative
extension
,
will
no
longer
be
the
rule
.
We
will
see
,
instead
,
virtual
management
groups
,
virtual
management
teams
,
virtual
universities
.
It
will
be
a
very
different
environment
.
All
of
this
has
great
meaning
for
land-grant
institutions
.
First
,
the
methods
of
technology
transfer
will
change
dramatically
.
There
are
three
traditional
ways
of
transferring
knowledge
to
the
commercial
market
:
Moving
university
people
to
industry
.
Publishing
papers
.
Licensing
intellectual
property
.
The
problems
with
these
traditional
methods
are
that
the
transfer
of
technology
is
slow
relative
to
market
rate
of
change
and
only
individual
ideas
are
transferred
.
In
the
future
,
however
,
transfer
partners
will
be
a
part
of
the
virtual
team
.
For
example
,
someone
interested
in
a
new
technology
in
soybean
research
will
not
turn
to
university
experts
alone
.
He
or
she
will
go
also
to
soybean
vendors
,
as
well
as
users
of
that
technology
.
It
means
that
from
the
inception
of
an
idea
,
technology
will
be
automatically
transferred
,
because
the
members
of
the
virtual
team
will
include
industry
,
users
,
and
vendors
.
Second
,
the
barriers
of
time
and
space
separating
potential
collaborators
will
be
eliminated
.
Some
consequences
of
this
include
these
:
It
will
be
possible
to
quickly
assemble
and
reconfigure
virtual
research
teams
,
calling
on
the
very
best
people
in
the
country
to
deal
in
a
collaborative
way
with
a
particular
problem
.
It
will
reduce
the
need
for
industrial
partners
to
contract
with
a
particular
university
.
Industries
will
look
for
individuals
at
various
universities
to
contract
with
to
do
their
research
and
their
evaluations
.
This
could
rearrange
institutional
loyalties
within
universities
.
It
could
reduce
the
importance
of
strong
institutional
research
teams
.
This
might
or
might
not
be
good
,
but
it
probably
will
occur
regardless
.
It
will
enable
industry
representatives
to
be
full-time
team
members
in
everything
that
we
do
.
It
will
mean
that
any
institutions
dealing
only
with
the
mechanics
of
data
management
or
information
sharing
will
be
eliminated
.
You
wo
n't
have
to
worry
about
getting
access
to
data
;
you
will
have
it
at
your
desktop
.
It
will
mean
that
,
in
the
future
,
interactions
between
researchers
will
likely
take
place
in
virtual
environments
.
The
way
we
do
business
will
be
transformed
as
we
gain
the
ability
to
attack
previously
intractable
problems
.
Universities
will
become
deregulated
as
geographic
and
time
boundaries
disappear
,
thanks
to
new
technologies
.
State
boards
of
higher
education
will
be
unable
to
designate
specific
regions
in
which
universities
may
,
or
may
not
,
offer
courses
and
programs
.
There
will
be
no
geographic
boundaries
.
I
am
not
sure
we
yet
know
how
we
will
deal
with
and
operate
in
a
deregulated
environment
.
Problem-solving
teams
will
be
the
rule
.
Immersion
may
become
the
educational
paradigm
.
Visualization
,
rather
than
reading
,
could
become
the
primary
way
we
acquire
knowledge
.
Educational
barriers
to
all
groups
will
be
removed
.
Racial
,
ethnic
and
gender
conflicts
could
be
at
least
eased
,
because
anybody
with
a
$
500
desktop
computer
will
have
access
to
higher
education
anywhere
in
the
country
.
The
technology
developed
for
science
and
engineering
that
I
have
just
described
is
going
to
have
tremendous
impact
on
all
areas
of
inquiry
and
on
education
,
itself
.
This
has
been
a
sweeping
overview
.
Are
my
forecasts
correct
?
Although
we
cannot
actually
predict
what
will
occur
in
ten
years
,
I
think
we
can
define
a
"
cone
of
probable
outcomes
.
"
I
have
attempted
to
do
just
that
.
We
do
not
know
the
rate
of
change
,
but
the
time
scale
for
technological
innovation
in
our
society
is
much
faster
than
in
our
universities
.
I
go
back
to
1993
,
when
we
could
not
access
the
Internet
at
all
.
Now
,
after
only
five
years
,
we
have
80
million
to
100
million
people
doing
that
.
Our
challenge
is
to
act
now
so
that
we
can
control
the
changes
the
new
technology
will
make
in
our
institutions
instead
of
allowing
them
to
overwhelm
us
and
cause
changes
we
cannot
control
.
To
use
a
nautical
analogy
,
I
see
technology
and
change
as
a
tidal
wave
.
It
is
only
a
very
small
wave
right
now
.
What
we
have
to
do
is
turn
the
bow
of
our
boat
into
that
approaching
wave
and
not
be
broadside
to
it
and
rolled
over
by
it
.
I
believe
technology
will
dramatically
change
our
lives
.
I
think
we
have
had
the
early
warnings
.
Now
,
for
our
own
well-being
and
for
that
of
our
institutions
,
we
must
provide
solid
,
bold
leadership
to
ensure
that
the
change
will
be
a
positive
--
and
not
a
negative
--
experience
for
higher
education
.
</text>
<text id="http://aaweb.csus.edu/catalog/current/First%20100%20Pages/FINANCI.asp
">
Financial
Aid
Refunds
/
Return
of
Title
IV
THE
OFFICE
OF
FINANCIAL
AID
Lassen
Hall
1006
(
916
)
278-6554
www.csus.edu/faid
Although
the
primary
responsibility
for
financing
an
education
rests
with
the
student
and
the
student
's
immediate
family
,
the
Office
of
Financial
Aid
helps
students
who
require
assistance
in
meeting
the
cost
of
attending
the
University
.
Those
students
who
think
they
may
need
help
in
financing
their
educational
costs
are
encouraged
to
apply
for
financial
aid
.
Financial
aid
may
be
comprised
of
grants
that
are
awarded
on
the
basis
of
financial
need
and
do
not
have
to
be
repaid
,
loans
that
are
awarded
on
the
basis
of
financial
need
and/or
cost
of
attendance
and
made
available
from
both
the
University
and
outside
lending
institutions
,
and/or
federal
work-study
that
is
awarded
on
the
basis
of
financial
need
and
earned
through
employment
.
Scholarships
are
also
available
.
Financial
Aid
staff
and
counselors
are
available
to
assist
students
with
eligibility
criteria
and
the
necessary
procedures
and
forms
.
APPLICATION
PROCESS
To
apply
for
financial
aid
,
all
students
should
complete
the
Free
Application
for
Federal
Student
Aid
(
FAFSA
)
.
This
form
may
be
obtained
from
the
CSUS
Financial
Aid
office
and
from
other
colleges
,
universities
and
high
schools
throughout
the
nation
or
online
at
www.FAFSA.ED.GOV
.
This
single
application
will
determine
the
student
's
need
for
financial
aid
programs
(
excluding
scholarships
)
available
at
CSUS
,
including
student
loans
.
Please
note
that
you
must
reapply
for
financial
aid
each
academic
school
year
.
Students
may
also
use
the
Renewal
FAFSA
form
to
apply
for
financial
aid
.
This
form
is
sent
directly
to
the
student
if
a
FAFSA
was
filed
in
the
prior
academic
school
year
.
Answer
all
questions
and
provide
accurate
information
when
completing
either
the
FAFSA
or
the
Renewal
FAFSA
.
If
using
estimates
,
try
to
provide
as
accurate
figures
as
possible
.
Financial
information
may
need
to
be
verified
;
if
so
,
you
will
be
provided
with
the
information
to
complete
the
verification
process
.
It
is
strongly
recommended
that
you
submit
requested
information
immediately
to
ensure
timely
processing
of
your
financial
aid
file
.
Student
Eligibility
Process
The
following
factors
must
be
met
before
eligibility
for
financial
assistance
is
considered
.
An
applicant
must
:
1.
be
accepted
for
admission
to
the
University
;
2.
be
U.S.
citizen
or
eligible
non-citizen
;
3.
not
be
in
default
on
a
Federal
Perkins
Loan
,
National
Direct
Student
Loan
,
Stafford
Loan
,
Guaranteed
Student
Loan
,
Federal
Direct
Student
Loan
or
Federal
Direct
Unsubsidized
Loan
.
4.
not
owe
a
repayment
on
a
Pell
Grant
,
Supplemental
Educational
Opportunity
Grant
(
SEOG
)
,
or
State
Student
Incentive
Grant
;
5.
agree
to
use
any
Federal
student
aid
received
solely
for
educational
purposes
;
6.
be
making
reasonable
academic
progress
toward
a
degree
(
see
Satisfactory
Academic
Progress
below
)
;
and
7.
satisfy
other
general
eligibility
criteria
established
by
the
federal
,
state
or
institutional
regulations
and
guidelines
.
These
factors
are
reviewed
at
the
time
of
application
for
financial
aid
.
Before
a
financial
disbursement
is
made
,
the
Financial
Aid
Office
will
verify
student
's
enrollment
status
and
academic
progress
.
Priority
Dates
March
2
is
the
priority
filing
date
for
financial
aid
at
CSUS
.
To
meet
this
priority
filing
date
,
the
FAFSA
should
be
mailed
by
February
25
.
Because
funds
are
limited
,
financial
aid
is
awarded
first
to
eligible
students
who
meet
the
deadlines
and
have
the
greatest
need
.
March
2
is
also
the
deadline
for
application
for
the
Cal
Grant
programs
.
Students
must
complete
the
FAFSA
indicating
their
authorization
for
the
release
of
their
data
to
the
state
financial
aid
agency
for
application
to
one
of
the
Cal
Grant
programs
.
The
California
Student
Aid
Commission
administers
the
Cal
Grant
programs
.
Those
persons
whose
FAFSAs
are
received
by
the
processor
after
March
2
are
late
applicants
and
are
considered
for
aid
based
upon
fund
availability
.
Document
Requirements
A
set
of
federally
defined
criteria
is
used
to
determine
if
documentation
is
needed
in
support
data
reported
on
financial
aid
applications
.
This
selection
is
referred
to
as
verification
.
Applicants
selected
for
verification
will
be
notified
by
the
Financial
Aid
office
and
asked
to
complete
a
Verification
Worksheet
and
provide
income-verifying
documentation
.
A
letter
will
be
sent
explaining
the
exact
requirements
.
If
an
applicant
is
not
a
citizen
of
the
United
States
,
a
copy
of
the
student
's
permanent
residency
card
(
I
-151
-
also
called
a
"
green
card
"
)
or
other
proof
of
being
in
the
U.S.
for
other
than
temporary
purposes
must
be
submitted
.
Awarding
Financial
Aid
Eligibility
for
financial
aid
is
determined
by
subtracting
the
amount
the
student
and
spouse
,
if
independent
,
or
the
student
and
parents
together
,
if
dependent
,
can
contribute
from
the
cost
of
attending
the
University
.
Financial
aid
awards
are
initially
based
on
full-time
enrollment
.
Some
awards
,
however
,
may
be
prorated
for
less
than
full-time
enrollment
.
FINANCIAL
AID
PROGRAMS
Eligible
students
may
receive
a
financial
aid
award
to
include
scholarships
,
grants
,
loans
and/or
work-study
employment
.
A
brief
description
of
the
programs
offered
at
CSUS
follows
:
Grants
Federal
Pell
Grant
funds
are
available
to
undergraduate
and
teaching
credential
students
based
upon
the
student/parent
financial
status
as
determined
by
the
Federal
Pell
Grant
processor
.
Award
amounts
vary
according
to
an
eligibility
index
.
Federal
Supplemental
Education
Opportunity
Grants
(
SEOG
)
are
federally
funded
and
are
designed
for
undergraduate
students
who
require
substantial
assistance
in
order
to
meet
their
financial
needs
.
To
receive
a
FSEOG
,
a
student
must
also
be
receiving
the
Federal
Pell
Grant
.
Educational
Opportunity
Program
(
EOP
)
Grant
funds
are
available
to
eligible
undergraduate
students
admitted
to
CSUS
through
the
EOP
program
.
Due
to
limited
state
funds
,
not
all
EOP
students
receive
this
grant
.
State
University
Grant
(
SUG
)
is
a
state-funded
program
implemented
to
provide
grants
to
offset
the
increased
State
University
fee
.
SUG
is
available
to
undergraduate
and
graduate
students
who
are
California
residents
and
demonstrate
financial
need
.
California
Student
Aid
Commission
(
CSAC
)
Grants
(
CAL
GRANTS
A
&
B
)
are
for
undergraduates
who
are
California
residents
.
CSAC
offers
these
grants
to
students
on
the
basis
of
demonstrated
need
and
specific
program
requirements
.
Loans
Federal
Perkins
Loans
are
need-based
,
low-interest
(
5
percent
)
loans
available
to
both
graduate
and
undergraduate
students
.
Payments
of
interest
and
principal
are
deferred
while
the
student
remains
enrolled
at
least
half-time
.
Federal
Perkins
Loan
borrowers
begin
repayment
nine
months
after
they
cease
attending
school
at
least
half-time
.
Nursing
Student
Loans
(
NSL
)
assist
eligible
nursing
students
(
admitted
into
the
nursing
program
)
with
a
low-interest
(
5
percent
)
loan
.
At
CSUS
,
NSL
are
restricted
to
students
in
their
junior
and
senior
year
in
school
.
Awards
are
not
made
to
pre-nursing
students
or
students
in
the
first
and
second
year
of
the
nursing
program
.
Principal
and
interest
payments
are
deferred
until
nine
months
after
a
recipient
stops
attending
at
least
half-time
.
The
William
D.
Ford
Federal
Direct
Loan
Program
assists
students
in
securing
loans
for
their
educational
expenses
.
The
loans
are
offered
through
the
United
States
Department
of
Education
.
Borrowers
will
be
charged
a
3
percent
origination
fee
and
a
variable
interest
rate
that
will
not
exceed
8.5
percent
.
In
general
,
under
the
Federal
Direct
Loan
Program
,
undergraduates
who
qualify
may
borrow
up
to
$
2,625
per
year
as
freshmen
,
$
3,500
per
year
as
sophomores
;
and
$
5,500
per
year
as
third
,
fourth
or
fifth
year
students
(
juniors
,
seniors
,
teacher
credential
and
second
bachelor
's
)
.
Undergraduate
students
are
held
to
a
cumulative
maximum
of
$
23,000
.
A
classified
or
conditionally
classified
graduate
student
who
qualifies
may
borrow
$
8,500
per
year
to
a
cumulative
maximum
of
$
65,500
,
including
debts
incurred
as
an
undergraduate
.
Awards
may
vary
based
on
a
student
's
calculated
need
.
Additional
amounts
may
be
borrowed
from
the
Unsubsidized
Direct
Loan
Program
based
upon
cost
of
attendance
and
dependency
status
(
annual
and
cumulative
maximums
apply
)
.
Students
must
have
completed
their
financial
aid
files
and
have
been
sent
an
award
notice
before
a
loan
can
be
processed
.
Additionally
,
borrowers
must
complete
Loan
Counseling
before
receiving
loan
funds
.
Students
who
have
previously
attended
a
loan
workshop
on
this
campus
are
not
required
to
attend
again
.
Federal
Family
Education
Loan
Program
(
FFELP
)
PLUS
Loans
(
Parent
Loans
)
are
available
to
assist
students
and
parents
who
are
not
eligible
for
other
aid
programs
or
whose
calculated
financial
need
is
not
fully
met
with
other
aid
.
Parents
may
borrow
through
the
FFELP
PLUS
loan
on
behalf
of
their
dependent
children
who
are
attending
college
.
The
annual
loan
limit
is
the
child
's
cost
of
education
minus
any
estimated
financial
aid
received
.
The
loan
carries
a
variable
interest
rate
that
will
not
exceed
9
percent
.
The
parent
borrower
must
begin
repayment
of
principal
and
interest
60
days
following
the
date
of
disbursement
.
Students
must
have
completed
their
financial
aid
files
and
been
sent
an
award
notice
before
they
can
submit
the
loan
request
to
the
Financial
Aid
office
.
Employment*
Federal
Work
Study
is
a
federally
funded
,
need-based
employment
program
that
helps
students
meet
educational
expenses
through
part-time
employment
during
the
academic
year
.
Many
different
types
of
positions
are
available
,
ranging
from
library
attendants
to
research
assistants
.
A
wide
range
of
choices
exists
in
the
University
as
well
as
in
non-profit
agencies
in
the
metropolitan
area
,
including
community
service
opportunities
.
Recipients
may
work
up
to
30
hours
per
week
.
Campus
Work
Program
is
an
institutional
need-based
employment
program
with
similar
job
opportunities
to
Federal
Work
Study
.
*See
also
Academic
Support
Resources
/
Cooperative
Education
Program
Scholarships
The
Institutional
Scholarship
Program
:
The
Institutional
Scholarship
Program
offers
a
varied
number
of
scholarships
in
diversified
categories
and
majors
.
Eligibility
requirements
will
vary
from
scholarship
to
scholarship
.
Applications
are
available
in
the
Financial
Aid
office
beginning
January
for
the
following
academic
year
.
March
15
is
the
filing
deadline
.
Late
applications
will
not
be
accepted
.
Other
Scholarship
Programs
:
Various
other
scholarship
programs
are
available
from
campus
departments
,
community
organizations
and
private
industry
.
Students
should
contact
the
department
of
their
major
as
well
as
their
employers
,
their
service
and
religious
organizations
,
and
other
professional
affiliations
for
possible
scholarship
funding
.
The
Financial
Aid
office
also
posts
scholarship
announcements
outside
the
office
in
a
glass
case
and
students
are
encouraged
to
check
this
case
periodically
for
new
announcements
.
Fee
Waivers
:
The
California
Education
Code
includes
provisions
for
the
waiver
of
mandatory
systemwide
fees
as
follows
:
Section
68120
ÃÂ
Children
and
surviving
spouses/registered
domestic
partners
of
deceased
public
law
enforcement
or
fire
suppression
employees
who
were
California
residents
and
who
were
killed
in
the
course
of
law
enforcement
or
fire
suppression
duties
(
referred
to
as
Alan
Pattee
Scholarships
)
;
Section
66025.3
ÃÂ
Qualifying
children
,
spouses/registered
domestic
partners
,
or
unmarried
surviving
spouses/registered
domestic
partners
of
a
war
period
veteran
of
the
U.S.
military
who
is
totally
service-connected
disabled
or
who
died
as
a
result
of
service-related
causes
;
children
of
any
veteran
of
the
U.S.
military
who
has
a
service-connected
disability
,
was
killed
in
action
,
or
died
of
a
service-connected
disability
and
meets
specified
income
provisions
;
any
dependents
or
surviving
spouse/registered
domestic
partner
who
has
not
remarried
of
a
member
of
the
California
National
Guard
who
in
the
line
of
duty
and
in
active
service
of
the
state
was
killed
or
became
permanently
disabled
or
died
of
a
disability
as
a
result
of
an
event
while
in
active
service
of
the
state
;
and
undergraduate
students
who
are
the
recipient
of
or
the
child
of
a
recipient
of
a
Congressional
Medal
of
Honor
and
meet
age
and
income
restrictions
;
and
Section
68121
ÃÂ
Students
enrolled
in
an
undergraduate
program
who
are
the
surviving
dependent
of
any
individual
killed
in
the
September
11
,
2001
,
terrorist
attacks
on
the
World
Trade
Center
in
New
York
City
,
the
Pentagon
building
in
Washington
,
D.C.
,
or
the
crash
of
United
Airlines
Flight
93
in
southwestern
Pennsylvania
,
if
the
student
meets
the
financial
need
requirements
set
forth
in
Section
69432.7
for
the
Cal
Grant
A
Program
and
either
the
surviving
dependent
or
the
individual
killed
in
the
attacks
was
a
resident
of
California
on
September
11
,
2001
.
Students
who
may
qualify
for
these
benefits
should
contact
the
Financial
Aid
Office
,
Lassen
Hall
Lobby
,
for
further
information
and/or
an
eligibility
determination
.
SATISFACTORY
PROGRESS
To
remain
eligible
for
financial
aid
,
a
student
must
be
making
progress
in
the
course
of
study
he
or
she
is
pursuing
.
Satisfactory
progress
is
measured
in
terms
of
maintenance
of
good
academic
standing
and
successful
completion
each
year
of
a
specified
maximum
number
of
units
.
Failure
to
make
progress
in
accordance
with
the
standards
of
Satisfactory
Progress
specified
below
may
result
in
termination
of
financial
aid
.
The
standards
comply
with
federal
regulations
and
financial
aid
policies
and
guidelines
of
The
California
State
University
,
are
applicable
to
all
students
on
financial
aid
at
CSUS
,
and
apply
to
all
programs
of
financial
aid
(
including
grants
,
loans
and
work
study
)
provided
by
the
State
of
California
and/or
Title
IV
(
Federal
)
.
Grade
Point
Average
(
GPA
)
Students
are
required
to
maintain
a
cumulative
GPA
of
2.0
as
undergraduates
,
2.5
as
unclassified
graduates
and
3.0
as
graduate/or
credential
students
.
Unit
Deficiency
Successful
progress
towards
a
degree
will
be
measured
by
units
completed
as
follows
:
UNDERGRADUATES
s
Number
of
Units
End
of
the
second
semester
(
first
year
)
18
End
of
the
fourth
semester
(
second
year
)
39
End
of
the
sixth
semester
(
third
year
)
60
End
of
the
eighth
semester
(
fourth
year
)
84
End
of
the
tenth
semester
(
fifth
year
)
108
End
of
the
twelfth
semester
(
sixth
year
)
132
GRADUATES
Minimum
Number
of
Units
End
of
two
semesters
(
first
year
)
15
End
of
four
semesters
(
second
year
)
30
End
of
six
semesters
(
third
year
)
45
For
students
enrolled
less
than
full-time
,
proportional
adjustments
will
be
made
.
Grades
of
"
F
"
,
"
I
"
,
"
NC
"
,
"
WU
"
,
"
W
"
or
"
AU
"
do
not
count
as
units
completed
.
Students
initially
not
maintaining
the
appropriate
GPA
will
be
required
to
complete
a
"
Required
Advising
Form
for
Financial
Aid
"
with
an
academic
advisor
prior
to
any
further
disbursements
of
financial
aid
.
Students
whose
unit
deficiency
falls
between
1
-
6.9
units
will
receive
a
warning
letter
.
It
is
strongly
recommended
that
these
students
meet
with
their
academic
advisor
for
guidance
in
reducing
the
unit
deficiency
.
Students
failing
to
meet
the
overall
GPA
requirement
and/or
those
students
with
a
7
or
more
unit
deficiency
by
the
following
school
term
will
be
considered
ineligible
for
financial
aid
.
Unit
Maximums
All
undergraduate
course
work
must
be
completed
in
150
units
or
125
percent
of
the
units
required
for
their
specific
degree
objective
.
Post-baccalaureate
student
course
work
must
be
completed
in
150
percent
of
the
units
required
for
the
student
's
specific
graduate
or
credential
objective
.
Students
who
have
reached
the
minimum
number
of
units
required
for
their
degree
will
be
required
to
submit
an
approved
graduation
petition
to
the
Evaluations
office
before
any
additional
aid
will
be
awarded
.
Second
baccalaureate
,
second/third
credential
or
second/third
master
's
candidates
are
considered
to
be
pursuing
multiple
objectives
.
These
students
are
considered
ineligible
for
financial
aid
.
A
student
may
file
an
appeal
if
extenuating
circumstances
require
a
multiple
objective
beyond
their
initial
completed
program
.
Annual
Review
Satisfactory
progress
will
be
determined
at
least
once
a
year
.
Students
not
meeting
the
requirements
will
be
"
Financial
Aid
Disqualified
"
and
notified
accordingly
.
Appeal
Process
If
you
do
not
meet
the
Satisfactory
Progress
Standards
of
the
University
and
have
extenuating
circumstances
that
caused
your
disqualification
,
you
may
be
eligible
to
file
an
appeal
.
A
copy
of
the
appeal
process
procedure
is
available
from
the
reception
area
in
the
Financial
Aid
office
.
Dropping
Units
Students
who
are
receiving
financial
aid
funds
must
consult
with
the
Financial
Aid
office
prior
to
withdrawing
from
the
university
regarding
any
required
return
or
repayments
of
grant
or
loan
assistance
received
for
that
academic
term
.
SPECIAL
CATEGORIES
OF
STUDENTS
Students
in
the
Overseas
International
Program
,
Visitor
Status
,
Consortium
,
and/or
contractual
programs
must
meet
with
a
financial
aid
counselor
.
Summer
required
a
separate
institutional
application
and
is
the
LAST
term
of
the
award
year
.
Open
University
students
are
not
eligible
for
financial
aid
.
Courses
being
audited
are
not
considered
toward
enrollment
for
financial
aid
purposes
.
This
is
also
the
case
for
incompletes
being
made
up
from
a
prior
semester
.
</text>
<text id="http://aaweb.lsu.edu/catalogs/2000/ug_requirements.htm">
LSU
has
the
responsibility
to
protect
its
educational
mission
,
and
the
health
and
safety
of
its
community
and
of
the
property
therein
,
through
regulating
the
use
of
University
facilities
and
setting
standards
of
scholarship
and
conduct
for
its
students
.
Because
of
its
educational
mission
,
the
University
also
has
the
responsibility
to
carry
out
its
disciplinary
authority
in
a
manner
which
contributes
to
the
development
and
education
of
the
student
.
The
disciplinary
authority
of
LSU
is
derived
from
the
provisions
of
the
Louisiana
Revised
Statutes
.
These
statutes
established
the
Board
of
Supervisors
and
gave
it
the
power
to
adopt
rules
and
regulations
necessary
for
the
government
of
the
University
consistent
with
its
mission
,
and
to
adopt
rules
and
regulations
governing
student
conduct
.
UNDERGRADUATE
DEGREE
REQUIREMENTS
STUDENT
RESPONSIBILITY
Each
student
is
responsible
for
completing
all
requirements
established
for
his
or
her
degree
by
the
University
,
college
,
and
department
.
It
is
the
student
's
responsibility
to
learn
these
requirements
;
a
student
's
adviser
or
counselor
may
not
assume
that
responsibility
.
Any
substitution
,
waiver
,
or
exemption
from
any
established
departmental
or
college
requirement
or
academic
standard
may
be
accomplished
only
with
the
approval
of
the
student
's
dean
.
Exceptions
to
University
requirements
,
including
the
general
education
requirements
,
will
be
authorized
only
with
the
approval
of
the
student
's
dean
and
the
Office
of
Academic
Affairs
.
THE
CATALOG
THAT
DETERMINES
THE
CURRICULAR
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
AN
UNDERGRADUATE
DEGREE
The
catalog
that
determines
the
curricular
requirements
for
an
undergraduate
degree
is
the
catalog
that
is
in
effect
at
the
time
of
entry
.
This
catalog
may
be
used
for
a
maximum
of
ten
years
provided
enrollment
is
not
interrupted
for
two
consecutive
semesters
.
Students
whose
enrollment
is
interrupted
for
two
or
more
consecutive
regular
semesters
may
choose
no
catalog
earlier
than
the
one
in
force
at
the
time
of
re-entry
.
Continuing
students
may
elect
a
subsequent
catalog
when
a
new
major
is
selected
or
when
a
catalog
reflects
a
revised
curriculum
.
Transfer
students
may
use
the
catalog
in
effect
at
the
time
of
their
first
entry
into
an
accredited
higher
education
institution
,
provided
that
the
transfer
to
LSU
A&M
is
made
within
five
years
of
the
first
entry
.
The
University
will
make
a
reasonable
effort
to
honor
the
statement
of
curricular
requirements
in
the
chosen
issue
of
the
catalog
.
However
,
because
courses
and
programs
are
sometimes
discontinued
and
requirements
are
changed
as
a
result
of
actions
by
accrediting
associations
and
other
external
agencies
,
the
University
,
in
its
sole
discretion
,
shall
make
the
final
determination
whether
degree
requirements
are
met
.
(
Note
:
admission
to
LSU
does
not
guarantee
admission
to
your
program
of
choice
;
many
programs
have
highly
selective
admission
criteria.
)
Students
are
encouraged
to
frequently
obtain
the
most
up-to-date
and
accurate
information
about
requirements
and
changes
.
UNDERGRADUATE
MINORS
A
minor
is
that
part
of
a
degree
program
consisting
of
a
specified
group
of
courses
in
a
particular
discipline
or
field
.
The
minor
usually
consists
of
15
percent
or
more
of
the
total
hours
required
in
an
undergraduate
curriculum
.
Minors
,
available
to
students
on
an
optional
basis
,
are
established
by
departmental
,
school
,
or
college
faculties
.
Once
a
minor
has
been
established
,
any
LSU
student
may
pursue
that
minor
,
subject
to
the
following
rules
and
procedures
:
The
course
requirements
for
the
minor
,
including
prerequisites
,
must
be
followed
as
published
in
the
LSU
General
Catalog
.
Any
substitutions
in
the
minor
must
be
approved
by
the
chairman
of
the
department
and
the
dean
of
the
college
offering
the
minor
.
When
a
student
in
one
college
wishes
to
pursue
a
minor
in
a
different
college
,
the
student
must
obtain
permission
from
his/her
own
dean
.
A
student
following
a
particular
catalog
for
the
major
field
must
follow
the
minor
requirements
stated
in
the
same
catalog
.
Exceptions
must
be
approved
by
the
chair
of
the
department
and
the
dean
of
the
college
offering
the
minor
.
A
student
must
earn
a
minimum
2.00
gpa
in
the
minor
field
,
although
some
faculties
may
impose
higher
minimum
gpa
requirements
.
Courses
used
to
satisfy
the
minor
may
not
be
taken
on
a
pass/fail
basis
.
Degree
audits
for
minors
will
be
verified
by
the
college
in
which
the
student
is
enrolled
.
The
minor
must
be
declared
no
later
than
graduation
check-out
time
.
All
course
requirements
for
the
minor
must
be
completed
by
the
time
of
graduation
.
UNDERGRADUATE
AREAS
OF
CONCENTRATION
A
concentration
is
an
alternative
track
of
courses
within
a
major
,
accounting
for
at
least
30
percent
of
the
major
requirements
.
Establishment
of
a
concentration
does
not
require
prior
approval
by
the
Board
of
Regents
.
Areas
of
concentration
are
available
within
most
undergraduate
curricula
.
For
additional
information
,
see
the
curricula
listed
in
the
appropriate
college
chapter
.
ACADEMIC
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
OBTAINING
A
DEGREE
A
grade-point
average
of
2.00
(
"
A
"
=
4
)
on
all
work
taken
,
except
for
those
courses
in
which
grades
of
"
P
,
"
"
W
,
"
or
"
I
"
are
recorded
,
is
required
for
graduation
.
In
order
to
meet
graduation
requirements
,
students
must
have
a
2.00
average
on
work
taken
at
this
University
(
all
System
campuses
)
as
well
as
a
2.00
average
on
their
entire
college
record
.
Candidates
for
a
bachelor
's
degree
must
fulfill
a
minimum
residence
requirement
of
two
semesters
(
or
four
summer
terms
)
,
earn
at
least
25.0
percent
of
the
total
number
of
hours
required
for
the
degree
at
this
University
(
all
System
campuses
)
,
and
meet
the
residence
requirements
of
their
college
as
stipulated
in
each
college
's
and
school
's
section
of
this
catalog
.
After
students
have
earned
one-half
of
the
credits
required
for
a
bachelor
's
degree
,
they
may
not
use
additional
credits
earned
in
a
two-year
college
outside
the
LSU
System
to
fulfill
degree
requirements
,
unless
authorized
to
do
so
by
the
dean
of
their
college
or
school
.
Students
must
complete
a
general
education
component
of
38-39
semester
hours
in
approved
courses
in
six
major
areas
:
English
composition
,
analytical
reasoning
,
arts
,
humanities
,
natural
sciences
,
and
social
sciences
.
Each
student
must
demonstrate
computer
literacy
in
ways
deemed
appropriate
by
the
faculty
of
the
senior
college
in
which
the
student
is
enrolled
.
The
"
General
Education
Requirements
"
section
of
this
catalog
specifies
approved
courses
and
the
regulations
governing
applicable
credit
.
Students
should
review
specific
curricula
for
precise
degree
requirements
.
In
addition
to
these
minimum
requirements
,
students
must
meet
all
special
regulations
established
by
the
faculties
of
their
respective
colleges
and
listed
in
each
college
's
section
of
this
catalog
.
Degrees
,
both
honorary
and
earned
,
are
conferred
only
by
vote
of
the
Board
of
Supervisors
upon
recommendation
of
the
faculty
of
the
University
or
the
faculty
of
the
appropriate
college
,
school
,
or
division
of
the
University
(
all
System
campuses
)
.
Procedural
Requirements
for
Obtaining
a
Diploma
During
the
semester
prior
to
the
one
in
which
graduation
is
anticipated
,
candidates
must
request
that
the
dean
of
their
college
evaluate
their
academic
records
for
compliance
with
degree
requirements
.
(
Each
college
establishes
its
own
degree
requirements
,
which
are
listed
in
that
college
's
section
of
this
catalog.
)
At
the
time
of
degree
application
,
candidates
must
indicate
how
they
wish
their
names
to
appear
on
the
diploma
and
in
the
commencement
program
.
At
their
last
registration
,
candidates
must
pay
the
graduation
fee
.
Students
should
consult
the
current
Registration
Schedule
of
Classes
for
the
deadline
to
receive
a
refund
of
the
graduation
fee
.
Students
who
previously
have
paid
a
graduation
fee
,
but
who
did
not
graduate
at
the
expected
time
,
must
pay
a
$
20
duplicate
diploma
fee
.
All
financial
indebtedness
to
the
University
(
all
System
campuses
)
must
be
cleared
prior
to
graduation
.
For
those
students
who
received
Stafford
or
SLS
loans
,
an
"
exit
interview
"
conducted
by
the
Office
of
Student
Aid
and
Scholarships
is
required
.
Candidates
for
degrees
are
expected
to
participate
in
the
commencement
exercises
,
unless
excused
by
their
deans
.
Requirements
for
a
Second
Baccalaureate
Degree
Persons
who
wish
to
obtain
a
second
baccalaureate
degree
from
this
University
must
meet
all
academic
and
residence
requirements
set
by
the
college(s
)
concerned
and
must
earn
a
minimum
of
30
semester
hours
beyond
the
work
offered
for
the
degree
requiring
the
fewer
number
of
hours
.
See
"
Requirements
for
a
Second
Bachelor
's
Degree
"
in
each
college
's
section
of
this
catalog
.
Enrollment
in
Two
Degree
Programs
With
the
dean
's
approval
,
a
student
may
be
enrolled
in
two
degree
programs
concurrently
.
A
student
can
enroll
as
a
dual
registrant
using
one
of
the
following
procedures
:
Dual
Enrollment
Within
the
College
ÃÂBy
completing
residence
and
academic
requirements
for
two
degree
programs
,
a
student
may
earn
one
bachelor
's
degree
with
two
majors
.
By
completing
residence
and
academic
requirements
,
and
earning
30
hours
over
the
degree
requiring
the
fewer
number
of
hours
,
a
student
will
earn
two
separate
bachelor
's
degrees
.
Enrollment
in
Two
Colleges
ÃÂBy
completing
residence
and
academic
requirements
for
two
degree
programs
and
earning
30
hours
more
than
the
degree
requiring
the
fewer
number
of
hours
,
a
student
can
earn
two
bachelor
's
degrees
.
The
student
must
be
accepted
for
admission
to
both
colleges
and
must
adhere
to
the
regulations
of
both
colleges
.
In
addition
,
the
student
must
declare
a
home
college
where
registration
will
be
initiated
and
permanent
files
maintained
.
It
is
the
student
's
responsibility
,
however
,
to
maintain
contact
with
the
second
college
to
ensure
that
satisfactory
progress
is
being
made
toward
that
degree
.
HONORS
Dean
's
List
Each
semester
an
honor
list
is
compiled
.
Full-time
undergraduate
students
completing
at
least
12
hours
in
the
semester
,
with
a
semester
average
of
at
least
3.50
and
no
"
I
"
grades
for
the
semester
,
are
included
in
the
list
.
University
Honors
The
baccalaureate
degree
is
awarded
summa
cum
laude
to
any
student
whose
LSU
(
all
System
campuses
)
grade-point
average
is
at
least
3.90
,
magna
cum
laude
if
the
grade-point
average
is
at
least
3.80
,
and
cum
laude
if
the
grade-point
average
is
at
least
3.70
.
Students
awarded
the
baccalaureate
degree
with
honors
must
also
have
satisfied
all
additional
requirements
imposed
by
their
colleges
,
schools
,
or
departments
.
Two
grade-point
averages
will
be
computed
for
each
student
:
(
1
)
on
all
work
completed
and
(
2
)
on
all
work
completed
at
LSU
(
all
System
campuses
)
.
The
lower
of
the
averages
will
be
used
to
determine
eligibility
for
honors
.
Students
in
combined
undergraduate
,
graduate
,
and
professional
curricula
(
medical
,
veterinary
medicine
,
law
,
allied
health
)
who
earn
more
than
50
percent
of
their
credits
in
an
undergraduate
college
at
LSU
(
all
System
campuses
)
with
a
grade-point
average
greater
than
or
equal
to
3.70
are
eligible
to
receive
their
degrees
with
honors
.
To
determine
honors
,
the
student
's
average
at
LSU
(
all
System
campuses
)
is
weighted
with
the
average
furnished
by
the
professional
school
.
University
Medal
At
each
commencement
,
the
University
medal
for
"
Highest
Academic
Achievement
"
is
awarded
to
the
undergraduate
student
(
or
students
)
graduating
with
the
highest
grade-point
average
,
provided
that
more
than
50
percent
of
the
credits
required
for
the
degree
has
been
earned
at
LSU-BR
.
Grade-point
averages
will
be
computed
for
(
1
)
all
work
completed
and
(
2
)
all
work
completed
at
LSU-BR
,
with
the
lower
of
the
two
averages
determining
eligibility
for
the
medal
.
UNIVERSITY
REGULATIONS
ENROLLMENT
AT
LSU
Registration
Students
must
complete
registration
to
attend
class
,
including
payment
of
fees
as
stipulated
in
the
"
Undergraduate
Fees
and
Expenses
"
section
of
this
catalog
.
The
Office
of
the
University
Registrar
will
provide
evidence
of
registration
to
instructors
.
Students
whose
names
are
not
on
the
official
roster
cannot
attend
the
class
until
officially
registered
for
that
class
.
To
register
after
classes
begin
,
students
must
obtain
special
permission
from
their
academic
deans
.
Approval
by
the
Office
of
Academic
Affairs
also
is
required
after
the
official
"
Final
date
for
adding
courses
for
credit
,
"
specified
in
the
"
Academic
Calendar
.
"
Students
may
add
or
drop
courses
or
make
section
changes
with
approval
of
the
appropriate
dean
within
the
periods
designated
in
the
"
Academic
Calendar
.
"
Identification
Cards
When
first
enrolled
in
the
University
,
students
are
issued
permanent
photo
identification
cards
at
no
cost
.
The
ID
card
is
the
property
of
the
University
and
must
be
retained
for
each
subsequent
term
of
enrollment
.
Lost
or
stolen
ID
cards
must
be
reported
to
the
ID
Card
Office
,
221
LSU
Union
,
as
soon
as
the
loss
or
theft
is
discovered
.
Students
who
do
not
report
lost
or
stolen
cards
in
a
timely
manner
may
be
held
responsible
for
any
charges
incurred
on
the
cards
.
Students
who
alter
or
intentionally
mutilate
a
University
ID
card
,
who
use
the
card
of
another
,
or
who
allow
others
to
use
their
ID
cards
may
be
subject
to
University
discipline
.
A
charge
is
assessed
to
replace
a
lost
,
stolen
,
or
mutilated
ID
card
,
even
if
the
student
is
reenrolling
after
an
interruption
of
study
.
If
a
replacement
card
is
issued
,
the
original
card
is
no
longer
valid
.
Addresses
Students
are
expected
to
keep
the
University
informed
of
their
current
addresses
.
Students
will
be
held
responsible
for
communication
from
any
University
office
sent
to
the
most
recent
address(es
)
provided
.
Changes
in
address
may
be
made
by
using
PAWS
,
in
deans
'
offices
,
or
in
the
Office
of
the
University
Registrar
.
First
Class
Meeting
Students
who
fail
to
attend
the
first
class
meeting
without
prior
arrangement
with
the
department
may
be
required
to
drop
the
course
to
make
space
available
to
other
students
.
Students
are
responsible
for
ensuring
that
they
have
been
dropped
from
the
course
;
otherwise
,
they
are
liable
for
a
grade
of
"
F.
"
Attendance
Students
should
observe
any
special
attendance
regulations
stated
by
their
college
,
school
,
division
,
or
the
instructor
.
The
instructor
may
report
a
student
's
absences
and
the
student
may
be
placed
on
attendance
probation
by
his
or
her
dean
.
A
student
may
be
dropped
from
the
college
by
violating
the
written
terms
of
such
probation
.
An
absence
due
to
illness
or
other
causes
beyond
a
student
's
control
will
be
excused
when
the
instructor
is
convinced
that
the
reason
for
absence
is
valid
.
The
University
's
Policy
Statement
22
discusses
approved
trips
,
activities
,
and
other
instances
of
excused
absences
.
Instructors
will
excuse
any
student
who
is
unable
to
attend
or
participate
in
class
or
an
examination
on
a
religious
holiday
supported
by
the
studentÃÂs
religious
beliefs
.
It
is
the
studentÃÂs
responsibility
to
anticipate
such
conflicts
and
discuss
it
with
the
faculty
member
well
in
advance
.
Policy
Statement
31
discusses
the
UniversityÃÂs
policy
on
observance
of
religious
holidays
in
further
detail
.
Adding
or
Dropping
Courses
To
avoid
schedule
changes
after
the
official
registration
period
,
students
are
encouraged
to
plan
each
semester
's
course
work
in
consultation
with
academic
advisers
.
Any
schedule
changes
should
be
made
as
soon
as
possible
after
the
beginning
of
classes
.
Students
may
drop
courses
through
the
sixth
class
day
without
receiving
a
grade
of
"
W.
"
Students
may
add
courses
through
the
eighth
class
day
.
Courses
may
be
added
,
dropped
,
or
sections
changed
using
the
telephone
registration
system
or
PAWS
.
After
the
sixth
class
day
,
students
may
continue
to
use
PAWS
or
the
telephone
registration
system
to
add
courses
.
Students
should
consult
the
current
Registration
Schedule
of
Classes
to
determine
if
they
can
drop
courses
using
the
telephone
registration
system
or
PAWS
.
Students
not
permitted
to
do
so
must
initiate
course
drops
using
a
form
available
in
the
college
dean
's
office
.
A
grade
of
"
W
"
will
be
entered
on
a
student
's
record
for
any
course
dropped
between
the
6
th
class
day
and
the
final
date
for
resigning
from
the
University
and/or
dropping
courses
.
The
latter
is
specified
in
the
academic
calendar
.
Although
"
W
"
grades
do
not
affect
the
grade-point
average
,
an
excessive
number
reflects
negatively
on
a
student
's
record
and
could
have
a
bearing
on
the
student
's
academic
standing
.
Therefore
,
it
is
recommended
(
although
not
required
)
that
students
keep
the
number
of
"
W
"
grades
within
the
limits
shown
in
the
following
table
.
Hrs
.
Earned
at
LSU
Number
of
Course
Since
August
25
,
1989
Drops
Permitted
0-29
3
30-59
1
60-89
1
90-119
1
etc.
1
Students
may
drop
all
courses
by
withdrawing
from
the
University
according
to
the
guidelines
in
the
section
,
"
Resignation
from
the
University
.
"
Undergraduate
Enrollment
in
Graduate
Courses
Qualified
LSU
seniors
may
register
for
graduate
credit
with
the
recommendation
of
the
undergraduate
college
dean
,
the
approval
of
the
appropriate
department
chair
,
and
the
dean
of
the
Graduate
School
.
Superior
undergraduates
may
also
register
for
graduate
credit
under
the
"
Accelerated
Master
's
Degree
Program
.
"
Requirements
and
regulations
for
both
programs
are
specified
in
the
sections
,
"
Graduate
Credit
for
LSU
Seniors
,
"
and
"
Accelerated
Master
's
Degree
Program
,
"
found
in
the
chapter
,
"
Graduate
School-
Professional
Programs
,
"
in
this
catalog
.
Under
the
"
Superior
Undergraduate
Student
Program
,
"
advanced
undergraduates
who
have
earned
a
minimum
gpa
of
3.50
may
enroll
for
undergraduate
credit
in
4000-
or
7000-level
courses
with
consent
of
the
instructor
and
permission
of
the
dean
of
the
student
's
undergraduate
college
.
Refer
to
the
"
Course
Numbering
System
"
section
in
the
chapter
,
"
Courses
of
Instruction
,
"
in
this
catalog
for
additional
requirements
.
Registration
of
LSU
Nonacademic
Employees
With
approval
of
the
Offices
of
Undergraduate
Admissions
and
Graduate
Admissions
,
and
the
appropriate
department
chair
and
academic
dean
,
a
full-time
nonacademic
employee
may
enroll
in
classes
involving
not
more
than
three
hours
of
absence
from
work
during
the
week
.
Such
educational
leave
will
not
involve
a
reduction
in
pay
,
charge
to
annual
or
compensatory
leave
,
or
loss
of
full-time
status
.
It
is
expected
that
such
educational
leave
will
be
granted
only
for
enrollment
in
courses
pertinent
to
the
work
of
the
employee
.
An
employee
registering
for
one
or
more
courses
which
will
require
absence
from
work
for
more
than
three
hours
during
the
week
must
charge
the
additional
time
to
compensatory
or
annual
leave
,
where
available
,
or
to
leave
without
pay
.
Under
certain
conditions
,
an
employee
may
register
for
up
to
six
credit
hours
per
regular
semester
and
receive
a
full
fee
exemption
.
See
Policy
Statement
12
for
additional
information
.
Educational
leave
is
not
granted
to
part-time
nonacademic
employees
.
Cancellation
of
Registration
Students
who
drop
all
of
their
classes
prior
to
the
first
day
of
class
will
have
their
registration
canceled
.
These
students
will
receive
a
100
percent
refund
(
less
the
$
10
nonrefundable
registration
fee
)
,
but
they
must
apply
to
re-enter
the
University
before
they
can
register
for
a
subsequent
semester
or
summer
term
.
Resignation
from
the
University
A
student
may
voluntarily
resign
from
the
University
beginning
with
the
first
day
of
class
through
the
final
day
for
resigning
shown
in
the
"
Academic
Calendar
.
"
Resignation
is
initiated
in
the
office
of
the
student
's
academic
dean
.
The
student
must
obtain
a
resignation
form
and
file
the
form
with
the
Office
of
the
University
Registrar
within
10
days
after
it
has
been
endorsed
by
each
administrative
office
indicated
on
the
form
.
Resignation
is
not
complete
until
the
form
is
submitted
to
the
Office
of
the
University
Registrar
.
Students
who
absent
themselves
from
the
University
without
leave
and
without
official
resignation
will
not
be
assigned
"
W
"
grades
and
,
at
the
end
of
the
semester
,
normally
will
receive
grades
of
"
F
"
in
courses
for
which
they
are
registered
.
Students
who
withdraw
from
the
University
(
including
all
campuses
of
the
LSU
System
)
without
approval
,
or
who
are
dropped
from
the
University
for
any
reason
,
may
be
ineligible
for
readmission
for
a
semester
or
longer
.
ACADEMIC
CREDIT
Year
Classification
of
Students
The
number
of
semester
hours
of
credit
earned
determines
a
student
's
year
classification
,
as
follows
:
Freshman
-
fewer
than
30
hours
Sophomore
-
at
least
30
,
but
fewer
than
60
Junior
-
at
least
60
,
but
fewer
than
92
Senior
-
92
or
more
Exception
-
A
student
in
a
five-year
program
with
at
least
60
,
but
fewer
than
136
hours
,
is
a
junior
;
with
136
or
more
,
a
senior
.
See
"
Course
Numbering
System
"
for
regulations
governing
the
level
of
courses
students
may
take
,
based
on
their
classifications
.
Students
enrolled
in
University
College
are
further
classified
as
JD-1
or
JD-2
,
depending
upon
the
number
of
semester
hours
of
credit
earned
.
Students
are
also
classified
as
full-time
or
part-time
in
accordance
with
the
following
provisions
.
Full-Time
Students
Undergraduate
ÃÂmust
carry
12
or
more
hours
of
resident
credit
in
a
regular
semester
or
six
or
more
hours
in
a
summer
term
.
Graduate
ÃÂmust
enroll
in
Graduate
School
for
at
least
nine
hours
of
work
in
the
fall
and
spring
(
six
hours
in
the
summer
term
)
.
The
benefits
and
privileges
accorded
to
full-time
students
include
use
of
the
Student
Health
Center
;
admission
to
certain
athletic
events
on
presentation
of
a
validated
University
identification
card
;
one
subscription
to
The
Reveille
,
the
student
newspaper
;
the
Gumbo
(
yearbook
)
,
the
Gumbo
Magazine
,
and
the
Legacy
Magazine
.
Only
full-time
students
will
be
approved
for
campus
employment
or
may
represent
LSU
in
any
athletic
,
dramatic
,
literary
,
musical
,
or
other
University
organization
.
Graduating
seniors
carrying
fewer
than
the
twelve
hours
required
for
full-time
status
may
obtain
the
University
benefits
normally
reserved
only
for
full-time
students
(
including
admission
to
athletic
events
)
by
paying
full-time
fees
.
However
,
in
no
case
can
this
option
be
exercised
to
exempt
students
from
minimal
residence
requirements
established
by
individual
schools
and
colleges
.
Part-Time
Students
Undergraduate
students
are
classified
as
part-time
if
they
schedule
or
drop
to
fewer
than
12
hours
of
course
work
in
a
semester
or
fewer
than
six
hours
in
a
summer
term
.
Criteria
for
part-time
status
in
the
Graduate
School
are
available
from
the
Graduate
School
.
Maximum
Credit
Load
for
Undergraduates
Each
college
establishes
the
number
of
semester
hours
of
course
work
required
in
each
year
of
its
curricula
.
In
no
case
,
however
,
will
students
be
permitted
to
register
for
more
than
21
hours
of
degree
credit
in
a
regular
semester
.
Maximum
loads
for
the
summer
term
are
ten
hours
for
the
long
session
and
six
hours
for
the
short
session
.
A
maximum
of
12
hours
may
be
earned
in
a
combination
of
summer
sessions
.
Under
no
circumstances
can
these
maxima
be
exceeded
.
Full-time
students
who
are
doing
unsatisfactory
work
because
of
a
heavy
academic
load
may
be
required
by
the
their
college
dean
to
drop
one
or
more
courses
,
provided
such
action
does
not
change
their
full-time
status
.
Transfer
Credit
The
extent
to
which
credit
earned
in
other
colleges
and
universities
is
accepted
toward
fulfilling
degree
requirements
at
LSU
(
including
all
campuses
of
the
LSU
System
)
is
determined
by
the
dean
of
the
student
's
college
.
Transfer
credit
will
be
allowed
for
a
maximum
of
21
semester
hours
scheduled
in
any
one
semester
.
Only
work
which
is
acceptable
by
the
offering
institution
as
baccalaureate
degree
credit
is
recognized
.
Credit
earned
in
two-year
technical
or
terminal
degree
programs
which
,
when
completed
,
results
in
an
"
associate
in
applied
sciences
"
diploma
may
be
accepted
to
the
extent
that
the
courses
parallel
baccalaureate
degree
work
here
,
as
determined
by
the
appropriate
department
and
subject
to
the
normally
applicable
conditions
.
Students
who
have
earned
one-half
of
the
credit
required
for
a
degree
may
not
utilize
in
fulfillment
of
degree
requirements
additional
credit
earned
in
a
two-year
college
(
except
in
the
LSU
System
)
unless
specifically
authorized
by
the
dean
of
the
college
in
which
enrollment
is
sought
.
A
maximum
of
one-fourth
of
the
credit
required
for
the
degree
may
be
earned
through
regionally
accredited
university
correspondence
and
extension
study
.
After
students
have
earned
one-half
of
the
credits
required
for
a
degree
,
they
may
not
use
additional
credits
earned
in
a
two-year
college
outside
the
LSU
System
to
fulfill
degree
requirements
,
unless
authorized
to
do
so
by
the
dean
of
their
college
or
school
.
Students
may
not
receive
credit
for
work
taken
concurrently
at
another
college
or
university
without
prior
written
approval
from
their
academic
dean
.
General
Education
Credit-
Deans
are
to
determine
the
applicability
of
transfer
courses
to
a
component
of
LSU
's
general
education
requirements
.
If
the
college
does
not
approve
a
transfer
course
for
general
education
credit
,
the
student
may
petition
the
Office
of
Academic
Affairs
for
a
decision
.
Credit
for
Repeated
Courses
A
student
may
not
repeat
a
course
in
which
a
grade
of
"
C
"
or
better
has
been
earned
unless
the
catalog
description
indicates
that
the
course
may
be
repeated
for
credit
or
the
student
's
dean
approves
the
repetition
for
some
special
reason
.
If
a
student
registers
for
a
course
in
violation
of
the
above
policy
,
the
student
's
dean
may
deny
degree
credit
for
the
course
.
Unless
otherwise
stated
in
the
course
description
,
credit
will
be
awarded
only
once
for
a
course
that
is
repeated
.
When
students
are
permitted
to
repeat
for
credit
a
course
previously
taken
in
the
LSU
System
,
only
the
last
grade
determines
acceptability
of
the
course
for
degree
credit
.
If
a
student
receives
a
failing
grade
when
repeating
a
course
for
which
a
passing
grade
had
been
earned
,
the
student
will
lose
the
credit
previously
earned
for
the
course
.
All
instances
of
repeated
courses
are
included
in
grade-point
average
calculations
;
however
,
degree
credit
may
be
awarded
only
for
the
last
repetition
.
Students
who
receive
an
"
F
"
in
a
course
must
repeat
the
course
in
the
LSU
System
in
order
to
receive
credit
and
quality
points
for
it
.
With
prior
concurrence
of
the
chair
of
the
department
in
which
the
course
is
offered
and
the
dean
of
the
college
in
which
the
student
is
enrolled
,
credit
and
quality
points
may
be
approved
in
individual
cases
for
courses
repeated
outside
the
LSU
System
.
Auditors
An
enrolled
student
may
be
admitted
to
class
as
an
auditor
by
obtaining
written
consent
from
the
course
instructor
and
the
dean
of
the
college
offering
the
course
.
After
scheduling
the
course
,
students
must
submit
the
required
approvals
to
their
deans
'
offices
to
change
their
enrollment
from
credit
to
audit
.
Other
students
who
desire
only
to
audit
(
and
not
to
schedule
any
courses
for
credit
)
may
obtain
special
enrollment
forms
from
the
Office
of
the
University
Registrar
.
Auditors
will
not
receive
credit
for
courses
audited
,
although
courses
previously
audited
may
later
be
taken
for
credit
.
Students
will
not
be
permitted
to
take
advanced-standing
or
proficiency
examinations
on
audited
course
work
.
See
the
section
,
"
Undergraduate
Fees
and
Expenses
,
"
for
a
listing
of
fees
for
auditing
courses
.
Change
in
registration
from
audit
to
credit
or
credit
to
audit
requires
permission
from
the
instructor
of
the
course
and
the
student
's
dean
.
Approval
for
change
from
audit
to
credit
must
be
obtained
no
later
than
the
final
date
for
adding
courses
for
credit
as
shown
in
the
"
Academic
Calendar
.
"
A
request
for
a
change
from
credit
to
audit
must
be
submitted
no
later
than
the
final
date
for
dropping
courses
without
receiving
a
grade
of
"
W.
"
Correspondence
(
Independent
)
Study
Correspondence
course
grades
will
be
posted
to
the
transcript
when
the
course
is
completed
.
If
a
registered
student
takes
the
final
examination
by
the
last
day
of
the
examination
period
of
a
semester/summer
term
,
the
grade
will
be
posted
to
that
semester/summer
term
.
The
grade
will
be
used
to
determine
academic
action
at
the
conclusion
of
that
semester
or
summer
term
.
If
the
examination
is
taken
after
that
date
,
or
if
the
student
is
not
registered
,
the
correspondence
grade
will
be
posted
to
the
next
regular
semester
or
summer
term
for
which
the
student
is
registered
.
The
grade
will
be
used
to
determine
academic
action
for
that
semester
or
summer
term
.
Correspondence
course
grades
will
not
be
posted
to
intersession
.
EXAMINATIONS
Credit
Examinations
LSU
System
Credit
-
Students
awarded
advanced-standing
or
proficiency
credit
on
other
campuses
within
the
LSU
System
can
transfer
that
credit
to
LSU
if
the
basis
for
awarding
the
credit
is
comparable
to
that
on
this
campus
.
The
student
is
responsible
for
requesting
that
the
registrar
on
the
other
campus
send
an
official
transcript
to
the
LSU
Office
of
Undergraduate
Admissions
showing
the
credit
earned
.
Credit
from
Other
Collegiate
Institutions
-
Credit
earned
through
departmental
proficiency
examinations
administered
by
other
accredited
colleges/universities
and
listed
on
the
official
transcript
is
evaluated
in
accordance
with
policies
applying
to
resident
credit
earned
at
those
institutions
.
Grades
earned
through
credit
by
examination
are
not
included
in
the
computation
of
the
grade-point
average
.
Subject
Examinations-
Transfer
students
who
have
taken
subject
examinations
in
the
College
Level
Examination
Program
(
CLEP
)
or
who
have
participated
in
the
Advanced-Placement
Program
of
the
College
Board
should
have
their
examination
scores
sent
directly
to
the
Office
of
Undergraduate
Admissions
for
evaluation
.
Transfer
credit
is
not
awarded
for
work
or
travel
experience
,
except
as
validated
through
appropriate
departmental
proficiency
examinations
at
LSU
.
Credit
by
Examination
-
Credit
by
examination
is
limited
to
30
semester
hours
and
cannot
be
used
to
reduce
the
minimum
residence
requirement
for
graduation
.
With
approval
of
the
appropriate
academic
dean
,
credit
earned
through
Advanced-Placement
courses
of
the
College
Board
will
be
excluded
from
the
30-semester-hour
credit
limit
.
Proficiency
Examinations-
Proficiency
tests
are
considered
equivalent
to
final
examinations
in
college-level
courses
.
Ordinarily
,
new
transfer
,
re-entry
,
and
continuing
students
must
obtain
permission
from
their
academic
deans
and
from
the
chairs
of
the
departments
offering
the
courses
prior
to
taking
the
examinations
.
Students
may
apply
for
these
tests
at
any
time
after
they
have
been
admitted
to
the
University
.
Tests
are
administered
subject
to
the
conditions
specified
below
.
The
student
must
have
been
admitted
to
the
University
(
includes
all
System
campuses
)
and
must
be
in
good
standing
.
To
initiate
the
examination
,
permission
must
be
obtained
from
the
appropriate
dean
and
the
chair
of
the
department
offering
the
course
.
After
authorization
is
granted
,
the
Office
of
the
University
Registrar
will
issue
an
Advanced-Standing
or
Proficiency
Exam
Grade
Report
upon
payment
of
the
required
fees
.
No
instructor
may
give
a
proficiency
examination
until
he/she
has
received
the
official
grade
report
.
If
a
grade
of
"
C
"
or
higher
is
earned
on
the
examination
,
a
mark
of
"
P
"
and
regular
credit
in
the
course
are
entered
on
the
student
's
transcript
.
If
a
grade
lower
than
"
C
"
is
earned
,
only
the
fact
that
the
examination
has
been
attempted
will
be
recorded
;
credit
will
not
be
allowed
.
A
student
may
take
a
proficiency
examination
in
a
particular
course
only
once
.
Course
credit
will
be
posted
to
the
semester
that
corresponds
to
the
date
entered
in
the
date
field
on
the
Advanced-Standing
or
Proficiency
Exam
Grade
Report
.
Students
are
not
permitted
to
schedule
proficiency
examinations
in
courses
they
have
audited
,
in
courses
in
which
they
have
earned
unsatisfactory
grades
,
or
in
courses
they
have
dropped
with
grades
of
"
W.
"
Credit
earned
through
proficiency
examinations
will
not
be
used
in
computing
the
student
's
grade-point
average
.
Students
must
pay
a
fee
of
$
20
for
each
examination
in
which
credit
by
proficiency
examination
is
being
sought
;
an
additional
$
20
processing
fee
is
assessed
for
each
examination
administered
by
the
Measurement
and
Evaluation
Center
.
Midsemester
Examinations
The
"
Academic
Calendar
"
shows
the
midsemester
examination
period
.
Faculty
must
report
midsemester
grades
in
all
undergraduate
courses
.
These
grades
are
available
to
students
in
the
college
dean
's
office
following
the
examination
period
.
Concentrated
Study
Period
The
five-day
period
during
the
fall
and
spring
semesters
(
Wednesday
through
Sunday
)
immediately
preceding
the
week
of
final
examinations
will
be
set
aside
as
a
concentrated
study
period
.
During
this
time
,
no
extracurricular
student
activities
,
such
as
social
and
athletic
events
,
will
be
held
on-
or
off-campus
.
There
should
be
no
major
examinations
in
academic
courses
,
other
than
those
considered
laboratory
courses
.
Any
exceptions
to
this
policy
must
receive
prior
approval
from
the
Office
of
Academic
Affairs
.
Final
Examinations
The
final
examination
period
will
be
comprised
of
six
days
(
Monday
through
Saturday
)
.
Final
examinations
are
required
in
all
courses
.
When
a
final
examination
is
inappropriate
because
of
the
nature
of
the
course
,
exceptions
to
this
requirement
may
be
made
upon
approval
of
the
appropriate
department
chair
,
dean/director
,
and
the
Executive
Vice
Chancellor
and
Provost
.
Final
examinations
must
be
given
during
the
published
dates
for
the
final
examination
period
.
A
final
examination
is
defined
as
the
last
in
a
series
of
major
tests
specified
in
the
course
syllabus
.
It
need
not
be
comprehensive
.
If
the
course
syllabus
does
not
call
for
a
final
examination
,
the
last
major
unit
examination
is
to
be
considered
the
final
examination
and
must
be
given
in
the
final
examination
period
.
When
a
series
of
major
tests
is
scheduled
in
addition
to
the
final
examination
,
the
last
of
the
major
test
series
may
not
be
given
during
the
concentrated
study
period
.
Exams
and
performances
in
laboratory-type
courses
may
be
given
or
required
during
the
concentrated
study
period
.
A
student
who
,
because
of
illness
or
other
valid
reason
,
is
absent
from
any
final
examination
may
take
a
special
examination
only
with
authorization
of
the
dean
of
the
student
's
college
and
with
the
concurrence
of
the
instructor
involved
.
GRADING
SYSTEMS
Faculty
members
must
provide
the
University
and
the
student
with
an
individual
evaluation
of
each
student
's
work
.
At
the
beginning
of
each
semester
,
faculty
members
must
distribute
written
course
syllabi
in
all
courses
,
graduate
and
undergraduate
,
clearly
stating
the
relative
weight
of
the
component
factors
of
the
final
grade
.
Additionally
,
in
4000-level
courses
in
which
instruction
of
undergraduates
for
undergraduate
credit
and
graduate
students
for
graduate
credit
is
combined
,
syllabi
should
clearly
set
forth
any
different
expectations
of
performance
by
students
in
the
two
groups
(
beyond
the
expectation
of
a
2.00
minimum
gpa
for
undergraduates
and
a
3.00
minimum
gpa
for
graduate
students
)
.
On
request
,
faculty
should
provide
to
students
a
review
of
all
graded
material
,
including
final
examinations
,
which
contributed
to
the
course
grade
and
a
review
of
the
method
by
which
the
grade
was
determined
.
Unreturned
examinations
and
other
graded
material
should
be
kept
on
file
for
at
least
six
months
following
the
end
of
the
academic
term
.
Faculty
members
who
leave
the
campus
during
this
period
should
file
all
course
material
in
their
departmental
offices
.
It
is
the
right
and
responsibility
of
faculty
members
to
determine
and
assign
the
grade
for
each
student
enrolled
in
their
courses
beyond
the
final
date
for
withdrawing
with
a
"
W
,
"
as
specified
in
the
"
Academic
Calendar
.
"
The
instructor
's
assignment
of
a
grade
is
final
;
the
grade
may
not
be
changed
or
altered
except
through
the
academic
appeal
procedure
,
following
appropriate
investigation
.
In
extraordinary
circumstances
which
make
it
impossible
for
the
instructor
to
fulfill
the
responsibility
of
determining
a
course
grade
,
the
department
chair
shall
assign
the
grade
.
In
such
a
case
,
the
department
chair
may
elect
to
award
the
grade
of
"
P
"
(
Pass
)
.
This
"
P
"
grade
would
be
excluded
from
the
normal
limits
on
use
of
the
pass-fail
option
indicated
below
.
Re-examination
,
special
examinations
,
extra-credit
projects
,
or
extra
laboratory
hours
cannot
be
made
available
to
an
individual
student
unless
the
same
options
are
available
to
the
entire
class
.
Undergraduate
Grades
Grades
of
"
A
,
"
"
B
,
"
and
"
C
"
are
assigned
for
satisfactory
work
.
A
grade
of
"
A
"
indicates
distinguished
mastery
of
the
course
material
;
a
grade
of
"
B
,
"
good
mastery
;
a
grade
of
"
C
,
"
acceptable
mastery
.
A
grade
of
"
D
"
indicates
minimally
acceptable
achievement
for
credit
;
in
some
colleges
a
grade
of
"
D
"
in
certain
courses
does
not
allow
that
credit
to
be
applied
toward
the
degree
.
A
grade
of
"
F
"
is
failing
.
A
grade
of
"
P
"
(
pass
)
denotes
satisfactory
completion
(
grade
of
"
C
"
or
better
)
of
advanced-standing
or
proficiency
examinations
,
pass-fail
option
courses
,
and
certain
other
courses
.
A
grade
of
"
NC
"
(
no
credit
)
indicates
that
no
credit
is
earned
.
Grading
scale
ÃÂA
student
's
grade-point
average
is
determined
by
the
ratio
of
quality
points
earned
to
semester
hours
attempted
.
Quality
points
are
assigned
to
letter
grades
using
the
following
scale
:
"
A
"
=
4
quality
points
;
"
B
"
=
3
quality
points
;
"
C
"
=
2
quality
points
;
"
D
"
=
1
quality
point
;
"
F
"
grades
carry
no
quality
points
.
Grades
of
"
P
,
"
"
W
,
"
"
I
,
"
and
"
NC
"
are
not
used
in
computing
the
official
grade-point
average
and
,
therefore
,
do
not
carry
quality
points
.
All
courses
taken
for
which
grades
of
"
A
,
"
"
B
,
"
"
C
,
"
"
D
,
"
or
"
F
"
are
assigned
,
including
repeated
courses
,
are
considered
in
calculating
grade-point
averages
.
"
W
"
grades
ÃÂA
"
W
"
will
be
entered
on
a
student
's
record
for
any
approved
course
dropped
within
the
dates
specified
in
the
"
Academic
Calendar
.
"
In
extraordinary
cases
,
upon
written
petition
,
the
dean
of
the
student
's
college
may
authorize
a
resignation
and/or
a
drop
from
a
course
after
the
last
date
specified
.
"
I
"
grades
ÃÂWork
which
is
of
passing
quality
but
which
,
because
of
circumstances
beyond
the
student
's
control
,
is
incomplete
,
may
be
marked
"
I
"
(
incomplete
)
.
An
"
I
"
grade
may
be
assigned
for
undergraduates
only
if
the
instructor
receives
appropriate
authorization
from
the
dean
of
the
college
in
which
the
student
is
enrolled
.
If
authorization
is
not
received
,
the
instructor
is
to
consider
the
delinquent
work
to
be
of
failing
quality
,
and
an
"
I
"
grade
may
not
be
assigned
.
It
is
the
responsibility
of
the
student
to
initiate
the
request
for
the
academic
dean
's
authorization
.
An
"
I
"
grade
will
be
converted
to
"
F
"
unless
it
is
removed
during
the
next
regular
semester
in
which
the
student
is
in
residence
in
the
LSU
System
prior
to
the
deadline
for
adding
courses
for
credit
as
specified
in
the
"
Academic
Calendar
.
"
In
extraordinary
cases
,
the
dean
of
the
student
's
college
may
authorize
that
the
"
I
"
grade
become
permanent
,
or
that
an
extension
of
time
for
removing
the
grade
be
allowed
.
Grades
earned
in
courses
offered
by
the
Hebert
Law
Center
,
the
School
of
Medicine
,
the
School
of
Dentistry
,
and
the
School
of
Veterinary
Medicine
shall
not
be
considered
in
computation
of
the
grade-point
average
of
an
undergraduate
student
unless
approval
is
given
by
the
dean
or
director
of
the
student
's
college
to
permit
the
student
to
use
the
professional
courses
as
electives
or
to
pursue
a
combined
curriculum
.
Computation
of
the
Grade-Point
Average
For
all
academic
purposes
,
grade-point
averages
shall
be
specified
to
three
significant
figures
(
two
decimal
places
)
,
with
the
last
figure
to
reflect
rounding
from
a
four-significant-figure
average
(
three
decimal
places
)
where
possible
.
If
the
third
figure
after
the
decimal
point
is
equal
to
or
greater
than
five
,
upward
rounding
shall
occur
.
If
the
third
figure
after
the
decimal
point
is
less
than
five
,
it
shall
be
dropped
,
regardless
of
what
the
fourth
or
subsequent
figures
may
be
.
Thus
,
3.9550
becomes
3.96
,
and
3.9549
becomes
3.95
.
In
calculations
to
determine
relative
rank
in
class
,
a
student
's
average
may
be
carried
to
three
decimal
places
.
Regardless
of
the
results
of
rounding
,
no
student
shall
be
deemed
to
have
graduated
with
a
"
4.00
"
average
if
any
grade
other
than
"
A
"
or
"
Pass
"
for
courses
completed
appears
on
the
transcript
.
Any
grade-point
average
cited
to
only
one
decimal
place
(
as
2.0
)
shall
be
construed
to
mean
,
mathematically
,
a
figure
accurate
to
two
decimal
places
(
as
2.00
)
,
regardless
of
the
text
.
Pass-Fail
Option
for
Undergraduates
Some
courses
have
been
approved
to
be
graded
pass-fail
for
all
students
enrolled
.
In
courses
with
regular
grading
,
students
may
petition
for
the
pass-fail
grading
option
subject
to
the
guidelines
indicated
below
.
In
all
undergraduate
courses
with
pass-fail
grading
,
the
grade
of
"
P
"
will
be
given
for
work
of
"
C
"
quality
or
better
.
The
grade
of
"
F
"
will
be
given
for
work
below
"
C
"
quality
.
Students
may
be
registered
in
several
courses
regularly
graded
pass-fail
during
a
given
semester
and
still
elect
to
take
an
additional
course
under
the
pass-fail
option
program
.
To
register
under
the
pass-fail
option
,
students
must
obtain
the
necessary
approval
signatures
on
a
petition
card
which
can
be
obtained
from
the
office
of
their
dean
.
Courses
passed
with
a
grade
of
"
P
"
may
be
offered
for
degree
credit
,
but
the
grade
will
not
be
considered
in
computing
the
grade-point
average
.
An
"
F
"
in
a
pass-fail
course
will
be
treated
as
any
other
"
F
,
"
both
with
regard
to
credit
earned
and
to
grade-point
average
calculation
.
For
information
about
the
pass-fail
option
for
graduate
students
,
see
the
"
Graduate
School-
Professional
Programs
"
chapter
.
Pass-Fail
Option
Program
for
Kinesiology
Activity
Courses
The
following
policies
apply
to
Kinesiology
courses
numbered
below
1400
.
Students
are
allowed
to
enroll
under
the
pass-fail
option
regardless
of
grade-point
average
,
other
courses
being
taken
on
a
pass-fail
basis
,
and
total
number
of
courses
completed
on
a
pass-fail
basis
.
Only
the
approval
signature
of
the
instructor
of
the
course
is
required
on
the
petition
card
.
The
petition
must
be
submitted
prior
to
the
last
day
to
add
courses
for
credit
.
Pass-Fail
Option
Program
for
All
Other
Courses
Limited
use
of
a
pass-fail
option
is
permitted
at
the
discretion
of
the
individual
colleges
and
schools
,
subject
to
the
following
policies
.
The
pass-fail
option
is
available
only
to
those
students
whose
grade-point
average
in
the
LSU
System
is
2.50
or
better
.
The
pass-fail
option
is
allowed
only
for
unrestricted
electives
or
other
courses
approved
by
the
student
's
major
department
.
No
more
than
12
semester
hours
of
degree
credit
in
the
pass-fail
option
program
are
permitted
;
pass-fail
enrollment
may
not
exceed
one
course
per
semester
,
excluding
those
courses
normally
graded
pass-fail
.
Enrollment
under
the
pass-fail
option
program
must
have
the
prior
approval
of
the
instructor
,
the
chair
of
the
student
's
major
department
,
and
the
dean
of
the
college
in
which
the
student
is
enrolled
.
Through
the
last
day
to
add
courses
for
credit
,
students
may
,
with
appropriate
approval
,
change
from
pass-fail
to
graded
status
and
vice
versa
.
No
change
in
the
grading
option
may
be
made
after
the
last
day
for
adding
courses
for
credit
.
Grade
Reports
Reports
of
final
grades
are
mailed
to
students
at
the
end
of
each
semester
and
summer
term
to
inform
them
of
their
academic
status
,
provided
their
financial
accounts
with
the
University
(
all
System
campuses
)
are
current
.
Final
grades
are
also
available
through
PAWS
and
the
LSU
Touchtone
Information
System
(
REGGIE
)
.
Midsemester
grades
are
available
through
academic
deans
'
offices
.
Transcript
of
Record
Upon
written
request
,
former
and
currently
enrolled
students
may
obtain
complete
transcripts
of
their
academic
records
,
provided
they
are
current
in
their
financial
obligations
to
the
University
(
all
System
campuses
)
.
Requests
must
include
the
signature
of
the
student
.
Partial
transcripts
are
not
issued
.
Normally
,
two
days
of
processing
are
required
after
the
transcript
request
is
received
.
At
the
beginning
or
end
of
a
semester
,
considerably
more
time
is
required
.
Telephone
requests
for
transcripts
cannot
be
honored
.
Privacy
of
Student
Records
The
Family
Educational
Rights
and
Privacy
Act
(
FERPA
)
affords
students
certain
rights
with
respect
to
their
educational
records
:
1.
The
right
to
inspect
and
review
the
studentÃÂs
educational
records
within
45
days
of
the
day
the
University
receives
a
request
for
access
.
Students
should
submit
to
the
University
Registrar
,
Academic
Dean
,
Dean
of
Students
,
or
other
appropriate
University
official
,
written
requests
that
identify
the
record(s
)
they
wish
to
inspect
.
The
University
official
will
make
arrangements
for
access
and
notify
the
student
of
the
time
and
place
the
records
may
be
inspected
.
If
the
records
are
not
maintained
by
the
University
official
to
whom
the
request
was
submitted
,
that
official
shall
advise
the
student
of
the
correct
official
to
whom
the
request
should
be
addressed
.
2.
The
right
to
request
the
amendment
of
the
studentÃÂs
educational
records
that
the
student
believes
are
inaccurate
or
misleading
.
Students
may
ask
the
University
to
amend
a
record
that
they
believe
is
inaccurate
or
misleading
.
They
should
write
the
University
official
responsible
for
the
record
,
clearly
identify
the
part
of
the
record
they
want
changed
,
and
specify
why
it
is
inaccurate
or
misleading
.
If
the
University
decides
not
to
amend
the
record
as
requested
by
the
student
,
the
University
will
notify
the
student
of
the
decision
and
advise
the
student
of
the
right
to
a
hearing
regarding
the
request
for
amendment
.
Additional
information
regarding
the
hearing
procedures
will
be
provided
to
the
student
when
notified
of
the
right
to
a
hearing
.
3.
The
right
to
consent
to
disclosure
of
personally
identifiable
information
contained
in
the
studentÃÂs
educational
records
,
except
to
the
extent
that
FERPA
authorizes
disclosure
without
consent
.
One
exception
which
permits
disclosure
without
consent
is
disclosure
to
school
officials
with
legitimate
educational
interests
.
All
studentsÃÂ
educational
records
are
open
to
the
Chancellor
,
the
Executive
Vice
Chancellor
and
Provost
,
the
Vice
Chancellors
,
the
Academic
Deans
and
Directors
,
and
the
Dean
of
Students
.
In
addition
,
the
following
individuals
are
also
Louisiana
State
University
officials
:
(
a
)
A
person
employed
by
the
University
in
an
administrative
,
supervisory
,
academic
,
research
,
or
support
staff
position
,
including
health
and
medical
staff
,
teaching
assistants
,
and
student
assistants
.
(
b
)
A
person
appointed
by
the
Board
of
Supervisors
.
(
c
)
A
person
employed
by
or
under
contract
to
the
University
to
perform
a
special
task
,
such
as
a
University
attorney
.
(
d
)
A
person
employed
by
the
LSU
Police
Department
.
A
school
official
has
a
legitimate
educational
interest
if
the
official
acts
in
the
following
capacities
:
performance
of
a
task
that
is
specified
in
his
or
her
position
description
or
contract
agreement
,
related
to
a
studentÃÂs
education
or
to
the
discipline
of
a
student
;
provision
of
a
service
or
benefit
relating
to
the
student
or
the
studentÃÂs
family
;
or
maintenance
of
the
safety
and
security
of
the
campus
.
Upon
request
,
the
University
discloses
educational
records
without
consent
to
officials
of
another
school
in
which
a
student
seeks
or
intends
to
enroll
and
agencies
and
offices
administering
financial
aid
.
4.
The
right
to
file
a
complaint
with
the
U.S.
Department
of
Education
concerning
alleged
failures
of
Louisiana
State
University
to
comply
with
the
requirements
of
FERPA
.
The
name
and
address
of
the
Office
that
administers
FERPA
is
:
Family
Policy
Compliance
Office
U.S.
Department
of
Education
400
Maryland
Avenue
,
SW
Washington
,
DC
20202-4605
Copies
of
the
UniversityÃÂs
Policy
Statement
30
concerning
FERPA
may
be
obtained
from
the
Office
of
the
University
Registrar
.
Directory
information
is
defined
as
the
studentÃÂs
name
,
local
address
,
telephone
number
,
home
address
,
and
e-mail
address
;
date
and
place
of
birth
,
major
field
of
study
and
classification
;
activities
and
sports
,
weight
and
height
(
members
of
athletic
teams
)
;
dates
of
attendance
,
and
degrees
,
awards
and
honors
received
;
and
the
most
recent
educational
institution
attended
by
the
student
.
StudentsÃÂ
names
,
addresses
and
major
field
of
study
are
listed
on
the
Internet
by
LSU
.
Students
who
wish
to
withhold
any
information
in
these
categories
should
complete
the
appropriate
form
available
from
the
Office
of
the
University
Registrar
by
the
tenth
class
day
in
any
term
indicating
directory
information
is
not
to
be
released
and/or
posted
to
the
Internet
.
The
hold
will
remain
in
effect
until
the
student
requests
that
it
be
lifted
.
Only
currently
enrolled
students
may
place
a
hold
on
the
release
of
directory
information
.
Each
student
who
is
registered
for
the
fall
semester
will
have
his
or
her
name
and
local
address
listed
in
the
campus
telephone
directory
unless
the
appropriate
form
(
available
from
the
Office
of
the
University
Registrar
)
is
completed
by
the
tenth
class
day
of
the
term
.
SCHOLASTIC
REQUIREMENTS
The
following
provisions
apply
to
all
students
,
except
those
enrolled
as
extension
,
PASS
,
or
"
visiting
"
students
.
For
details
regarding
the
use
of
correspondence
study
grades
to
determine
scholastic
standing
,
see
"
Undergraduate
Admission
.
"
Courses
taken
at
Southern
University
through
the
LSU-SU
Cooperative
Program
are
recorded
as
transfer
credit
.
Definitions
Grade-Point
Average-
The
grade-point
average
is
calculated
by
dividing
the
total
number
of
quality
points
earned
by
the
total
number
of
semester
hours
attempted
.
For
example
,
a
student
who
has
attempted
46
hours
and
has
earned
122
quality
points
has
a
grade-point
average
of
2.652
.
Overall
Grade-Point
Average-
The
overall
grade-point
average
is
calculated
on
work
attempted
at
all
colleges
and
universities
attended
.
LSU
System
Grade-Point
Average-
The
LSU
System
grade-point
average
is
calculated
on
all
work
attempted
at
LSU
and
at
any
other
institution
in
the
LSU
System
.
Good
Standing-
Students
are
in
good
standing
if
they
are
eligible
to
continue
or
to
re-enroll
at
the
University
,
even
if
on
scholastic
probation
or
on
academic
warning
status
.
Academic
Warning
At
the
end
of
the
fall
or
spring
semester
,
intersession
,
or
summer
term
,
students
will
be
placed
on
academic
warning
status
if
their
grade-point
averages
are
one
to
nine
quality
points
below
a
2.00
on
all
work
attempted
or
on
all
work
attempted
in
the
LSU
System
.
A
notation
to
that
effect
will
be
entered
on
their
transcripts
.
Students
will
remain
on
academic
warning
until
they
bring
their
grade-point
averages
up
to
2.00
,
or
are
placed
on
scholastic
probation
.
Scholastic
Probation
At
the
end
of
the
fall
or
spring
semester
,
students
will
be
placed
on
scholastic
probation
if
their
grade-point
averages
are
ten
or
more
quality
points
below
a
2.00
on
all
work
attempted
or
on
all
work
attempted
in
the
LSU
System
.
Students
may
also
be
placed
on
probation
on
the
basis
of
unsatisfactory
progress
toward
meeting
the
specific
requirements
of
their
academic
program
.
Such
students
will
be
informed
in
writing
of
the
conditions
required
to
continue
in
their
academic
program
.
Students
will
remain
on
scholastic
probation
until
they
have
overall
averages
of
2.00
or
higher
on
all
college
work
attempted
and
on
all
work
attempted
in
the
LSU
System
.
Students
who
have
been
removed
from
scholastic
probation
will
be
placed
on
probation
again
at
the
end
of
any
fall
or
spring
semester
in
which
their
LSU
or
overall
averages
are
less
than
2.00
.
Scholastic
Drop
Students
on
probation
will
be
dropped
from
the
University
at
the
end
of
any
fall
or
spring
semester
if
their
averages
are
less
than
2.00
either
on
all
work
attempted
or
on
all
work
attempted
in
the
LSU
System
that
semester
.
Students
dropped
for
scholastic
deficiency
may
enroll
in
the
summer
term
at
LSU
.
If
their
quality-point
deficits
are
totally
removed
during
the
summer
term
,
they
may
petition
their
dean
to
enroll
for
the
fall
semester
.
Students
in
scholastic
drop
status
may
register
on
a
noncredit
basis
for
correspondence
courses
;
they
may
not
,
however
,
enroll
as
auditors
.
They
also
may
not
apply
toward
LSU
degree
requirements
credit
earned
at
any
institution
during
the
period
of
their
ineligibility
to
enroll
at
LSU
.
The
Summer
Term/Intersession
Students
cannot
be
placed
on
probation
or
dropped
from
the
University
on
the
basis
of
work
taken
during
the
summer
term
or
intersession
.
They
can
,
however
,
be
placed
on
academic
warning
status
.
Work
taken
during
the
summer
term
can
result
in
students
being
removed
from
academic
warning
status
,
scholastic
probation
,
or
scholastic
drop
status
.
Reentry
after
Scholastic
Drop
Students
dropped
for
the
first
time
reasons
can
be
considered
for
readmission
when
they
have
been
out
of
the
University
(
all
LSU
System
campuses
)
for
one
regular
semester
.
Students
dropped
the
second
or
subsequent
time
for
academic
reasons
must
remain
out
of
the
University
(
all
LSU
System
campuses
)
for
one
calendar
year
.
In
either
instance
,
readmission
may
be
delayed
or
denied
at
the
discretion
of
the
dean
of
the
college
in
which
they
desire
to
enroll
.
Students
entering
the
University
after
scholastic
drop
will
be
admitted
on
scholastic
probation
.
Reinstatement
after
a
scholastic
drop
(
see
"
Appeal
of
Academic
Ineligibility
to
Enroll
"
)
will
not
remove
the
drop
notation
from
the
transcript
.
Academic
Bankruptcy
Under
specified
conditions
,
undergraduate
students
who
have
interrupted
their
college
careers
for
a
period
of
at
least
five
consecutive
calendar
years
may
,
at
the
time
of
application
for
admission
to
the
University
,
declare
academic
bankruptcy
.
Under
this
policy
all
college
work
taken
at
an
earlier
date
is
eliminated
from
computation
of
the
grade-point
average
and
cannot
be
applied
toward
a
degree
at
LSU
.
Such
work
will
remain
on
the
student
's
scholastic
records
and
transcripts
,
but
will
not
be
used
in
the
computation
of
the
grade-point
average
for
honors
.
It
will
,
however
,
be
used
to
compute
the
grade-point
average
for
admission
to
graduate
and
professional
study
.
Students
qualifying
for
academic
bankruptcy
may
be
admitted
on
scholastic
probation
.
Details
of
this
policy
may
be
obtained
from
the
Office
of
Undergraduate
Admissions
.
GRADE
APPEALS
Appeals
of
final
grades
must
be
initiated
by
the
student
within
30
calendar
days
after
the
first
day
of
classes
in
the
next
regular
semester
.
The
procedure
is
as
follows
:
1.
The
student
should
meet
with
the
faculty
member
concerned
to
discuss
the
situation
and
attempt
to
arrive
at
a
solution
.
Although
each
may
have
a
counselor
present
,
it
is
believed
that
under
most
circumstances
,
the
meeting
will
be
more
productive
if
only
the
student
and
the
faculty
member
are
present
.
If
an
administrative
officer
(
department
chair
,
dean
,
Executive
Vice
Chancellor
and
Provost
)
is
the
faculty
member
who
assigned
the
grade
which
is
appealed
,
that
officer
should
recuse
himself
or
herself
from
the
appellate
process
;
his
or
her
place
in
the
procedure
will
be
taken
by
a
faculty
member
appointed
ad
hoc
by
the
Executive
Vice
Chancellor
and
Provost
or
the
Chancellor
,
as
appropriate
.
If
the
faculty
member
is
on
sabbatical
leave
or
is
otherwise
unavailable
,
his/her
place
will
be
taken
by
a
faculty
member
appointed
by
the
department
chair
or
his/her
designee
.
The
faculty
member
must
inform
the
student
of
his/her
decision
within
seven
calendar
days.
If
the
decision
reached
requires
change
in
an
official
University
record
,
the
faculty
member
must
comply
with
all
University
regulations
and
procedures
necessary
to
accomplish
the
change
.
A
change
of
grade
is
accomplished
by
filing
a
"
Grade
Correction
Report
.
"
A
satisfactory
reason
for
the
change
is
"
academic
appeal
.
"
The
department
chair
and/or
the
student
's
dean
(
dean
of
the
college
in
which
the
student
is
enrolled
)
may
request
documentation
of
the
facts
of
the
matter
to
facilitate
any
decision
with
respect
to
approval
of
the
grade
change
.
2.
If
the
matter
is
not
resolved
between
the
student
and
the
faculty
member
,
and
the
student
wishes
to
pursue
the
appeal
,
he
or
she
shall
make
a
written
request
to
the
chair
of
the
department
in
which
the
course
was
taught
asking
for
a
meeting
of
the
department
chair
,
the
faculty
member
,
and
himself
or
herself
.
The
faculty
member
will
provide
the
name
of
the
appropriate
department
chair
.
The
written
request
should
clearly
state
the
purpose
of
the
meeting
and
should
indicate
the
faculty
member
's
name
;
however
,
it
should
not
go
into
detail
as
to
justification
for
the
appeal
.
This
request
must
be
submitted
within
45
calendar
days
after
the
first
day
of
classes
of
the
next
regular
semester
.
The
department
chair
shall
arrange
a
meeting
within
14
calendar
days
from
the
date
of
receipt
of
the
request
.
At
this
meeting
,
both
the
student
and
the
faculty
member
may
be
accompanied
by
a
counselor
.
At
the
close
of
the
meeting
,
or
within
seven
calendar
days
thereafter
,
the
department
chair
shall
make
a
decision
.
If
a
decision
is
made
at
the
close
of
the
meeting
,
it
is
to
be
given
orally
to
all
present
.
If
the
matter
is
taken
under
advisement
,
the
department
chair
shall
inform
all
parties
,
including
the
student
's
dean
,
of
his
or
her
decision
in
writing
.
If
the
decision
reached
requires
change
in
an
official
University
record
,
the
faculty
member
must
comply
with
all
University
regulations
and
procedures
necessary
to
accomplish
the
change
.
3.
If
the
student
is
not
satisfied
with
the
decision
reached
,
he
or
she
may
appeal
to
the
dean
of
the
college
in
which
the
department
offering
the
course
is
located
.
The
dean
's
name
will
be
furnished
by
the
department
chair
.
Appeals
concerning
courses
numbered
8000
or
above
should
be
directed
to
the
dean
of
the
Graduate
School
.
The
student
's
appeal
must
be
in
writing
on
a
Student
Appeal
Form
available
in
department
and
college
offices
and
must
be
submitted
within
14
calendar
days
after
notification
of
the
department
chair
's
decision
.
The
form
must
contain
the
following
information
:
(
1
)
a
statement
of
the
action(s
)
complained
of
;
(
2
)
the
relief
requested
;
and
(
3
)
a
specific
statement
of
the
reasons
supporting
the
relief
sought
.
Upon
receipt
of
the
completed
Student
Appeal
Form
,
the
dean
must
promptly
forward
copies
to
the
department
chair
and
faculty
member
concerned
,
who
must
promptly
reply
with
individual
written
statements
supporting
their
previous
actions
.
Either
may
request
that
a
hearing
panel
be
convened
.
Copies
of
the
written
replies
must
be
forwarded
to
the
student
.
When
the
department
chair
's
and
faculty
member
's
replies
have
been
received
,
the
student
may
choose
oneÃÂand
only
oneÃÂof
the
following
options
:
(
1
)
The
dean
may
decide
the
question
on
the
basis
of
the
written
appeal
and
the
faculty
member
's
and
department
chair
's
written
requests
;
(
2
)
The
dean
may
meet
with
all
parties
concerned
,
who
may
be
accompanied
by
counselors
if
desired
,
and
,
after
discussion
,
reach
a
decision
;
or
(
3
)
The
dean
may
refer
the
appeal
to
a
hearing
panel
for
their
recommendation
.
If
a
hearing
panel
has
been
requested
by
the
student
,
the
faculty
member
,
or
the
department
chair
,
the
dean
must
convene
such
a
panel
.
Hearing
panels
to
consider
grade
appeals
will
be
appointed
by
the
dean
and
shall
be
composed
of
three
faculty
members
selected
by
the
dean
,
with
no
more
than
two
from
the
same
department
,
and
two
students
appointed
by
the
president
of
the
college
's
student
governing
body
.
The
dean
should
designate
the
chair
of
the
panel
.
The
panel
shall
hold
a
hearing
with
the
department
chair
,
the
faculty
member
,
and
the
student
,
each
of
whom
may
be
accompanied
by
a
counselor
.
After
deliberation
,
the
panel
will
make
its
recommendation
in
writing
to
the
dean
.
Copies
of
the
recommendation
,
and
the
dean
's
final
decision
,
must
be
given
to
all
parties
,
including
the
student
's
dean
.
Regardless
of
the
method
used
,
the
dean
must
make
his
or
her
decision
within
30
calendar
days
from
the
date
of
receipt
of
the
student
's
appeal
.
The
decision
must
be
written
,
listing
the
reasons
supporting
the
decision
;
copies
must
be
given
to
all
parties
,
including
the
student
's
dean
.
If
the
decision
requires
change
in
an
official
University
record
,
the
faculty
member
must
comply
with
all
University
regulations
and
procedures
necessary
to
accomplish
the
change
.
4.
If
any
party
to
the
appeal
believes
that
a
serious
procedural
error
occurred
or
that
there
was
an
abuse
of
discretionary
authority
in
reaching
the
decision
,
he
or
she
may
file
with
the
Executive
Vice
Chancellor
and
Provost
a
written
petition
for
review
.
This
petition
,
which
must
be
filed
within
seven
calendar
days
after
receipt
of
the
decision
in
step
3
,
must
contain
a
complete
statement
of
the
alleged
serious
procedural
error
,
or
examples
of
abuses
of
discretionary
authority
complained
of
,
and
also
must
contain
reasons
for
the
relief
sought
.
The
petition
must
be
accompanied
by
all
documents
produced
in
the
appeal
.
Copies
should
be
sent
to
all
parties
to
the
appeal
and
to
the
student
's
dean
.
The
Executive
Vice
Chancellor
and
Provost
shall
decide
within
14
calendar
days
after
receipt
of
the
petition
whether
further
action
should
be
taken
.
In
reaching
this
decision
,
he
or
she
may
ask
other
parties
to
the
appeal
to
make
written
reply
to
the
request
for
a
review
,
or
these
parties
,
on
their
own
,
may
make
a
written
reply
.
If
the
decision
is
reached
that
a
review
is
not
justified
,
the
student
and
all
other
parties
,
including
the
student
's
dean
,
will
be
so
notified
.
If
the
Executive
Vice
Chancellor
and
Provost
decides
to
respond
favorably
to
the
petition
for
review
,
he
or
she
will
hold
a
formal
meeting
with
all
parties
and
their
counselors
,
if
desired
,
and
reach
a
decision
based
on
discussions
at
this
meeting
,
as
well
as
on
all
written
materials
furnished
.
Once
a
decision
is
reached
,
the
Executive
Vice
Chancellor
and
Provost
will
notify
all
parties
,
including
the
student
's
dean
,
of
his
or
her
decision
.
The
decision
of
the
Executive
Vice
Chancellor
and
Provost
shall
conclude
the
matter
,
subject
to
the
right
of
the
Chancellor
to
review
the
case
.
The
Chancellor
will
consider
the
case
only
on
the
basis
of
a
petition
for
review
following
the
procedure
outlined
above
.
Appeal
of
Academic
Ineligibility
To
Enroll
An
undergraduate
student
dropped
from
the
University
because
of
scholastic
deficiency
may
appeal
the
ineligibility
based
on
extenuating
circumstances
.
Such
appeals
must
be
submitted
to
the
student
's
dean
at
least
seven
calendar
days
prior
to
the
beginning
of
the
semester/summer
term
in
which
the
students
wishes
to
enroll
.
The
appeal
should
be
in
the
form
of
a
letter
to
the
dean
,
accompanied
by
documentation
of
the
extenuating
circumstances
.
Appeals
may
be
reviewed
by
the
dean
or
,
at
the
option
of
the
dean
,
by
a
college
committee
established
for
that
purpose
.
In
the
latter
case
,
the
committee
will
make
a
recommendation
to
the
dean
.
Final
authority
in
the
college
rests
with
the
dean
.
If
the
appeal
is
approved
:
the
student
is
eligible
to
enroll
on
academic
probation
for
the
next
semester
/
term
;
the
dean
may
set
conditions
based
on
the
student
's
situation
,
which
may
include
specific
academic
requirements
the
student
must
meet
.
The
student
will
be
informed
of
any
conditions
in
writing
;
the
student
's
transcript
will
carry
a
notation
that
the
student
was
dropped
but
reinstated
,
based
on
appeal
.
If
the
dean
denies
the
appeal
,
the
student
may
submit
it
to
the
Office
of
Academic
Affairs
for
review
,
along
with
a
statement
of
the
reasons
why
the
Office
of
Academic
Affairs
should
consider
the
appeal
.
Final
authority
rests
with
the
Executive
Vice
Chancellor
and
Provost
.
OTHER
RULES
AND
REGULATIONS
The
Handbook
The
students
,
faculty
,
and
staff
of
LSU
have
jointly
produced
The
Louisiana
State
University
Handbook
of
Rights
and
Responsibilities
in
the
Student-University
Relationship
.
This
Handbook
was
promulgated
by
the
Office
of
the
Chancellor
to
assist
students
,
faculty
,
and
staff
to
better
understand
the
rights
and
responsibilities
of
the
student
and
the
University
in
relation
to
one
another
.
All
members
of
the
University
community
are
encouraged
to
become
familiar
with
this
Handbook
.
Copies
may
be
obtained
from
the
Office
of
the
Dean
of
Students
or
the
Office
of
the
Vice
Chancellor
for
Student
Life
and
Academic
Services
.
Code
of
Student
Conduct
Disciplinary
procedures
for
students
who
exhibit
severe
breaches
of
conduct
can
result
in
the
students
'
separation
from
the
University
or
in
other
disciplinary
action
,
as
outlined
in
the
Code
of
Student
Conduct
.
Students
charged
with
violations
of
conduct
listed
in
the
Code
of
Student
Conduct
are
provided
a
due
process
administrative
hearing
with
the
Dean
of
Students
or
a
hearing
before
a
panel
of
the
Committee
on
Student
Conduct
composed
of
faculty
members
,
students
,
and
administrators
.
Other
Rules
and
Regulations
The
University
issues
and
publishes
other
rules
and
regulations
governing
student
activities
,
conduct
,
and
student
organizations
.
Certain
responsibilities
for
assisting
the
University
in
the
administration
of
these
rules
and
regulations
are
delegated
to
student
boards
,
councils
,
and
courts
.
It
is
the
responsibility
of
all
students
to
familiarize
themselves
with
the
Code
of
Student
Conduct
and
other
University
rules
and
regulations
governing
student
conduct
and
activities
.
The
Office
of
the
Vice
Chancellor
for
Student
Life
and
Academic
Services
has
administrative
responsibility
for
coordinating
all
University
disciplinary
procedures
and
practices
for
students
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.admin.ias.edu/air/words/Glass7.html">
Now
at
a
certain
point
you
stopped
writing
what
you
considered
Minimalist
music
,
so
the
change
that
your
music
has
undergone
,
the
kind
of
music
that
you
were
writing
in
the
late
60s
vs.
now
,
for
instance
&#8211
;
how
would
you
describe
that
?
GLASS
:
I
have
a
very
easy
way
of
describing
that
.
When
people
ask
me
what
kind
of
music
I
write
I
say
,
ÃÂI
write
theater
music.ÃÂ
And
that
has
the
virtue
of
being
actually
truthful
.
I
've
written
more
theater
music
than
anything
else
.
I
've
written
20
operas
,
at
least
20
ballets
,
probably
more
film
scores
,
lots
and
lots
of
theater
pieces
.
I
worked
in
the
Public
Theater
when
Joe
Papp
was
there
.
I
was
there
for
about
20
years
,
and
those
things
happen
very
quickly
.
The
music
for
a
Shakespeare
play
&#8211
;
I
would
write
the
music
in
a
couple
of
weeks
,
and
those
things
would
happen
all
the
time
.
So
,
I
've
written
so
much
theater
music
I
can
truthfully
say
I
'm
a
theater
composer
.
Or
to
put
it
another
way
,
I
'm
writing
an
opera
now
so
I
'm
at
home
,
but
I
just
finished
a
symphony
for
Leonard
Slatkin
and
I
felt
a
little
uncomfortable
&#8211
;
I
did
n't
have
a
libretto
.
BRUBAKER
:
I
was
going
to
ask
you
,
are
you
always
writing
theater
music
?
In
fact
,
in
some
sense
,
even
in
the
non-theater
music
?
GLASS
:
I
think
I
am
.
What
I
did
with
Leonard
's
piece
is
that
I
wrote
a
three-part
piece
based
on
the
trilogy
of
ideas
of
the
Mayan-Toltec
tradition
of
Mexico
.
I
checked
with
him
&#8211
;
this
was
his
birthday
piece
&#8211
;
I
said
,
ÃÂWould
you
like
to
have
a
piece
involving
Mexican
history
and
Mexican
philosophy?ÃÂ
and
he
said
yes
,
he
was
very
interested
.
So
,
the
first
is
called
The
Corn
,
the
second
The
Sacred
Root
and
the
third
The
Blue
Deer
.
These
are
significant
ideas
that
have
to
do
with
that
culture
,
and
in
a
sense
I
basically
turned
it
into
a
theater
piece
.
The
Sixth
Symphony
was
based
on
a
poem
of
Alan
Ginsberg
,
called
ÃÂPlutonium
Ode.ÃÂ
The
Fifth
Symphony
has
a
lot
of
text
for
chorus
,
The
Fourth
Symphony
&#8211
;
I
'm
going
backward
&#8211
;
The
Fourth
Symphony
was
based
on
music
of
David
Bowie
,
The
Third
Symphony
was
actually
a
symphony
,
The
Second
Symphony
was
also
a
symphony
,
and
the
first
piece
was
another
piece
based
on
music
of
David
Bowie
.
So
,
of
the
seven
symphonies
I
would
say
only
two
are
,
strictly
speaking
,
purely
symphonic
or
ideas
that
came
from
the
language
of
the
symphony
itself
.
So
,
what
I
would
say
:
the
difference
between
theater
music
and
concert
music
is
that
concert
music
usually
is
based
on
ideas
of
the
language
of
music
itself
,
whereas
theater
music
is
always
based
on
something
that
comes
from
outside
.
It
can
be
text
,
movement
,
image
and
music
.
Those
are
the
four
elements
,
and
those
cover
everything
pretty
much
.
They
are
the
earth
,
air
,
fire
and
water
of
theater
.
When
we
work
writing
a
string
quartet
or
a
symphony
,
we
might
be
thinking
about
the
musical
language
itself
.
And
that
's
the
reason
,
very
clearly
-
apart
from
a
few
exceptions
,
Brahms
did
not
write
any
operas
and
Verdi
did
n't
write
any
symphonies
(
as
far
as
I
know
)
.
Basically
,
composers
find
themselves
doing
one
thing
or
the
other
.
And
it
's
a
predilection
you
will
probably
have
had
from
a
very
early
time
in
your
life
.
So
,
the
other
thing
about
the
theater
and
film
and
dance
is
that
,
when
our
work
is
impacted
by
these
other
things
&#8211
;
by
text
or
by
image
&#8211
;
we
invariably
find
ourselves
doing
something
that
we
did
n't
know
how
to
do
.
That
was
what
happened
to
Stravinsky
when
he
began
writing
ballets
,
he
had
to
invent
a
music
that
&#8211
;
of
course
,
he
was
well
on
his
way
with
his
studies
with
Rimsky
Korsakov
,
and
he
had
a
very
goodÃ
BRUBAKER
:
But
is
n't
that
what
happened
to
you
?
I
think
it
's
what
happened
to
you
.
GLASS
:
Just
what
happened
to
Stravinsky
?
BRUBAKER
:
No
,
but
I
think
if
somebody
said
,
ÃÂOK
,
Philip
Glass
,
here
write
me
ten
string
quartets,ÃÂ
you
would
n't
have
found
the
same
voice
.
You
eventually
did
that
,
but
I
think
it
was
in
the
theaterÃ
GLASS
:
Yes
,
I
really
found
it
in
the
theater
.
I
've
been
working
in
the
theater
since
I
was
twenty
.
And
I
found
that
the
encounters
with
artists
from
other
mediums
always
put
me
in
a
position
where
I
did
n't
know
what
to
do
.
I
had
to
extend
my
vocabulary
,
extend
the
language
of
what
I
did
.
I
had
to
invent
something
to
account
for
a
new
situation
.
BRUBAKER
:
I
wonder
,
is
it
a
difference
in
this
theater
music
,
or
these
collaborations
with
film
makers
,
for
example
?
It
's
also
music
that
really
has
a
function
.
GLASS
:
You
know
,
Bruce
,
for
a
long
time
theater
composers
were
a
bit
looked
down
on
.
It
was
not
considered
pure
music
.
However
if
you
look
at
the
history
of
music
&#8211
;
if
you
look
at
the
monumental
changes
in
Western
art
music
,
you
will
find
that
for
people
like
Monteverdi
,
Mozart
,
Wagner
,
Stravinsky
&#8211
;
it
all
happened
in
the
theater
.
And
it
happened
I
'm
sure
for
the
reasons
I
've
expressed
,
that
the
composers
had
to
retool
themselves
in
order
to
address
a
situation
which
they
had
not
encountered
before
.
BRUBAKER
:
There
's
that
little
statement
of
John
Cage
where
he
says
there
are
two
kinds
of
music
but
he
's
more
attracted
to
music
that
does
something
than
to
music
that
says
something
.
He
says
a
lot
of
music
seems
to
say
something
but
the
music
that
's
really
interesting
is
music
that
does
something
.
There
's
something
about
that
which
speaks
to
this
issue
of
music
for
use
--
&#8220;Here
,
give
me
twenty
minutes
to
occupy
this
particular
space.&#8221
;
GLASS
:
I
think
that
the
expansion
of
the
music
horizons
that
we
've
talked
about
is
also
because
composers
are
working
in
what
we
used
to
call
mixed
media
.
Now
we
just
call
it
opera
,
which
is
what
it
always
was
to
begin
with
.
We
've
all
become
involved
with
that
.
BRUBAKER
:
You
see
that
happening
in
other
arts
,
too
,
but
it
's
very
interesting
to
see
it
happening
in
music
.
People
used
to
say
in
the
visual
arts
,
&#8220;Oh
,
I
'm
a
photographer.&#8221
;
Well
,
who
's
a
photographer
anymore
?
Now
,
every
artist
is
a
photographer
,
everybody
's
using
photography
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.admin.ias.edu/eas/">
Lu
Yang
,
Princeton
University
"
Why
did
the
Tang
Fall
:
A
Re-assessment
of
the
Ninth
Century
"
Meeting
from
1
0:30
am
to
12:00
pm
,
Dilworth
Room
-
Rear*
January
31
Nicola
Di
Cosmo
,
Institute
for
Advanced
Study
"
Trade
Networks
on
the
Black
Sea
,
the
Mongol
Empire
,
and
World
History
"
Meeting
from
1
1:00
am
to
12:30
pm
,
West
Building
Seminar
Room**
February
7
Roxani
Margariti
,
Emory
University
,
Institute
for
Advanced
Study
"
Conflict
and
Competition
in
the
World
of
the
Indian
Ocean
"
Meeting
from
1
1:00
am
to
12:30
pm
,
Dilworth
Room
-
Rear*
February
14
Ranabir
Chakravarti
,
Jawaharlal
Nehru
University
,
Institute
for
Advanced
Study
"
Merchants
,
Merchandise
and
Merchantmen
:
The
Western
Sea-board
of
India
and
the
Indian
Ocean
(
800-1500
)
"
Meeting
from
1
1:00
am
to
12:30
pm
,
Dilworth
Room
-
Rear*
February
28
Yuri
Pines
,
Hebrew
University
of
Jerusalem
,
Institute
for
Advanced
Study
"
The
price
of
omnipotence
:
Xunzi
and
Han
Feizi
on
dilemmas
of
rulership
"
Meeting
from
1
1:00
am
to
12:30
pm
,
Dilworth
Room
-
Rear*
March
7
Erica
Brindley
,
Penn
State
University
"
In
Search
of
the
Ancient
Viet
:
Yue
and
Hua-Xia
Ethnicity
in
Early
South
China
"
Meeting
from
1
1:00
am
to
12:30
pm
,
Dilworth
Room
-
Rear*
March
14
David
Anthony
,
Hartwick
College
,
Institute
of
Advanced
Study
and
Dorcas
Brown
,
Hartwick
College
"
The
Opening
of
the
Eurasian
Steppe
at
2000
BCE
:
the
Beginning
of
an
Eurasian
Ecumene
"
Meeting
from
1
1:00
am
to
12:30
pm
,
West
Building
Seminar
Room**
April
12
Tumen
Dashzeveg
,
National
University
of
Mongolia
"
Introduction
to
the
Anthropology
and
Archaeology
of
the
Ancient
Peoples
of
Mongolia
"
Meeting
from
1
1:00
am
to
12:30
pm
,
Dilworth
Room
-
Rear*
Fall
2005
Seminars
October
4
Zvi
Ben-Dor
,
New
York
University
"
Chinese
Muslims
in
Manchukuo
:
Japanese
Imperialism
and
Global
Islam
"
Meeting
from
1
1:00
am
to
12:30
pm
,
Dilworth
Room
-
Rear*
October
18
Hyun
Ok
Park
,
New
York
University
,
Institute
for
Advanced
Study
"
Between
Human
and
Labor
Rights
:
Democracy
,
History
,
and
Neoliberalism
in
the
Politics
of
Migrant
Workers
in
South
Korea
"
Meeting
from
11:00
am
to
12:30
pm
,
West
Building
Seminar
Room**
November
1
Joseph
McDermott
,
Cambridge
University
,
Institute
for
Advanced
Study
"
The
Informal
Government
of
Suzhou
in
the
Ming
"
Meeting
from
1
1:00
am
to
12:30
pm
,
Dilworth
Room
-
Rear*
November
15
Peter
Golden
,
Rutgers
University-Newark
,
Institute
for
Advanced
Study
"
Sacral
Kingship
in
Asia
:
the
Khazar
Case
"
Meeting
from
1
1:00
am
to
12:30
pm
,
Dilworth
Room
-
Rear*
December
13
Valery
Nikonorov
,
Russian
Academy
of
Sciences
,
Institute
for
Advanced
Study
"
On
the
Role
of
the
Stirrup
in
the
Development
of
Ancient
Warfare
"
Meeting
from
1
1:00
am
to
12:30
pm
,
Dilworth
Room
-
Rear*
*
Located
in
the
West
Building
,
lower
level
,
to
the
right
of
the
Dining
Hall
area.
**
Located
on
the
right
of
the
West
Building
's
main
entrance
.
</text>
<text id="http://www.admin.mtu.edu/admin/boc/riskindex.htm">
Risk
Management
&
Insurance
The
primary
mission
of
the
department
of
risk
management
and
insurance
is
to
minimize
the
adverse
effects
of
losses
due
to
accidents
or
other
fortuitous
events
that
may
be
inflicted
upon
the
physical
and
human
assets
of
the
University
.
To
achieve
adequate
protection
against
loss
,
the
department
is
responsible
for
the
:
Identification
and
analysis
of
risk
and
assessment
of
loss
potential
.
Development
and
implementation
of
loss
funding
and
risk
financing
mechanisms
,
including
:
assumption
of
risk
through
self-insurance
or
captive
programs
or
the
purchase
of
insurance
coverage
from
commercial
insurers
.
Elimination
or
reduction
of
risk
through
:
the
development
and
maintenance
of
loss
prevention
and
safety
programs
,
risk
avoidance
,
or
the
transfer
of
risk
to
other
parties
.
Claims
control
and
litigation
management
.
The
following
is
general
information
on
insurance
coverage
and
services
provided
by
risk
management
and
insurance
.
The
descriptions
of
the
insurance
coverage
afforded
by
the
policies
in
force
are
complex
and
often
can
be
interpreted
only
with
reference
to
specific
circumstances
.
Contact
the
risk
manager
at
487-3154
for
additional
information
.
Coverage
Automobile
Coverage
is
provided
for
University-owned
vehicles
only
.
The
policy
provides
protection
for
the
University
and
the
authorized
driver
for
any
liability
resulting
from
accidents
arising
out
of
the
use
of
the
University-owned
vehicle
.
The
insurance
company
will
pay
all
sums
which
the
University
or
the
driver
shall
become
legally
obligated
to
pay
up
to
the
policy
limits
.
If
the
driver
is
found
guilty
of
gross
negligence
,
the
policy
may
not
provide
protection
.
The
policy
does
NOT
provide
coverage
for
:
the
loss
of
personal
property
(
luggage
,
clothing
,
etc.
)
bodily
injury
occurring
to
a
University
employee
(
bodily
injury
is
covered
by
Workers
Compensation
)
guest
passengers
,
including
spouse
unauthorized
drivers
privately-owned
vehicles
on
official
University
business
rental
vehicles
(
coverage
provided
by
the
corporate
American
Express
card
or
through
the
purchase
of
the
rental
company
's
liability
insurance
)
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&
Omissions
--
Wrongful
Acts
Covers
all
amounts
the
University
is
legally
obligated
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pay
for
the
legal
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and
damages
incurred
as
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result
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claim
against
the
University
,
employee
,
Board
of
Control
member
,
or
an
individual
serving
on
a
board
approved
in
advance
by
the
university
.
Coverage
includes
any
alleged
error
,
misstatement
,
misleading
statement
,
act
,
omission
,
neglect
,
or
breach
of
duty
arising
while
acting
in
good
faith
during
performance
of
duties
.
Foreign
Travel
Coverage
is
provided
to
employees
traveling
outside
of
the
United
States
on
University-related
business
only
.
Group
Travel
Accident
Coverage
provides
Accidental
Death
and
Dismemberment
to
all
individuals
traveling
on
University-related
business
only
.
Liability
-
General
Covers
all
amounts
the
University
is
legally
obligated
to
pay
due
to
negligence
which
results
in
personal
injury
and/or
property
damage
to
others
.
Coverage
is
provided
to
the
University
,
the
Board
of
Control
,
and
all
persons
,
including
volunteers
,
acting
,
or
deemed
by
the
University
to
be
acting
,
within
the
scope
of
their
duties
or
while
performing
services
on
behalf
of
or
under
the
direction
of
the
University
.
Note
:
A
claims
investigation
will
be
conducted
.
No
admissions
of
responsibility
or
commitment
to
pay
for
damages
should
be
given
.
Property
Coverage
is
provided
for
damage
sustained
to
most
University-owed
property
due
to
sudden
and
accidental
occurrences
.
Coverage
is
also
provided
for
University
property
in
transit
or
property
loaned
to
the
University
.
Special
Services
Bloodborne
Pathogens
A
bloodborne
pathogens
program
has
been
established
to
protect
the
"
potentially
at
risk
"
employees
against
Hepatitis
B.
Various
supervisors
select
the
individuals
eligible
for
the
vaccinations
series
which
is
administered
by
the
Portage
Health
System
.
Certificates
of
Insurance
To
obtain
proof
of
insurance
,
a
written
request
and/or
a
copy
of
a
contract
,
if
applicable
,
must
be
sent
to
risk
management
with
the
following
information
:
To
whom
the
certificate
is
to
be
issued
Group
or
individual
requesting
the
certificate
Individual
responsible
during
the
activity
Events
or
services
:
purpose
,
location
,
time
period
Type
of
insurance
for
which
proof
is
required
Drug
and
Alcohol
Substance
Abuse
A
drug
and
alcohol
substance
abuse
program
has
been
established
to
comply
with
Federal
Highway
Administration
's
Alcohol
and
Controlled
Substances
Testing
regulations
.
The
regulations
mandate
testing
and
other
action
for
University
employees
who
are
required
to
possess
a
Commercial
Driver
's
License
(
CDL
)
.
In-Service
Training
Special
Training
sessions
and/or
evaluations
are
available
upon
request
.
Liquor
License/Bond
A
24-hour
liquor
license
must
be
arranged
for
through
risk
management
for
a
"
cash
bar
"
or
similar
reception
.
The
University
is
allowed
only
four
(
4
)
24-hour
licenses
per
year
.
Loss
Control
Inspections
A
walk
through
inspection
by
an
engineering
consultant
to
evaluate
liability
exposures
and
controls
is
conducted
bi-annually
.
Inspections
are
available
upon
request
to
the
risk
manager
.
MTU
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|
Board
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Control
Last
Revised
:
11
July
2001
-
http://www.admin.mtu.edu/admin/boc/riskindex.htm
Copyright
é
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.
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.
Address
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</text>
<text id="http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/whiteo01.html">
CHAPTER
XV
.
FROM
"
DEMONIACAL
POSSESSION
"
TO
INSANITY
.
I.
THEOLOGICAL
IDEAS
OF
LUNACY
AND
ITS
TREATMENT
.
OF
all
the
triumphs
won
by
science
for
humanity
,
few
have
been
farther-reaching
in
good
effects
than
the
modern
treatment
of
the
insane
.
But
this
is
the
result
of
a
struggle
long
and
severe
between
two
great
forces
.
On
one
side
have
stood
the
survivals
of
various
superstitions
,
the
metaphysics
of
various
philosophies
,
the
dogmatism
of
various
theologies
,
the
literal
interpretation
of
various
sacred
books
,
and
especially
of
our
own--all
compacted
into
a
creed
that
insanity
is
mainly
or
largely
demoniacal
possession
;
on
the
other
side
has
stood
science
,
gradually
accumulating
proofs
that
insanity
is
always
the
result
of
physical
disease
.
I
purpose
in
this
chapter
to
sketch
,
as
briefly
as
I
may
,
the
history
of
this
warfare
,
or
rather
of
this
evolution
of
truth
out
of
error
.
Nothing
is
more
simple
and
natural
,
in
the
early
stages
of
civilization
,
than
belief
in
occult
,
self-conscious
powers
of
evil
.
Troubles
and
calamities
come
upon
man
;
his
ignorance
of
physical
laws
forbids
him
to
attribute
them
to
physical
causes
;
he
therefore
attributes
them
sometimes
to
the
wrath
of
a
good
being
,
but
more
frequently
to
the
malice
of
an
evil
being
.
Especially
is
this
the
case
with
diseases
.
The
real
causes
of
disease
are
so
intricate
that
they
are
reached
only
after
ages
of
scientific
labour
;
hence
they
,
above
all
,
have
been
attributed
to
the
influence
of
evil
spirits.[[97
]
]
But
,
if
ordinary
diseases
were
likely
to
be
attributed
to
diabolical
agency
,
how
much
more
diseases
of
the
brain
,
and
especially
the
more
obscure
of
these
!
These
,
indeed
,
seemed
to
the
vast
majority
of
mankind
possible
only
on
the
theory
of
Satanic
intervention
:
any
approach
to
a
true
theory
of
the
connection
between
physical
causes
and
mental
results
is
one
of
the
highest
acquisitions
of
science
.
Here
and
there
,
during
the
whole
historic
period
,
keen
men
had
obtained
an
inkling
of
the
truth
;
but
to
the
vast
multitude
,
down
to
the
end
of
the
seventeenth
century
,
nothing
was
more
clear
than
that
insanity
is
,
in
many
if
not
in
most
cases
,
demoniacal
possession
.
Yet
at
a
very
early
date
,
in
Greece
and
Rome
,
science
had
asserted
itself
,
and
a
beginning
had
been
made
which
seemed
destined
to
bring
a
large
fruitage
of
blessings.[[98
]
]
In
the
fifth
century
before
the
Christian
era
,
Hippocrates
of
Cos
asserted
the
great
truth
that
all
madness
is
simply
disease
of
the
brain
,
thereby
beginning
a
development
of
truth
and
mercy
which
lasted
nearly
a
thousand
years
.
In
the
first
century
after
Christ
,
Aretaeus
carried
these
ideas
yet
further
,
observed
the
phenomena
of
insanity
with
great
acuteness
,
and
reached
yet
more
valuable
results
.
Near
the
beginning
of
the
following
century
,
Soranus
went
still
further
in
the
same
path
,
giving
new
results
of
research
,
and
strengthening
scientific
truth
.
Toward
the
end
of
the
same
century
a
new
epoch
was
ushered
in
by
Galen
,
under
whom
the
same
truth
was
developed
yet
further
,
and
the
path
toward
merciful
treatment
of
the
insane
made
yet
more
clear
.
In
the
third
century
Celius
Aurelianus
received
this
deposit
of
precious
truth
,
elaborated
it
,
and
brought
forth
the
great
idea
which
,
had
theology
,
citing
biblical
texts
,
not
banished
it
,
would
have
saved
fifteen
centuries
of
cruelty--an
idea
not
fully
recognised
again
till
near
the
beginning
of
the
present
century--the
idea
that
insanity
is
brain
disease
,
and
that
the
treatment
of
it
must
be
gentle
and
kind
.
In
the
sixth
century
Alexander
of
Tralles
presented
still
more
fruitful
researches
,
and
taught
the
world
how
to
deal
with
_melancholia_
;
and
,
finally
,
in
the
seventh
century
,
this
great
line
of
scientific
men
,
working
mainly
under
pagan
auspices
,
was
closed
by
Paul
of
AEgina
,
who
under
the
protection
of
Caliph
Omar
made
still
further
observations
,
but
,
above
all
,
laid
stress
on
the
cure
of
madness
as
a
disease
,
and
on
the
absolute
necessity
of
mild
treatment
.
Such
was
this
great
succession
in
the
apostolate
of
science
:
evidently
no
other
has
ever
shown
itself
more
directly
under
Divine
grace
,
illumination
,
and
guidance
.
It
had
given
to
the
world
what
might
have
been
one
of
its
greatest
blessings.[[99
]
]
This
evolution
of
divine
truth
was
interrupted
by
theology
.
There
set
into
the
early
Church
a
current
of
belief
which
was
destined
to
bring
all
these
noble
acquisitions
of
science
and
religion
to
naught
,
and
,
during
centuries
,
to
inflict
tortures
,
physical
and
mental
,
upon
hundreds
of
thousands
of
innocent
men
and
women--a
belief
which
held
its
cruel
sway
for
nearly
eighteen
centuries
;
and
this
belief
was
that
madness
was
mainly
or
largely
possession
by
the
devil
.
This
idea
of
diabolic
agency
in
mental
disease
had
grown
luxuriantly
in
all
the
Oriental
sacred
literatures
.
In
the
series
of
Assyrian
mythological
tablets
in
which
we
find
those
legends
of
the
Creation
,
the
Fall
,
the
Flood
,
and
other
early
conceptions
from
which
the
Hebrews
so
largely
drew
the
accounts
wrought
into
the
book
of
Genesis
,
have
been
discovered
the
formulas
for
driving
out
the
evil
spirits
which
cause
disease
.
In
the
Persian
theology
regarding
the
struggle
of
the
great
powers
of
good
and
evil
this
idea
was
developed
to
its
highest
point
.
From
these
and
other
ancient
sources
the
Jews
naturally
received
this
addition
to
their
earlier
view
:
the
Mocker
of
the
Garden
of
Eden
became
Satan
,
with
legions
of
evil
angels
at
his
command
;
and
the
theory
of
diabolic
causes
of
mental
disease
took
a
firm
place
in
our
sacred
books
.
Such
cases
in
the
Old
Testament
as
the
evil
spirit
in
Saul
,
which
we
now
see
to
have
been
simply
melancholy--and
,
in
the
New
Testament
,
the
various
accounts
of
the
casting
out
of
devils
,
through
which
is
refracted
the
beautiful
and
simple
story
of
that
power
by
which
Jesus
of
Nazareth
soothed
perturbed
minds
by
his
presence
or
quelled
outbursts
of
madness
by
his
words
,
give
examples
of
this
.
In
Greece
,
too
,
an
idea
akin
to
this
found
lodgment
both
in
the
popular
belief
and
in
the
philosophy
of
Plato
and
Socrates
;
and
though
,
as
we
have
seen
,
the
great
leaders
in
medical
science
had
taught
with
more
or
less
distinctness
that
insanity
is
the
result
of
physical
disease
,
there
was
a
strong
popular
tendency
to
attribute
the
more
troublesome
cases
of
it
to
hostile
spiritual
influence.[[100
]
]
From
all
these
sources
,
but
especially
from
our
sacred
books
and
the
writings
of
Plato
,
this
theory
that
mental
disease
is
caused
largely
or
mainly
by
Satanic
influence
passed
on
into
the
early
Church
.
In
the
apostolic
times
no
belief
seems
to
have
been
more
firmly
settled
.
The
early
fathers
and
doctors
in
the
following
age
universally
accepted
it
,
and
the
apologists
generally
spoke
of
the
power
of
casting
out
devils
as
a
leading
proof
of
the
divine
origin
of
the
Christian
religion
.
This
belief
took
firm
hold
upon
the
strongest
men
.
The
case
of
St.
Gregory
the
Great
is
typical
.
He
was
a
pope
of
exceedingly
broad
mind
for
his
time
,
and
no
one
will
think
him
unjustly
reckoned
one
of
the
four
Doctors
of
the
Western
Church
.
Yet
he
solemnly
relates
that
a
nun
,
having
eaten
some
lettuce
without
making
the
sign
of
the
cross
,
swallowed
a
devil
,
and
that
,
when
commanded
by
a
holy
man
to
come
forth
,
the
devil
replied
:
"
How
am
I
to
blame
?
I
was
sitting
on
the
lettuce
,
and
this
woman
,
not
having
made
the
sign
of
the
cross
,
ate
me
along
with
it."[[101
]
]
As
a
result
of
this
idea
,
the
Christian
Church
at
an
early
period
in
its
existence
virtually
gave
up
the
noble
conquests
of
Greek
and
Roman
science
in
this
field
,
and
originated
,
for
persons
supposed
to
be
possessed
,
a
regular
discipline
,
developed
out
of
dogmatic
theology
.
But
during
the
centuries
before
theology
and
ecclesiasticism
had
become
fully
dominant
this
discipline
was
,
as
a
rule
,
gentle
and
useful
.
The
afflicted
,
when
not
too
violent
,
were
generally
admitted
to
the
exercises
of
public
worship
,
and
a
kindly
system
of
cure
was
attempted
,
in
which
prominence
was
given
to
holy
water
,
sanctified
ointments
,
the
breath
or
spittle
of
the
priest
,
the
touching
of
relics
,
visits
to
holy
places
,
and
submission
to
mild
forms
of
exorcism
.
There
can
be
no
doubt
that
many
of
these
things
,
when
judiciously
used
in
that
spirit
of
love
and
gentleness
and
devotion
inherited
by
the
earlier
disciples
from
"
the
Master
,
"
produced
good
effects
in
soothing
disturbed
minds
and
in
aiding
their
cure
.
Among
the
thousands
of
fetiches
of
various
sorts
then
resorted
to
may
be
named
,
as
typical
,
the
Holy
Handkerchief
of
Besancon
.
During
many
centuries
multitudes
came
from
far
and
near
to
touch
it
;
for
,
it
was
argued
,
if
touching
the
garments
of
St.
Paul
at
Ephesus
had
cured
the
diseased
,
how
much
more
might
be
expected
of
a
handkerchief
of
the
Lord
himself
!
With
ideas
of
this
sort
was
mingled
a
vague
belief
in
medical
treatment
,
and
out
of
this
mixture
were
evolved
such
prescriptions
as
the
following
:
"
If
an
elf
or
a
goblin
come
,
smear
his
forehead
with
this
salve
,
put
it
on
his
eyes
,
cense
him
with
incense
,
and
sign
him
frequently
with
the
sign
of
the
cross
.
"
"
For
a
fiend-sick
man
:
When
a
devil
possesses
a
man
,
or
controls
him
from
within
with
disease
,
a
spew-drink
of
lupin
,
bishopswort
,
henbane
,
garlic
.
Pound
these
together
,
add
ale
and
holy
water
.
"
And
again
:
"
A
drink
for
a
fiend-sick
man
,
to
be
drunk
out
of
a
church
bell
:
Githrife
,
cynoglossum
,
yarrow
,
lupin
,
flower-de-luce
,
fennel
,
lichen
,
lovage
.
Work
up
to
a
drink
with
clear
ale
,
sing
seven
masses
over
it
,
add
garlic
and
holy
water
,
and
let
the
possessed
sing
the
_Beati
Immaculati_
;
then
let
him
drink
the
dose
out
of
a
church
bell
,
and
let
the
priest
sing
over
him
the
_Domine
Sancte
Pater
Omnipotens_."[[102
]
]
Had
this
been
the
worst
treatment
of
lunatics
developed
in
the
theological
atmosphere
of
the
Middle
Ages
,
the
world
would
have
been
spared
some
of
the
most
terrible
chapters
in
its
history
;
but
,
unfortunately
,
the
idea
of
the
Satanic
possession
of
lunatics
led
to
attempts
to
punish
the
indwelling
demon
.
As
this
theological
theory
and
practice
became
more
fully
developed
,
and
ecclesiasticism
more
powerful
to
enforce
it
,
all
mildness
began
to
disappear
;
the
admonitions
to
gentle
treatment
by
the
great
pagan
and
Moslem
physicians
were
forgotten
,
and
the
treatment
of
lunatics
tended
more
and
more
toward
severity
:
more
and
more
generally
it
was
felt
that
cruelty
to
madmen
was
punishment
of
the
devil
residing
within
or
acting
upon
them
.
A
few
strong
churchmen
and
laymen
made
efforts
to
resist
this
tendency
.
As
far
back
as
the
fourth
century
,
Nemesius
,
Bishop
of
Emesa
,
accepted
the
truth
as
developed
by
pagan
physicians
,
and
aided
them
in
strengthening
it
.
In
the
seventh
century
,
a
Lombard
code
embodied
a
similar
effort
.
In
the
eighth
century
,
one
of
Charlemagne
's
capitularies
seems
to
have
had
a
like
purpose
.
In
the
ninth
century
,
that
great
churchman
and
statesman
,
Agobard
,
Archbishop
of
Lyons
,
superior
to
his
time
in
this
as
in
so
many
other
things
,
tried
to
make
right
reason
prevail
in
this
field
;
and
,
near
the
beginning
of
the
tenth
century
,
Regino
,
Abbot
of
Prum
,
in
the
diocese
of
Treves
,
insisted
on
treating
possession
as
disease
.
But
all
in
vain
;
the
current
streaming
most
directly
from
sundry
texts
in
the
Christian
sacred
books
,
and
swollen
by
theology
,
had
become
overwhelming.[[103
]
]
The
first
great
tributary
poured
into
this
stream
,
as
we
approach
the
bloom
of
the
Middle
Ages
,
appears
to
have
come
from
the
brain
of
Michael
Psellus
.
Mingling
scriptural
texts
,
Platonic
philosophy
,
and
theological
statements
by
great
doctors
of
the
Church
,
with
wild
utterances
obtained
from
lunatics
,
he
gave
forth
,
about
the
beginning
of
the
twelfth
century
,
a
treatise
on
_The
Work
of
Demons_
.
Sacred
science
was
vastly
enriched
thereby
in
various
ways
;
but
two
of
his
conclusions
,
the
results
of
his
most
profound
thought
,
enforced
by
theologians
and
popularized
by
preachers
,
Soon
took
special
hold
upon
the
thinking
portion
of
the
people
at
large
.
The
first
of
these
,
which
he
easily
based
upon
Scripture
and
St.
Basil
,
was
that
,
since
all
demons
suffer
by
material
fire
and
brimstone
,
they
must
have
material
bodies
;
the
second
was
that
,
since
all
demons
are
by
nature
cold
,
they
gladly
seek
a
genial
warmth
by
entering
the
bodies
of
men
and
beasts.[[104
]
]
Fed
by
this
stream
of
thought
,
and
developed
in
the
warm
atmosphere
of
medieval
devotion
,
the
idea
of
demoniacal
possession
as
the
main
source
of
lunacy
grew
and
blossomed
and
bore
fruit
in
noxious
luxuriance
.
There
had
,
indeed
,
come
into
the
Middle
Ages
an
inheritance
of
scientific
thought
.
The
ideas
of
Hippocrates
,
Celius
Aurelianus
,
Galen
,
and
their
followers
,
were
from
time
to
time
revived
;
the
Arabian
physicians
,
the
School
of
Salerno
,
such
writers
as
Salicetus
and
Guy
de
Chauliac
,
and
even
some
of
the
religious
orders
,
did
something
to
keep
scientific
doctrines
alive
;
but
the
tide
of
theological
thought
was
too
strong
;
it
became
dangerous
even
to
seem
to
name
possible
limits
to
diabolical
power
.
To
deny
Satan
was
atheism
;
and
perhaps
nothing
did
so
much
to
fasten
the
epithet
"
atheist
"
upon
the
medical
profession
as
the
suspicion
that
it
did
not
fully
acknowledge
diabolical
interference
in
mental
disease
.
Following
in
the
lines
of
the
earlier
fathers
,
St.
Anselm
,
Abelard
,
St.
Thomas
Aquinas
,
Vincent
of
Beauvais
,
all
the
great
doctors
in
the
medieval
Church
,
some
of
them
in
spite
of
occasional
misgivings
,
upheld
the
idea
that
insanity
is
largely
or
mainly
demoniacal
possession
,
basing
their
belief
steadily
on
the
sacred
Scriptures
;
and
this
belief
was
followed
up
in
every
quarter
by
more
and
more
constant
citation
of
the
text
"
Thou
shalt
not
suffer
a
witch
to
live
.
"
No
other
text
of
Scripture--save
perhaps
one--has
caused
the
shedding
of
so
much
innocent
blood
.
As
we
look
over
the
history
of
the
Middle
Ages
,
we
do
,
indeed
,
see
another
growth
from
which
one
might
hope
much
;
for
there
were
two
great
streams
of
influence
in
the
Church
,
and
never
were
two
powers
more
unlike
each
other
.
On
one
side
was
the
spirit
of
Christianity
,
as
it
proceeded
from
the
heart
and
mind
of
its
blessed
Founder
,
immensely
powerful
in
aiding
the
evolution
of
religious
thought
and
effort
,
and
especially
of
provision
for
the
relief
of
suffering
by
religious
asylums
and
tender
care
.
Nothing
better
expresses
this
than
the
touching
words
inscribed
upon
a
great
medieval
hospital
,
"
_Christo
in
pauperibus
suis_
.
"
But
on
the
other
side
was
the
theological
theory--proceeding
,
as
we
have
seen
,
from
the
survival
of
ancient
superstitions
,
and
sustained
by
constant
reference
to
the
texts
in
our
sacred
books--that
many
,
and
probably
most
,
of
the
insane
were
possessed
by
the
devil
or
in
league
with
him
,
and
that
the
cruel
treatment
of
lunatics
was
simply
punishment
of
the
devil
and
his
minions
.
By
this
current
of
thought
was
gradually
developed
one
of
the
greatest
masses
of
superstitious
cruelty
that
has
ever
afflicted
humanity
.
At
the
same
time
the
stream
of
Christian
endeavour
,
so
far
as
the
insane
were
concerned
,
was
almost
entirely
cut
off
.
In
all
the
beautiful
provision
during
the
Middle
Ages
for
the
alleviation
of
human
suffering
,
there
was
for
the
insane
almost
no
care
.
Some
monasteries
,
indeed
,
gave
them
refuge
.
We
hear
of
a
charitable
work
done
for
them
at
the
London
Bethlehem
Hospital
in
the
thirteenth
century
,
at
Geneva
in
the
fifteenth
,
at
Marseilles
in
the
sixteenth
,
by
the
Black
Penitents
in
the
south
of
France
,
by
certain
Franciscans
in
northern
France
,
by
the
Alexian
Brothers
on
the
Rhine
,
and
by
various
agencies
in
other
parts
of
Europe
;
but
,
curiously
enough
,
the
only
really
important
effort
in
the
Christian
Church
was
stimulated
by
the
Mohammedans
.
Certain
monks
,
who
had
much
to
do
with
them
in
redeeming
Christian
slaves
,
found
in
the
fifteenth
century
what
John
Howard
found
in
the
eighteenth
,
that
the
Arabs
and
Turks
made
a
large
and
merciful
provision
for
lunatics
,
such
as
was
not
seen
in
Christian
lands
;
and
this
example
led
to
better
establishments
in
Spain
and
Italy
.
All
honour
to
this
work
and
to
the
men
who
engaged
in
it
;
but
,
as
a
rule
,
these
establishments
were
few
and
poor
,
compared
with
those
for
other
diseases
,
and
they
usually
degenerated
into
"
mad-houses
,
"
where
devils
were
cast
out
mainly
by
cruelty.[[106
]
]
The
first
main
weapon
against
the
indwelling
Satan
continued
to
be
the
exorcism
;
but
under
the
influence
of
inferences
from
Scripture
farther
and
farther
fetched
,
and
of
theological
reasoning
more
and
more
subtle
,
it
became
something
very
different
from
the
gentle
procedure
of
earlier
times
,
and
some
description
of
this
great
weapon
at
the
time
of
its
highest
development
will
throw
light
on
the
laws
which
govern
the
growth
of
theological
reasoning
,
as
well
as
upon
the
main
subject
in
hand
.
A
fundamental
premise
in
the
fully
developed
exorcism
was
that
,
according
to
sacred
Scripture
,
a
main
characteristic
of
Satan
is
pride
.
Pride
led
him
to
rebel
;
for
pride
he
was
cast
down
;
therefore
the
first
thing
to
do
,
in
driving
him
out
of
a
lunatic
,
was
to
strike
a
fatal
blow
at
his
pride,--to
disgust
him
.
This
theory
was
carried
out
logically
,
to
the
letter
.
The
treatises
on
the
subject
simply
astound
one
by
their
wealth
of
blasphemous
and
obscene
epithets
which
it
was
allowable
for
the
exorcist
to
use
in
casting
out
devils
.
The
_Treasury
of
Exorcisms_
contains
hundreds
of
pages
packed
with
the
vilest
epithets
which
the
worst
imagination
could
invent
for
the
purpose
of
overwhelming
the
indwelling
Satan.[[106b
]
]
Some
of
those
decent
enough
to
be
printed
in
these
degenerate
days
ran
as
follows
:
"
Thou
lustful
and
stupid
one,...
thou
lean
sow
,
famine-stricken
and
most
impure,...
thou
wrinkled
beast
,
thou
mangy
beast
,
thou
beast
of
all
beasts
the
most
beastly,...
thou
mad
spirit,...
thou
bestial
and
foolish
drunkard,...
most
greedy
wolf,...
most
abominable
whisperer,...
thou
sooty
spirit
from
Tartarus
!
...
I
cast
thee
down
,
O
Tartarean
boor
,
into
the
infernal
kitchen
!
...
Loathsome
cobbler,...
dingy
collier,...
filthy
sow
(
_scrofa
stercorata_),...
perfidious
boar,...
envious
crocodile,...
malodorous
drudge,...
wounded
basilisk,...
rust-coloured
asp,...
swollen
toad,...
entangled
spider,...
lousy
swine-herd
(
_porcarie
pedicose_),...
lowest
of
the
low,...
cudgelled
ass
,
"
etc.
But
,
in
addition
to
this
attempt
to
disgust
Satan
's
pride
with
blackguardism
,
there
was
another
to
scare
him
with
tremendous
words
.
For
this
purpose
,
thunderous
names
,
from
Hebrew
and
Greek
,
were
imported
,
such
as
Acharon
,
Eheye
,
Schemhamphora
,
Tetragrammaton
,
Homoousion
,
Athanatos
,
Ischiros
,
AEcodes
,
and
the
like.[[107
]
]
Efforts
were
also
made
to
drive
him
out
with
filthy
and
rank-smelling
drugs
;
and
,
among
those
which
can
be
mentioned
in
a
printed
article
,
we
may
name
asafoetida
,
sulphur
,
squills
,
etc.
,
which
were
to
be
burned
under
his
nose
.
Still
further
to
plague
him
,
pictures
of
the
devil
were
to
be
spat
upon
,
trampled
under
foot
by
people
of
low
condition
,
and
sprinkled
with
foul
compounds
.
But
these
were
merely
preliminaries
to
the
exorcism
proper
.
In
this
the
most
profound
theological
thought
and
sacred
science
of
the
period
culminated
.
Most
of
its
forms
were
childish
,
but
some
rise
to
almost
Miltonic
grandeur
.
As
an
example
of
the
latter
,
we
may
take
the
following
:
"
By
the
Apocalypse
of
Jesus
Christ
,
which
God
hath
given
to
make
known
unto
his
servants
those
things
which
are
shortly
to
be
;
and
hath
signified
,
sending
by
his
angel
,
...
I
exorcise
you
,
ye
angels
of
untold
perversity
!
"
By
the
seven
golden
candlesticks,...
and
by
one
like
unto
the
Son
of
man
,
standing
in
the
midst
of
the
candlesticks
;
by
his
voice
,
as
the
voice
of
many
waters;...
by
his
words
,
`
I
am
living
,
who
was
dead
;
and
behold
,
I
live
forever
and
ever
;
and
I
have
the
keys
of
death
and
of
hell
,
'
I
say
unto
you
,
Depart
,
O
angels
that
show
the
way
to
eternal
perdition
!
"
Besides
these
,
were
long
litanies
of
billingsgate
,
cursing
,
and
threatening
.
One
of
these
"
scourging
"
exorcisms
runs
partly
as
follows
:
"
May
Agyos
strike
thee
,
as
he
did
Egypt
,
with
frogs
!
...
May
all
the
devils
that
are
thy
foes
rush
forth
upon
thee
,
and
drag
thee
down
to
hell
!
...
May
...
Tetragrammaton...
drive
thee
forth
and
stone
thee
,
as
Israel
did
to
Achan
!
...
May
the
Holy
One
trample
on
thee
and
hang
thee
up
in
an
infernal
fork
,
as
was
done
to
the
five
kings
of
the
Amorites
!
...
May
God
set
a
nail
to
your
skull
,
and
pound
it
in
with
a
hammer
,
as
Jael
did
unto
Sisera
!
...
May
...
Sother...
break
thy
head
and
cut
off
thy
hands
,
as
was
done
to
the
cursed
Dagon
!
...
May
God
hang
thee
in
a
hellish
yoke
,
as
seven
men
were
hanged
by
the
sons
of
Saul
!
"
And
so
on
,
through
five
pages
of
close-printed
Latin
curses.[[108
]
]
Occasionally
the
demon
is
reasoned
with
,
as
follows
:
"
O
obstinate
,
accursed
,
fly!...
why
do
you
stop
and
hold
back
,
when
you
know
that
your
strength
is
lost
on
Christ
?
For
it
is
hard
for
thee
to
kick
against
the
pricks
;
and
,
verily
,
the
longer
it
takes
you
to
go
,
the
worse
it
will
go
with
you
.
Begone
,
then
:
take
flight
,
thou
venomous
hisser
,
thou
lying
worm
,
thou
begetter
of
vipers!"[[108b
]
]
This
procedure
and
its
results
were
recognised
as
among
the
glories
of
the
Church
.
As
typical
,
we
may
mention
an
exorcism
directed
by
a
certain
Bishop
of
Beauvais
,
which
was
so
effective
that
five
devils
gave
up
possession
of
a
sufferer
and
signed
their
names
,
each
for
himself
and
his
subordinate
imps
,
to
an
agreement
that
the
possessed
should
be
molested
no
more
.
So
,
too
,
the
Jesuit
fathers
at
Vienna
,
in
1583
,
gloried
in
the
fact
that
in
such
a
contest
they
had
cast
out
twelve
thousand
six
hundred
and
fifty-two
living
devils
.
The
ecclesiastical
annals
of
the
Middle
Ages
,
and
,
indeed
,
of
a
later
period
,
abound
in
boasts
of
such
"
mighty
works."[[109
]
]
Such
was
the
result
of
a
thousand
years
of
theological
reasoning
,
by
the
strongest
minds
in
Europe
,
upon
data
partly
given
in
Scripture
and
partly
inherited
from
paganism
,
regarding
Satan
and
his
work
among
men
.
Under
the
guidance
of
theology
,
always
so
severe
against
"
science
falsely
so
called
,
"
the
world
had
come
a
long
way
indeed
from
the
soothing
treatment
of
the
possessed
by
him
who
bore
among
the
noblest
of
his
titles
that
of
"
The
Great
Physician
.
"
The
result
was
natural
:
the
treatment
of
the
insane
fell
more
and
more
into
the
hands
of
the
jailer
,
the
torturer
,
and
the
executioner
.
To
go
back
for
a
moment
to
the
beginnings
of
this
unfortunate
development
.
In
spite
of
the
earlier
and
more
kindly
tendency
in
the
Church
,
the
Synod
of
Ancyra
,
as
early
as
314
A.
D.
,
commanded
the
expulsion
of
possessed
persons
from
the
Church
;
the
Visigothic
Christians
whipped
them
;
and
Charlemagne
,
in
spite
of
some
good
enactments
,
imprisoned
them
.
Men
and
women
,
whose
distempered
minds
might
have
been
restored
to
health
by
gentleness
and
skill
,
were
driven
into
hopeless
madness
by
noxious
medicines
and
brutality
.
Some
few
were
saved
as
mere
lunatics--they
were
surrendered
to
general
carelessness
,
and
became
simply
a
prey
to
ridicule
and
aimless
brutality
;
but
vast
numbers
were
punished
as
tabernacles
of
Satan
.
One
of
the
least
terrible
of
these
punishments
,
and
perhaps
the
most
common
of
all
,
was
that
of
scourging
demons
out
of
the
body
of
a
lunatic
.
This
method
commended
itself
even
to
the
judgment
of
so
thoughtful
and
kindly
a
personage
as
Sir
Thomas
More
,
and
as
late
as
the
sixteenth
century
.
But
if
the
disease
continued
,
as
it
naturally
would
after
such
treatment
,
the
authorities
frequently
felt
justified
in
driving
out
the
demons
by
torture.[[110
]
]
Interesting
monuments
of
this
idea
,
so
fruitful
in
evil
,
still
exist
.
In
the
great
cities
of
central
Europe
,
"
witch
towers
,
"
where
witches
and
demoniacs
were
tortured
,
and
"
fool
towers
,
"
where
the
more
gentle
lunatics
were
imprisoned
,
may
still
be
seen
.
In
the
cathedrals
we
still
see
this
idea
fossilized
.
Devils
and
imps
,
struck
into
stone
,
clamber
upon
towers
,
prowl
under
cornices
,
peer
out
from
bosses
of
foliage
,
perch
upon
capitals
,
nestle
under
benches
,
flame
in
windows
.
Above
the
great
main
entrance
,
the
most
common
of
all
representations
still
shows
Satan
and
his
imps
scowling
,
jeering
,
grinning
,
while
taking
possession
of
the
souls
of
men
and
scourging
them
with
serpents
,
or
driving
them
with
tridents
,
or
dragging
them
with
chains
into
the
flaming
mouth
of
hell
.
Even
in
the
most
hidden
and
sacred
places
of
the
medieval
cathedral
we
still
find
representations
of
Satanic
power
in
which
profanity
and
obscenity
run
riot
.
In
these
representations
the
painter
and
the
glass-stainer
vied
with
the
sculptor
.
Among
the
early
paintings
on
canvas
a
well-known
example
represents
the
devil
in
the
shape
of
a
dragon
,
perched
near
the
head
of
a
dying
man
,
eager
to
seize
his
soul
as
it
issues
from
his
mouth
,
and
only
kept
off
by
the
efforts
of
the
attendant
priest
.
Typical
are
the
colossal
portrait
of
Satan
,
and
the
vivid
picture
of
the
devils
cast
out
of
the
possessed
and
entering
into
the
swine
,
as
shown
in
the
cathedral-windows
of
Strasburg
.
So
,
too
,
in
the
windows
of
Chartres
Cathedral
we
see
a
saint
healing
a
lunatic
:
the
saint
,
with
a
long
devil-scaring
formula
in
Latin
issuing
from
his
mouth
;
and
the
lunatic
,
with
a
little
detestable
hobgoblin
,
horned
,
hoofed
,
and
tailed
,
issuing
from
_his_
mouth
.
These
examples
are
but
typical
of
myriads
in
cathedrals
and
abbeys
and
parish
churches
throughout
Europe
;
and
all
served
to
impress
upon
the
popular
mind
a
horror
of
everything
called
diabolic
,
and
a
hatred
of
those
charged
with
it
.
These
sermons
in
stones
preceded
the
printed
book
;
they
were
a
sculptured
Bible
,
which
preceded
Luther
's
pictorial
Bible.[[111
]
]
Satan
and
his
imps
were
among
the
principal
personages
in
every
popular
drama
,
and
"
Hell
's
Mouth
"
was
a
piece
of
stage
scenery
constantly
brought
into
requisition
.
A
miracle-play
without
a
full
display
of
the
diabolic
element
in
it
would
have
stood
a
fair
chance
of
being
pelted
from
the
stage.[[111b
]
]
Not
only
the
popular
art
but
the
popular
legends
embodied
these
ideas
.
The
chroniclers
delighted
in
them
;
the
_Lives
of
the
Saints_
abounded
in
them
;
sermons
enforced
them
from
every
pulpit
.
What
wonder
,
then
,
that
men
and
women
had
vivid
dreams
of
Satanic
influence
,
that
dread
of
it
was
like
dread
of
the
plague
,
and
that
this
terror
spread
the
disease
enormously
,
until
we
hear
of
convents
,
villages
,
and
even
large
districts
,
ravaged
by
epidemics
of
diabolical
possession![[112
]
]
And
this
terror
naturally
bred
not
only
active
cruelty
toward
those
supposed
to
be
possessed
,
but
indifference
to
the
sufferings
of
those
acknowledged
to
be
lunatics
.
As
we
have
already
seen
,
while
ample
and
beautiful
provision
was
made
for
every
other
form
of
human
suffering
,
for
this
there
was
comparatively
little
;
and
,
indeed
,
even
this
little
was
generally
worse
than
none
.
Of
this
indifference
and
cruelty
we
have
a
striking
monument
in
a
single
English
word--a
word
originally
significant
of
gentleness
and
mercy
,
but
which
became
significant
of
wild
riot
,
brutality
,
and
confusion--
Bethlehem
Hospital
became
"
Bedlam
.
"
Modern
art
has
also
dwelt
upon
this
theme
,
and
perhaps
the
most
touching
of
all
its
exhibitions
is
the
picture
by
a
great
French
master
,
representing
a
tender
woman
bound
to
a
column
and
exposed
to
the
jeers
,
insults
,
and
missiles
of
street
ruffians.[[112b
]
]
Here
and
there
,
even
in
the
worst
of
times
,
men
arose
who
attempted
to
promote
a
more
humane
view
,
but
with
little
effect
.
One
expositor
of
St.
Matthew
,
having
ventured
to
recall
the
fact
that
some
of
the
insane
were
spoken
of
in
the
New
Testament
as
lunatics
and
to
suggest
that
their
madness
might
be
caused
by
the
moon
,
was
answered
that
their
madness
was
not
caused
by
the
moon
,
but
by
the
devil
,
who
avails
himself
of
the
moonlight
for
his
work.[[112c
]
]
One
result
of
this
idea
was
a
mode
of
cure
which
especially
aggravated
and
spread
mental
disease
:
the
promotion
of
great
religious
processions
.
Troops
of
men
and
women
,
crying
,
howling
,
imploring
saints
,
and
beating
themselves
with
whips
,
visited
various
sacred
shrines
,
images
,
and
places
in
the
hope
of
driving
off
the
powers
of
evil
.
The
only
result
was
an
increase
in
the
numbers
of
the
diseased
.
For
hundreds
of
years
this
idea
of
diabolic
possession
was
steadily
developed
.
It
was
believed
that
devils
entered
into
animals
,
and
animals
were
accordingly
exorcised
,
tried
,
tortured
,
convicted
,
and
executed
.
The
great
St.
Ambrose
tells
us
that
a
priest
,
while
saying
mass
,
was
troubled
by
the
croaking
of
frogs
in
a
neighbouring
marsh
;
that
he
exorcised
them
,
and
so
stopped
their
noise
.
St.
Bernard
,
as
the
monkish
chroniclers
tell
us
,
mounting
the
pulpit
to
preach
in
his
abbey
,
was
interrupted
by
a
cloud
of
flies
;
straightway
the
saint
uttered
the
sacred
formula
of
excommunication
,
when
the
flies
fell
dead
upon
the
pavement
in
heaps
,
and
were
cast
out
with
shovels
!
A
formula
of
exorcism
attributed
to
a
saint
of
the
ninth
century
,
which
remained
in
use
down
to
a
recent
period
,
especially
declares
insects
injurious
to
crops
to
be
possessed
of
evil
spirits
,
and
names
,
among
the
animals
to
be
excommunicated
or
exorcised
,
mice
,
moles
,
and
serpents
.
The
use
of
exorcism
against
caterpillars
and
grasshoppers
was
also
common
.
In
the
thirteenth
century
a
Bishop
of
Lausanne
,
finding
that
the
eels
in
Lake
Leman
troubled
the
fishermen
,
attempted
to
remove
the
difficulty
by
exorcism
,
and
two
centuries
later
one
of
his
successors
excommunicated
all
the
May-bugs
in
the
diocese
.
As
late
as
1731
there
appears
an
entry
on
the
Municipal
Register
of
Thonon
as
follows
:
"
_Resolved_
,
That
this
town
join
with
other
parishes
of
this
province
in
obtaining
from
Rome
an
excommunication
against
the
insects
,
and
that
it
will
contribute
_pro
rata_
to
the
expenses
of
the
same
.
"
Did
any
one
venture
to
deny
that
animals
could
be
possessed
by
Satan
,
he
was
at
once
silenced
by
reference
to
the
entrance
of
Satan
into
the
serpent
in
the
Garden
of
Eden
,
and
to
the
casting
of
devils
into
swine
by
the
Founder
of
Christianity
himself.[[113
]
]
One
part
of
this
superstition
most
tenaciously
held
was
the
belief
that
a
human
being
could
be
transformed
into
one
of
the
lower
animals
.
This
became
a
fundamental
point
.
The
most
dreaded
of
predatory
animals
in
the
Middle
Ages
were
the
wolves
.
Driven
from
the
hills
and
forests
in
the
winter
by
hunger
,
they
not
only
devoured
the
flocks
,
but
sometimes
came
into
the
villages
and
seized
children
.
From
time
to
time
men
and
women
whose
brains
were
disordered
dreamed
that
they
had
been
changed
into
various
animals
,
and
especially
into
wolves
.
On
their
confessing
this
,
and
often
implicating
others
,
many
executions
of
lunatics
resulted
;
moreover
,
countless
sane
victims
,
suspected
of
the
same
impossible
crime
,
were
forced
by
torture
to
confess
it
,
and
sent
unpitied
to
the
stake
.
The
belief
in
such
a
transformation
pervaded
all
Europe
,
and
lasted
long
even
in
Protestant
countries
.
Probably
no
article
in
the
witch
creed
had
more
adherents
in
the
fifteenth
,
sixteenth
,
and
seventeenth
centuries
than
this
.
Nearly
every
parish
in
Europe
had
its
resultant
horrors
.
The
reformed
Church
in
all
its
branches
fully
accepted
the
doctrines
of
witchcraft
and
diabolic
possession
,
and
developed
them
still
further
.
No
one
urged
their
fundamental
ideas
more
fully
than
Luther
.
He
did
,
indeed
,
reject
portions
of
the
witchcraft
folly
;
but
to
the
influence
of
devils
he
not
only
attributed
his
maladies
,
but
his
dreams
,
and
nearly
everything
that
thwarted
or
disturbed
him
.
The
flies
which
lighted
upon
his
book
,
the
rats
which
kept
him
awake
at
night
,
he
believed
to
be
devils
;
the
resistance
of
the
Archbishop
of
Mayence
to
his
ideas
,
he
attributed
to
Satan
literally
working
in
that
prelate
's
heart
;
to
his
disciples
he
told
stories
of
men
who
had
been
killed
by
rashly
resisting
the
devil
.
Insanity
,
he
was
quite
sure
,
was
caused
by
Satan
,
and
he
exorcised
sufferers
.
Against
some
he
appears
to
have
advised
stronger
remedies
;
and
his
horror
of
idiocy
,
as
resulting
from
Satanic
influence
,
was
so
great
,
that
on
one
occasion
he
appears
to
have
advised
the
killing
of
an
idiot
child
,
as
being
the
direct
offspring
of
Satan
.
Yet
Luther
was
one
of
the
most
tender
and
loving
of
men
;
in
the
whole
range
of
literature
there
is
hardly
anything
more
touching
than
his
words
and
tributes
to
children
.
In
enforcing
his
ideas
regarding
insanity
,
he
laid
stress
especially
upon
the
question
of
St.
Paul
as
to
the
bewitching
of
the
Galatians
,
and
,
regarding
idiocy
,
on
the
account
in
Genesis
of
the
birth
of
children
whose
fathers
were
"
sons
of
God
"
and
whose
mothers
were
"
daughters
of
men
.
"
One
idea
of
his
was
especially
characteristic
.
The
descent
of
Christ
into
hell
was
a
frequent
topic
of
discussion
in
the
Reformed
Church
.
Melanchthon
,
with
his
love
of
Greek
studies
,
held
that
the
purpose
of
the
Saviour
in
making
such
a
descent
was
to
make
himself
known
to
the
great
and
noble
men
of
antiquity--Plato
,
Socrates
,
and
the
rest
;
but
Luther
insisted
that
his
purpose
was
to
conquer
Satan
in
a
hand-to-hand
struggle
.
This
idea
of
diabolic
influence
pervaded
his
conversation
,
his
preaching
,
his
writings
,
and
spread
thence
to
the
Lutheran
Church
in
general
.
Calvin
also
held
to
the
same
theory
,
and
,
having
more
power
with
less
kindness
of
heart
than
Luther
,
carried
it
out
with
yet
greater
harshness
.
Beza
was
especially
severe
against
those
who
believed
insanity
to
be
a
natural
malady
,
and
declared
,
"
Such
persons
are
refuted
both
by
sacred
and
profane
history
.
"
Under
the
influence
,
then
,
of
such
infallible
teachings
,
in
the
older
Church
and
in
the
new
,
this
superstition
was
developed
more
and
more
into
cruelty
;
and
as
the
biblical
texts
,
popularized
in
the
sculptures
and
windows
and
mural
decorations
of
the
great
medieval
cathedrals
,
had
done
much
to
develop
it
among
the
people
,
so
Luther
's
translation
of
the
Bible
,
especially
in
the
numerous
editions
of
it
illustrated
with
engravings
,
wrought
with
enormous
power
to
spread
and
deepen
it
.
In
every
peasant
's
cottage
some
one
could
spell
out
the
story
of
the
devil
bearing
Christ
through
the
air
and
placing
him
upon
the
pinnacle
of
the
Temple--of
the
woman
with
seven
devils--of
the
devils
cast
into
the
swine
.
Every
peasant
's
child
could
be
made
to
understand
the
quaint
pictures
in
the
family
Bible
or
the
catechism
which
illustrated
vividly
all
those
texts
.
In
the
ideas
thus
deeply
implanted
,
the
men
who
in
the
seventeenth
and
eighteenth
centuries
struggled
against
this
mass
of
folly
and
cruelty
found
the
worst
barrier
to
right
reason.[[115
]
]
Such
was
the
treatment
of
demoniacs
developed
by
theology
,
and
such
the
practice
enforced
by
ecclesiasticism
for
more
than
a
thousand
years
.
How
an
atmosphere
was
spread
in
which
this
belief
began
to
dissolve
away
,
how
its
main
foundations
were
undermined
by
science
,
and
how
there
came
in
gradually
a
reign
of
humanity
,
will
now
be
related
.
</text>
<text id="http://academic.reed.edu/formosa/texts/Guillemard1886.html">
Guillemard
,
F.H.H.
"
Formosa
.
"
Chapter
I
in
The
Cruise
of
the
Marchesa
to
Kamschatka
&
New
Guineaa
,
with
notices
of
Formosa
,
Liu-Kiu
,
and
various
islands
of
the
Malay
Archipelago
.
London
:
John
Murray
.
1886
.
Pp
1-25
.
Formosa
[
P.
1
]
Bad
reputation
of
the
coast
--
Treaty
with
the
natives
--
Island
of
Samasana
--
Origin
of
its
inhabitants
--
Cervus
pseudaxis
--
A
national
school
--
East
coast
of
Formosa
--
Gigantic
precipices
--
Ascent
of
a
gorge
--
Steep
Island
--
Keelung
--
Filthiness
of
the
town
--
Formosan
coal
--
Overland
to
Tamsui
--
Peculiarities
of
the
avifauna
--
Chui-teng-ka
--
Tamsui
--
Old
Spanish
fort
--
Importance
of
Formosa
--
Its
harbours
--
Geographical
peculiarities
--
Products
--
Climate
.
However
blasé
or
dis-illusioned
a
traveller
may
have
become
,
there
must
surely
be
something
in
the
first
glimpse
of
a
new
land
to
arouse
in
him
a
more
than
ordinary
interest
.
His
last
expedition
has
been
,
perhaps
,
a
failure
.
He
has
projected
a
book
on
the
religions
of
West
Africa
,
and
has
discovered
that
the
gods
he
has
intended
for
illustration
have
been
constructed
in
Birmingham
;
or
he
has
been
hunting
in
the
far
interior
of
the
Dark
Continent
,
and
has
found
a
billiard
table
and
a
Good
Templars
'
Lodge
where
he
had
hoped
for
elephants
.
1
If
he
be
a
naturalist
he
has
possibly
experienced
more
instances
than
he
could
wish
of
the
destructive
powers
of
the
white
ant
,
or
,
worse
fate
still
,
he
has
reached
his
journey
's
end
with
no
collections
to
destroy
.
But
,
with
a
new
country
lying
before
him
,
all
these
recollections
vanish
,
and
,
even
if
its
exploration
be
impracticable
,
he
none
the
less
conjures
up
the
images
of
its
infinite
possibilities.
[
P.
2
]
It
was
with
some
such
thoughts
as
these
in
my
mind
,
that
I
found
myself
gazing
one
morning
in
June
,
1882
,
at
the
southern
point
of
the
island
of
Formosa
,
regretting
that
we
had
but
a
few
days
to
devote
to
it
.
Day
was
just
breaking
,
and
our
new
acquaintance
seemed
to
wish
to
show
herself
under
her
most
attractive
aspect
.
A
calm
sea
,
brushed
into
crisp
ripples
by
the
early
morning
breeze
,
led
the
eye
up
to
a
wide
stretch
of
bay
lying
right
ahead
of
us
.
Range
after
range
of
thickly-wooded
hills
,
which
in
England
would
have
done
duty
for
mountains
,
rose
behind
,
and
,
tinged
with
the
flush
of
a
tropic
sunrise
,
seemed
to
belie
the
evil
reputation
attaching
to
this
coast
.
"
You
must
know
,
"
says
old
Candidius
in
his
"
Account
of
the
Island
Formosa
,
"
2
"
that
these
natives
are
very
wild
and
barbarous
,
and
that
a
certain
ship
call
'd
the
Golden
Lion
being
driven
upon
the
coast
by
tempest
,
they
kill
'd
the
captain
and
most
of
his
crew
.
"
That
they
did
not
always
confine
themselves
merely
to
the
murder
of
any
one
unlucky
enough
to
escape
drowning
is
a
well-known
fact
,
and
it
is
probable
that
,
even
at
the
present
day
,
cannibalism
still
exists
among
certain
native
tribes
.
To
the
west
the
Chinese
have
held
possession
for
two
or
three
centuries
or
more
,
but
certain
death
awaited
every
one
shipwrecked
on
the
eastern
and
southern
shores
of
the
island
,
for
the
head-hunting
propensities
of
some
of
the
Formosans
are
as
keen
as
those
of
any
Dyak
.
It
was
not
,
however
,
until
the
massacre
of
the
entire
crew
of
the
American
ship
Rover
had
occurred
that
any
steps
were
taken
to
mend
matters
.
General
Le
Gendre
,
the
United
States
Consul
at
Amoy
,
at
length
succeeded
,
in
October
1867
,
in
concluding
a
treaty
with
Tok-e-tok
,
the
paramount
chief
of
the
tribes
of
the
southern
district
,
by
which
the
latter
engaged
to
protect
any
stranger
who
might
land
,
and
to
permit
of
the
erection
of
a
fort
as
a
refuge
for
shipwrecked
mariners
.
A
still
further
point
was
gained
in
November
,
1881
,
when
,
after
considerable
difficulties
,
a
lighthouse
was
erected
at
Nan-sha
,
or
Wo-lan-pi
,
the
southern
promontory
of
the
island
.
This
part
of
Formosa
may
[
p.
3
]
now
be
considered
tolerably
safe
,
but
for
any
one
in
search
of
adventure
,
the
east
coast
still
remains
open
.
It
is
more
than
doubtful
,
however
,
whether
the
results
of
the
explorer
's
experiences
would
ever
be
given
to
the
world
.
We
ran
in
towards
the
land
to
reconnoitre
the
fort
to
which
I
have
just
alluded
,
and
made
out
the
Chinese
flag
which
was
hoisted
above
it
.
We
had
,
however
,
no
intention
of
landing
,
and
on
rounding
the
Nan-sha
Cape
altered
course
for
the
little
island
of
Samasana
.
Aided
by
the
Kurosiwo
or
Japanese
current
,
which
sweeps
up
the
eastern
side
of
Formosa
at
the
rate
of
from
thirty
to
forty
miles
a
day
,
we
passed
the
coast
rapidly
,
and
finally
dropped
anchor
about
noon
in
a
bay
on
the
north-west
side
of
the
island
.
Samasana
was
visited
by
Sir
Edward
Belcher
in
the
Samarang
in
1845
,
and
again
by
H.M.S.
Sylvia
in
1867
,
but
we
could
not
discover
that
any
other
vessel
had
been
there
subsequently
.
It
is
a
small
island
,
hardly
two
miles
in
length
,
chiefly
composed
of
coralline
limestone
,
which
at
the
western
point
forms
curiously-shaped
pinnacles
of
rock
,
pierced
in
places
with
high
arches
.
We
were
soon
in
communication
with
the
natives
,
who
are
partly
the
descendants
of
Chinese
from
the
Amoy
province
,
intermixed
,
to
judge
from
the
darkness
of
their
skin
and
other
characteristics
,
with
Formosan
aborigines
,
or
possibly
with
natives
of
the
Meiacosima
,
or
Liu-kiu
islands
.
They
had
brought
off
some
vegetables
in
their
clumsy-looking
sampans
,
which
they
bartered
for
tobacco
and
handkerchiefs
,
and
made
signs
to
us
that
,
if
necessary
,
more
could
be
obtained
.
We
rowed
ashore
through
a
curious
little
channel
cut
in
the
coral
reef
to
enable
boats
to
be
launched
at
all
states
of
the
tide
,
and
found
that
the
whole
village
had
turned
out
en
masse
to
inspect
us
.
The
people
were
in
many
respects
unlike
the
Chinese
in
appearance
,
being
guiltless
of
pig-tail
,
and
wearing
the
hair
in
a
tangled
mass
behind
.
The
huts
were
mud-built
,
and
roofed
with
the
leaves
of
the
Pandanus
,
which
grew
in
abundance
throughout
the
island
.
Tied
up
to
stakes
in
close
proximity
to
them
were
several
of
the
beautiful
species
of
spotted
deer
peculiar
to
[
p.
4
]
Formosa
(
Cervus
pseudaxis
).
Almost
all
of
these
were
without
one
or
other
of
the
fore
feet
,
most
probably
the
result
of
having
been
caught
in
a
trap
.
They
had
been
brought
over
to
the
island
as
pets
,
and
were
exceedingly
tame
,
but
,
somewhat
to
our
disappointment
,
the
natives
were
unwilling
to
part
with
them
.
In
other
respects
,
however
,
they
were
most
eager
to
please
us.
asking
us
into
their
huts
to
rest
,
and
presenting
us
with
eggs
and
vegetables
.
As
,
however
,
we
had
more
designs
on
the
fauna
than
the
products
of
the
island
,
we
started
at
once
for
the
south-east
side
,
hoping
to
pick
up
some
birds
and
insects
on
our
way
.
The
crowd
that
accompanied
us
unluckily
frustrated
all
our
hopes
,
and
we
arrived
at
our
destination
empty-handed
,
and
somewhat
glad
of
a
rest
,
which
the
villagers
who
had
come
over
with
us
,
in
their
anxiety
to
show
us
off
to
their
friends
,
seemed
by
no
means
disposed
to
allow
us
.
The
island
appeared
to
be
fairly
well
cultivated
,
the
chief
crops
being
rice
,
Indian
corn
,
and
sweet
potato
,
but
the
wilder
parts
,
abounding
in
pretty
valleys
clothed
with
thick
underwood
,
we
had
unfortunately
no
time
to
explore
.
From
the
south-east
cape
a
coral
reef
stretches
straight
out
to
sea
for
a
distance
of
two
or
three
miles
,
on
which
a
tremendous
sea
was
breaking
--
the
strong
south-easterly
wind
of
the
morning
having
freshened
into
a
gale
.
On
our
return
we
were
for
the
nonce
appointed
Inspectors
of
Schools
for
the
Republic
of
Samasana
.
We
found
the
children
collected
in
one
of
the
usual
mud
huts
,
in
charge
of
the
first
true
Chinaman
we
had
as
yet
seen
on
the
island
--
an
old
gentleman
of
benevolent
aspect
,
who
was
evidently
much
pleased
with
our
visit
.
His
pupils
were
learning
their
letters
,
but
owing
to
our
own
ignorance
of
them
we
were
unable
to
obtain
a
good
deal
of
information
which
would
have
been
most
interesting
to
us
.
It
speaks
well
indeed
for
the
character
of
the
islanders
that
such
an
institution
should
exist
in
so
desolate
a
spot
,
where
communication
with
China
can
only
be
of
the
rarest
occurrence
.
The
wind
still
holding
from
the
S.E.
,
though
somewhat
stronger
than
we
wished
,
we
decided
to
sail
for
Formosa
,
regretting
that
we
[
p.
5
]
had
been
unable
to
devote
more
time
to
this
ultimate
of
Ultima
Thules
,
and
wondering
for
how
many
years
the
remembrance
of
our
visit
would
remain
an
epoch
in
the
Samasanan
calendar
.
When
that
most
prosaic
,
but
useful
publication
,
the
"
China
Sea
Directory
"
ventures
upon
superlatives
,
there
is
generally
some
tolerably
good
reason
for
it
.
"
The
coast
from
Chock-e-day
to
the
northward
,
"
it
informs
us
,
"
is
the
boldest
and
most
precipitous
that
can
be
conceived
,
the
mountains
rising
7000
feet
almost
perpendicularly
from
the
water
's
edge
.
"
Attracted
by
this
,
which
may
be
safely
termed
a
very
respectable
height
for
a
sea-cliff
,
we
decided
to
explore
the
coast
and
see
if
a
tolerable
anchorage
and
landing
could
be
obtained
,
undeterred
by
the
further
information
that
"
the
aborigines
were
nearly
naked
,
and
used
threatening
gestures
,
brandishing
their
long
knives
and
spears
"
when
Commander
Brooker
attempted
to
communicate
with
them
.
We
set
our
course
northward
at
reduced
speed
during
the
night
,
and
at
dawn
the
mountains
,
shrouded
in
an
impenetrable
gloom
of
heavy
clouds
,
loomed
dimly
through
the
mist
on
our
port
hand
.
We
altered
course
,
and
crept
in
slowly
towards
them
.
Slowly
the
sun
rose
,
and
flushed
the
highest
peak
into
a
crimson
glow
.
Beneath
,
the
dark
pall
of
clouds
still
hung
,
revealing
here
and
there
in
its
rents
a
region
of
still
deeper
gloom
behind
,
and
pouring
its
masses
of
sombre
vapour
across
the
face
of
the
mighty
cliffs
.
The
sun
,
as
yet
invisible
to
us
,
had
flecked
the
dull
gray
of
the
sky
above
us
with
scattered
lines
of
pink
,
and
as
our
little
ship
heaved
lazily
to
the
long
easterly
swell
we
gazed
spell-bound
across
an
inky
sea
at
a
sight
which
,
even
to
the
most
phlegmatic
among
us
,
seemed
beyond
expression
magnificent
.
Higher
and
higher
the
misty
curtain
lifted
,
now
hiding
,
now
disclosing
peak
and
pinnacle
and
gorge
.
Broader
and
broader
grew
the
line
of
rosy
light
,
thinner
and
brighter
the
veil
of
cloud
.
Day
had
conquered
night
,
and
,
at
last
,
distinct
and
clear
,
save
where
,
half
way
up
its
face
,
a
thin
long
line
of
snow-white
could
hung
motionless
,
the
highest
sea
precipice
in
the
known
world
lay
unveiled
before
our
eyes
.
It
was
superb.
[
P.
6
]
There
are
few
more
stupendous
cliffs
than
those
of
the
Yosemite
Valley
in
California
,
and
if
any
one
wishes
for
a
sensation
of
height
,
combined
with
others
,
to
a
novice
,
of
a
less
pleasing
nature
,
he
has
only
to
"
Hang
half-way
down
,
As
one
that
gathers
samphire
--
dreadful
trade
,
"
in
search
of
birds
'
eggs
over
the
grand
sea-wall
of
Hoy
in
the
Orkneys
.
I
have
dropped
my
pebble
over
the
edge
of
the
2000
feet
of
perpendicularity
which
the
Penha
D'aguia
in
Madeira
opposes
to
the
Atlantic
surges
,
and
have
admired
the
glories
of
the
iron-bound
coast
of
Norway
.
But
all
these
fade
into
nothingness
beside
the
giant
precipices
of
Formosa
.
Surely
the
Portuguese
must
have
sighted
the
island
from
the
north
or
south
.
Had
they
made
their
first
acquaintance
with
the
low
flat
shores
of
the
western
side
,
the
name
would
never
have
occurred
to
them
.
Had
they
seen
it
first
from
the
east
they
could
not
have
stopped
short
of
a
superlative
.
We
passed
the
village
of
Chock-e-day
,
or
rather
its
supposed
position
,
for
neither
it
,
nor
the
river
marked
in
the
chart
in
this
latitude
,
were
to
be
seen
.
The
short
,
sharp
gale
of
the
previous
day
had
dropped
before
sundown
,
but
had
left
a
somewhat
heavy
swell
behind
it
,
which
caused
the
Marchesa
to
roll
steadily
.
We
kept
close
in
to
the
land
,
the
appearance
of
which
,
if
anything
,
increased
in
grandeur
.
The
gigantic
wall
of
rock
is
cleft
every
few
miles
by
huge
gorges
,
which
in
the
rainy
season
must
pour
immense
volumes
of
water
into
the
sea
,
as
is
evident
from
the
size
of
the
boulders
in
their
beds
.
Now
,
however
,
they
were
dry
,
or
nearly
so
,
and
looked
tempting
enough
,
forming
as
they
did
a
practicable
highway
into
the
interior
,
which
is
otherwise
well-nigh
inaccessible
,
owing
to
the
denseness
of
the
vegetation
.
Off
the
mouth
of
one
of
these
,
in
a
position
that
noon
observations
gave
us
as
24ÃÂÃ
»
14
'
N.
,
we
ran
closer
in-shore
,
with
the
intention
,
if
possible
,
of
anchoring
,
but
,
getting
no
soundings
with
100
fathoms
,
we
decided
that
it
would
be
better
to
keep
the
ship
standing
off
and
on
rather
than
to
[
p.
7
]
risk
a
nearer
approach
to
a
country
where
,
in
the
event
of
anything
occurring
,
we
were
far
more
likely
to
provide
food
for
others
than
to
obtain
it
for
ourselves
.
The
lifeboat
was
accordingly
lowered
,
and
the
crew
having
been
armed
with
Martinis
and
revolvers
in
case
of
need
,
two
of
us
proceeded
ashore
.
The
landing
was
very
successful
,
in
spite
of
the
heavy
surf
,
but
,
considering
that
,
in
case
of
an
attack
,
the
boat
would
[
p.
8
]
be
better
lying
off
a
little
distance
from
the
shore
,
she
was
relaunched
,
an
operation
which