his
"
characters
,
"
to
whom
he
assigned
significant
and
dramatic
roles
,
with
whom
he
had
lived
and
played
for
five
years
,
fictional
or
real
?
Nothing
in
print
or
in
private
correspondence
could
tell
me
.
Could
Santa
Eulalia
,
fifty-four
years
later
?
*
*
*
Monday
evening
,
9
April
:
fly
to
Ibiza
,
package
holiday
,
arrive
in
summer
clothing
to
cold
,
rainy
evening
.
Have
selected
the
cheapest
"
tour
"
and
the
hotel
,
though
commanding
a
view
of
seafront
and
town
hall
on
the
village
square
,
has
no
heat
or
hot
water
.
"
Without
sun
,
the
solar
panels
do
not
function
;
tomorrow
will
be
better
.
"
I
walk
out
into
the
drizzle
.
My
heart
lifts
at
seeing
"
Cosmi
's
Bar
,
"
which
is
not
however
where
Paul
put
"
Cosmi
's
Hotel
,
"
where
he
mainly
lived
(
he
says
)
.
I
go
in
,
meet
Cosmi
sitting
at
bar
,
who
looks
blankly
at
my
copy
of
Life
and
Death
,
showing
only
slight
interest
in
the
book
's
end
papers
,
a
drawing
of
the
town
as
it
was
in
1936
.
I
get
nowhere
.
If
he
is
the
son
of
Paul
's
Cosmi--the
book
's
hero--what
use
will
my
trip
be
?
My
only
discovery
is
that
"
Cosmi
"
is
a
Christian
name
;
Paul
's
usage
and
the
complexities
of
Ibicenco
nomenclature
have
misled
me
.
Speaking
no
Spanish
,
I
badly
need
a
translator
;
years
of
English
tourism
have
not
penetrated
linguistically
into
this
workingman
's
bar
.
I
solace
myself
with
mussels
and
go
to
bed
dejectedly
under
both
the
room
's
beds
damp
bedclothes
,
and
in
my
own
.
Ca
n't
sleep
.
No
heart
to
begin
rereading
Paul
's
book
,
so
continue
Wolfe
's
The
Bonfire
of
the
Vanities
.
True
!
My
project
seems
absurd
.
I
will
find
nothing
.
Tuesday
morning
,
10
April
:
still
rain
and
still
colder
.
On
the
advice
of
a
historian
colleague
I
have
written
to
a
local
bank
manager
and
a
travel
agent
.
I
introduce
myself
.
Both
have
serviceable
English
and
seem
friendly
,
promising
to
be
helpful
,
but
neither
has
done
anything
yet
with
the
list
of
names
I
have
sent
them
and
have
no
knowledge
of
whether
anyone
alive
remembers
Paul
.
Footloose
,
I
walk
onto
Santa
Eulalia
's
main
street
,
Calle
San
Jaime
.
Paul
's
end-paper
map
is
followable
as
to
street
layout
,
and
some
of
the
buildings
are
still
recognisable
.
I
show
the
map
to
an
old
shop-keeper
.
"
Mil
novecientos
trientaseis
,
"
I
say
,
hoping
for
the
best
.
He
smiles
,
points
at
a
shop
across
the
street
and
says
,
"
Catalina
Moussona
,
"
the
name
of
a
little
girl
in
Paul
's
book
,
whose
father
was
the
butcher
at
that
address
fifty-four
years
ago
.
I
cross
over
,
and
introduce
myself
.
We
make
ourselves
understood
.
She
is
"
Señor
Pol
's
"
Catalina
,
then
an
"
undernourished
shadow
,
"
now
at
68
compactly
substantial
.
A
passerby
offers
assistance
,
translating
,
and
presto
,
a
first
albeit
unrecorded
interview
(
my
recorder
,
never
yet
used
,
is
back
in
the
hotel
;
I
take
out
my
pad
and
scribble
)
.
"
Pol
"
was
friendly
,
a
nice
person
,
"
simpatico
,
"
very
popular
,
he
gave
English
classes
to
her
and
a
few
friends
(
he
mentions
this
,
but
I
had
wondered
if
he
had
)
,
without
payment
(
this
is
new
)
.
Has
she
seen
Pol
's
book
before
?
It
has
been
mentioned
to
her
.
(
The
Franco
government
,
of
course
,
permitted
no
translation
;
nor
has
there
been
one
yet.
)
Do
I
wish
to
meet
Eulalia
Noguera
,
at
the
grocery
a
few
shops
down
?
Do
I
!
Eulalia
Noguera
is
the
heroine
of
Life
and
Death
,
the
spirit
of
its
rising
generation
,
a
"
Spanish
Joan
of
Arc
.
"
The
War
,
Paul
fears
,
will
enslave
her
,
send
her
back
to
the
Middle
Ages
.
Today
Eulalia
is
lively
,
solid
,
with
a
great
untoothed
grin
and
strong
laugh
.
The
reed
bent
,
did
not
break
,
did
not
regress
in
time
.
In
1936
she
was
Paul
and
his
third
wife
Flora
's
home
help
:
she
did
the
shopping
and
the
cooking
(
she
says
)
,
looked
after
"
the
kid
"
(
"
Meels
"
)
.
Paul
calls
Flora
's
son
"
Peanut
"
throughout
the
book
,
but
his
second
name
was
Mills
.
She
also
looked
after
the
family
's
boxer
dog
Moritz
(
"
More-eeats
"
)
.
In
fact
,
she
tells
me
,
she
kept
him
for
sixteen
years--he
was
"
one
of
the
family
.
"
In
Life
and
Death
Paul
laments
that
War
would
turn
the
former
pets
of
Santa
Eulalia
into
wandering
scavengers
.
Not
so
for
Moritz
.
There
were
other
women
,
to
do
the
cleaning
(
not
in
the
book
)
.
I
begin
to
understand
that
when
Paul
married
Flora
in
1935
,
his
financial
circumstances
changed
greatly
(
the
book
does
not
say
this
,
nor
does
any
other
evidence
to
hand
)
.
Eulalia
is
too
important
to
chat
to
in
the
street
.
We
agree
to
meet
the
next
day
,
when
we
can
sit
quietly
at
a
bar
and
one
of
my
contacts
can
translate
from
the
Ibicenco
dialect
of
Catalan
to
English
and
vice
versa
.
Would
I
like
to
meet
Cosmi
's
young
son
,
also
Cosmi
?
He
is
across
the
street
,
proprietor
of
the
Libraria
.
"
Little
Cosmi
"
was
two
years
old
,
in
his
mother
's
arms
,
on
the
last
page
of
Life
and
Death
,
watching
his
father
go
into
exile
,
and
now
we
shake
hands
.
He
knows
of
Paul
,
and
the
book
.
His
wife
has
a
copy
,
in
Norwegian
(
which
she
is
)
.
Would
I
like
to
meet
his
mother
,
Cosmi
's
wife
Anna
?
She
has
a
house
at
the
end
of
the
main
street
.
We
can
meet
that
afternoon
.
Tuesday
noon
:
for
Joyce
's
Stephen
Dedalus
history
was
"
a
nightmare
from
which
I
am
trying
to
escape
.
"
I
am
entering
it
,
and
it
becomes
bearable
,
humanised
.
I
see
a
grocery
sign
,
"
Las
Delicias
,
"
and
enter
.
The
proprietor
of
a
grocery
with
this
name
,
albeit
elsewhere
on
the
map
,
was
Paul
's
friend
,
and
his
daughter
Maria
was
one
of
the
girls
in
Paul
's
English
class
,
according
to
the
book
.
Here
she
is
.
My
English
forgotten
,
no
use
,
she
says
.
(
They
all
say
this
,
apologetically.
)
Though
my
English
has
taken
on
the
structure
of
Spanish
grammar
,
it
is
no
substitute
for
Spanish
vocabulary
.
We
cross
the
street
to
an
estanco
,
where
an
Englishwoman
translates
for
us
.
Now
we
have
the
first
proper
"
interview
,
"
with
the
tape
recorder
.
"
Pol
"
was
her
father
's
friend
(
true
,
according
to
Paul
)
,
they
went
on
"
pub-cráwels
"
together
(
no
mention
of
this
)
,
she
still
keeps
some
notebooks
with
orders
Paul
made
at
the
grocery
(
must
see
them
)
.
Paul
was
"
simpatico
"
(
I
hear
this
again
and
again
,
full
of
fun
)
,
they
called
him
"
Xumeu
"
ie
Bartholomew
(
as
he
wrote
)
,
he
used
to
sing
Ibicenco
songs
.
Tuesday
afternoon
:
I
meet
Cosmi
's
wife
Anna
,
and
her
sister
,
both
of
whom
figure
in
Life
and
Death
.
"
Little
Cosmi
's
"
wife
translates
.
Only
a
few
persons
have
spoken
to
them
of
the
book
,
they
say
,
and
only
in
passing
,
years
ago
.
What
happened
to
Cosmi
,
I
ask
.
It
is
outside
the
biographer
's
brief
,
but
as
the
plot
broke
off
in
1937
with
catastrophe
in
train
,
who
would
not
want
to
know
the
upshot
,
however
painful
.
Paul
expected
the
worst
.
For
Cosmi
it
was
war
service
,
then
exile
in
nearby
Algiers
until
1955
,
when
Franco
let
the
politicals
back
.
Yes
,
he
did
escape
with
Paul
.
The
ship
went
to
Alicante
(
could
this
be
?
)
,
then
Nice
.
(
The
sisters
argue
over
Marseilles.
)
And
yes
,
Cosmi
's
brother
Pep
Salvador
and
other
"
red
ones
"
(
rojos
)
escaped
on
another
boat
.
They
use
the
designation
with
light
irony
.
So
long
have
Republicans
been
called
"
the
reds
,
"
"
the
Communists
,
"
"
Marxistas
,
"
that
they
use
it
of
their
own
,
but
with
affection
,
humour
and
even
a
hint
of
pride
.
Time
passes
,
filled
with
details
.
I
am
inside
the
book
.
I
have
not
been
too
"
leading
"
in
my
questions
,
though
I
find
myself
willing
to
correct
what
they
know
from
hearsay
:
personal
relationships
before
"
publishing
scoundrel
"
methodology
.
They
cannot
be
in
a
conspiracy
,
they
cannot
have
memorised
a
banned
and
untranslated
book
.
Tuesday
,
5
p.m
.
:
I
could
go
home
happy
now
.
The
Life
and
Death
of
a
Spanish
Town
is
true
in
names
,
in
detail
and
in
general
character
.
Paul
would
have
rejoiced
that
despite
his
fears
the
town
did
not
die
in
September
1936
.
I
do
.
Tuesday
dinner
:
find
the
restaurant
which
I
will
eat
in
all
week
.
Los
Amigos
.
How
I
feel
.
Would
the
food
have
tasted
as
good
last
night
?
All
the
fish
and
meat
on
display
to
choose
from
,
as
in
the
supermarcados
.
I
'll
eat
it
all
.
At
the
crowded
bar
is
an
old
,
shiny
apple-faced
man
.
It
is
Juanito
"
of
the
Royalty
,
"
the
hotel
which
(
Paul
wrote
)
attracted
the
aristocrats
and
"
fascists
.
"
I
learn
that
he
later
became
the
most
famous
chef
of
the
island
,
cooked
for
the
military
,
for
visiting
dignitaries
,
for
Errol
Flynn
.
This
also
is
too
good
for
passing
contact
,
so
I
ask
my
companion
the
bank
manager
not
to
speak
to
Juanito
there
and
then
but
to
arrange
an
interview
later
.
Tuesday
night
:
bitterly
cold
,
very
damp
,
but
now
feels
no
worse
than
the
cold
shower
after
a
sauna
.
Paul
was
something
of
a
manic
depressive
.
I
feel
the
manic
touch
,
but
sleep
like
log
.
Wednesday
morning
,
11
April
:
brilliant
sunshine
.
Seafront
,
bay
,
strip
of
sand
.
Like
my
home
town
in
Massachusetts
,
and
like
Paul
's
parents
'
home
town
,
Rockport
,
Mass.
,
where
he
summered
each
year
.
No
wonder
he
felt
at
ease
here
,
at
home
.
No
wonder
he
wrote
in
1937
that
it
had
been
like
going
back
thirty
years
in
(
American
)
history
.
I
climb
to
the
church
which
overlooks
the
town
.
It
is
partly
a
defensive
tower
;
there
is
a
Moorish
quality
to
its
architecture
,
partly
domed
.
Paul
writes
that
he
saved
the
Church
from
being
burned
when
the
Republicans
came
from
Barcelona
and
Valencia
.
(
He
did
,
I
am
told
later
,
"
but
it
was
burned
nevertheless".
)
The
individual
coffins
are
stacked
in
layers
of
cubicles
in
the
adjacent
cemetery
,
sometimes
ten
high
.
After
a
time
,
the
grave
"
plot
"
is
used
for
someone
else
:
the
bones
go
into
the
common
crypt
.
The
dead
like
the
living
are
all
permutations
of
a
dozen
local
names
,
some
of
which
are
both
Christian
and
family
:
so
as
well
as
the
pick-and-mix
of
Maris
,
Turs
,
Nogueras
,
Colomars
,
Ferrers
,
and
the
ubiquitous
first
names
Catalina
,
Eulalia
,
Maria
,
Miguel
,
Antonio
,
José
you
have
repeaters
like
Francisco
Torres
Torres
or
even
Juan
Juan
Juan
.
(
Perhaps
Heller
's
Major
Major
Major
had
Ibicencan
ancestry.
)
Sometimes
,
to
distinguish
between
them
they
use
their
house
name
:
Cosmi
's
brother
was
known
as
Pep
Salvador
--Pep
of
the
Salvador
house--because
there
were
so
many
Peps
(
Josés
)
.
Wives
do
n't
take
their
husbands
name
,
but
like
their
husbands
keep
their
patronymic
followed
by
the
matronymic
.
Paul
's
use
of
"
Anna
Cosmi
"
as
Cosmi
's
wife
is
convenient
for
readers
but
incorrect
:
she
is
Anna
Juan
Colomar
.
In
the
afternoon
,
a
sharply
detailed
interview
with
Eulalia
Noguera--her
"
nombre
completo
,
"
Eulalia
Noguera
Boned
.
No
temptation
to
"
lead
,
"
no
fear
that
she
will
answer
to
please
me
.
Paul
had
no
money
when
he
came
;
women--the
foreign
women--always
paid
for
him
.
Unthinkable
among
Spaniards
,
this
was
roundly
appreciated
,
at
least
in
1990
.
His
accordion
playing
was
the
price
of
his
many
drinks
,
mostly
beer
,
some
absinthe
.
When
he
came
he
was
thin
,
then
he
got
"
big"--this
perhaps
the
only
hint
that
he
was
ill
when
he
arrived
.
Paul
and
Flora
brought
a
black
American
cook
to
the
village
(
no
mention
of
this
in
Life
and
Death
)
:
Eulalia
and
the
other
girls
feared
her
.
He
taught
everyone
"
po-kér
"
;
she
can
play
it
even
today
.
She
describes
with
feeling
(
as
did
Paul
)
her
brother
's
death
from
pneumonia
in
the
first
months
of
the
Civil
War
.
It
kept
her
from
leaving
with
the
Pauls
,
she
says
(
this
is
new
)
.
Afterwards
there
was
poverty
,
no
more
foreigners
,
but
there
was
the
land
and
fish
,
and
they
could
eat
.
(
So
could
More-eats.
)
Wednesday
evening
:
calamares
natural
at
Los
Amigos
.
Discover
hierbas
,
the
local
liqueur
.
Like
Chartreuse
,
this
will
"
digest
"
anything
,
prevent
all
ailments
.
Thursday
a.m.
,
12
April
:
I
sense
the
desire
of
some
,
not
the
friends
of
the
red
ones
,
to
disremember
the
events
of
Autumn
1936
,
but
the
years
since
have
been
survived
.
By
some
,
with
dignity
.
Walking
up
and
down
Santa
Eulalia
,
I
am
on
"
Ola
!
"
greetings
terms
with
my
survivors
.
"
Bon
dia
"
(
Ibicenco
)
I
say
,
not
"
buenos
dias
"
(
Castilian
)
.
Interview
at
the
Royalty
(
once
the
"
fascist
café
"
)
with
reporter
from
La
Prensa
,
newish
Ibiza
tabloid
.
He
is
keen
on
raking
up
the
Guerra
Civil
,
then
keen
on
Paul
's
later
career
,
Hollywood
scriptwriting
in
the
'
forties
and
semi-professional
boogie-woogie
and
jazz
piano
.
Articulating
my
views
of
the
book
and
the
events
for
the
first
time
,
I
say
,
Paul
was
"
not
a
red
,
certainly
no
Communist
.
"
He
believed
that
left
to
themselves
the
village
people
of
Santa
Eulalia
would
have
reached
a
political
accommodation
,
with
no
killings
.
After
the
rebellion
was
declared
by
the
Nationalists
,
the
local
garrison
had
declared
for
Franco
,
but
were
then
overthrown
by
a
Republican
government
fleet
.
I
describe
the
night
when
the
Santa
Eulalia
Republicans
let
their
Nationalist
prisoners
out
of
the
"
cuartel
"
(
gaol
)
so
they
too
could
join
in
the
San
Xumeu
's
Day
(
St
.
Bartholomew
's
Day
)
festivity
in
the
town
square
.
I
gesture
in
the
direction
of
the
very
square
.
The
prisoners
allowed
out
that
night
were
later
sent
to
Ibiza
,
so
Santa
Eulalia
would
not
have
to
try
its
own
as
traitors
,
and
for
safe-keeping
,
as
they
mistakenly
thought
.
The
anarquistas
then
machine-gunned
them
all
down
.
Only
on
the
spot
of
the
festival
itself
did
I
discover
this
interpretation
.
Travel
justified
.
Lunch
at
the
cove
where
the
Republicans
under
Capitan
Don
Alfredo
Bayo
,
who
later
trained
Castro
's
forces
,
first
landed
on
the
island
,
then--guided
by
Cosmi--took
San
Carlos
,
Santa
Eulalia
and
finally
Ibiza
Town
.
Very
like
Rockport
,
Mass.
Restaurant
serves
uncompromisingly
unsanitised
paella
,
full
of
fish-heads
,
bones
.
Entirely
wonderful
.
Thursday
afternoon
:
I
interview
"
Juanito
of
the
Royalty
,
"
now
eighty
"
and
three
months
.
"
I
do
n't
expect
much
here
,
but
he
is
the
only
voluble
,
articulate
old
man
I
meet
.
Many
sit
leadenly
,
wordlessly
,
while
the
women
talk
and
bustle
.
Not
so
Juanito
,
despite
the
embolism
which
put
paid
to
his
days
of
creating
"
Soufflé
Juanito
,
"
his
chef
d'oeuvre
(
unmentioned
by
Paul
)
,
which
he
now
describes
to
me
in
loving
,
effervescent
detail
.
It
had
a
fountain
effect
,
he
say
,
pointing
at
the
town
fountain
in
the
square
.
He
remembers
recipes
and
meals
better
than
he
remembers
Elliot
Paul
,
but
his
personality
,
unchanged
since
1932
,
confirms
Paul
's
story
.
He
had
gone
on
as
he
had
begun
,
as
Paul
described
him
.
He
was
never
"
politico
,
"
but
his
idea
of
a
restaurant
and
hotel
could
only
attract
one
side
,
the
aristocracy
,
the
Church
,
the
Nationalists
,
just
as
Cosmi
's
Hotel
naturally
attracted
the
other
.
I
am
now
possessed
of
another
strand
of
interpretation
for
the
book
:
the
two
contrasting
hotels
,
their
two
eminent
figures
,
Cosmi
"
the
red
one
"
and
Juanito
of
by
and
for
"
the
Royalty
.
"
A
woman
comes
up
to
me
in
the
street
.
I
have
been
pointed
out
to
her
by
someone
I
have
interviewed
.
She
knows
what
Señor
Paul
's
book
said
about
her
(
Nationalist
)
grandfather
,
she
says
,
but
he
did
not
die
in
the
Ibiza
castle
massacre
.
(
Paul
says
he
saw
the
man
with
his
head
half
blown
off.
)
She
and
her
cousin
run
a
farmacÃÂa
.
We
go
inside
it
and
I
buy
a
bar
of
Magna
,
the
Galician
black
soap
.
Symbolism
.
Evening
:
too
full
of
lunchtime
paella
to
eat
,
but
drinking
appears
possible
.
I
have
followed
good
advice--do
n't
meet
the
Expats
until
you
have
seen
the
Locals
.
So
now
after
the
Royalty
,
to
the
Gaiety
.
The
expats
'
bar
looks
like
it
is
studying
to
be
the
kind
you
see
in
films
with
Denham
Elliott
in
them
.
Here
at
the
bar
is
...
Denham
Elliott
,
long-time
resident
of
the
village
.
"
Come
back
tomorrow
,
"
take
part
in
the
weekly
general
knowledge
quiz
.
What
could
be
more
appealing
?
Good
Friday
,
13
April
:
with
American
cartoonist
on
La
Prensa
(
like
Paul
,
a
working
expatriate
)
to
Ibiza
cathedral
,
startling
impregnable-seeming
fortress
,
to
see
the
plaque
to
the
113
martyrs
of
the
anarquistas
'
machine
guns
(
Paul
thought
239
,
and
Hugh
Thomas
follows
him
,
but
there
are
113
names
on
the
wall
)
.
The
"
Marxist
domination
"
of
7
August
1936
to
13
September
1936
,
the
day
the
Italians
dropped
their
bombs
,
was
conducted
by
"
the
enemies
of
the
church
and
the
fatherland
,
"
ie
the
legitimate
government
.
Will
"
liberation
theology
"
ever
remove
the
plaque
's
marble
untruth
?
The
first
name
is
that
of
the
island
banker
,
Don
Abel
Matutes
y
Torres
,
shot
in
his
hospital
bed
(
it
is
alleged
he
was
shamming
,
to
stay
out
of
harm
's
way
,
much
good
it
did
him
)
.
Matutes
'
bank
headquarters
dominates
Ibiza
harbour
.
The
wall
up
against
which
the
nationalist
prisoners
were
shot
is
closed
off
,
for
archaeological
work
,
though
it
is
Good
Friday
so
no
work
is
being
done
.
Come
to
that
,
no
work
looks
like
being
done
anywhere
on
the
island
.
Every
building
is
somewhere
between
a
hole
in
the
ground
,
a
concrete
and
breeze-block
shell
and
all
but
,
but
not
,
finished
.
(
There
is
a
race
to
begin
building
before
1992
brings
tougher
EC
building
regulations.
)
The
not-quite-built
and
the
falling-into-disrepair
look
like
meeting
at
some
intermediate
point
.
I
decide
to
avoid
the
Ibiza
Town
Good
Friday
procession
;
have
seen
Ku
Klux
Klan
costumes
before
,
in
Seville
,
complete
with
real
scourging
.
Once
is
enough
.
Take
the
bus
back
to
Santa
Eulalia--Paul
describes
the
hilarious
journey
in
Life
and
Death
,
starting
any
time
,
people
and
animals
together
,
stopping
anywhere
,
arriving
whenever
.
Now
altogether
more
expeditious
.
View
of
Santa
Eulalia
's
old
"
Moorish
"
church
,
still
perched
on
top
of
all
the
apartment
houses
and
hotels
.
Friday
night
:
time
for
holiday
.
The
general
knowledge
bar
quiz
.
A
place
is
kept
for
me
.
Our
team
of
four
(
there
are
six
or
eight
teams
)
is
called
"
Rule
43
"
(
the
news
of
Strangeways
prison
riot
is
the
source
,
I
hope
,
but
glance
uneasily
at
team-mates
)
.
I
feel
that
the
honour
of
the
intelligentsia
,
British
universities
and
"
Eng
.
Lit
.
"
is
at
stake
.
First
question
:
what
is
the
novel
about
the
great
white
whale
.
Home
and
wet
,
collecting
four
points
for
the
novel
,
its
author
,
the
ship
,
its
captain
.
Pretty
plain
sailing
thereafter
.
Rule
43
wins
handily
.
Much
shouting
and
execration
(
"
ringer
!
"
)
.
Prize
money
pays
bar
bill
.
And
so
to
bed
.
Saturday
,
14
April
:
protocol
of
Spanish
beach
toplessness
:
lying
down
either
way
is
OK
,
even
sitting
up
is
OK
,
but
no
walking
about
.
Friends
at
home
would
expect
me
to
return
with
a
tan
,
but
doubted
there
would
be
a
story
(
"
Ibiza
?
For
research
?
?
"
)
Have
story
now
.
To
have
story
and
tan
will
do
very
nicely
.
Biographer
's
revenge
.
Easter
Sunday
,
15
April
:
La
Prensa
article
,
all
of
page
4.
"
HAROLD
[
oh
well
]
GOLDMAN
,
UN
INVESTIGADOR
QUE
ESTÃÂ
TRAS
LAS
LUELLAS
DE
LA
GUERRA
CIVIL
EN
SANTA
EULÃÂRIA
.
"
"
Now
they
will
keel
you
,
"
says
my
landlady
,
"
too
much
politica
.
"
Perhaps
they
will
look
for
Harold
.
In
the
afternoon
I
see
a
bar-café
completely
full
of
men
playing
cards
at
tables
of
four
.
It
is
a
five-card
game
.
They
get
their
cards
,
trade
some
in
.
There
is
betting
.
Hands
are
slammed
down
on
tables
.
It
is
po-kér
.
Young
woman
on
beach
in
flagrant
breach
of
protocol
.
Monday
,
16
April
:
sunshine
still
.
Make
formal
good-bye
calls
on
all
,
take
photographs--for
me
,
not
book
.
Handshakes
.
Kisses
on
cheek
:
they
expect
two
,
get
three
,
Ã
la
Russe
,
smile
with
amusement
(
a
"
red
one
"
?
)
.
Index
of
my
euphoria
.
Juanito
de
Royalty
comes
to
my
hotel
to
sit
with
me
for
my
last
hour
,
until
the
tourist
coach
comes
to
fetch
me
to
the
airport
.
Mostly
I
have
been
treated
to
drinks
,
but
now
buy
him
a
beer
.
His
wife
,
thirty
years
his
junior
,
would
upbraid
me
for
this
,
but
she
is
at
her
siesta
;
he
has
put
his
off
to
stay
with
me
.
Each
day
since
my
interview
with
him
he
has
asked
me
to
visit
him
,
to
show
me
his
cuttings
and
photographs
,
then
to
show
me
his
"
spiritual
autobiography
"
(
no
facts
)
,
begun
the
other
year
,
to
understand
his
dying
.
Life
is
a
dream
.
"
Fantasmas
,
"
of
the
soul--"this
part
is
for
Catholics
only"--of
the
heart
,
the
intelligence
and
the
"
incognita
"
(
seemingly
localised
in
the
genital
area
)
,
having
jerked
the
individual
this
way
and
that
like
a
marionette
,
leave
him
at
death
.
The
(
Catholic
)
soul
goes
to
God
.
The
body
is
now
only
"
materia
.
"
Juanito
is
amused
,
casting
a
warm
eye
on
life
,
on
death
.
He
seems
more
Castilian
to
me
than
Ibicenco
:
a
self-made
man
.
"
ÿEstán
terminadas
las
investigaciónes
?
"
"
Terminadas
y
no
terminadas
,
"
I
say
,
wittily
.
"
Muy
bien
.
Adiós
.
"
We
embrace
.
But
I
will
never
eat
Soufflé
Juanito
,
and
there
was
a
time
when
it
would
have
stuck
in
my
throat
.
Monday
night
:
Gatwick
.
Cold
and
raining
.
I
describe
the
week
to
my
wife
and
son
,
who
have
come
to
collect
me
,
using
English
like
the
Spaniards
in
Hemingway
's
For
Whom
the
Bell
Tolls
,
which
was
published
after
the
Civil
War
was
over
and
which
for
fifty
years
has
replaced
The
Life
and
Death
of
a
Spanish
Town
as
the
popular
English-language
account
of
the
struggle
.
I
am
now
"
he
of
the
biography
.
"
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Leader
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Preparation
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and
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Engineering
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Technology
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&
Fuel
Cell
Newsletter
International
Journal
of
Coal
Geology
Journal
of
Canadian
Petroleum
Technology
Journal
of
Energy
Engineering
Journal
of
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Resources
Technology
Journal
of
Essential
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Research
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BECHTOLD
,
R.L.
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PIPER
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SCHMIDT
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TURNER
,
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,
2001
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Energy
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LANGENKAMP
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BRACE
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G.
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ROSENBERG
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Hall
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SLESSER
,
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Macmillan
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STEVENS
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:
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encyclopaedic
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economic
and
financial
concepts
and
terms
,
London
,
Macmillan
Reference
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TIPPEE
,
B.
,
2001
,
International
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USA
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.
WILLIAMS
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al
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1999
,
Manual
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,
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.
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.
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,
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.
UK
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Oil
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Gas
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,
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.
UK
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of
Trade
and
Industry
Energy
Group
,
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.
US
Department
of
Energy
,
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.
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American
Coalition
for
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,
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.
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Gas
Association
,
www.aga.com
.
American
Institute
of
Mining
,
Metallurgical
,
and
Petroleum
Engineers
,
www.aimehq.org
.
American
Petroleum
Institute
,
http://api-ec.api.org
.
American
Solar
Energy
Society
,
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.
American
Wind
Energy
Association
,
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.
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of
Petroleum
,
www.aip.com.au
.
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of
Mining
Metallurgy
&
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,
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.
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,
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.
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,
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.
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,
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.
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,
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of
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Exporting
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.
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.
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,
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.
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Transfer
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.
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.
United
Kingdom
Offshore
Operators
Association
,
A
new
research
centre
at
the
University
of
Edinburgh
has
its
focus
firmly
on
the
family
.
DR
SARAH
CUNNINGHAM-BURLEY
and
DR
LYNN
JAMIESON
are
in
no
doubt
as
to
the
importance
of
better
understanding
of
family
life
.
Divorce
and
separation
has
replaced
death
as
the
most
common
cause
of
the
removal
of
a
parent
from
a
child
's
family
household
.
Family
and
personal
relationships
are
crucial
to
the
quality
of
life
and
health
of
individuals
and
to
the
economic
and
social
well
being
of
society
.
Family
issues
are
at
the
heart
of
key
areas
of
government
action
,
for
example
in
health
care
,
education
,
welfare
and
work
,
as
well
as
within
efforts
to
reduce
poverty
and
promote
social
inclusion
:
family
policy
itself
links
across
these
areas
.
Damaged
personal
life
may
be
one
of
the
causes
of
individual
stress
and
ill
health
,
violence
and
social
disruption
,
and
arouses
considerable
public
concern
.
It
is
important
to
have
detailed
understanding
of
trends
in
personal
relationships
,
family
formation
and
dissolution
,
as
well
as
of
the
impact
of
cultural
,
social
and
economic
change
on
personal
and
family
life
.
Attention
needs
to
be
paid
to
the
experiences
of
different
sectors
of
the
population
,
rich
and
poor
,
majority
and
minority
.
Research
shows
that
differential
access
to
resources
and
information
can
radically
affect
the
course
of
personal
life
.
Information
must
also
be
collected
across
the
life-course
.
Adults
and
children
or
even
older
and
younger
adults
and
older
and
younger
children
often
do
not
experience
the
same
household
event
,
such
as
divorce
or
bereavement
or
moving
home
,
in
the
same
way
.
A
new
initiative
-
the
Scottish
Centre
for
Research
on
Families
and
Relationships
(
CRFR
Scotland
)
-
has
been
funded
by
the
Scottish
Higher
Education
Funding
Council
to
help
gather
and
stimulate
the
gathering
of
such
information
.
The
Centre
will
have
its
headquarters
at
the
University
of
Edinburgh
,
but
the
initiative
involves
collaboration
with
the
University
of
Aberdeen
,
the
University
of
Glasgow
,
Glasgow
Caledonian
University
and
a
wider
network
of
links
.
CRFR
's
focus
on
families
and
relationships
acknowledges
the
diversity
of
ways
in
which
families
are
created
and
maintained
,
and
the
importance
of
wider
networks
of
kin
and
friends
which
form
the
basis
of
our
personal
lives
.
Scotland
shares
trends
in
personal
life
that
are
common
to
a
number
of
European
societies
,
including
changes
in
how
people
enter
and
leave
partnerships
,
have
children
and
make
homes
for
themselves
.
Over
the
1980s
the
popularity
of
marriage
seemed
to
decline
-
the
average
age
of
first
marriage
rose
,
numbers
of
marriages
fell
and
couples
living
together
without
being
married
increased
.
Now
,
most
couples
marrying
for
the
first
time
have
lived
together
before
marriage
,
some
cohabiting
couples
never
marry
and
cohabitation
without
marriage
is
a
pattern
that
seems
here
to
stay
.
However
,
it
cannot
be
assumed
that
people
no
longer
want
permanent
partnerships
.
The
limited
evidence
suggests
that
never
married
couples
setting
up
home
together
often
have
a
plan
to
marry
or
a
sense
that
they
are
checking
out
that
this
is
the
'
right
one
'
before
marriage
.
This
is
one
of
many
areas
needing
further
research
.
At
the
same
time
as
the
number
of
marriages
declined
,
divorces
have
risen
,
levelling
in
the
1990s
.
Research
shows
that
non-married
cohabiting
couples
are
as
likely
or
even
more
likely
to
separate
.
These
trends
,
delayed
marriages
,
more
cohabiting
without
marriages
,
and
increased
separation
,
along
with
falls
in
family
size
,
are
associated
with
a
growing
proportion
of
births
outside
of
marriage
.
There
is
debate
about
whether
children
have
a
more
or
less
stable
family
life
than
in
the
past
.
Most
children
born
'
outside
of
marriage
'
in
Scotland
are
registered
by
two
parents
,
living
at
the
same
address
.
Single-parent
households
are
often
a
consequence
when
partners
separate
.
Divorce
and
separation
has
replaced
death
as
the
most
common
cause
of
the
removal
of
a
parent
from
a
child
's
family
household
.
The
effects
of
divorce
on
wider
relationships
with
kin
and
friends
,
and
the
subsequent
contraction
or
expansion
in
how
the
members
of
a
former
household
see
their
family
is
not
yet
fully
mapped
or
understood
.
While
some
researchers
have
exceptionally
talked
to
children
about
these
issues
,
their
perspective
is
often
particularly
neglected
.
Households
made
up
of
couples
remain
the
most
common
household
type
,
but
couples
with
dependent
children
are
now
outnumbered
by
those
with
no
children
.
Couples
who
choose
to
be
childless
remain
a
minority
but
one
that
has
grown
slightly
and
may
grow
further
.
The
numbers
of
people
living
alone
have
also
grown
and
are
now
about
a
quarter
of
all
households
.
The
combination
of
longer
life
and
fewer
births
mean
that
elderly
people
form
a
growing
proportion
of
many
populations
and
particularly
those
living
alone
.
The
numbers
of
single
young
people
living
alone
have
also
increased
in
recent
years
,
particularly
in
urban
centres
.
Relatively
little
is
known
about
the
family
,
kinship
and
friendship
relationships
of
those
who
live
alone
although
they
are
a
growing
sector
of
our
society
.
One
important
change
of
the
last
decades
concerns
the
interaction
between
men
's
and
women
's
family
relationships
and
their
engagement
in
paid
employment
.
By
the
end
of
the
twentieth
century
,
in
the
majority
of
couple
households
below
retirement
age
,
both
men
and
women
were
in
paid
employment
,
although
many
more
women
worked
part-time
than
men
.
The
notion
that
marriage
should
be
a
partnership
of
equals
gained
strength
in
the
latter
half
of
the
twentieth
century
.
Surveys
of
attitudes
clearly
demonstrated
increased
support
for
gender
equality
in
paid
work
,
in
housework
and
in
childcare
among
both
men
and
women
,
but
with
higher
support
for
equality
expressed
by
women
.
Although
women
's
greater
involvement
in
paid
work
has
resulted
in
some
men
doing
more
housework
,
research
continues
to
show
that
many
women
carry
more
responsibility
for
housework
and
childcare
,
even
when
both
partners
work
full-time
.
Some
commentators
are
confident
that
this
is
a
temporary
lag
and
greater
equality
is
inevitable
,
while
others
doubt
this
.
For
example
,
research
of
the
1980s
showed
that
male
unemployment
was
as
likely
to
generate
a
situation
of
greater
tension
between
men
and
their
wives
as
greater
domestic
equality
.
More
recent
studies
suggest
that
the
balance
of
work
and
family
life
remains
problematic
for
many
men
and
women
.
Balancing
family
and
work
may
be
particularly
stressful
for
low
paid
workers
.
The
stresses
are
different
for
different
groups
and
at
different
stages
of
the
life
course
.
These
are
again
issues
that
need
further
research
.
There
is
considerable
debate
about
changes
in
the
meaning
of
'
family
'
,
in
how
people
feel
about
family
obligations
and
what
people
typically
want
from
their
personal
life
,
in
the
context
of
these
trends
.
Studies
of
people
's
attitudes
and
ideals
reveal
that
most
men
and
women
value
family
relationships
very
highly
.
Studies
also
show
that
people
continue
to
have
a
strong
sense
of
obligation
to
help
family
members
,
although
this
is
not
seen
as
an
absolute
rule
but
a
matter
that
has
to
be
negotiated
.
A
great
deal
of
work
remains
to
be
done
to
understand
such
trends
,
their
meaning
,
the
consequences
and
casualties
,
and
the
exceptions
and
variations
among
Scotland
's
diverse
population
across
the
life-course
.
CRFR
will
be
an
essential
resource
for
evidence
based
policy
and
practice
,
through
encouraging
,
providing
and
collating
accessible
briefings
on
research
findings
,
and
through
networking
academics
,
policy
makers
and
practitioners
.
The
Centre
will
encourage
the
practice
,
within
the
research
community
,
of
writing
accessible
research
briefings
,
and
will
provide
an
infrastructure
for
dissemination
to
a
wide
audience
,
producing
reviews
of
published
research
in
key
areas
relevant
to
policy
.
Dissemination
will
take
place
both
electronically
through
a
web-site
and
research
and
user
networks
,
and
by
a
programme
of
face-to-face
events
.
In
this
way
,
we
shall
contribute
significantly
to
the
development
of
users
'
knowledge
base
,
and
help
deal
with
some
of
the
tensions
between
those
conducting
research
and
the
interests
of
specific
sectors
.
We
hope
the
CRFR
will
become
a
focal
point
for
putting
users
in
contact
with
academics
who
would
provide
expert
briefing
on
specific
topics
.
However
,
these
links
will
also
engage
users
in
contributing
to
the
research
agenda
,
through
the
commissioning
of
specific
projects
,
and
through
planning
larger
programmes
dealing
with
wider
and
cross-cutting
issues
.
Scottish
devolution
heightens
the
importance
of
consolidating
and
developing
expertise
within
Scotland
and
of
extending
knowledge
about
families
and
relationships
in
Scottish
society
.
Devolved
government
brings
the
potential
for
further
divergence
between
Scotland
and
the
rest
of
the
United
Kingdom
in
relation
to
legislation
and
policies
affecting
families
and
relationships
-
an
example
within
the
first
year
of
devolution
has
been
the
repeal
of
Section
2a
of
the
Local
Government
Act
.
Detailed
evidence
based
knowledge
needs
to
be
available
to
policy
makers
and
practitioners
in
their
work
to
improve
social
functioning
and
lessen
social
exclusion
.
The
Scottish
Parliament
carries
much
of
the
legislative
responsibility
with
respect
to
marriage
,
divorce
,
parenthood
,
children
,
education
,
housing
and
social
work
services
.
At
the
same
time
,
the
internal
procedures
and
boundaries
of
government
have
been
reconfigured
in
order
to
enhance
opportunities
for
joined-up
approaches
to
such
issues
.
New
ways
of
working
include
the
extensive
investigative
powers
of
parliamentary
committees
and
the
restructuring
of
Executive
portfolios
to
refocus
on
issues
once
divided
between
departments
,
for
example
,
bringing
together
children
and
young
people
,
health
and
community
care
,
and
in
the
approach
to
social
exclusion
and
equality
.
Precisely
because
family
policy
is
a
cross-cutting
issue
for
government
and
the
voluntary
sector
,
a
strength
of
the
CRFR
will
be
its
ability
to
address
policy
needs
in
and
across
a
number
of
areas
,
both
reflecting
and
shaping
policy
agendas
.
This
distinctive
combination
of
changes
in
governance
,
and
the
possibility
of
further
divergence
in
family
policy
north
and
south
of
the
border
,
make
it
particulary
important
that
there
is
a
Scottish-based
research
Centre
.
This
will
not
only
serve
Scottish
society
,
but
also
promote
Scottish
input
into
British
and
European
debates
.
Couples
with
dependent
children
are
now
outnumbered
by
those
with
no
children.Family
and
personal
relationships
are
crucial
to
the
quality
of
life
and
health
of
individuals
and
to
the
economic
and
social
well
being
of
society
.
Family
issues
are
at
the
heart
of
key
areas
of
government
action
,
for
example
in
health
care
,
education
,
welfare
and
work
,
as
well
as
within
efforts
to
reduce
poverty
and
promote
social
inclusion
:
family
policy
itself
links
across
these
areas
.
Damaged
personal
life
may
be
one
of
the
causes
of
individual
stress
and
ill
health
,
violence
and
social
disruption
,
and
arouses
considerable
public
concern
.
It
is
important
to
have
detailed
understanding
of
trends
in
personal
relationships
,
family
formation
and
dissolution
,
as
well
as
of
the
impact
of
cultural
,
social
and
economic
change
on
personal
and
family
life
.
Attention
needs
to
be
paid
to
the
experiences
of
different
sectors
of
the
population
,
rich
and
poor
,
majority
and
minority
.
Research
shows
that
differential
access
to
resources
and
information
can
radically
affect
the
course
of
personal
life
.
Information
must
also
be
collected
across
the
life-course
.
Adults
and
children
or
even
older
and
younger
adults
and
older
and
younger
children
often
do
not
experience
the
same
household
event
,
such
as
divorce
or
bereavement
or
moving
home
,
in
the
same
way
.
A
new
initiative
-
the
Scottish
Centre
for
Research
on
Families
and
Relationships
(
CRFR
Scotland
)
-
has
been
funded
by
the
Scottish
Higher
Education
Funding
Council
to
help
gather
and
stimulate
the
gathering
of
such
information
.
The
Centre
will
have
its
headquarters
at
the
University
of
Edinburgh
,
but
the
initiative
involves
collaboration
with
the
University
of
Aberdeen
,
the
University
of
Glasgow
,
Glasgow
Caledonian
University
and
a
wider
network
of
links
.
CRFR
's
focus
on
families
and
relationships
acknowledges
the
diversity
of
ways
in
which
families
are
created
and
maintained
,
and
the
importance
of
wider
networks
of
kin
and
friends
which
form
the
basis
of
our
personal
lives
.
Scotland
shares
trends
in
personal
life
that
are
common
to
a
number
of
European
societies
,
including
changes
in
how
people
enter
and
leave
partnerships
,
have
children
and
make
homes
for
themselves
.
Over
the
1980s
the
popularity
of
marriage
seemed
to
decline
-
the
average
age
of
first
marriage
rose
,
numbers
of
marriages
fell
and
couples
living
together
without
being
married
increased
.
Now
,
most
couples
marrying
for
the
first
time
have
lived
together
before
marriage
,
some
cohabiting
couples
never
marry
and
cohabitation
without
marriage
is
a
pattern
that
seems
here
to
stay
.
However
,
it
cannot
be
assumed
that
people
no
longer
want
permanent
partnerships
.
The
limited
evidence
suggests
that
never
married
couples
setting
up
home
together
often
have
a
plan
to
marry
or
a
sense
that
they
are
checking
out
that
this
is
the
'
right
one
'
before
marriage
.
This
is
one
of
many
areas
needing
further
research
.
At
the
same
time
as
the
number
of
marriages
declined
,
divorces
have
risen
,
levelling
in
the
1990s
.
Research
shows
that
non-married
cohabiting
couples
are
as
likely
or
even
more
likely
to
separate
.
These
trends
,
delayed
marriages
,
more
cohabiting
without
marriages
,
and
increased
separation
,
along
with
falls
in
family
size
,
are
associated
with
a
growing
proportion
of
births
outside
of
marriage
.
There
is
debate
about
whether
children
have
a
more
or
less
stable
family
life
than
in
the
past
.
Most
children
born
'
outside
of
marriage
'
in
Scotland
are
registered
by
two
parents
,
living
at
the
same
address
.
Single-parent
households
are
often
a
consequence
when
partners
separate
.
Divorce
and
separation
has
replaced
death
as
the
most
common
cause
of
the
removal
of
a
parent
from
a
child
's
family
household
.
The
effects
of
divorce
on
wider
relationships
with
kin
and
friends
,
and
the
subsequent
contraction
or
expansion
in
how
the
members
of
a
former
household
see
their
family
is
not
yet
fully
mapped
or
understood
.
While
some
researchers
have
exceptionally
talked
to
children
about
these
issues
,
their
perspective
is
often
particularly
neglected
.
Households
made
up
of
couples
remained
the
most
common
household
type
,
but
couples
with
dependent
children
are
now
outnumbered
by
those
with
no
children
.
Couples
who
choose
to
be
childless
remain
a
minority
but
one
that
has
grown
slightly
and
may
grow
further
.
The
numbers
of
people
living
alone
have
also
grown
and
are
now
about
a
quarter
of
all
households
.
The
combination
of
longer
life
and
fewer
births
mean
that
elderly
people
form
a
growing
proportion
of
many
populations
and
particularly
those
living
alone
.
The
numbers
of
single
young
people
living
alone
have
also
increased
in
recent
years
,
particularly
in
urban
centres
.
Relatively
little
is
known
about
the
family
,
kinship
and
friendship
relationships
of
those
who
live
alone
although
they
are
a
growing
sector
of
our
society
.
One
important
change
of
the
last
decades
concerns
the
interaction
between
men
's
and
women
's
family
relationships
and
their
engagement
in
paid
employment
.
By
the
end
of
the
twentieth
century
,
in
the
majority
of
couple
households
below
retirement
age
,
both
men
and
women
were
in
paid
employment
,
although
many
more
women
worked
part-time
than
men
.
The
notion
that
marriage
should
be
a
partnership
of
equals
gained
strength
in
the
latter
half
of
the
twentieth
century
.
Surveys
of
attitudes
clearly
demonstrated
increased
support
for
gender
equality
in
paid
work
,
in
housework
and
in
childcare
among
both
men
and
women
,
but
with
higher
support
for
equality
expressed
by
women
.
Although
women
's
greater
involvement
in
paid
work
has
resulted
in
some
men
doing
more
housework
,
research
continues
to
show
that
many
women
carry
more
responsibility
for
housework
and
childcare
,
even
when
both
partners
work
full-time
.
Some
commentators
are
confident
that
this
is
a
temporary
lag
and
greater
equality
is
inevitable
,
while
others
doubt
this
.
For
example
,
research
of
the
1980s
showed
that
male
unemployment
was
as
likely
to
generate
a
situation
of
greater
tension
between
men
and
their
wives
as
greater
domestic
equality
.
More
recent
studies
suggest
that
the
balance
of
work
and
family
life
remains
problematic
for
many
men
and
women
.
Balancing
family
and
work
may
be
particularly
stressful
for
low
paid
workers
.
The
stresses
are
different
for
different
groups
and
at
different
stages
of
the
life
course
.
These
are
again
issues
that
need
further
research
.
There
is
considerable
debate
about
changes
in
the
meaning
of
'
family
'
,
in
how
people
feel
about
family
obligations
and
what
people
typically
want
from
their
personal
life
,
in
the
context
of
these
trends.Studies
of
people
's
attitudes
and
ideals
reveal
that
most
men
and
women
value
family
relationships
very
highly
.
Studies
also
show
that
people
continue
to
have
a
strong
sense
of
obligation
to
help
family
members
,
although
this
is
not
seen
as
an
absolute
rule
but
a
matter
that
has
to
be
negotiated
.
A
great
deal
of
work
remains
to
be
done
to
understand
such
trends
,
their
meaning
,
the
consequences
and
casualties
,
and
the
exceptions
and
variations
among
Scotland
's
diverse
population
across
the
life-course
.
CRFR
will
be
an
essential
resource
for
evidence
based
policy
and
practice
,
through
encouraging
,
providing
and
collating
accessible
briefings
on
research
findings
,
and
through
networking
academics
,
policy
makers
and
practitioners
.
The
Centre
will
encourage
the
practice
,
within
the
research
community
,
of
writing
accessible
research
briefings
,
and
will
provide
an
infrastructure
for
dissemination
to
a
wide
audience
,
producing
reviews
of
published
research
in
key
areas
relevant
to
policy
.
Dissemination
will
take
place
both
electronically
through
a
web-site
and
research
and
user
networks
,
and
by
a
programme
of
face-to-face
events
.
In
this
way
,
we
shall
contribute
significantly
to
the
development
of
users
'
knowledge
base
,
and
help
deal
with
some
of
the
tensions
between
those
conducting
research
and
the
interests
of
specific
sectors
.
We
hope
the
CRFR
will
become
a
focal
point
for
putting
users
in
contact
with
academics
who
would
provide
expert
briefing
on
specific
topics
.
However
,
these
links
will
also
engage
users
in
contributing
to
the
research
agenda
,
through
the
commissioning
of
specific
projects
,
and
through
planning
larger
programmes
dealing
with
wider
and
cross-cutting
issues
.
Scottish
devolution
heightens
the
importance
of
consolidating
and
developing
expertise
within
Scotland
and
of
extending
knowledge
about
families
and
relationships
in
Scottish
society
.
Devolved
government
brings
the
potential
for
further
divergence
between
Scotland
and
the
rest
of
the
United
Kingdom
in
relation
to
legislation
and
policies
affecting
families
and
relationships
-
an
example
within
the
first
year
of
devolution
has
been
the
repeal
of
Section
2a
of
the
Local
Government
Act
.
Detailed
evidence
based
knowledge
needs
to
be
available
to
policy
makers
and
practitioners
in
their
work
to
improve
social
functioning
and
lessen
social
exclusion
.
The
Scottish
Parliament
carries
much
of
the
legislative
responsibility
with
respect
to
marriage
,
divorce
,
parenthood
,
children
,
education
,
housing
and
social
work
services
.
At
the
same
time
,
the
internal
procedures
and
boundaries
of
government
have
been
reconfigured
in
order
to
enhance
opportunities
for
joined-up
approaches
to
such
issues
.
New
ways
of
working
include
the
extensive
investigative
powers
of
parliamentary
committees
and
the
restructuring
of
Executive
portfolios
to
refocus
on
issues
once
divided
between
departments
,
for
example
,
bringing
together
children
and
young
people
,
health
and
community
care
,
and
in
the
approach
to
social
exclusion
and
equality
.
Precisely
because
family
policy
is
a
cross-cutting
issue
for
government
and
the
voluntary
sector
,
a
strength
of
the
CRFR
will
be
its
ability
to
address
policy
needs
in
and
across
a
number
of
areas
,
both
reflecting
and
shaping
policy
agendas
.
This
distinctive
combination
of
changes
in
governance
,
and
the
possibility
of
further
divergence
in
family
policy
north
and
south
of
the
border
,
make
it
particulary
important
that
there
is
a
Scottish-based
research
Centre
.
This
will
not
only
serve
Scottish
society
,
but
also
promote
Scottish
input
into
British
and
European
debates
.
Dr
Sarah
Cunningham-Burley
,
Dr
Lynn
Jamieson
,
Dr
Kathryn
Backett-Milburn
and
Dr
Fran
Wasoff
are
Co-Directors
and
Debbie
Kemmer
is
Senior
Research
Fellow
of
the
Scottish
Centre
for
Research
on
Families
and
Relationships
at
the
University
of
Edinburgh
.
PULL
QUOTES
:
Divorce
and
separation
has
replaced
death
as
the
most
common
cause
of
the
removal
of
a
parent
from
a
child
's
family
household
.
Couples
with
dependent
children
are
now
outnumbered
by
those
with
no
children
.
The
numbers
of
people
living
alone
have
also
grown
and
are
now
about
a
quarter
of
all
households
.
Research
of
the
1980s
showed
that
male
unemployment
was
as
likely
to
generate
a
situation
of
greater
tension
between
men
and
their
wives
as
greater
domestic
equality
.
Studies
of
people
's
attitudes
and
ideals
reveal
that
most
men
and
women
value
family
relationships
very
highly
.
A
new
research
centre
at
the
University
of
Edinburgh
has
its
focus
firmly
on
the
family
.
Dr
Sarah
Cunningham-Burley
and
Dr
Lynn
Jamieson
are
in
no
doubt
as
to
the
importance
of
better
understanding
of
family
life
.
It
's
a
family
affairResearch
of
the
1980s
showed
that
male
unemployment
was
as
likely
to
generate
a
situation
of
greater
tension
between
men
and
their
wives
as
greater
domestic
equality
.
Dr
Sarah
Cunningham-Burley
,
Dr
Lynn
Jamieson
,
Dr
Kathryn
Backett-Milburn
and
Dr
Fran
Wasoff
are
Co-Directors
and
Debbie
Kemmer
is
Senior
Research
Fellow
of
the
Scottish
Centre
for
Research
on
Families
and
Relationships
at
the
University
of
Edinburgh
.
And
so
it
was
that
a
more
substantial
dome
was
eventually
completed
in
1887
,
at
a
cost
of
£3,700
OLD
COLLEGE
was
always
intended
to
have
a
dome
.
It
was
there
in
architect
Robert
Adam
's
original
designs
,
publicly
displayed
on
the
November
day
in
1789
when
the
foundation
stone
for
the
University
's
new
building
was
laid
.
The
intention
to
crown
the
building
with
a
dome
survived
Adam
who
died
in
1792
,
when
the
money
ran
out
and
building
operations
ground
to
a
halt
.
It
survived
the
hiatus
of
the
Napoleonic
Wars
,
when
construction
remained
on
hold
.
In
fact
something
closely
resembling
Adam
's
dome
is
evident
in
the
revised
single
Quadrangle
designs
by
the
young
William
Playfair
,
who
had
been
commissioned
to
complete
the
building
in
peacetime
after
Waterloo
.
However
,
it
was
not
converted
into
reality
when
what
is
now
known
as
'
Old
College
'
was
completed
in
the
1820s
;
even
the
then
substantial
sum
of
£121,000
spent
on
the
building
was
not
sufficient
to
provide
for
it
.
Thus
Old
College
was
to
stand
domeless
for
much
of
the
19th
century
,
until
the
University
approached
the
300th
anniversary
of
its
foundation
in
1883
.
The
project
was
revived
and
a
third
architect
was
commissioned
.
Robert
Rowand
Anderson
had
been
selected
in
the
1870s
to
design
firstly
the
new
Medical
School
Building
in
Teviot
Place
,
largely
the
product
of
public
subscription
,
and
later
the
Graduation
Hall
,
funded
by
William
McEwan
.
Anderson
's
success
with
the
Medical
School
obviously
impressed
the
Dome
Committee
,
established
under
the
chairmanship
of
Sir
William
Turner
,
Professor
of
Anatomy
.
Moreover
the
money
was
now
available
,
as
Robert
Cox
,
a
lawyer
from
Gorgie
,
had
bequeathed
a
sum
to
the
University
for
exactly
that
purpose
(
amounting
to
£4,400
by
1886
)
.
And
so
it
was
that
a
more
substantial
dome
was
eventually
completed
in
1887
,
at
a
cost
of
£3,700
and
,
with
the
money
left
over
,
John
Hutchison
RSA
was
commissioned
to
deliver
'
a
figure
in
bronze
'
.
The
following
year
,
the
statue
of
'
Youth
bearing
a
Torch
of
Knowledge
'
,
was
duly
put
in
place
.
Eventually
,
100
years
after
the
plans
were
first
drawn
up
,
the
College
was
completed
and
Mr
Cox
's
role
in
its
completion
was
not
to
be
forgotten
,
for
nestling
in
the
wall
of
the
room
under
Anderson
's
dome
is
a
bust
of
'
a
just
and
generous
man
,
a
learned
author
,
an
enemy
of
ignorance
and
superstition..
'
and
the
person
,
of
course
,
who
made
possible
the
erection
of
perhaps
the
University
's
most
significant
landmark
in
the
City
.
What
are
eating
disorders
?
Eating
disorders
are
often
described
as
an
outward
expression
of
internal
emotional
pain
and
confusion
.
Obsessive
thoughts
about
,
and
the
behaviour
associated
with
,
food
are
maladaptive
means
of
dealing
with
emotional
distress
which
cannot
be
expressed
in
any
other
satisfactory
way
.
The
emotional
distress
is
often
to
do
with
a
negative
perception
of
self
,
a
feeling
of
being
unable
to
change
"
bad
"
things
about
oneself
:
food
is
used
as
an
inappropriate
way
of
taking
control
.
Perhaps
due
to
cultural
ideas
of
what
constitutes
perfection
,
people
often
feel
a
strong
desire
to
be
thinner
than
their
bodies
naturally
tend
to
be
-
"
when
I
am
thin
everything
will
be
alright
"
.
They
confuse
who
they
are
with
what
they
look
like
.
As
a
result
they
change
their
eating
patterns
and
may
as
a
consequence
be
at
risk
of
developing
an
eating
disorder
.
An
eating
disorder
involves
a
distorted
pattern
of
thinking
about
food
and
size/weight
:
there
is
a
preoccupation
and
obsession
with
food
,
as
well
as
an
issue
of
control
or
lack
of
control
around
food
and
its
consumption
.
There
are
several
recognised
eating
disorders
which
can
be
described
as
follows
:
Anorexia
Anorexic
people
starve
themselves
with
the
aim
of
losing
weight
to
a
point
which
others
would
consider
to
be
very
thin
(
although
the
sufferer
is
unlikely
to
perceive
themselves
as
such
)
.
The
longer
the
condition
continues
,
the
more
difficult
it
can
be
to
tackle
,
and
in
severe
cases
can
necessitate
hospitalisation
and
can
even
prove
fatal
.
Sufferers
are
typically
in
their
teens
or
twenties
and
most
are
women
,
although
around
10
%
are
male
.
The
following
are
symptoms
:
distorted
perceptions
of
one
's
weight
,
size
and
shape
behaviour
which
results
in
a
marked
weight
loss
a
morbid
fear
of
gaining
weight
or
becoming
fat
excessive
exercising
(
while
starving
)
cessation
of
periods
in
women
.
Bulimia
Bulimic
people
may
well
maintain
their
normal
weight
.
The
condition
is
characterised
by
:
bouts
of
eating
followed
by
purging
distorted
perception
of
own
weight
,
size
and
shape
a
powerful
urge
to
overeat
,
leading
to
binge
eating
and
a
resultant
feeling
of
being
out
of
control
compensatory
behaviour
such
as
self-induced
vomiting
;
misuse
of
laxatives
,
diuretics
or
other
medication
;
fasting
;
or
excessive
exercise
a
morbid
fear
of
gaining
weight
or
becoming
fat
.
Compulsive
eating
recurrent
episodes
of
binge
eating
and
consequent
feeling
of
being
out
of
control
marked
distress
about
binge
eating
and
the
attempts
to
control
it
during
a
binge
may
:
eat
more
quickly
than
normal
;
eat
until
uncomfortably
over-full
;
eat
large
amounts
when
not
hungry
;
tend
to
"
graze
"
rather
than
eat
meals
;
eat
alone
in
secret
;
feel
disgusted
and
guilty
with
oneself
.
Food
deprivation
weight-loss
accomplished
primarily
through
extreme
dieting
,
fasting
or
excessive
exercise
Non-specified
Other
,
but
related
difficulties
with
food
include
:
anorexic
behaviour
though
still
menstruating
anorexic
behaviour
where
,
despite
significant
weight
loss
,
current
weight
is
still
normal
someone
of
normal
weight
inducing
vomiting
or
purging
after
small
amounts
of
food
chewing
and
spitting
food
rather
than
swallowing
What
characterises
eating
disorders
?
Apart
from
the
characteristics
described
above
,
there
are
other
fairly
common
features
which
are
often
present
.
Some
are
more
likely
to
be
recognised
by
friends
rather
than
the
person
with
the
problem.
preoccupation
with
thoughts
of
food
so
that
diet
and
food
become
the
central
focus
of
one
's
life
a
reliance
on
behaviour
associated
with
food
to
deal
with
difficult
emotions
,
stresses
and
tasks
a
desire
for
control
over
at
least
one
aspect
of
one
's
life
perfectionism
low
self
esteem
from
failing
to
meet
expectations
,
which
is
then
reinforced
by
the
behaviour
associated
with
the
eating
disorder
,
resulting
in
more
self-disgust
,
shame
and
guilt
,
leading
to
lowered
self-esteem
distorted
thinking
-
e.g.
when
I
am
thin
I
will
be
able
to
cope
with
..
secondary
disorders
caused
by
the
behaviour
-
eg
dental
and
digestive
system
damage
,
depression
more
women
than
men
are
affected
sometimes
,
difficulty
in
adapting
to
being
adult
and
to
being
sexual
.
How
to
help
yourself
The
earlier
help
is
sought
the
easier
it
is
likely
to
be
to
change
,
but
people
do
get
over
even
very
serious
difficulties
in
time
.
The
suggestions
below
may
sound
rather
simplistic
-
in
practice
it
usually
helps
considerably
to
talk
about
these
with
someone
who
is
trained
-
and
it
may
take
some
persistence
!
Acknowledge
that
the
problem
exists
!
Rather
than
just
trying
to
tackle
the
unhelpful
behaviours
connected
with
food
,
try
to
identify
what
the
eating
disorder
is
disguising
or
helping
you
avoid
-
for
example
,
are
there
difficulties
in
relationships
,
or
within
the
family
,
or
events
in
your
past
that
have
hurt
you
and
changed
how
you
feel
about
yourself
?
Challenge
the
distorted
thinking
!
Although
you
may
still
think
of
yourself
as
overweight
,
at
least
allow
yourself
to
recognise
that
others
may
see
you
quite
differently
,
or
even
that
they
may
be
disinterested
in
your
weight
and
just
see
you
for
who
you
are
.
Develop
a
pattern
of
eating
that
suits
you
and
keeps
you
healthy
.
This
is
n't
the
same
as
saying
develop
a
rigid
routine
of
eating
that
cannot
be
varied
!
Maintaining
a
generally
balanced
diet
is
important
,
but
allowing
yourself
to
party
(
and
break
the
rules
'
)
is
also
OK
sometimes
!
Accept
your
body
,
i.e.
respect
your
body
rregardless
of
it
's
current
shape
or
size
;
set
realistic
expectations
for
changing
it
;
recognise
and
understand
its
strengths
and
limitations
.
Recognise
,
too
,
that
your
body
is
not
the
same
as
your
identity
-
confidence
and
personal
contentment
can
be
present
however
you
look
!
Do
n't
keep
it
a
secret
any
longer
-
and
it
is
unfair
to
expect
a
friend
to
keep
secrets
for
you
!
Rather
,
seek
support
in
dealing
with
the
disorder
from
a
professional
helper
or
a
self-help
group
.
How
to
help
a
friend
whom
you
suspect
has
difficulties
with
food
Remember
that
your
friend
is
a
person
first
,
and
someone
who
has
difficulty
with
food
second
.
So
continue
with
whatever
activities
you
would
normally
engage
in
together
,
and
do
n't
let
issues
of
food
dominate
the
friendship
.
Tell
them
of
your
suspicions
-
and
be
prepared
for
them
to
deny
it
Be
supportive
and
encourage
your
friend
to
seek
professional
help
.
Ultimately
,
the
problem
is
your
friend
's
;
if
they
wo
n't
seek
help
the
consequences
will
be
their
's
.
Your
responsibility
is
only
to
encourage
them
to
seek
help
,
or
,
in
more
extreme
circumstances
,
to
alert
others
-
even
against
your
friend
's
wishes
.
Do
n't
nag
about
food
,
spy
on
your
friend
or
get
inveigled
into
imposing
some
form
of
external
monitoring
or
control
.
Be
available
to
listen
when
your
friend
can
express
his/her
distress
,
but
do
n't
take
on
more
than
you
can
comfortably
cope
with
.
We
all
have
limits
-
of
knowledge
,
ability
to
help
,
understanding
,
time
,
etc.
-
so
offer
the
level
of
support
you
feel
able
to
sustain
.
If
you
try
to
offer
more
than
that
,
you
are
likely
to
feel
burdened
and
in
time
,
perhaps
,
annoyed
or
angry
,
which
is
unlikely
to
help
either
of
you
,
or
the
friendship
.
Look
after
yourself
!
Maintain
your
normal
range
of
friendships
and
balance
in
your
activities
.
Do
n't
let
this
one
issue
take
up
all
your
time
.
If
you
are
unsure
whether
your
style
of
supporting
your
friend
is
actually
helpful
,
or
are
quite
concerned
for
your
friend
,
you
can
seek
out
a
professional
(
such
as
a
counsellor
)
yourself
,
just
to
check
out
these
things
.
Local
sources
of
help
University
Counselling
Service
,
13
Trumpington
Street
,
Cambridge
CB2
1QA
.
Tel.(01223
)
332865
Web
:
www.counselling.cam.ac.uk
CUSU
,
11
Trumpington
St
,
Cambridge
.
Tel.
network
33313
or
(
01223)356454
.
Web
:
www.cusu.cam.ac.uk/campaigns/eds
/
National
sources
of
help
Eating
Disorders
Association
,
103
Prince
of
Wales
Road
,
Norwich
NR1
1DW
Helpline
:
0845
634
1414
Web
:
www.edauk.com
National
Centre
for
Eating
Disorders
,
54
New
Road
,
Esher
,
Surrey
KT10
9NU
Tel
:
01372
469493
Web
:
www.eating-disorders.org.uk
Some
useful
books
Overcoming
Anorexia
Nervosoa
-
a
self-help
guide
using
Cognitive
Behavioural
techniques
Freeman
,
(
Constable
and
Robinson
,
2002
)
The
Food
and
Mood
Handbook
Amanda
Geary
,
(
Harper
Collins
,
2001
)
How
to
Cope
with
Bulimia
Joan
Gomez
(
Sheldon
Press
,
1995
)
The
Art
of
Starvation
Sheila
McLeod
(
Schocken
,
1982
)
Fat
Is
A
Feminist
Issue
1
Susie
Orbach
(
Arrow
Books
,
1988
)
On
Eating
Susie
Orbach
(
Penguin
,
2002
)
Getting
Better
Bit(e
)
by
Bit(e
)
-
a
survival
kit
for
sufferers
of
bulimia
nervosa
and
binge
eating
disorders
Schmidt
&
Treasure
(
Pscyhology
Press
,
1993
)
Anorexia
Nervosa
:
a
survival
guide
for
families
,
friends
&
sufferers
Janet
Treasure
(
Pscyhology
Press
,
1997
)
For
more
books
on
eating
disorders
consult
our
Self-help
Booklist
.
Top
of
page
Home
Page
News
About
the
Service
Help
With
Common
Difficulties
Other
Sources
of
Help
é
University
of
Cambridge
Counselling
Service
1998
(
revised
Sept
2004
)
This
page
was
last
updated
on
13th
Sept
2004
COPING
WITH
EXAMS
This
leaflet
aims
to
give
practical
guidelines
to
handling
the
time
leading
up
to
examinations
,
as
well
as
some
tips
about
the
exams
themselves
.
Many
of
the
suggestions
are
simple
or
'
obvious
'
,
yet
at
times
when
we
are
under
pressure
we
can
easily
forget
these
basics
.
If
anxiety
or
particular
difficulties
with
study
skills
are
a
problem
,
read
the
leaflets
in
this
series
on
'
Anxiety
'
,
'
Procrastination
'
,
'
Work
Block
'
,
etc.
Preparing
for
exams
Start
a
revision
programme
in
good
time
before
the
exams
.
Whilst
you
do
not
want
to
'
peak
'
too
early
,
leaving
revision
too
late
is
an
excellent
recipe
for
stress
.
Doing
the
work
takes
less
effort
than
thinking
about
doing
the
work
!
A
certain
amount
of
pressure
is
good
for
us
and
helps
us
perform
well
.
But
this
is
different
from
the
popular
game
of
"
look
how
stressed
I
am
"
which
is
supposed
to
impress
others
with
how
hard
one
is
working
.
Similarly
,
maintaining
some
balance
in
life
and
some
perspective
on
the
exams
is
different
from
that
other
popular
game
of
"
look
how
cool
(
and
on
top
of
my
work
)
I
am
"
!
Organising
your
space
Most
people
preparing
for
exams
know
they
should
organise
their
time
-
and
we
come
to
this
in
the
next
section
-
but
fewer
people
know
that
it
helps
to
organise
their
space
too
.
Think
about
where
you
work
.
See
if
you
can
separate
out
the
places
where
you
work
from
the
places
where
you
relax
.
Even
if
this
all
happens
within
one
small
room
,
create
a
'
working
place
'
(
around
a
desk/table
?
)
which
contains
your
papers
,
books
,
etc.
and
everything
you
need
for
your
work
.
Move
all
distractions
out
of
your
work
area
-
pictures
,
music
,
TV
-
and
put
these
into
your
'
relaxation
areas
'
.
Similarly
,
keep
work
out
of
the
latter
,
so
that
when
you
are
relaxing
or
sleeping
your
working
is
not
intruding
into
this
space
.
Get
used
to
working
when
you
are
in
your
work
area
,
and
'
switching
off
'
when
you
get
up
from
this
place
.
Creating
a
physical
separation
of
this
kind
will
help
you
to
do
the
same
mentally
.
Organising
your
time
People
are
different
in
how
they
react
to
revision
plans
.
When
these
go
wrong
-
as
they
often
do
-
it
is
usually
because
they
were
planned
too
tightly
and
did
not
allow
for
sufficient
flexibility
:
plans
need
plenty
of
blank
space
to
allow
for
the
unexpected
.
Bearing
in
mind
that
plans
need
to
be
flexible
,
draw
up
a
weekly
timetable
for
yourself
,
firstly
putting
in
everything
you
need
to
do
:
meals
,
sleep
,
lectures
,
supervisions
,
shopping
,
laundry
etc.
Then
allocate
time
for
revision
and
time
for
relaxing
and
enjoying
yourself
.
Be
realistic
about
how
much
time
you
can
aim
to
spend
revising
.
As
a
guide
,
if
you
divide
the
week
into
21
units
(
one
per
morning
,
afternoon
and
evening
)
you
should
aim
to
work
in
total
for
no
more
than
15
units
per
week
,
as
it
has
been
shown
that
ability
to
work
effectively
over
a
prolonged
period
decreases
over
this
level
.
Therefore
,
you
should
have
6
units
(
e.g
.
2
full
days
or
1
full
day
and
3
evenings
)
to
do
other
things
.
Allowing
yourself
time
every
week
for
relaxation
,
recreation
,
socialising
and
rest
will
help
you
feel
less
stressed
and
make
it
more
likely
that
you
will
stick
to
your
timetable
.
This
is
not
wasting
time
;
it
helps
you
work
more
effectively
.
Plan
how
you
will
use
your
time
during
your
revision
periods
.
You
might
want
to
list
all
the
topics
you
want
to
revise
,
decide
what
order
to
learn
them
in
,
and
how
much
time
to
spend
on
each
.
If
you
have
other
tasks
to
complete
(
e.g.
reading
,
note-taking
)
you
need
to
decide
how
much
time
to
spend
on
these
.
Be
realistic
about
what
you
can
achieve
and
stick
to
your
deadlines
.
If
there
is
too
much
work
to
do
in
the
time
available
,
use
the
following
questions
to
help
you
prioritise
:
which
are
the
most
important
topics
?
which
subjects
do
you
know
best
already
,
or
are
easiest
to
get
'
up
to
scratch
'
?
which
topics
are
compulsory
?
for
which
subjects
do
you
already
have
the
most
information/research/material
?
Set
specific
goals
for
each
revision
period
.
Make
a
list
of
your
goals
;
keep
them
realistic
;
and
tick
them
off
as
you
achieve
them
so
you
can
see
what
you
have
done
.
Allow
more
time
for
subjects
you
find
difficult
.
Check
out
what
you
do
not
understand
.
Some
people
find
it
helpful
to
work
in
groups
-
perhaps
arranging
to
meet
a
few
friends
to
discuss
particular
topics
.
You
can
use
this
to
test
each
other
's
memory
or
talk
through
aspects
you
have
not
understood
.
Motivation
Some
people
struggle
with
a
lack
of
motivation
.
These
simple
strategies
may
help
:
plan
rewards
for
yourself
when
you
have
achieved
goals
start
with
easier/more
interesting
subjects
and
establish
a
work
routine
-
once
started
,
a
routine
becomes
easier
to
maintain
remind
yourself
why
you
have
chosen
to
do
these
exams
-
if
you
do
not
want
the
qualification
you
do
not
have
to
do
them
!
Improving
concentration
There
is
a
separate
leaflet
in
this
series
which
deals
specifically
with
improving
concentration
,
but
here
are
a
few
pointers
.
People
vary
in
how
long
they
can
concentrate
,
so
experiment
and
find
a
work
pattern
that
suits
you
.
Take
regular
,
short
breaks
when
you
are
working
-
for
example
,
10
minutes
out
of
every
hour
you
work
-
is
likely
to
help
you
concentrate
for
longer
.
If
you
are
finding
it
very
difficult
to
concentrate
,
start
off
by
setting
yourself
a
small
,
manageable
goal
.
When
you
have
achieved
this
,
give
yourself
some
reward
.
Keep
repeating
this
goal
setting
and
rewarding
yourself
.
As
you
achieve
your
goals
,
gradually
increase
what
you
set
out
to
do
.
In
this
way
you
can
train
yourself
to
concentrate
more
effectively
.
Here
are
some
other
ideas
:
Make
notes
as
you
read
.
Keep
questions
in
your
mind
as
you
work
.
Speak
out
loud
.
Record
yourself
.
Mix
topics
frequently
.
Mix
easy
and
difficult
topics
,
and
interesting
and
dull
topics
.
Try
to
work
in
a
comfortable
environment
(
not
too
cold
,
hot
,
noisy
)
and
remove
distractions
if
possible
.
Find
out
where
you
work
best
,
e.g.
in
the
library
with
a
friend
,
or
alone
in
your
room
-
see
the
earlier
section
on
'
organising
your
space
'
.
Active
learning
Try
to
revise
in
an
active
way
:
do
not
just
read
notes
through
,
but
perhaps
make
a
list
of
key
points
(
writing
reams
of
new
notes
is
very
time-consuming
and
is
not
an
effective
method
of
revising
!
)
.
Test
your
memory
as
you
go
along
and
try
to
devise
questions/answers
concerning
the
information
you
are
learning
.
Some
people
find
it
helpful
to
use
memory
aids
such
as
memorising
a
trigger
word
which
is
associated
with
a
'
chunk
'
of
information
,
making
a
trigger
word
out
of
the
initial
letters
of
key
points
or
names
,
or
finding
a
way
of
visualising
information
.
Practising
Spend
some
time
going
through
past
exam
papers
and
practise
answering
questions
within
the
allotted
time
.
It
does
n't
matter
if
your
attempts
go
wrong
to
start
with
-
in
fact
,
now
is
the
time
to
make
these
mistakes
!
Such
practice
will
give
you
a
good
idea
of
the
format
of
the
exam
,
the
sorts
of
questions
you
could
get
,
and
will
give
you
invaluable
practice
in
planning
and
structuring
answers
under
time
pressure
.
In
makes
no
sense
to
get
your
first
'
practice
'
at
this
during
the
real
examination
!
Remember
that
you
are
not
expected
to
produce
an
essay
under
examination
conditions
which
looks
like
it
took
a
week
to
carefully
polish
.
So
,
be
realistic
:
people
tend
not
to
be
able
to
write
'
perfect
'
essays
during
exams
.
Keep
focusing
your
attention
on
the
task
in
hand
(
i.e.
answering
the
question
)
rather
than
being
distracted
by
'
what
if
's
.
Sleeping
better
There
is
a
separate
leaflet
in
this
series
on
insomnia
,
but
here
are
a
few
pointers
that
may
help
during
periods
of
revision
and
exams
:
Do
n't
work
in
or
on
your
bed
-
keep
bed
for
relaxation
and
sleep
.
'
Switch
off
'
before
going
to
bed
:
stop
working
at
least
an
hour
before
you
intend
to
sleep
and
spend
the
time
doing
something
more
relaxing
e.g.
listening
to
music
,
talking
to
a
friend
,
having
a
bath
,
doing
relaxation
exercises
,
taking
a
stroll
.
If
you
stick
to
a
regular
bed
time
and
getting
up
time
it
will
be
easier
to
maintain
good
sleeping
patterns
.
Too
much
alcohol
will
prevent
you
from
sleeping
properly
and
will
tend
to
make
you
tired
the
next
day
.
Do
not
'
catastrophise
'
about
not
being
able
to
sleep
well
i.e.
stop
telling
yourself
that
you
will
not
be
able
to
do
anything
the
next
day
if
you
cannot
get
to
sleep
.
Even
when
you
are
not
sleeping
much
,
you
will
still
be
able
to
function
well
,
think
logically
and
do
difficult
mental
tasks
.
It
is
mundane
,
vigilance-type
tasks
and
mood
(
e.g.
irritability
)
which
are
mainly
affected
by
lack
of
sleep
.
Most
people
manage
to
sustain
sleep
deficit
over
a
few
days
(
but
not
weeks
!
)
before
needing
to
'
catch
up
'
.
On
the
day
of
the
exam
Looking
after
yourself
-
for
example
,
getting
enough
rest
and
eating
reasonably
-
is
more
important
and
effective
than
trying
to
do
some
last
minute
cramming
.
This
is
a
day
to
have
planned
beforehand
and
to
take
things
gently
in
order
to
conserve
your
energy
for
the
examination(s
)
.
Do
n't
get
up
very
early
,
as
this
will
just
make
you
more
tired
.
Eat
breakfast
,
but
do
not
drink
too
much
liquid
!
If
you
have
spare
time
,
do
something
you
find
relaxing
-
have
a
bath
,
go
for
a
stroll
-
and
keep
away
from
those
whose
stress
levels
are
contagious
.
Rather
than
trying
to
learn
any
new
material
,
perhaps
just
look
over
a
few
key
points
.
Arrive
at
the
exam
hall
comfortably
in
time
but
not
too
early
;
the
tension
hanging
over
this
short
period
of
waiting
just
before
the
exam
is
highly
contagious
so
you
do
well
to
minimise
your
exposure
to
it
!
It
is
natural
to
feel
some
anxiety
when
you
go
into
the
examination
room
.
Use
the
few
minutes
before
you
are
allowed
to
begin
to
do
some
simple
relaxation
and
breathing
exercises
;
sit
back
and
separate
yourself
mentally
from
those
who
are
getting
stressed
.
Read
the
exam
paper
through
slowly
.
When
you
have
chosen
your
questions
read
them
through
twice
to
make
sure
you
have
understood
and
not
misread
the
question
.
If
you
are
allowed
to
do
so
,
underline
key
words
or
phrases
in
the
questions
.
Answer
the
correct
number
of
questions
and
divide
your
time
equally
between
them
-
or
according
to
the
marking
scheme
if
questions
have
different
weighting
.
With
essay
questions
,
you
will
get
more
marks
overall
by
doing
three
(
say
)
average
answers
,
than
by
doing
two
brilliant
ones
but
leaving
the
third
question
undone
!
Some
people
write
out
essay
plans
to
all
the
questions
they
need
to
answer
at
the
beginning
,
so
they
can
add
things
as
they
occur
to
them
while
working
on
other
answers
;
others
take
each
question
in
order
.
Which
method
works
best
for
you
,
or
is
most
appropriate
to
the
format
of
your
exams
?
After
doing
your
plan
,
look
back
at
the
question
and
check
you
are
answering
the
question
asked
-
you
do
not
get
credit
for
a
brilliant
answer
to
a
question
you
were
not
asked
!
Take
regular
'
micro-breaks
'
:
whenever
you
pause
at
the
end
of
writing
a
paragraph
or
stop
to
think
for
a
moment
,
put
your
pen
down
and
sit
back
,
even
if
just
for
a
moment
.
If
you
start
to
panic
during
an
exam
In
an
examination
situation
it
is
not
uncommon
for
one
's
mind
to
go
blank
for
a
moment
,
or
to
be
confused
by
a
question
put
in
an
unfamiliar
way
.
At
these
times
it
is
easy
to
begin
to
panic
.
This
is
likely
to
take
the
form
of
doom-laden
thoughts
as
well
as
physical
symptoms
such
as
feeling
your
heart
racing
,
feeling
faint
,
hot
or
sweaty
.
Although
these
symptoms
are
disturbing
,
perhaps
even
frightening
,
they
are
in
fact
very
common
and
are
not
at
all
dangerous
.
First
,
pause
for
a
few
moments
:
put
your
pen
down
and
sit
back
;
slow
your
breathing
down
a
little
.
Let
your
body
relax
.
Relaxation
and
breathing
exercises
will
help
to
reduce
these
symptoms
.
Reassure
yourself
that
you
are
not
going
to
collapse
or
lose
control
-
these
things
never
happen
because
of
anxiety
.
Push
upsetting
thoughts
to
the
back
of
your
mind
and
re-focus
your
attention
on
relaxing
,
and
then
back
on
the
exam
itself
.
No
matter
how
bad
the
anxiety
feels
,
do
not
leave
the
exam
as
the
anxiety
level
will
fall
within
a
short
space
of
time
.
Panic
is
always
time
limited
and
the
symptoms
will
reduce
in
a
short
while
.
When
you
are
able
,
get
back
to
work
-
remember
that
it
is
better
to
put
something
down
rather
than
nothing
.
After
the
examination
Before
the
day
of
the
exam
,
it
can
be
a
good
idea
to
decide
what
you
are
going
to
do
immediately
after
the
exam
ends
.
Standing
around
and
joining
in
with
others
'
delight
or
dismay
is
almost
always
discouraging
.
If
you
have
something
already
planned
you
can
simply
leave
others
to
do
the
post-mortem
,
while
you
go
and
do
something
more
enjoyable
.
If
you
are
exhausted
,
some
food
or
a
sleep
may
help
;
if
you
are
still
wound
up
,
you
could
do
something
physical
,
such
as
go
for
a
run
or
a
swim
.
If
you
are
going
to
meet
up
with
someone
,
you
could
agree
with
them
that
you
will
only
talk
about
the
exam
for
5
minutes
-
or
even
not
at
all
.
Further
support
is
available
The
suggestions
in
this
leaflet
may
be
sufficient
to
remind
you
of
some
common-sense
good
practice
.
However
,
if
you
feel
that
you
need
further
help
,
you
could
approach
your
Tutor
or
Director
of
Studies
,
your
College
Nurse
or
GP
.
Help
is
also
available
at
the
University
Counselling
Service
.
For
a
list
of
books
on
study
skills
and
maximising
your
potential
consult
our
Self-help
Booklist
.
Top
of
page
Home
Page
News
About
the
Service
Help
With
Common
Difficulties
Other
Sources
of
Help
é
University
of
Cambridge
Counselling
Service
1999
This
page
was
last
updated
on
10th
Sept
2003
GROUPS
&
WORKSHOPS
AT
UCS
Most
people
coming
to
the
UCS
are
probably
thinking
of
one-to-one
counselling
,
yet
a
considerable
portion
of
the
work
of
this
Service
is
done
in
groups
.
While
workshops
or
group
counselling
are
not
right
for
everyone
(
and
the
choice
about
joining
a
group
remains
with
you
)
,
we
firmly
believe
that
working
in
a
group
is
the
best
form
of
help
for
some
people
and
some
difficulties
.
The
counsellor
whom
you
see
at
your
first
consultation
may
suggest
you
join
one
of
our
groups
or
workshops
,
or
you
can
ask
about
this
yourself
.
This
leaflet
outlines
some
of
the
advantages
of
this
way
of
working
and
describes
some
of
the
groups
and
workshops
we
run
-
though
,
as
our
programme
changes
regularly
,
this
leaflet
can
only
give
an
indication
of
what
is
likely
to
be
available
in
the
UCS
at
any
time
.
We
hope
it
may
help
you
to
decide
whether
joining
a
workshop
or
group
might
be
right
for
you
.
For
more
information
about
our
programme
of
groups
for
students
for
the
coming
year
,
please
see
:
Group
programme
for
Lent
&
Easter
Terms
2006
.
(
For
information
about
groups
for
University
Staff
,
please
see
Groups
for
University
Staff
.
)
Why
join
a
group
?
Counselling
groups
offer
a
microcosm
of
the
'
real
'
world
,
but
they
are
also
a
place
where
some
of
the
normal
social
rules
can
be
broken
in
a
safe
environment
.
A
group
can
allow
you
to
practise
different
ways
of
behaving
.
For
example
,
if
you
find
it
difficult
to
talk
in
work
or
social
groups
,
then
you
are
also
likely
to
feel
this
in
a
counselling
group
-
but
the
difference
is
that
the
group
can
offer
encouragement
and
help
in
overcoming
the
difficulty
you
feel
rather
than
simply
repeating
a
'
failure
'
.
The
same
applies
to
many
other
problems
.
In
joining
a
group
you
would
be
expected
to
listen
carefully
to
the
other
members
and
seek
to
understand
their
concerns
and
support
them
wherever
you
can
,
as
well
as
have
time
to
receive
support
for
yourself
in
the
same
nurturing
environment
.
This
giving
and
receiving
is
one
way
in
which
groups
are
different
from
individual
counselling
.
Groups
offer
an
excellent
environment
in
which
to
learn
about
ourselves
and
how
we
relate
to
others
,
and
the
(
often
sub-conscious
)
assumptions
we
make
about
ourselves
and
the
world
.
They
can
be
a
place
in
which
we
can
see
ourselves
through
the
eyes
of
others
,
and
it
is
not
uncommon
to
meet
others
who
share
some
similar
struggles
and
to
discover
that
we
are
not
the
only
person
feeling
a
particular
way
.
The
counsellors
leading
the
groups
are
experienced
in
letting
the
work
of
the
group
develop
gradually
as
trust
and
safety
grow
,
so
you
wo
n't
be
'
thrown
in
the
deep
end
'
!
What
about
the
practicalities
?
Most
of
our
groups
and
workshops
meet
weekly
for
90
minutes
and
tend
to
have
between
5
-
9
members
;
all
are
led
by
UCS
counsellors
experienced
in
this
kind
of
work
.
Confidentiality
is
important
in
all
UCS
work
,
and
if
you
join
a
group
you
will
be
expected
to
respect
the
confidential
nature
of
the
material
that
others
bring
to
the
group
.
What
this
means
in
practice
will
be
discussed
with
you
before
you
join
.
If
you
are
considering
joining
any
of
our
groups
(
except
the
one-off
workshops
)
we
would
usually
arrange
a
brief
meeting
between
you
and
the
relevant
counsellor
so
that
you
can
discuss
the
group
in
more
detail
before
making
a
commitment
to
join
.
Either
ask
at
reception
or
speak
to
your
counsellor
.
Because
trust
and
respect
for
each
member
are
important
in
groups
,
you
would
be
expected
to
attend
regularly
and
punctually
each
week
,
or
to
give
advance
notice
if
you
cannot
come
.
Joining
a
group
is
not
appropriate
unless
you
can
make
a
commitment
to
attend
the
great
majority
of
meetings
.
Group
Programme
for
Lent
and
Easter
Term
2006
One-off
Workshops
Please
book
in
advance
for
these
workshops
by
phoning
(
3)32865
or
emailing
reception@counselling.cam.ac.uk
Dealing
with
your
Supervisor
,
for
graduate
students
Thursday
4.00
-
6.00pm
,
2nd
Feb
06
Learn
to
take
responsibility
for
managing
your
relationship
with
your
supervisor
.
Nutrition
workshop
for
people
with
eating
difficulties
Tuesday
1.15
-
3.15pm
,
21st
Feb
06
We
will
look
at
the
effect
on
the
biochemistry
of
the
body
of
the
food
we
eat
,
and
how
it
might
influence
our
mood
.
To
be
followed
by
a
group
lasting
7
sessions
if
there
is
sufficient
interest
.
Time
Management
Tuesday
5.00
-
6.30pm
,
2nd
May
06
How
to
make
the
most
of
the
time
we
have
,
and
how
to
keep
it
under
control
!
"
Out
of
Your
Head
"
:
Relaxation
Workshop
Friday
2.00
-
3.00pm
,
12th
May
06
,
repeated
on
26th
May
06
For
people
who
feel
tense
and
stressed
and
would
like
to
feel
more
physically
relaxed
.
Activities
will
include
stretching
exercises
,
deep
breathing
,
whole
body
relaxation
and
guided
visualisation
.
Wear
loose
clothes
,
be
prepared
to
remove
shoes
and
bring
a
towel
or
mat
to
rest
your
head
on
,
as
part
of
this
will
involve
lying
down
.
Problem-Solving
Dates
&
times
arranged
on
an
ad
hoc
basis
as
needed
Learn
a
problem-solving
technique
in
a
cognitive-behavioural
(
CBT
)
workshop
,
with
a
maximum
of
four
other
students
.
Please
contact
the
Service
for
dates
and
times
.
Regular
Workshops
These
workshops
happen
every
week
in
Term
time
but
do
not
require
any
ongoing
commitment
;
come
once
or
come
several
times
.
Book
in
advance
by
phoning
(
3)32865
or
emailing
reception@counselling.cam.ac.uk
Ca
n't
work
?
Wednesdays
3.15
-
4.45pm
weekly
in
Full
Term
For
immediate
problems
of
work
block
,
procrastination
,
lack
of
motivation
etc.
Need
to
book
in
advance
through
Reception
;
maximum
of
4
people
per
session
.
Under-grads
or
post-grads
.
Getting
Down
to
Writing
Fridays
12.00
-
1.00pm
weekly
in
Full
Term
A
group
that
deals
with
writer
's
block
,
helping
with
academic
writing
,
as
well
as
writing
for
enjoyment
.
A
practical
approach
.
A
hop-on
hop-off
group
but
students
may
stay
for
up
to
eight
sessions
.
Time
Out
Art
Wednesdays
1.30
-
3.30pm
weekly
in
Full
Term
at
the
Art
Room
in
Kettle
's
Yard
For
people
who
want
to
de-stress
through
playing
with
paint
and
other
materials
.
No
need
to
book
.
Sign
up
at
the
door
at
Kettle
's
Yard
.
Time-limited
Groups
These
groups
have
a
clear
focus
and
are
for
people
who
want
some
help
with
a
particular
issue
.
They
typically
last
between
4
to
8
weeks
.
The
groups
tend
to
be
fairly
practical
in
nature
,
with
time
for
discussing
personal
experiences
,
understanding
current
ways
of
coping
and
finding
some
strategies
for
handling
things
differently
.
To
join
any
of
these
groups
you
need
to
ask
at
Reception
or
speak
to
your
counsellor
about
arranging
a
pre-group
exploratory
meeting
with
the
group
counsellor
.
For
Under-grads
or
Post-grads
.
Learning
to
be
more
Assertive
Fridays
1.15
-
2.45pm
,
starting
17th
Feb
06
,
4
sessions
,
and
repeated
from
5th
May
06
A
series
of
four
workshops
for
those
wishing
to
explore
how
to
express
needs
,
feelings
and
preferences
in
ways
which
respect
our
rights
and
those
of
others
.
This
workshop
will
run
again
at
the
same
times
starting
on
5th
May
06
Healing
Depression
Tuesdays
12.30
-
2.00pm
,
ongoing
A
chance
to
look
at
the
emotions
,
thoughts
and
beliefs
underlying
depression
,
and
how
they
impact
on
behaviour
.
We
will
use
a
combination
of
cognitive
and
behavioural
approaches
,
along
with
understanding
the
dynamics
of
depression
,
to
help
the
healing
process
.
Group
members
will
be
encouraged
to
support
and
relate
to
each
other
as
much
as
possible
in
the
sessions
.
Disordered
Eating
Group
Tuesdays
1.15
-
2.45pm
,
Feb
to
May
06
,
7
sessions
This
group
will
follow
on
from
the
Nutrition
workshop
,
if
there
is
enough
interest
.
It
is
a
group
for
women
who
binge
eat
(
as
part
of
their
difficulties
with
bulimia
,
compulsive
eating
and
overeating
)
and
who
wish
to
have
their
eating
in
better
balance
.
Not
just
a
talking
group
,
but
can
include
other
means
of
expressing
the
distress
of
disordered
eating
.
Exam
Stress
Group
Mondays
4.00
-
5.30pm
,
3
structured
sessions
starting
27th
Feb
06
,
and
repeated
in
the
3
weeks
after
Easter
starting
on
1st
May
06
Sessions
will
include
practical
suggestions
concerning
planning
your
time
,
revision
strategies
,
improving
memory
and
handling
the
exams
themselves
.
Each
session
will
also
include
some
simple
relaxation
techniques
to
help
you
stay
relatively
calm
throughout
this
time
.
How
do
I
know
what
I
want
?
Mondays
2.30
-
4.30pm
,
4
structured
sessions
in
the
Easter
Term
06
A
group
for
those
who
are
anxious
about
the
future
.
Using
various
exercises
we
will
look
at
the
past
and
present
to
discover
something
of
ourselves
,
think
about
what
matters
to
us
,
what
kind
of
life
we
want
(
and
how
all
of
that
impacts
on
decisions
we
need
to
make
)
and
how
we
might
begin
to
move
in
that
direction
Finalists
'
Group
Wednesdays
2.45
-
4.15
,
starting
3rd
May
06
A
group
that
will
focus
on
strategies
for
dealing
with
present
problems
whilst
not
ignoring
anxieties
about
the
future
.
We
have
a
rolling
programme
of
Cognitive
Behavioural
Therapy
groups
which
are
arranged
on
an
ad
hoc
basis
as
needed
;
if
you
are
interested
in
any
of
the
below
,
please
contact
the
Service
.
Panic
Disorder
A
very
common
problem
indeed
.
If
you
are
worried
about
becoming
seriously
ill
or
in
some
way
losing
control
whilst
extremely
anxious
,
then
this
group
is
for
you
.
Five
weekly
sessions
linked
by
'
homework
'
assignments
,
with
follow-up
as
necessary
,
in
a
cognitive
therapy
group
with
a
maximum
of
five
other
students
.
Overcoming
Embarrassment
Cognitive
therapy
can
help
you
to
address
the
shyness
and
self-consciousness
that
can
make
life
at
Cambridge
a
lonely
and
anxiety-provoking
experience
for
many
students
.
Five
weekly
sessions
linked
by
'
homework
'
assignments
,
with
follow-up
as
necessary
,
with
a
maximum
of
five
other
students
.
Metacognitive
Workshop
Would
you
like
to
gain
insight
into
the
use
of
some
strategic
self-help
therapy
skills
that
can
be
used
to
address
a
variety
of
cognitive
and
emotional
difficulties
?
Four
weekly
sessions
(
Week
1
-
The
cognitive
model
;
Week
2
-
Metacognition
;
Week
3
-
From
theory
to
self-help
;
Week
4
-
Workshop
review
)
linked
by
âhomeworkâ
assignments
,
with
a
maximum
of
five
other
students
,
and
the
rest
is
up
to
youâ¦
On-going
Groups
Longer-term
groups
offer
an
opportunity
to
address
a
range
of
'
life
issues
'
such
as
relationships
,
identity
,
direction
,
problems
in
academic
life
,
or
to
gain
support
over
the
longer
term
with
problems
which
are
not
going
to
be
resolved
quickly
.
They
can
be
a
'
time
out
'
from
university
life
,
which
might
feel
either
pressurised
or
isolated
.
The
supportive
and
nurturing
environment
of
a
group
provides
an
opportunity
to
see
yourself
through
the
eyes
of
others
and
to
bring
your
own
understanding
into
the
group
to
help
others
.
Because
it
can
take
some
while
to
build
up
trust
amongst
a
group
who
are
initially
strangers
,
we
expect
people
joining
these
groups
to
commit
to
joining
for
at
least
one
term
,
and
members
can
remain
in
the
group
for
several
terms
if
this
is
appropriate
.
Under-grad
groups
tend
to
last
until
the
end
of
the
academic
year
,
while
post-grad
groups
may
go
on
for
longer
.
To
join
any
of
these
groups
,
ask
at
Reception
or
speak
to
your
counsellor
about
arranging
a
pre-group
exploratory
session
with
the
group
counsellor
.
You
will
need
to
be
able
to
attend
regularly
each
week
.
Undergraduate
Groups
Group
1
:
Tuesdays
4.00
-
5.30pm
,
ongoing
in
Full
Term
Group
2
:
Thursdays
1.45
-
3.15pm
,
ongoing
in
Full
Term
Aims
to
help
students
make
sense
of
difficulties
they
may
have
at
Cambridge
,
and
thereby
be
helped
to
experience
their
time
here
more
positively
.
Suitable
for
those
with
issues
around
relationships
or
isolation
,
self-esteem
,
separation-from-home
,
or
with
identity
or
work
.
Postgraduate
Groups
Group
1
:
Mondays
11.00
-
12.30
,
currently
ongoing
(
incl.
vacations
)
Group
2
:
Tuesdays
6.00
-
7.30pm
,
currently
ongoing
(
incl.
vacations
)
Group
3
:
Wednesdays
2.15
-
3.45pm
,
currently
ongoing
(
incl.
vacations
)
Group
4
:
Thursdays
9.15
-
10.45am
,
currently
ongoing
(
incl.
vacations
)
For
post-grads
of
all
years
who
want
to
share
experience
and
gain
insight
into
difficulties
they
may
be
having
.
Suitable
for
those
with
issues
around
relationships
,
identity
,
self-esteem
,
adjusting
to
life
in
Cambridge
and
engaging
with
graduate
study
.
Suitable
also
for
Masters
students
who
find
themselves
under
pressure
.
Art
Therapy
Group
Group
1
:
Tuesdays
1.45
-
3.15
,
ongoing
in
Full
Term
Group
2
:
Thursday
mornings
,
time
to
be
confirmed
,
starting
Easter
Term
Art
therapy
is
not
about
artistic
talent
,
but
rather
an
alternative
way
of
discovering
feelings
and
exploring
difficult
issues
.
While
some
time
is
spent
drawing
and
painting
,
there
is
also
time
set
aside
for
talking
about
what
you
have
depicted
.
No
artistic
skill
is
required
.
If
you
have
any
further
questions
about
our
groups
-
or
suggestions
for
other
groups
we
might
offer
-
please
contact
us
or
mention
these
to
your
counsellor
.
Top
of
page
Home
Page
News
About
the
Service
Help
With
Common
Difficulties
Other
Sources
of
Help
é
University
of
Cambridge
Counselling
Service
This
page
was
last
updated
on
6th
March
2006
For
those
authors
who
do
n't
want
to
read
all
the
details
,
please
download
and
use
the
JCSE
Template
for
MS
Word
.
Note
that
JCSE
is
an
"
electronic
only
"
Journal
,
and
it
is
of
no
use
to
us
to
submit
printed
copies
of
papers
.
Papers
must
be
submitted
in
a
suitable
form
for
publication
,
and
we
reserve
the
right
to
require
authors
to
revise
papers
that
do
not
meet
the
document
formatting
guidelines
(
the
journal
is
provided
at
no
cost
to
authors
or
readers
,
and
we
cannot
afford
to
spend
a
lot
of
time
reworking
papers
to
convert
them
to
acceptable
PDF
or
HTML
files
)
.
Documents
must
be
provided
as
standard
word-processor
documents
(
Microsoft
Word
,
WordPerfect
,
Word
Pro
or
OpenOffice
-
as
a
general
rule
it
is
likely
to
give
us
least
problems
if
you
save
your
document
in
a
Word
.doc
or
a
rich
text
.rtf
format
)
,
standard
text
documents
or
HTML
(
Hypertext
Mark-up
Language
)
meeting
the
version
4.01
specification
.
Mathematical
equations
may
be
embedded
in
Microsoft
Word
documents
,
or
provided
as
GIF
images
.
In
the
near
future
we
expect
that
it
will
be
possible
to
use
the
MathML
standard
to
embed
mathematical
equations
in
a
standard
way
.
The
layout
of
documents
is
important
-
please
see
the
Word
Template
file
for
a
detailed
discussion
of
paper
formatting
.
Papers
that
do
not
meet
the
formatting
guidelines
may
be
published
in
preprint
format
(
providing
they
incorporate
all
of
the
figures
and
tables
in
the
document
and
they
can
be
edited
easily
to
include
the
JCSE
header
and
footer
)
,
but
may
not
be
accepted
for
final
publication
.
For
the
initial
submission
,
which
will
be
published
as
a
preprint
in
the
form
of
an
Adobe
Acrobat
(
PDF
)
document
,
all
figures
,
tables
and
other
'
objects
'
should
be
embedded
in
the
document
,
normally
at
the
point
at
which
they
will
first
be
referenced
.
When
the
paper
is
subsequently
converted
to
HTML
at
the
final
publication
,
we
may
need
separate
copies
of
images
and
other
objects
,
as
it
can
be
difficult
to
extract
these
for
the
Word
document
.
It
is
recommended
that
the
originals
are
provided
with
the
original
submission
,
in
order
to
ensure
that
there
is
no
difficulty
in
locating
them
at
the
final
submission
stage
(
and
to
save
time
if
no
modifications
are
required
)
.
Note
that
we
require
the
original
image
files
;
images
embedded
in
separate
Word
documents
are
of
no
advantage
to
compared
to
the
copies
embedded
in
the
main
document
.
Figures
must
be
supplied
as
bit-mapped
images
in
GIF
,
JPEG
or
PNG
format
,
or
original
photographs
or
printed
figures
can
be
scanned
for
a
charge
of
ã5
per
figure
.
We
have
experienced
significant
problems
with
figures
being
supplied
in
inappropriate
formats
,
and
intending
authors
are
asked
to
check
the
page
on
file
formats
before
producing
their
figures
.
Video
,
sound
,
program
and
data
files
may
also
be
used
.
The
inclusion
of
well-documented
,
original
data
files
is
particularly
encouraged
as
a
resource
for
readers
.
Authors
should
be
aware
that
animation
,
video
and
sound
files
are
generally
very
large
,
and
,
with
the
current
performance
of
the
Internet
,
may
take
a
very
long
time
to
load
.
There
is
no
limit
on
the
length
or
size
of
papers
,
although
the
Editor
reserves
the
right
to
ask
for
a
reduction
in
size
of
unreasonably
large
papers
.
Prospective
authors
should
,
however
,
appreciate
that
online
readers
will
typically
not
read
to
the
end
of
a
very
long
paper
,
and
conciseness
is
even
more
important
for
JCSE
than
for
paper
publications
.
Papers
may
be
written
in
British
English
or
in
any
other
common
dialect
(
such
as
US
English
)
.
Papers
will
not
normally
be
edited
for
grammar
or
spelling
prior
to
preprint
or
final
publication
(
although
they
may
be
returned
for
revision
if
the
English
is
seriously
flawed
,
especially
if
the
intended
meaning
is
unclear
)
.
This
policy
is
applied
partly
to
contain
costs
,
and
partly
because
of
a
belief
that
editing
by
anyone
other
than
the
original
authors
can
never
add
to
the
information
content
of
the
paper
,
and
risks
changing
something
.
Authors
should
appreciate
that
their
work
will
be
placed
irrevocably
in
the
public
domain
for
anyone
to
criticise
publicly
,
and
due
care
should
be
taken
over
the
language
and
presentation
.
Submission
of
your
paper
As
far
as
possible
,
all
activities
(
submission
,
author
communications
,
refereeing
etc
)
will
be
undertaken
by
E-Mail
(
attach
HTML
and
image
files
to
the
E-Mail
message
)
,
although
papers
may
also
be
submitted
on
3.5
"
MS-DOS
compatible
floppy
disk
(
we
can
usually
also
read
Macintosh
format
disks
)
,
Zip
disks
or
CD-ROMs
.
For
large
papers
we
suggest
that
you
compress
,
and
if
necessary
segment
(
look
for
"
split
to
volumes
"
on
the
general
page
of
the
archive
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spanning
"
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resin
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SuperAcryl
123
-
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Resin
Corporation
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..
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Site
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currently
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redeveloped
)
The
Nature
of
Customary
Law
:
Philosophical
,
Historical
and
Legal
Perspectives
14-16
September
2005
Newnham
College
,
Sidgwick
Avenue
,
Cambridge
,
CB3
9DF
Supported
by
:
The
British
Academy
The
Lauterpact
Research
Centre
for
International
Law
,
Faculty
of
Law
&
CRASSH
,
University
of
Cambridge
John
Sloan
Dickey
Center
for
International
Understanding
,
Dartmouth
College
A
colloquium
on
accounts
of
the
nature
of
customary
law
and
their
implications
for
customary
international
law
will
be
held
at
Newnham
College
,
Cambridge
from
14th-16th
September
2005
.
Topics
under
consideration
range
from
ancient
political
thought
to
contemporary
debates
in
international
law
,
with
sessions
also
dedicated
to
ethics
;
the
interrelationship
between
systems
of
private
law
and
the
ius
gentium
;
and
custom
and
the
law
of
nations
and
the
laws
of
war
.
Speakers
are
eminent
scholars
in
their
respective
fields
.
The
approach
of
the
colloquium
is
avowedly
interdisciplinary
,
with
one
aim
being
to
enrich
contemporary
debate
on
the
nature
of
customary
international
law
.
As
the
papers
at
the
colloquium
are
intended
to
stimulate
discussion
,
the
colloquium
has
only
limited
places
and
is
by
invitation
only
.
The
completed
papers
will
be
included
in
a
book
aiming
to
give
a
thorough
,
scholarly
introduction
to
a
wide
variety
of
accounts
of
the
role
and
nature
of
customary
law
in
general
and
customary
international
law
in
particular
,
to
be
published
by
Cambridge
University
Press
in
2006
.
We
intend
to
publish
all
the
completed
papers
subject
to
the
page
constraints
imposed
by
CUP
.
Conveners
:
Dr
Amanda
Perreau-Saussine
(
Newnham
College
,
University
of
Cambridge
)
acrh2@cam.ac.uk
Prof
James
Murphy
(
Dartmouth
College
,
U.S.A.
)
James.B.Murphy@Dartmouth.EDU
Conference
Papers
Conference
papers
are
available
here
.
Please
note
this
section
is
for
delegates
only
and
is
password
protected
-
you
will
receive
your
password
from
the
conference
convenors
at
registration
.
Programme
Wednesday
14
September
16.00
Reception
and
Tea
Barbara
White
Room
,
Newnham
College
17.00
Part
I
:
Contemporary
Debates
on
the
Nature
of
Customary
International
Law
Barbara
White
Room
,
Newnham
College
Subjectivity
and
Custom
-
A
Short
History
of
Opinio
Juris
Prof
James
Crawford
(
Whewell
Professor
of
International
Law
,
Cambridge
)
Three
Ways
of
Writing
a
Treatise
on
Public
International
Law
:
Textbooks
and
Teachers
as
a
Contemporary
Source
of
Public
International
Law
Dr
Amanda
Perreau-Saussine
(
Newnham
College
,
Cambridge
)
Hope
without
Fear
:
Customary
International
Law
and
the
Quest
for
Global
Justice
Dr
John
Tasioulas
(
Corpus
Christi
College
,
Oxford
)
Chair
,
commentator
:
Prof
Philip
Allott
(
Trinity
College
,
Cambridge
)
19.00
Dinner
Sidgwick
Dining
Hall
,
Newnham
College
Thursday
15
September
09.30
Part
II
:
Custom
,
Law
and
Customary
International
Law
Barbara
White
Room
,
Newnham
College
Hegel
and
Savigny
on
Customary
Law
Dr
Christoph
Kletzer
(
University
of
Durham
)
Habit
and
Convention
at
the
Foundation
of
Custom
Prof
James
Murphy
(
Dartmouth
College
,
Hanover
)
Custom
in
International
Law
:
A
Normative
Practice
Account
Prof
Gerald
Postema
(
Cary
C.
Boshamer
Professor
of
Philosophy
and
Professor
of
Law
,
Chapel
Hill
,
North
Carolina
)
Joint
Chairs
,
commentators
:
Dr
Margaret
Atkins
(
TASC
,
Leeds
)
and
Professor
Anthony
Carty
(
University
of
Westminster
)
11.00
Coffee
Barbara
White
Room
,
Newnham
College
11.30
Part
III
:
Rules
,
conventions
and
interpretation
Barbara
White
Room
,
Newnham
College
The
Moral
Role
of
Conventions
Prof
Ross
Harrison
(
Quain
Professor
of
Jurisprudence
,
University
College
London
)
Reason
and
Authority
Prof
Onora
O'Neill
(
Newnham
College
,
Cambridge
)
Pitfalls
in
the
Interpretation
of
Customary
Law
Prof
Frederick
Schauer
(
Harvard
University
)
Chair
,
commentator
:
Professor
Simon
Blackburn
(
Trinity
College
,
Cambridge
)
13.00
Lunch
Sidgwick
Dining
Hall
,
Newnham
College
14.30
Part
IV
:
Graduate
Student
Workshop
:
The
Significance
of
Customary
Law
Barbara
White
Room
,
Newnham
College
A
Nation
according
to
Nature
:
Philo
of
Alexandria
on
the
Relationship
of
Natural
Law
and
Mosaic
Law
Charles
Anderson
(
Corpus
Christi
College
,
Cambridge
)
Maritime
Jurisdiction
and
the
Changing
World
Security
Order
Douglas
Guilfoyle
(
Trinity
Hall
,
Cambridge
)
Custom
vs
statute
?
a
brief
history
of
their
coexistence
in
Poland
Anna
Karabowicz
(
Jagellonian
University
,
Krakow
)
The
Significance
of
Custom
to
David
Hume
's
Theories
of
Ius
Gentium
and
Ius
inter
Gentes
Jane
Slinn
(
Kings
College
,
Cambridge
)
Custom
,
Immemoriality
and
Reason
in
the
Early
Seventeenth-Century
Common
Law
Ian
Williams
(
Clare
College
,
Cambridge
)
Chair
,
commentator
:
Dr
Hannah
Dawson
(
Queens
'
College
,
Cambridge
)
and
Professor
Iain
Scobbie
(
SOAS
)
16.00
Reception
and
Tea
Barbara
White
Room
,
Newnham
College
16.30
Part
V
:
Customary
law
,
the
Law
of
Nature
,
and
the
Law
of
Nations
Barbara
White
Room
,
Newnham
College
Custom
in
Late
Scholasticism
Vincent
Aubin
(
Paris
)
Customary
Law
and
the
Law
of
Nature
Prof
Jean
Porter
(
University
of
Notre
Dame
)
Vitoria
and
Suarez
on
Ius
Gentium
,
Custom
,
and
Natural
Law
Prof
Brian
Tierney
(
Emeritus
Professor
of
History
,
Cornell
University
)
Chair
,
commentator
:
Dr
Annabel
Brett
(
Gonville
and
Caius
College
,
Cambridge
)
19.00
Dinner
Sidgwick
Dining
Hall
,
Newnham
College
Friday
16
September
09.30
Part
VI
:
Common
Law
,
Civil
Law
,
and
Ius
Gentium
Lauterpacht
Research
Centre
for
International
Law
(
LRCIL
)
,
5
Cranmer
Road
The
Idea
of
Common
Law
as
Custom
Dr
Alan
Cromartie
(
University
of
Reading
)
Custom
in
Medieval
Law
Prof
David
Ibbetson
(
Corpus
Christi
College
Cambridge
)
Ius
Gentium
,
Custom
and
Common
Law
Reasoning
in
the
Nineteenth
Century
Prof
Michael
Lobban
(
Queen
Mary
College
,
London
)
Chair
,
commentator
:
Andrew
Lewis
(
Professor
of
Comparative
Legal
History
,
University
College
London
)
11.00
Coffee
Lauterpacht
Research
Centre
for
International
Law
11.30
Part
VII
:
Ius
Gentium
Old
and
New
Lauterpacht
Research
Centre
for
International
Law
Siege
Warfare
in
the
Early
Modern
Age
:
A
study
on
the
Customary
Law
of
War
Prof
Randall
Lesaffer
(
University
of
Tilburg
,
Netherlands
)
The
New
Ius
Gentium
Prof
Benedict
Kingsbury
(
New
York
University
)
Joint
chairs
,
commentators
:
Joint
chairs/commentators
:
Dr
Amanda
Perreau-Saussine
and
Professor
James
Murphy
13.15
Lunch
Sidgwick
Dining
Hall
,
Newnham
College
Registration
This
is
a
closed
event
.
For
administrative
enquiries
about
this
event
,
please
email
Are
you
confused
by
the
range
of
tooth
brushes
and
mouthwashes
available
.
Follow
the
tips
here
and
you
will
be
able
to
choose
the
perfect
product
every
time
.
Remember
oral
hygiene
accessories
are
available
in
the
practice
at
below
supermarket
prices
.
Toothbrushes
Mouthwashes
Floss
Buying
the
right
tools
for
looking
after
your
mouth
is
just
the
beginning
.
Despite
the
millions
of
toothbrushes
that
are
bought
in
the
UK
every
year
it
is
estimated
that
at
least
80
%
of
the
adult
population
suffers
from
g
um
disease
of
some
level
.
Our
team
of
Dentists
,
Care
Nurses
and
Hygienists
are
able
to
help
you
to
get
the
best
out
of
any
dental
product
that
you
use
.
For
practical
dental
care
tailored
to
your
needs
why
not
request
an
appointment
.
NAVIGATE
THE
TOOTHBRUSH
MAZE
This
e-newsletter
article
contains
some
information
to
help
you
to
buy
the
best
possible
tooth-
brush
for
yourself
or
your
family
.
Often
to
be
able
to
brush
your
teeth
more
effectively
you
first
need
to
get
a
better
brush
!
Hard
or
Soft
?
A
good
toothbrush
has
SOFT
bristles
,
most
of
us
look
for
firm
are
hard
toothbrushes
because
we
"
feel
"
that
this
will
give
us
a
better
"
scrub
,
"
these
toothbrushes
are
in
fact
damaging
to
your
gums
and
in
certain
circumstances
can
also
damage
your
teeth
as
well
.
Size
Does
matter
for
toothbrushes
,
and
the
smaller
the
head
on
your
toothbrush
the
better
.
Most
toothbrushes
on
the
market
are
too
big
.
The
head
of
the
toothbrush
should
be
no
more
than
1.5
cm
long
otherwise
you
will
not
physically
be
able
to
get
it
in
to
all
the
nooks
and
crannies
at
the
back
of
your
mouth
.
For
very
difficult
areas
consider
using
a
single
tufted
(
interdental
)
toothbrush
.
Electric
or
Manual
Many
of
our
patients
have
shown
dramatic
improvements
in
their
dental
health
thanks
to
the
dedicated
work
of
Alison
our
Hygienist
but
also
by
using
an
electric
toothbrush
.
The
electric
brushes
with
the
round
heads
seem
to
produce
the
best
results
.
The
good
news
is
that
the
cheaper
ones
between
ã12
and
ã30
appear
to
produce
the
same
benefits
as
those
at
ã50
and
above
.
How
often
should
I
replace
my
toothbrush
?
Make
sure
you
replace
your
toothbrush
regularly
,
over
time
bacteria
build
up
in
the
bristles
and
this
means
that
every
time
you
clean
your
teeth
you
are
adding
more
bacteria
to
your
mouth
not
removing
them
!
Make
sure
you
rinse
your
brush
thoroughly
after
every
use
.
For
manual
toothbrushes
replacement
every
4
weeks
is
recommended
and
for
electric
toothbrushes
,
1-2
months
between
replacement
is
a
good
idea
.
If
the
bristles
of
your
brush
become
bent
before
this
then
you
should
think
about
replacing
your
brush
sooner
(
this
would
also
suggest
that
you
are
brushing
too
hard
!
)
.
Children
We
strongly
recommend
that
an
adult
supervise
tooth
brushing
in
very
young
children
as
toothbrushes
may
present
a
choking
hazard
if
used
incorrectly
.
We
also
suggest
that
adults
should
brush
their
childÃÂs
teeth
up
to
the
age
of
six
or
seven
as
children
younger
than
this
usually
do
not
have
adequate
manual
dexterity
to
brush
all
of
their
teeth
thoroughly
.
If
your
child
is
under
this
age
and
is
keen
on
brushing
then
do
continue
to
encourage
them
.
However
,
make
sure
that
you
supervise
them
and
that
you
also
brush
your
childÃÂs
teeth
before
or
after
they
have
done
so
themselves
.
For
very
young
babies
and
toddlers
we
recommend
child
friendly
brushes
with
big
handles
and
very
small
heads
.
These
are
available
from
most
good
manufacturers
.
Just
remember
to
use
(
less
than
)
a
pea
size
amount
of
toothpaste
on
the
brush
as
young
children
will
swallow
most
of
it
since
they
do
not
yet
have
the
muscular
control
needed
to
spit
things
out
effectively
.
TOP
NAVIGATE
THE
MOUTHWASH
MAZE
Are
you
confused
by
all
of
the
mouthwashes
available
on
the
shelves
at
your
local
supermarket
?
They
range
dramatically
in
colour
,
packaging
and
price
.
Well
follow
the
tips
here
and
you
will
never
be
confused
again
.
Mouthwashes
come
in
3
main
types.
to
prevent
tooth
decay
to
help
treat
gum
disease
to
help
treat
bad
breath
.
It
is
best
to
avoid
types
2
and
3
unless
specifically
advised
by
one
of
our
dentists
or
the
hygienist
.
Mouthwashes
to
help
avoid
tooth
decay
are
the
only
ones
which
you
should
consider
as
an
addition
to
your
daily
routine
.
Look
for
only
2
things
when
shopping
,
chose
a
mouthwash
that
Contains
fluoride
and
has
a
low
concentration
of
alcohol
(
or
no
alcohol
)
You
can
find
out
the
exact
contents
from
the
label
on
the
back
of
the
bottle
.
Fluoride
helps
to
protect
teeth
against
tooth
decay
and
will
actually
make
your
teeth
stronger
over
time
.
Alcohol
is
best
avoided
as
it
dries
the
mouth
out
and
although
it
will
make
your
mouth
feel
fresher
shot
term
,
it
can
contribute
to
bad
breath
a
few
hours
after
use
.
When
using
your
mouthwash
,
make
sure
you
rinse
it
thoroughly
round
your
mouth
for
a
minimum
of
1
minute
.
Take
a
watch
into
the
bathroom
with
you
and
try
timing
this
once
or
twice
,
I
guarantee
you
will
be
surprised
at
how
long
a
minute
actually
is
!
After
rinsing
spit
out
the
excess
but
do
not
rinse
your
mouth
with
water
or
much
of
the
beneficial
effect
will
be
lost
.
The
best
time
to
do
this
is
just
before
bed
.
Finally
mouthwashes
are
not
recommended
for
children
under
the
age
of
8
,
for
them
fluoride
in
tablet
form
is
better
,
ask
one
for
the
dentists
for
advice
.
We
can
issue
prescriptions
that
will
allow
you
to
get
free
fluoride
for
your
children
from
any
chemist
.
So
in
summary
choose
a
fluoride
containing
,
low
alcohol
mouthwash
rinse
for
1
minute
last
thing
at
night
do
not
rinse
with
water
afterwards
SMILE
and
go
to
bed
happy
in
the
knowledge
that
you
are
now
less
likely
to
suffer
from
tooth
decay
!
TOP
NAVIGATE
THE
FLOSS
MAZE
Part
three
of
our
"
Navigate
series
"
on
how
to
choose
the
best
products
to
look
after
your
teeth
and
those
of
your
family
focuses
on
Dental
Floss
.
There
are
thousands
of
brands
out
there
to
choose
from
some
good
some
not
so
good
and
some
are
downright
awful
.
First
tip
,
forget
about
floss
and
buy
DENTAL
TAPE
.
Floss
is
made
of
a
round
fibre
which
takes
more
force
to
get
in
between
your
teeth
and
is
more
likely
to
cause
pain
as
it
hits
your
gumÃ
..OUCH
!
!
It
also
misses
lots
of
bits
that
tape
will
get
into
.
If
you
have
a
heavily
restored
mouth
with
lots
of
fillings
then
flossing
is
very
important
to
you
.
The
junction
between
your
filling
an
tooth
that
lies
in
between
the
teeth
will
never
(
yes
NEVER
)
get
cleaned
without
using
tape
or
something
similar
.
Think
what
would
happen
if
you
never
washed
between
your
toesÃ
Ã
Ã
Very
smooth
tapes
that
slip
very
easily
between
the
teeth
are
easier
to
use
but
tend
to
spread
the
bacteria
that
we
are
trying
to
remove
.
So
you
do
need
a
tape
that
has
a
bit
of
"
grab
"
to
it
and
this
is
why
Waxed
or
Coated
tape
is
better
.
Waxed
or
Coated
tape
is
also
better
because
it
shreds
less
and
will
be
less
likely
to
get
stuck
between
your
teeth
.
Look
too
for
Monofilament
tape
,
this
means
that
instead
of
it
shredding
it
will
break
cleanly
if
it
hits
a
sharp
edge
on
a
filling
or
crown
.
This
again
avoids
that
horrible
feeling
of
having
a
bit
of
last
nights
floss
stuck
in
between
your
teeth
the
next
morning
!
If
you
are
regularly
getting
dental
tape
stuck
in
just
one
or
two
areas
,
then
let
your
dentist
know
as
it
can
mean
there
is
a
problem
.
Finally
one
last
tip
,
wash
your
hands
thoroughly
after
flossing
as
some
of
the
mint
flavoured
coatings
can
really
sting
if
they
get
in
your
eyesÃ
..
donÃÂt
ask
how
we
know
!
SUMMARY
Buy
TAPE
not
FLOSS
Look
for
WAXED
or
COATED
tape
Change
brand
until
you
find
one
that
does
not
shred
If
all
tapes
shred
in
a
specific
area
let
the
dentist
know
Ask
our
hygienist
for
a
demonstration
of
the
Perfect
flossing
technique
If
you
are
still
having
problems
then
maybe
you
need
to
try
other
methods
of
cleaning
between
your
teethÃ
.more
in
a
future
issue
.
TOP
This
is
just
a
small
sample
of
the
knowledge
that
our
team
would
liek
to
share
with
you
.
Skipton
6
miles
,
Harrogate
25
miles
,
Manchester
35
miles
,
Leeds
40
miles
(
all
mileages
approximate
)
Ground
Floor
:
Reception
hall
,
sitting
room
,
dining
room
,
breakfast
kitchen
,
rear
porch
,
cloaks
,
utility
room
,
rear
hall
,
boot
room
.
First
Floor
:
Staircase
,
landing
,
bedroom
one
,
bedroom
two
,
bedroom
three
,
bedroom
four
,
house
bathroom
.
External
:
Detached
double
garage
,
gardens
extending
to
approximately
three
quarters
of
an
acre.
full
details
follow
INTRODUCTION
A
stylish
detached
private
house
situated
in
an
elevated
position
on
the
edge
of
Thornton-in-Craven
the
areas
most
popular
residential
location
within
the
catchment
area
for
both
Ermisteads
Grammar
School
and
Skipton
Girls
High
School
both
have
a
renowned
and
established
reputation
,
also
local
village
school
is
highly
regarded
.
ACCOMMODATION
(
all
dimensions
approximate
)
GROUND
FLOOR
RECEPTION
HALL
6ÃÂ3
x
21ÃÂ3
(
1.90
x
6.48m
)
(
including
staircase
)
Traditional
arched
stone
entrance
door
with
arched
multi-paned
entrance
door
.
Double
panel
central
heating
radiator
,
coved
ceiling
,
staircase
leading
to
first
floor
accommodation
.
SITTING
ROOM
21ÃÂ9
x
13ÃÂ7
(
6.63
x
4.14m
)
Sealed
unit
double-glazed
timber
windows
with
stone
mullions
to
front
and
gable
elevation
.
Original
decorative
carved
Adam
style
timber
fireplace
with
marble
surround
,
hearth
and
inset
,
polished
brass
Baxi
fire
.
Decorative
coved
ceiling
,
traditional
10ÃÂ
skirtings
and
architraves
.
Built-in
mahogany
bookshelf
and
cupboards
.
Double
panel
central
heating
radiator
.
DINING
ROOM
16ÃÂ
(
4.88m
)
into
bay
x
12ÃÂ1
(
3.68m
)
Traditional
stone
mullion
bay
window
to
front
elevation
with
sealed
unit
double-glazed
timber
window
and
,
double
panel
central
heating
radiator
.
Original
polished
timber
fireplace
with
inset
decorative
tiled
surround
and
hearth
and
polished
canopy
open
fire
.
Original
10ÃÂ
skirting
boards
,
architraves
and
coved
ceiling
.
BREAKFAST
KITCHEN
10ÃÂ11
x
12ÃÂ2
(
3.33
x
3.71m
)
Range
of
high
quality
fitted
kitchen
units
including
fitted
base
units
with
work
surfaces
and
full
wall
storage
cupboards
.
Single
drainer
sink
with
antique
style
brass
mixer
tap
,
Neff
four-ring
electric
hob
,
electric
oven
and
grill
.
Potterton
gas
boiler
providing
central
heating
and
domestic
hot
water
and
plumbed
for
automatic
dishwasher
.
Sealed
unit
double-glazed
timber
windows
to
rear
and
gable
elevations
,
brass
spotlighting
to
ceiling
,
feature
alcove
and
double
panel
central
heating
radiator
.
REAR
PORCH
6ÃÂ2
x
4ÃÂ
(
1.88
x
1.22m
)
Access
to
cellar
and
access
door
to
rear
hall
.
CLOAKS
13ÃÂ8
x
3ÃÂ10
(
4.17
x
1.17m
)
maximum
Low-level
WC
,
pedestal
wash
hand
basin
with
tiled
splashbacks
and
fitted
mirror
with
light
over
,
side
window
and
cloaks
hanging
area
.
UTILITY
ROOM
8ÃÂ2
x
7ÃÂ4
(
2.49
x
2.24m
)
Fitted
cupboards
and
shelving
,
ceramic
tiled
floor
and
single-glazed
side
window
.
REAR
HALL
3ÃÂ
x
7ÃÂ2
(
0.91
x
2.18m
)
Original
diamond
set
tiled
floor
.
BOOT
ROOM
7ÃÂ6
x
7ÃÂ2
(
2.29
x
2.18m
)
Ceramic
tiled
floor
,
fitted
cloaks
hanging
and
boot
storage
area
,
plumbed
for
automatic
washing
machine
,
power
points
,
fitted
shelving
and
window
to
rear
elevation
.
FIRST
FLOOR
CELLARS
Double
cellar
used
for
wine
and
fuel
storage
.
STAIRCASE
Traditional
staircase
with
square
spindles
and
carved
mahogany
hand
rail
and
newel
posts
.
LANDING
Traditional
open
landing
with
balustrade
and
sealed
unit
double-glazed
timber
window
to
front
elevation
.
BEDROOM
ONE
16ÃÂ1
x
15ÃÂ11
(
4.90
x
4.85m
)
Sealed
unit
double-glazed
timber
window
with
stone
mullions
to
front
elevation
.
Double
panel
central
heating
radiator
.
Coved
ceiling
.
Original
slate
and
recessed
brick
open
fire
.
Access
door
to
large
dressing
room
or
bedroom
four
.
BEDROOM
TWO
12ÃÂ3
x
13ÃÂ
(
3.73
x
3.96m
)
Sealed
unit
double-glazed
stone
mullioned
timber
window
to
front
elevation
,
double
panel
central
heating
radiator
and
coved
ceiling
.
Original
slate
and
recessed
brick
open
fire
.
BEDROOM
THREE
11ÃÂ10
x
12ÃÂ4
(
3.61
x
3.76m
)
Sealed
unit
double-glazed
timber
stone
mullion
window
to
rear
elevation
,
pedestal
wash
hand
basin
with
fitted
mirror
,
fitted
shelf
to
niche
and
single
panel
central
heating
radiator
.
BEDROOM
FOUR
7ÃÂ8
x
10ÃÂ7
(
2.34
x
3.23m
)
Sealed
unit
double-glazed
stone
mullion
timber
window
to
rear
elevation
,
single
panel
central
heating
radiator
and
coved
ceiling
.
Plus
access
way
to
master
bedroom
6ÃÂ1
x2ÃÂ7
with
sealed
unit
double-glazed
small
side
window
,
fitting
shelving
and
hanging
.
HOUSE
BATHROOM
7ÃÂ3
x
7ÃÂ1
(
2.21
x
2.16m
)
Containing
five-piece
suite
comprising
timber
panel
bath
,
pedestal
wash
hand
basin
,
low-level
WC
,
bidet
and
Aquilser
shower
.
Full
ceramic
tiled
walls
,
timber
boarded
ceiling
with
fitted
spotlighting
.
Two
sealed
unit
double-glazed
timber
windows
to
rear
elevation
.
Mirror
fronted
airing
cupboard
and
linen
store
.
CELLARS
STORAGE
CELLAR
ONE
15ÃÂ9
x
5ÃÂ
(
4.80
x
1.52m
)
Useful
wine
storage
cellar
.
CELLAR
TWO
15ÃÂ9
x
7ÃÂ6
(
4.80
x
2.29m
)
Fuel
storage
cellar
and
coal
shute
.
EXTERNAL
DETACHED
GARAGE
21ÃÂ
x
18ÃÂ7
(
6.40
x
5.66m
)
Double
detached
garage
built
on
two
tiers
,
single
up
and
over
door
to
each
side
,
light
,
power
and
water
installed
.
Windows
to
rear
elevation
.
DRIVE
The
property
can
be
approached
via
a
front
driveway
or
rear
driveway
off
Camm
Lane
.
GARDEN
The
gardens
extend
for
approximately
þ
of
an
acre
with
mature
borders
,
shrubs
and
greenhouse
.
TENURE
Freehold
with
vacant
possession
upon
legal
completion
.
BUILDING
PLOT
The
property
includes
planning
permission
for
a
detached
three
bedroomed
bungalow
to
the
rear
of
the
property
with
a
separate
access
leading
onto
Cam
Lane
.
If
potential
purchasers
would
like
to
purchase
the
principal
house
without
the
building
plot
the
guide
price
is
ã495,000
.
N.B
:
The
building
plot
will
not
be
sold
independently
of
the
principal
house
.
For
a
site
map
of
the
proposed
development
please
see
our
web
site
mswhewetsons.co.uk
.
SERVICES
Mains
electricity
,
mains
water
,
mains
gas
,
sewerage
to
septic
tank
.
Please
Note
:
These
particulars
are
published
as
a
guide
to
the
property
but
their
accuracy
is
not
guaranteed
.
Neither
the
particulars
nor
any
statement
made
by
or
on
behalf
of
MSW
Hewetsons
is
intended
to
form
part
of
a
contract
of
sale
or
warranty
.
Financial
Services
:
BPFS
is
a
member
of
Investment
Strategies
Ltd.
,
who
are
a
member
of
the
FSA
.
YOUR
HOME
IS
AT
RISK
IF
YOU
DO
NOT
KEEP
UP
REPAYMENTS
ON
A
MORTGAGE
OR
ANY
OTHER
LOAN
SECURED
ON
IT
.
Price
:
ã
575,000
Misrepresentation
ACT
1967
-
Notice
MSW
Hewetsons
for
themselves
,
and
for
the
vendors
of
this
property
whose
agents
they
are
,
give
notice
that
:
(
1
)
These
particulars
do
not
constitute
,
nor
constitute
any
part
of
,
an
offer
or
contract
.
(
2
)
All
statements
contained
in
these
particulars
as
to
this
property
are
made
without
responsibility
on
the
part
of
MSW
Hewetsons
,
Skiptonweb
or
the
vendor
.
(
3
)
None
of
the
statements
contained
in
these
particulars
as
to
this
property
are
to
be
relied
on
as
statements
or
representations
of
fact
.
(
4
)
Any
intending
purchaser
must
satisfy
himself
by
inspection
or
otherwise
as
to
the
correctness
of
each
of
the
statements
contained
in
these
particulars
.
(
5
)
The
vendor
does
not
make
or
give
,
and
neither
do
MSW
Hewetsons
nor
any
person
in
their
employment
has
any
authority
to
make
or
give
,
any
representation
or
warranty
whatever
in
relation
to
this
property
.
More
than
400
people
have
been
arrested
in
a
pilot
scheme
targeting
serious
offenders
on
Staffordshire
roads
.
The
force
is
one
of
23
in
England
and
Wales
using
Automatic
Number
Plate
Recognition
(
ANPR
)
in
the
Home
Office
programme
launched
last
June
.
Road
Crime
Team
(
RCT
)
officers
,
based
at
the
force
's
Weston
Road
complex
,
made
4,753
stops
between
June
2003
and
March
2004
resulting
in
415
arrests
Â
almost
10
per
cent
of
the
total
stops
.
Nearly
£170,000
of
stolen
property
was
also
recovered
thanks
to
ANPR
which
has
brought
large
numbers
of
persistent
offenders
to
justice
.
ANPR
cameras
scan
the
registration
numbers
of
thousands
of
vehicles
in
Staffordshire
a
day
.
They
immediately
return
hundreds
of
'
hits
'
where
a
number
plate
is
matched
on
databases
,
including
PNC
(
Police
National
Computer
)
and
SPIN
(
Staffs
Police
Intelligence
Network
)
,
which
contain
around
nine
million
vehicles
of
interest
.
The
cameras
are
based
in
specially-equipped
cars
used
by
RCT
teams
.
ANPR
is
also
incorporated
into
local
authority
CCTV
systems
in
Stoke-on-Trent
,
as
part
of
Staffordshire
Crime
Reduction
Partnership
,
and
Codsall
,
as
part
of
South
Staffordshire
Crime
Reduction
Partnership
.
When
a
hit
occurs
,
police
intercept
teams
are
alerted
instantly
and
the
driver
may
be
stopped
.
Of
the
arrests
,
39
were
for
theft
or
burglary
,
12
for
drugs
and
27
for
auto
crime
.
A
total
of
21
stolen
vehicles
,
with
an
estimated
value
of
£164,820
,
were
recovered
.
Officers
also
issued
1,538
Fixed
Penalty
Notices
for
crimes
including
driving
without
insurance
or
a
valid
MOT
certificate
.
One
example
of
ANPR
success
occurred
earlier
this
year
when
a
driver
was
stopped
in
Stoke-on-Trent
due
to
an
entry
that
indicated
he
may
be
involved
in
taking
drugs
.
Following
further
investigations
,
he
was
charged
with
four
counts
of
possession
with
intent
to
supply
.
Original
Sin
:
On
the
Importance
of
Creative
Killing
Original
Sin
:
On
the
Importance
of
Creative
Killing
Frank
Tallis
After
writing
my
first
'
crime
'
novel
,
Killing
Time
(
Penguin
)
,
in
which
(
not
surprisingly
)
someone
gets
killed
,
I
chastised
myself
for
being
unimaginative
.
The
murder
victim
is
despatched
by
being
struck
on
the
head
with
a
component
from
a
nineteenth
century
piece
of
scientific
apparatus
.
Although
the
murder
weapon
might
have
had
some
claim
on
originality
,
its
use
as
a
bludgeon
was
somewhat
pedestrian
:
"
Only
2
out
of
10
"
,
I
thought
,
"
could
do
better
"
.
I
then
began
to
contemplate
the
methods
of
despatch
used
in
most
crime
books
and
on
reflection
thought
that
they
too
'
could
do
better
'
.
The
repertoire
of
murder
methods
is
surprisingly
limited
.
People
tend
to
get
killed
in
the
most
unimaginative
ways
.
They
get
struck
on
the
head
,
strangled
,
shot
,
stabbed
,
poisoned
,
pushed
off
high
places
,
or
drowned
.
So
when
I
began
writing
my
second
novel
,
Sensing
Others
,
I
decided
I
should
try
to
buck
the
trend
.
If
I
was
going
to
write
about
another
murderer
then
he
should
employ
an
entirely
original
methodology
.
It
should
be
bold
without
being
silly
and
most
important
of
all
it
should
be
plausible
.
I
racked
my
low-wattage
brain
.
What
should
it
be
?
How
could
it
be
done
?
In
the
absence
of
any
other
obvious
place
of
departure
I
sought
inspiration
from
Thomas
De
Quincey
's
notorious
essay
On
Murder
Considered
as
One
of
the
Fine
Arts
-
hoping
to
pick
up
a
few
valuable
tips
.
Although
a
first
class
wit
De
Quincey
proved
to
be
a
fourth
division
muse
.
I
found
his
gallery
of
rogues
lacked
flair
,
panache
,
brio
,
and
imagination
.
Technically
,
they
were
nothing
special
and
favoured
familiar
methods
of
disposal
such
as
bludgeoning
,
stabbing
or
poisoning
.
Nevertheless
,
I
thought
that
the
title
of
De
Quincey
's
essay
touched
upon
an
interesting
fundamental
question
.
Can
murder
be
considered
as
a
kind
of
art
?
If
it
can
,
then
an
imaginary
macabre
equivalent
of
the
Turner
Prize
panel
would
necessarily
judge
entrants
on
indices
such
as
originality
or
inventiveness
.
I
became
even
more
convinced
that
my
murderer
(
although
perhaps
not
a
winner
)
should
at
least
make
the
short-list
.
Of
course
,
although
De
Quincey
wrote
his
essay
to
amuse
-
along
the
lines
of
Swift
's
more
celebrated
A
Modest
Proposal
-
the
notion
that
murder
is
a
kind
of
art
finds
considerable
support
,
alarmingly
,
from
the
annals
of
forensic
psychology
.
In
Brian
Masters
'
scholarly
study
of
the
serial
killer
Dennis
Nilsen
,
he
arrives
at
the
disconcerting
conclusion
that
murder
can
be
'
a
creative
act
'
.
Moreover
,
he
cites
the
work
of
Colin
Wilson
,
whose
study
of
social
outsiders
grouped
together
modern
murderers
,
poets
and
musicians
.
Wilson
observed
that
killers
and
artists
feel
set
apart
from
the
common
herd
,
confess
to
'
drives
and
tensions
'
that
alienate
them
from
society
,
and
have
the
courage
to
satisfy
these
drives
(
often
defying
society
in
the
process
)
.
The
underlying
suggestion
here
is
that
artists
and
murderers
might
draw
their
energies
from
the
same
source
.
Could
that
be
true
?
Well
,
many
serial
killers
are
also
inveterate
amateur
poets
.
Nilson
was
always
versifying
,
while
Lacenaire
,
Landru
,
and
Peter
Manuel
all
wrote
sonnets
while
waiting
to
be
executed
.
A
corollary
of
this
is
that
many
of
our
distinguished
poets
are
also
keen
amateur
murderers
-
something
that
is
n't
that
hard
to
believe
when
you
consider
what
a
promising
start
they
've
already
made
on
the
English
language
.
Think
of
the
Mersey
poets
,
for
instance
.
Yet
,
even
serial
killers
are
guilty
of
not
exploiting
their
creative
powers
to
the
full
.
Although
they
are
generally
very
inventive
with
dead
bodies
(
using
them
as
sex
aids
or
as
a
source
of
spare
parts
from
which
they
can
fashion
objets
d'art
)
,
they
too
show
an
unexpected
conservatism
when
it
comes
to
the
dastardly
deed
itself
.
Nilson
,
whose
quite
tolerable
poetry
elevates
him
to
something
of
a
laureate
among
villains
(
and
who
often
spoke
unambiguously
about
the
'
art
'
of
murder
)
was
a
boring
old
strangler
at
heart
.
Looking
through
one
of
the
many
millennial
lists
that
appeared
last
year
I
came
across
a
register
of
twenty
titles
voted
the
'
best
ever
'
crime
fiction
.
I
could
n't
help
noticing
that
the
authors
of
almost
all
of
the
genre
classics
opted
for
tried
and
tested
methods
of
murder
.
They
spurned
originality
.
Why
?
Above
,
I
mentioned
that
in
my
quest
for
an
original
methodology
I
was
looking
for
something
bold
without
being
silly
.
And
in
these
matters
,
the
issue
of
'
silliness
'
is
(
as
John
Major
might
have
said
)
not
inconsiderable
.
Indeed
,
it
seems
to
me
that
there
is
some
kind
of
mathematical
law
in
operation
that
enforces
the
co-variation
of
originality
and
silliness
.
That
is
to
say
,
the
more
original
the
method
of
despatch
,
the
more
silly
or
ridiculous
it
will
appear
-
the
opposite
also
being
true
.
Thus
,
like
Icarus
,
the
aspiring
crime
writer
must
be
wary
of
hubris
.
The
higher
you
fly
the
more
likely
it
is
that
you
will
fall
from
the
literary
stratosphere
.
The
fact
is
,
it
's
extremely
easy
to
think
up
a
wholly
original
method
of
killing
someone
,
but
in
all
probability
the
method
will
raise
laughs
rather
than
tension
.
For
example
,
a
victim
might
be
crushed
under
the
world
's
largest
Danish
pastry
;
decapitated
by
a
tortoise
used
as
ordnance
;
or
encouraged
to
spontaneously
combust
after
being
fed
with
porridge
flavoured
semtex
.
Methods
that
,
in
spite
of
arresting
originality
,
fall
foul
for
being
entirely
absurd
.
This
near
mathematical
relationship
is
conspicuously
evident
in
gothic
literature
(
an
example
of
which
made
it
onto
my
millennial
list
of
'
best
ever
'
crime
in
the
form
of
Edgar
Allen
Poe
)
.
Gothic
works
are
replete
with
exotic
potions
,
evil
contraptions
,
and
subtle
traps
-
all
highly
original
-
but
in
the
final
reckoning
only
marginally
less
camp
than
'
Pets
Win
Prizes
'
.
And
I
suspect
that
most
of
the
classic
crime
writers
have
eschewed
'
original
sin
'
for
this
reason
.
In
The
Talented
Mr
Ripley
,
when
Tom
(
the
murderer
)
and
Dickie
(
the
victim
)
are
alone
on
a
boat
,
Tom
does
not
dispose
of
Dickie
by
hitting
him
over
the
head
with
a
set
of
reindeer
antlers
,
but
rather
,
an
oar
.
The
more
obvious
method
works
so
much
better
-
something
that
Patricia
Highsmith
thankfully
understood
completely
.
I
had
begun
to
think
the
problem
was
intractable
.
If
classic
crime
writers
and
serial
killers
alike
both
favoured
the
obvious
,
then
maybe
I
should
forget
the
whole
issue
of
originality
.
Yet
,
I
could
n't
let
it
go
.
In
Sensing
Others
I
was
going
to
be
writing
about
a
particularly
deranged
individual
and
the
idea
of
him
cruising
nocturnal
London
,
stalking
victims
,
only
to
kill
to
them
by
strangling
,
bludgeoning
,
or
stabbing
,
felt
deeply
unsatisfying
.
If
I
was
going
to
have
a
foray
into
the
dark
world
of
motiveless
murder
then
I
wanted
my
serial
killer
to
employ
a
modus
operandi
that
would
make
people
sit
up
and
pay
attention
.
"
What
should
it
be
?
"
I
wondered
.
"
What
should
it
be
?
"
When
in
a
tight
corner
,
I
am
often
forced
to
raid
my
professional
background
.
This
is
something
of
a
cop-out
.
I
always
feel
that
writers
should
have
sufficient
imagination
to
people
their
worlds
with
novel
creations
rather
than
borrowing
from
real
life
.
But
,
the
fact
is
,
I
happen
to
have
a
particularly
useful
professional
background
and
I
ca
n't
resist
raiding
it
when
I
'm
in
trouble
.
When
practising
as
a
clinical
psychologist
I
had
the
good
fortune
to
meet
some
murderers
:
a
woman
who
tried
to
cut
her
boyfriend
's
head
off
while
he
was
taking
a
nap
(
could
do
better
)
,
and
a
man
who
threw
a
colleague
out
of
a
cable-car
(
good
try
,
but
surely
a
little
too
James
Bond
)
.
As
an
aside
,
and
in
fairness
to
my
ex-patients
,
it
's
worth
mentioning
that
both
of
these
individuals
were
charming
.
The
murderess
was
a
happy
go
lucky
woman
who
giggled
and
smirked
her
way
through
what
would
have
been
for
me
an
otherwise
boring
afternoon
.
The
murderer
was
earnest
,
repentant
and
sincere
,
and
a
man
who
I
would
now
be
quite
happy
to
accompany
on
a
turn
around
the
London
Eye
(
even
without
having
first
fixed
my
feet
to
the
floor
with
an
industrial
stapler
)
.
But
I
digress
.
Recollecting
these
two
was
no
help
at
all
.
On
the
other
hand
,
recollecting
another
group
of
unusual
(
but
non-homicidal
)
patients
proved
very
helpful
indeed
.
I
began
to
mull
over
some
of
the
conversations
I
had
had
with
individuals
attending
a
special
programme
for
people
addicted
to
dangerous
sex
.
"
Yes
"
,
I
thought
.
"
This
has
possibilities
.
"
And
gradually
,
as
I
raked
over
my
memories
,
an
original
(
but
plausible
)
method
of
despatch
became
clearer
and
clearer
in
my
mind
.
Many
of
my
patients
led
curious
double
lives
,
existing
by
night
in
a
bizarre
demi-monde
of
strange
,
sado-masochistic
sex
clubs
-
tattoos
and
body
piercing
,
leather
and
PVC
.
Interestingly
,
sado-masochism
is
a
leisure
activity
often
associated
with
possession
of
a
creative
temperament
.
So
much
so
that
several
scientific
papers
have
been
written
on
the
'
poetic
'
nature
of
the
sado-masochistic
personality
.
Therefore
,
it
felt
right
to
be
contemplating
this
sub-culture
as
the
kind
of
environment
which
might
well
produce
and
nurture
a
killer
with
distinction
and
originality
.
I
had
always
considered
my
sensibilities
fitted
with
pretty
good
shock
absorbers
-
until
I
worked
with
sado-masochists
.
(
Hubris
again
)
.
In
fact
,
most
evenings
I
would
leave
the
clinic
wide-eyed
,
trembling
,
and
badly
in
need
of
a
horse-trough
of
vodka
.
I
could
n't
help
wondering
whether
some
of
the
things
my
patients
described
were
physically
possible
,
let
alone
capable
of
producing
pleasure
.
It
's
truly
amazing
what
two
or
more
like-minded
people
can
get
up
to
in
the
name
of
fun
.
Finally
,
my
quest
was
over
.
I
had
my
eureka
moment
and
it
became
obvious
how
my
serial
killer
would
kill
.
I
settled
on
a
method
that
was
disturbing
,
bold
,
and
not
too
silly
either
.
So
,
what
did
I
decide
on
?
As
if
..
Ceanothus
are
one
of
the
most
eye-catching
garden
shrubs
,
producing
a
wonderful
haze
of
flowers
in
spring
or
summer
,
depending
on
the
variety
.
They
are
commonly
known
as
California
lilacs
-
this
is
aptly
descriptive
since
many
species
are
native
to
California
and
the
flowers
do
,
superficially
,
resemble
those
of
the
true
lilac
(
Syringa
).
They
appear
in
round
fluffy
clusters
of
white
,
pink
and
most
particularly
blue
.
Ceanothus
are
generally
quick
growing
,
so
ideal
for
filling
gaps
as
well
as
providing
speedy
cover
in
a
garden
being
designed
from
scratch
.
They
are
generally
unfussy
plants
,
provided
they
are
given
a
sunny
spot
and
a
reasonable
,
well-drained
soil
.
It
is
essential
that
you
choose
your
variety
with
care
because
many
types
,
especially
the
evergreens
,
have
a
reputation
for
being
less
than
hardy
.
However
,
there
are
types
that
can
be
grown
successfully
in
all
parts
of
the
country
if
given
a
little
protection
.
Ideally
,
provide
them
with
a
warm
,
sheltered
sunny
spot
and
they
will
reward
you
with
flowers
in
abundance
and
require
very
little
maintenance
.
Ceanothus
also
vary
a
lot
in
size
from
the
low-growing
C.
thyrsiflorus
var.
repens
which
forms
a
dense
blue
carpet
only
1m
(
3ft
)
high
,
up
to
the
substantial
20m
(
65ft
)
tall
C.
arboreus
'
Trewithen
Blue
'
,
so
choose
one
to
match
the
space
you
have
available
.
Wall
trained
In
the
main
,
ceanothus
flower
in
the
spring
,
but
there
is
an
exception
in
'
Autumnal
Blue
'
,
a
wonderful
variety
which
flowers
from
a
late
August
through
to
October
.
It
has
beautiful
powder-blue
flowers
and
is
one
of
the
hardiest
and
one
of
the
easiest
varieties
to
train
against
a
wall
.
If
choosing
a
spring-flowered
variety
,
try
growing
a
summer
flowering
clematis
through
through
it
to
prolong
the
flowering
period
and
look
an
absolute
delight
.
For
a
change
,
follow
the
neat
blue
flowered
the
ceanothus
'
Italian
Skies
'
with
the
large
showy
blooms
of
Clematis
'
Bees
Jubilee
'
which
bears
sugar
pink
flowers
with
darker
plum-coloured
central
stripe
to
each
petal
.
Variety
guide
Plants
with
a
sense
of
humour
Driving
up
the
M4
through
sheets
of
grey
drizzle
at
6.30
am
on
Monday
morning
did
nothing
but
add
to
the
gloomy
mood
that
I
'd
already
woken
up
in
.
Although
in
the
middle
of
summer
,
the
atmosphere
at
the
moment
is
more
bleak
November
than
balmy
late
July
.
The
last
thing
that
I
wanted
to
do
was
film
all
day
in
someone
else
's
garden
.
I
wanted
to
be
in
bed...However
,
hurtling
up
to
Tetbury
,
I
knew
there
was
no
way
out
.
The
film
crew
,
director
and
more
importantly
my
new
'
real
gardener
'
,
Dilys
Wilson
were
set
for
filming
.
We
were
going
to
plant
up
Dilys
'
potager
garden
come
rain
,
hail
,
sleet
or
snow
.
I
had
to
snap
out
of
this
mood
that
was
as
overcast
as
the
sky
outside
.
All
too
soon
,
I
was
there
;
the
camera
was
running
,
my
hands
were
getting
dirty
in
the
soil
and
I
got
my
first
glimpse
of
what
we
were
going
to
be
planting
.
Suddenly
I
felt
wildly
and
unexpectedly
happy
.
I
'd
just
seen
a
plant
that
ca
n't
help
but
make
me
smile
,
even
in
the
most
suicidal
of
moods
.
It
was
a
dahlia
I
'd
seen
,
out
the
corner
of
my
eye
;
all
of
a
sudden
I
was
ready
to
rock
and
roll
!
Now
,
dahlias
have
been
banished
from
'
gardens
of
taste
'
for
years
,
snooty
nosed
gardeners
wearing
green
wellies
,
aprons
and
gloves
find
them
appallingly
vulgar
.
Thought
to
be
fine
for
allotments
or
other
garden
corners
where
the
neighbours
wo
n't
see
them
,
to
the
posh
gardening
brigade
's
horror
,
they
've
been
coming
back
into
fashion
.
Personally
,
I
ca
n't
understand
why
they
have
n't
been
embraced
by
the
world
much
,
much
earlier
.
You
see
,
these
are
flowers
with
a
sense
of
humour
,
blooms
for
the
soul
,
blossoms
to
make
you
chuckle
.
In
startling
shades
of
screaming
red
and
eye-popping
orange
,
they
are
ravishingly
gaudy
.
Huge
pompoms
of
noisy
apricot
,
spiky
pink
cactus
balls
,
or
tarty
red
frilly
flowers
.
I
admit
that
dahlias
are
not
for
the
faint
hearted
,
these
are
plants
so
daring
that
they
'd
flash
their
knickers
in
public
without
batting
an
eyelid
.
But
if
you
want
to
add
personality
,
or
to
inject
some
vibrant
colour
into
a
space
,
then
these
little
ladies
are
for
you
.
Steer
away
from
the
designer-accepted
'
Bishop
of
Llandaff
'
and
go
a
bit
wild
with
the
tall-stemmed
pink
fireball
which
is
'
Hillcrest
Royal
'
or
the
wine-red
petalled
pompom
of
'
Moor
Place
'
which
the
RHS
encyclopedia
takes
great
pride
in
pronouncing
is
'
great
for
exhibition
'
,
what
kind
I
wonder
?
Either
way
,
if
you
plant
a
dahlia
,
you
'll
definitely
make
your
granddad
proud
.
After
the
intoxicating
effect
that
the
dahlias
in
Dilys
'
garden
had
on
me
,
I
set
to
thinking
about
other
garden
plants
that
could
be
considered
as
having
a
mind
of
their
own
;
the
anarchists
of
the
flower
border
,
the
'
indie
flowers
'
of
the
plant
world
.
And
on
contemplation
I
realised
that
lots
of
these
'
funnies
'
have
the
added
bonus
of
taking
you
back
to
your
youth
;
remember
messing
around
with
snapdragons
in
your
mum
's
plant
pots
,
what
a
great
little
pleasure
in
life
.
Antirrhinums
are
actually
a
short-lived
perennial
,
but
are
treated
as
annuals
-
you
can
enjoy
them
for
a
season
and
chuck
them
away
before
you
get
bored
.
Take
pleasure
in
making
them
talk
to
you
like
you
did
when
you
were
a
kid
,
and
you
'll
be
regressing
with
the
best
of
them
.
Playplants
for
grown-ups
are
the
new
cool
.
Who
said
that
to
be
a
gardener
,
you
had
to
be
tight-lipped
and
sensible
.
If
gardening
does
n't
make
you
giggle
from
time
to
time
,
then
you
're
doing
something
wrong
.
One
plant
that
I
have
loved
for
years
and
am
sure
I
'll
never
get
sick
of
is
Stachys
Byzantine
,
or
lambs
'
ears
.
Covered
in
a
felty
,
white
kind
of
fluff
,
it
's
one
of
those
that
you
just
ca
n't
seem
to
stop
touching
.
A
well-loved
teddy-bear
alternative
,
it
might
be
one
for
the
girls
;
it
's
a
cute
plant
that
you
want
to
look
after
,
but
ca
n't
resist
stroking
,
even
though
you
know
that
it
'll
all
end
in
tears
.
Mine
got
so
wrecked
last
year
,
that
I
had
to
dig
them
up
and
give
them
to
a
friend
;
do
n't
worry
he
lives
just
down
the
road
,
so
I
can
quickly
nip
round
for
a
quick
fix
!
Mimosa
pudica
is
a
plant
that
we
grow
as
an
annual
over
here
,
that
is
n't
such
as
a
show-off
as
its
prima
donna
cousins
,
but
is
just
as
fascinating
.
Commonly
known
as
the
sensitive
plant
,
this
little
one
is
shy
.
Touch
it
with
your
finger
and
it
'll
recoil
in
shock
;
it
should
grow
a
sign
saying
'
do
not
disturb
'
.
Then
,
representing
the
dark
side
of
horticulture
,
there
's
a
fair
few
carnivorous
plants
that
are
surprisingly
hardy
in
the
garden
;
Sarracenia
is
a
good
example
.
Flies
are
attracted
into
the
pitchers
by
a
scent
that
our
winged
enemies
just
ca
n't
resist
.
Once
inside
,
flies
become
so
drunk
,
that
they
ca
n't
get
out
,
and
fall
to
the
bottom
,
where
the
meat-hungry
pitcher
plant
slowly
digests
them
.
Pretty
nasty
I
know
,
but
these
plants
look
slender
,
toned
and
gorgeous
as
a
result
!
They
remind
me
of
Morticia
from
the
Adam
's
Family
;
supremely
gorgeous
,
but
with
a
definite
sinister
side
.
Their
flowers
are
otherwordly
and
have
an
ethereal
quality
that
I
ca
n't
resist
;
I
've
got
three
in
a
shady
corner
feasting
on
flying
beasties
.
So
that
's
herbaceous
curiosities
,
but
there
are
trees
too
that
just
want
to
be
different
.
Contorted
hazels
and
willows
,
have
wildly
twisted
stems
than
seem
to
defy
reality
-
almost
as
if
someone
's
sneaked
into
your
garden
and
wrapped
your
favourite
tree
around
some
sort
of
post
,
the
corkscrew
effect
is
undeniably
beautiful
,
particularly
in
winter
.
Plant
Corylus
avellana
'
Contorta
'
or
Salix
babylonica
'
Tortuosa
'
in
a
position
where
winter
light
will
shaft
through
branches
and
give
a
soft
glisten
to
frost
sprinkled
stems
for
maximum
effect
.
So
,
even
on
the
dullest
of
days
,
if
you
plant
one
of
these
beauties
,
you
'll
soon
have
a
smile
on
your
face
when
you
step
outside
.
There
really
is
nothing
like
a
plant
with
a
little
bit
of
front
,
get
yours
now
,
before
they
've
all
taken
up
alternative
careers
down
your
local
comedy
club
!
Ann-Marie
's
diary
Hello
,
I
'm
Ann-Marie
Powell
,
a
garden
designer
by
trade
,
a
writer
,
and
a
television
presenter
for
Channel
4.
You
might
have
seen
me
rummaging
through
other
people
's
plots
of
land
on
Real
Gardens
,
or
running
a
site
full
of
landscapers
on
the
garden
restoration
series
Lost
Gardens
.
Each
week
I
'll
be
taking
a
behind-the-scenes
look
at
gardening
,
with
tips
on
plants
worth
searching
out
and
how
to
use
them
effectively
in
your
garden
.
Ann-Marie
's
previous
articles
Plants
for
lovers
January
gems
All
I
want
for
Christmas
Autumn
colour
to
die
for
Christmas
at
Kew
Edible
flowers
Holiday
blues
Hooked
on
books
Garden
lighting
My
own
garden
Plants
with
a
sense
of
humour
Winter
gems
My
new
year
's
resolutions
Pongy
plants
Wake
up
to
February
's
finest
Monster
plants
Start
with
a
bang
Snowdrops
and
snowflakes
We
might
not
have
had
a
white
Christmas
but
we
are
guaranteed
a
white
carpet
in
the
garden
with
the
help
of
the
Royal
Horticultural
Society
.
A
one-day
event
,
Snowdrops
And
Snowflakes
,
has
been
organised
by
the
RHS
Rock
Garden
Plant
Committee
,
on
Wednesday
18
February
,
2004
in
the
RHS
Conference
Centre
,
London
SW1
.
The
day
will
celebrate
the
popular
bulbs
Galanthus
(
snowdrops
)
and
Leucojum
(
snowflakes
)
.
There
will
be
talks
by
leading
growers
and
enthusiasts
with
lots
of
cultivation
and
planting
advice
.
Collections
of
flowering
plants
will
be
on
display
,
with
many
cultivars
-
some
rare
-
for
sale
.
Tickets
cost
ã15
,
including
refreshments
,
and
can
be
booked
by
calling
020
7821
3408
.
Oak
death
fungus
at
Wisley
The
fungus
that
causes
sudden
oak
death
has
been
discovered
at
the
Royal
Horticultural
Society
's
flagship
garden
at
Wisley
in
Surrey
.
The
Viburnum
bodnantense
shrub
harbouring
the
Phytophthora
ramorum
fungus
and
the
soil
around
it
was
removed
and
burned
,
and
a
10m
radius
around
the
site
was
fenced
off
in
line
with
advice
from
the
Government
's
Plant
Health
and
Seeds
Inspectorate
.
Wisley
curator
Jim
Gardiner
said
:
‘The
area
will
not
be
accessible
to
visitors
until
further
notice
,
but
the
rest
of
the
garden
is
not
affected.’
;
The
disease
was
first
identified
in
the
UK
last
year
,
mainly
on
rhododendrons
and
viburnums
.
It
is
very
difficult
to
spot
as
there
are
no
particular
specific
symptoms
.
Conifer
collection
is
a
local
hit
Tunbridge
Wells
has
a
host
of
attractions
-
but
the
world’s
largest
collection
of
conifers
is
the
best
.
Bedgebury
National
Pinetum
is
the
town’s
Residents’
;
Attraction
Of
The
Year
2003
.
The
borough
council
sends
out
‘passport’
;
vouchers
to
encourage
its
citizens
to
visit
local
attractions
,
and
more
were
redeemed
at
Bedgebury
than
anywhere
else
.
Visit
www.bedgeburypinetum.org.uk
.
(
14.11.03
)
Chelsea
tickets
for
Christmas
Stuck
for
a
surprise
present
for
a
garden
lover
?
Tickets
for
next
year’s
Chelsea
Flower
Show
go
on
sale
on
November
24
.
You
can’t
buy
tickets
at
the
gate
,
so
if
you
want
to
go
,
apply
now
.
Prices
range
from
ã14.50
to
ã31
.
Book
on
0870
906
3781
or
online
at
www.rhs.org.uk/chelsea
.
(
14.11.03
)
Gardener
Of
The
Year
Former
nurse
Janet
Bonney
has
shown
so
much
tender
loving
care
to
her
garden
that
she
's
won
a
prestigious
national
title
.
She
has
been
named
Gardener
Of
The
Year
by
Garden
News
magazine
after
turning
what
was
once
a
threadbare
lawn
used
as
a
football
pitch
into
a
place
of
beauty
.
Janet
began
converting
what
was
basically
a
children
's
play
area
into
a
proper
garden
15
years
ago
.
Now
she
has
just
created
a
new
area
with
a
bubble
water
feature
for
her
granddaughter
,
calling
it
Bethany
's
Garden
.
Janet
's
husband
Bill
looks
after
the
practical
tasks
,
but
it
's
Janet
's
skills
as
a
plantswoman
that
won
her
the
title
.
(
06/10/03
)
London’s
new
garden
for
inspiration
The
Princess
Royal
has
opened
a
garden
specially
designed
to
encourage
Londoners
to
make
the
most
of
their
own
plots
.
The
Greater
London
Green
Heart
Garden
is
at
Capel
Manor
College
in
Enfield
,
Middlesex
,
just
off
the
M25
.
If
you
can’t
get
there
,
a
new
website
has
been
created
ÃÂwww.londongreenheart.co.uk
ÃÂ-
which
enables
Londoners
to
visit
a
virtual
plan
of
the
garden
and
watch
developments
month
by
month
,
to
see
what
can
be
achieved
in
any
small
garden
,
with
step-by-step
advice
.
The
garden
is
part
of
a
scheme
funded
by
the
London
Development
Agency
and
the
Learning
&
Skills
Council
.
(
21/10/03
)
Kew
opens
new
dedicated
reserve
Europe’s
first
dedicated
reserve
for
mosses
,
lichens
,
ferns
,
and
fungi
has
opened
at
Wakehurst
Gardens
,
Kew’s
country
estate
in
West
Sussex
.
Its
aim
is
to
save
endangered
species
.
(
21/10/03
)
Rare
jungle
frog
discovered
Mark
Newbrook’s
new
‘jungle’
;
garden
ÃÂ-
complete
with
banana
trees
,
palms
,
and
other
exotics
ÃÂ-
was
so
lifelike
it
even
had
a
rare
Cuban
tree
frog
!
Mark
only
discovered
it
when
he
had
to
turn
up
the
TV
to
drown
out
the
croaking
noise
coming
from
the
garden
.
When
he
could
still
hear
it
,
he
thought
he
had
better
investigate
.
Mark
now
has
a
heated
tank
for
the
amphibian
,
which
stowed
away
in
one
of
the
imported
banana
trees
.
(
14/10/03
)
New
memorial
gardens
open
Two
poignant
memorial
gardens
have
been
opened
in
London
.
The
Princess
Royal
opened
one
in
Grosvenor
Square
to
commemorate
the
British
victims
of
the
New
York
Trade
Centre
atrocity
.
The
other
is
for
victims
of
the
Southall
rail
crash
.
(
14/10/03
)
Makeover
mayhem
Horticulturist
Chris
Gravez
popped
home
in
his
lunch
break
one
day
to
find
a
digger
ripping
up
his
prized
garden
.
He
guessed
his
wife
Jenny
had
arranged
a
surprise
TV
makeover
for
his
birthday
,
so
he
slipped
away
without
saying
anything
.
He
continued
to
act
the
innocent
when
he
picked
her
up
from
work
and
drove
her
home
at
Shanklin
on
the
Isle
of
WightÃÂ-
until
she
started
screaming!Ã
The
horrified
digger
driver
had
decimated
the
wrong
garden
.
Ã
Chris
said
:
'
The
poor
lad
was
in
shock
as
it
dawned
on
him
.
It
was
a
brilliant
garden
-
one
of
the
main
reasons
we
bought
the
house
six
months
ago.
'
The
couple
are
suing
the
landscapers
.
(
24/09/03
)
Capital
recycling
scheme
A
new
scheme
to
encourage
Londoners
to
recycle
ÃÂ-
and
in
particular
to
make
their
own
compost
from
garden
and
household
waste
ÃÂ-
has
been
launched
with
the
backing
of
the
Mayor
,
Ken
Livingstone
.
If
successful
,
the
pilot
scheme
will
rolled
out
across
the
country.Ã
The
initiative
has
been
launched
with
a
website
,
www.recycleforlondon.com
,
and
a
phone
helpline
,
084533
313131
,
to
tell
people
what
recycling
services
are
available
in
their
own
areas
.
(
10/09/03
)
Tropical
mushroom
discovered
A
poisonous
tropical
mushroom
,
normally
found
only
in
Borneo
,
was
discovered
growing
in
Highgate
Wood
,
North
London
.
Experts
believe
the
Leucocoprinus
birnbaumii
made
its
way
to
the
capital
in
packing
via
South
America
,
Holland
,
and
a
branch
of
Marks
and
Spencer
.
(
10/09/03
)
World
's
biggest
orchid
The
world
's
biggest
orchid
has
been
unveiled
at
Goodwood
,
near
Chichester
it
tops
12m
!
The
amazing
plant
with
its
giant
red
and
yellow
flower
is
a
paphiopedilum
'
Winston
Churchill
'
but
this
one
is
made
of
steel
and
is
the
new
star
of
the
Sculpture
Park
.
The
Overwhelming
World
Of
Desire
,
as
the
work
is
called
,
was
made
by
London
sculptor
Mark
Quinn
.
You
can
see
it
from
Thursday
to
Saturdays
(
10.30am-4.30pm
)
until
November
.
(
27/08/03
)
Kew
is
made
a
world
wonder
The
Royal
Botanic
Gardens
at
Kew
are
officially
one
of
the
modern
wonders
of
the
world
.
They
have
joined
the
Taj
Mahal
,
the
Great
Wall
of
China
,
Stonehenge
and
the
Tower
of
London
as
World
Heritage
Sites
.
The
good
news
does
n't
stop
there
ÃÂ-
Kew
's
Millennium
Seed
Bank
in
Sussex
has
won
more
than
ã2million
worth
of
Lottery
funding
to
save
threatened
plant
species
.
(
14/08/03
)
OAP
's
fight
potty
council
Pensioners
at
sheltered
housing
schemes
at
Harlow
,
Essex
,
have
been
told
by
council
chiefs
to
remove
plant
pots
from
their
pathways
because
they
are
a
danger
to
visitors
.
The
feisty
OAPs
are
fighting
back
ÃÂ-
many
are
refusing
to
shift
pots
outside
their
doors
.
(
14/08/03
)
Kew
is
voted
best
Kew
Gardens
voted
Britain
's
finest
garden
in
the
recent
Channel
5
programme
is
flying
high
.
Now
you
can
,
too
.
Well
,
almost
you
can
share
the
treetops
with
birds
and
other
creatures
thanks
to
an
elevated
walkway
nearly
35ft
from
the
ground
.
As
well
giving
visitors
a
bird
's
eye
view
of
Kew
and
its
canopy
of
oaks
and
redwoods
,
the
110yard-long
walkway
enables
scientists
at
London
's
Royal
Botanic
Gardens
to
study
garden
creatures
such
as
stag
beetles
.
The
walkway
is
open
as
part
of
the
Go
Wild
festival
,
which
runs
until
September
28
.
(
22/07/03
)
Top
trainee
gardener
Sarah
Ridout
,
a
trainee
gardener
at
the
Royal
Horticultural
Society
Garden
Wisley
in
Surrey
,
has
been
awarded
the
2003
Prince
of
Wales
Trophy
for
"
the
student
who
has
shown
outstanding
commitment
in
the
field
of
organic
cultivation
"
.
The
prize
is
awarded
by
the
Worshipful
Company
of
Gardeners
.
(
22/07/03
)
Rare
verbascum
search
Gardeners
have
been
asked
to
look
out
for
rare
varieties
of
verbascum
.
Vic
Johnstone
and
Claire
Wilson
want
the
missing
plants
for
their
National
Collection
at
Whitchurch
,
Hampshire
.
Some
of
the
verbascums
on
their
list
were
last
seen
80-90
years
ago
,
and
are
thought
to
be
extinct
,
but
some
were
recorded
in
the
1990s
.
The
1920-30
varieties
include
'
Daisy
Hill
'
(
copper/orange
)
,
'
Miss
Willmott
'
(
white
)
,
'
Mars
'
(
buff/red
)
,
and
'
Caledonia
'
(
yellow/bronze
)
.
The
1990s
trio
are
'
Bold
Queen
'
(
white/mauve
)
,
'
C.L
.
Adams
'
(
yellow/magenta
)
,
and
'
Boadicea
'
(
copper
)
.
If
you
can
help
,
ring
the
couple
on
01256
893144
.
(
30/07/03
)
Hook
,
crime
and
sinker
One-handed
Stephen
Bird
can
still
manage
his
gardening
,
but
for
some
jobs
he
takes
off
his
ã7,000
'
hook
'
.
The
other
day
he
left
it
on
top
of
his
gate
at
Hungerford
,
Berkshire
where
it
was
nicked
by
an
opportunist
thief
.
(
30/07/03
)
House
plant
costs
a
fortune
A
DIY
store
pot
plant
could
be
the
most
expensive
ever
it
has
landed
gardener
Jo-Ann
Bowen-Griffith
with
a
ã45,000
legal
bill
.
She
claimed
Homebase
staff
at
New
Southgate
,
North
London
,
accused
her
of
changing
the
price
tag
of
a
betulia
from
ã12
to
ã1
,
and
sued
for
defamation
.
But
a
High
Court
jury
sided
with
staff
who
denied
the
allegation
.
William
Bennett
,
representing
Homebase
,
told
Mr
Justice
Eady
that
his
clients
were
now
entitled
to
their
costs
,
which
he
estimated
at
ã45,000
.
Miss
Bowen-Griffith
,
who
is
in
her
40s
,
represented
herself
in
court
.
She
could
face
bankruptcy
and
liquidation
of
her
assets
,
including
her
home
,
a
flat
in
Hendon
,
if
she
is
unable
to
find
the
money
(
06/07/03
)
Fuchsia
Society
looks
for
new
home
The
British
Fuchsia
Society
is
looking
to
secure
its
future
somewhere
in
London
.
The
society
has
held
its
annual
show
in
the
capital
for
60
years
,
but
major
building
work
planned
for
next
year
will
close
the
door
on
its
current
venue
Uxbridge
College
.
Officials
are
looking
for
a
large
hall
with
lots
of
parking
space
and
good
access
to
main
roads
ideally
close
to
the
M25
and
between
the
M3
and
M1
.
Or
perhaps
a
garden
centre
with
space
to
erect
a
marquee
.
Anyone
who
can
help
is
asked
to
call
Carol
Gubler
on
01252
329731
.
The
2004
show
is
scheduled
for
August
8.
(
18/06/03
)
Stars
fight
new
factory
plans
Sir
Paul
McCartney
leads
a
starry
cast-list
fighting
plans
to
build
a
peat
factory
near
their
expensive
seafront
homes
.
DJ
duo
Zoe
Ball
and
husband
Norman
Cook
,
alias
Fatboy
Slim
,
and
actor
Nick
Berry
are
also
battling
the
proposal
by
Westland
Horticulture
to
build
a
1,000sq
ft
processing
plant
at
Hove
,
Sussex
.
(
04/06/03
)
Potters
Bar
memorial
garden
opens
A
memorial
garden
for
the
seven
victims
of
the
Potters
Bar
rail
crash
has
been
opened
.
And
a
new
pavilion
at
the
Sir
Harold
Hillier
Gardens
in
Romsey
,
Hampshire
,
is
being
dedicated
to
the
memory
of
the
Queen
Mother
.
She
opened
the
gardens
to
the
public
in
1978
.
(
04/06/03
)
New
floral
emblem
is
a
weed
!
Londoners
have
a
hankering
for
a
new
floral
emblem
ÃÂa
common
weed
!
Ã
The
ubiquitous
rosebay
willowherb
,
whose
purple-pink
flowers
can
be
seen
throughout
the
capital
in
summer
,
is
leading
a
poll
by
the
wildflower
charity
Plantlife.Ã
People
throughout
the
country
are
being
asked
to
nominate
a
wildflower
that
they
think
best
symbolises
their
area
.
Visit
www.plantlife.org.uk.
to
vote
.
(
23/05/03
)
Wildflower
lawns
Surveys
by
the
London
Wildlife
Trust
last
year
have
revealed
some
unexpected
wildlfowers
in
lawns
from
areas
as
diverse
as
Kensington
and
Croydon
.
Croydon
threw
up
rarities
such
as
sheep
's
sorrel
and
mouse-ear
hawkweed
.
(
23/05/03
)
Knightsbridge
garden
hedgehog
haven
The
London
gardens
made
famous
by
Julia
Roberts
and
High
Grant
in
the
film
Notting
Hill
are
to
get
new
residents
who
hit
the
headlines
for
rather
more
prickly
reasons
.
Some
of
the
hedgehogs
being
culled
in
the
Outer
Hebrides
because
they
eat
the
eggs
of
rare
ground-nesting
birds
will
soon
be
delighting
the
communal
gardeners
of
Knightsbridge
by
eating
their
slugs
instead
.
Sir
Michael
Wilmot
,
chairman
of
the
committee
that
runs
the
Arundel
and
Elgin
Garden
,
said
:
'
I
think
we
could
take
about
50
hedgehogs
eventually
.
We
will
create
feeding
areas
,
put
out
information
on
what
to
feed
them
,
make
sure
there
are
plenty
of
leaves
under
the
hedges
when
they
want
to
hibernate.
'
(
07/05/03
)
Kew
commissions
Chelsea
winner
Chelsea
Garden
Show
sensation
Mary
Reynolds
,
who
won
a
Gold
Medal
at
her
first
attempt
with
her
atmospheric
Celtic
Garden
,
has
been
commissioned
by
Kew
to
create
a
new
showcase
area
at
its
London
site
.
The
new
garden
will
feature
an
island
in
a
lake
with
lots
of
trees
and
native
aquatic
plants
.
The
commission
,
in
association
with
the
Environment
Department
,
is
for
Go
Wild
,
Kew
's
festival
of
biodiversity
from
May
24
to
September
28
(
23/04/03
)
RHS
launches
Chelsea
site
Get
a
sneak
preview
of
what
's
in
store
at
this
year
's
Chelsea
Flower
Show
at
a
special
RHS
website
.
The
world
's
most
famous
flower
show
,
which
runs
20-
23
May
,
is
previewed
in
full
on
the
Chelsea
microsite
at
www.rhs.org.uk/chelsea
.
You
can
see
plans
and
illustrations
of
all
25
show
gardens
and
almost
40
small
gardens
.
Detailed
planting
lists
and
descriptions
for
each
are
also
available
,
plus
information
on
which
hot
new
plants
will
be
launched
at
the
show
.
Tickets
for
Chelsea
can
be
booked
online
(
or
call
:
0870
906
3781
)
ÃÂ-
all
tickets
must
be
bought
in
advance
.
(
08/04/03
)
Prince
Charles
backs
garden
scheme
Prince
Charles
has
taken
over
as
patron
of
the
National
Gardens
Scheme
charitable
trust
from
his
grandmother
.
The
Queen
Mother
was
the
figurehead
for
the
scheme
,
which
encourages
people
to
open
their
gardens
for
charity
,
until
her
death
last
year
.
(
24/03/03
)
West
Dean
Gardens
wins
award
West
Dean
Gardens
has
been
won
the
prestigious
2002
Historic
Houses
Association/Christie
's
Garden
Of
The
Year
Award
.
The
announcement
came
as
the
West
Sussex
attraction
,
set
in
the
South
Downs
,
opened
for
the
2003
season
.
(
24/03/03
)
Allotment
holders
act
against
theft
Two
allotment
holders
took
the
initiative
when
police
decided
not
to
prosecute
a
man
who
had
been
regularly
stealing
their
vegetables
and
flowers
to
sell
as
organic
produce
.
They
went
through
the
civil
courts
to
name
and
shame
the
thief
.
The
prosecution
at
Harpenden
,
Hertfordshire
,
was
successful
,
and
plot
holders
Bob
Thompson
and
John
Williams
were
awarded
ã100
compensation
.
Bob
said
afterwards
:
'
The
money
is
n't
the
issue
.
This
was
blatant
theft
and
I
was
disgusted
that
no
action
was
going
to
be
taken
.
Now
justice
has
been
done
.
I
would
recommend
naming
and
shaming
through
the
civil
courts
to
any
allotment
holders
in
a
similar
position.
'
Bob
and
his
sons
set
up
watch
to
catch
the
thief
,
and
made
a
citizen
's
arrest
in
the
early
hours
.
(
11/03/03
)
New
RHS
roadshow
The
RHS
is
going
on
the
road
to
bring
its
expertise
to
as
many
people
as
possible
.
The
first
Royal
Horticultural
Society
Plant
Roadshow
will
be
at
Bournemouth
International
Centre
from
April
11-13
.
Tickets
are
now
on
sale
.
They
cost
ã6
,
orã5
for
RHS
members
,
when
booked
in
advance
(
call
01202
456
456
or
book
online
at
www.rhs.org.uk
).
Stephen
Bennett
,
RHS
director
of
shows
,
said
:
'
We
are
delighted
that
Bournemouth
is
to
host
the
first
roadshow
.
It
's
a
vibrant
town
with
lots
of
keen
gardeners
and
an
impressive
record
in
the
Britain
In
Bloom
competition.
'
As
well
as
expert
help
and
inspiration
,
there
will
be
nursery
displays
,
rare
and
unusual
plants
on
sale
,
plus
a
range
of
horticultural
sundries
.
Channel
tunnel
link
undermines
gardens
A
group
of
neighbours
saw
their
gardens
disappear
down
a
huge
hole
trees
,
shrubs
,
sheds
,
and
all
.
Fifty
people
had
to
be
evacuated
from
the
row
of
terraced
houses
in
Lavender
Street
,
Stratford
,
East
London
,
after
a
landslip
thought
to
have
been
caused
by
work
carried
out
for
the
Channel
Tunnel
Rail
link
.
Hundreds
of
tonnes
of
concrete
was
poured
into
the
30ft-deep
chasm
that
spread
across
three
gardens
,
and
an
investigation
team
set
to
work
to
discover
if
any
more
subsidence
which
also
left
cracks
in
house
walls
was
likely
.
(
11/02/03
)
On
a
wing
and
a
prayer
A
gardener
at
Thaxted
,
Essex
,
was
fortunately
out
when
a
new
specimen
appearedÃÂ-
a
metal
flap
that
fell
from
an
aircraft
wing
.
The
5x2ft
flap
came
from
a
Federal
Express
plane
approaching
nearby
Stansted
Airport
.
A
Stansted
spokesman
said
:
'
There
were
no
injuries
or
damage
,
and
the
aircraft
landed
safely.
'
(
31/01/03
)
New
Essex
forest
Essex
may
be
great
for
planes
but
it
's
not
so
hot
for
birds
ÃÂ-
it
has
one
of
the
lowest
tree
counts
in
the
country
.
But
TV
's
Birds
Of
A
Feather
star
Lesley
Joseph
and
former
EastEnder
Ross
Kemp
are
backing
a
campaign
by
the
Woodland
Trust
to
plant
up
500
acres
of
bare
farmland
at
Fordham
,
near
Colchester
.
(
31/01/03
)
Garden
share
warning
Garden-loving
flat-buyers
in
London
have
been
warned
to
check
their
leases
carefully
after
a
couple
were
wrongly
told
by
an
estate
agency
that
their
new
garden
belonged
solely
to
them
.
Marie
Brittain
,
who
moved
into
the
ã170,000
flat
in
Wandsworth
with
her
partner
David
Bitmead
,
was
startled
when
she
saw
a
stranger
wandering
about
the
garden.
‘He
turned
out
to
be
our
neighbour
who
told
me
the
garden
belonged
to
him
as
well,’
;
said
Marie
,
26.
‘I
had
made
it
very
clear
that
one
of
my
main
requirements
was
a
private
garden
,
and
I
was
assured
it
was.’
;
Estate
agents
Townsends
were
fined
ã4,000
after
admitting
offences
under
the
Property
Misdescription
Act
.
The
couple
are
also
claiming
damages
.
(
15/01/03
)
Contemporary
garden
wins
award
A
Kent
garden
that
combines
formal
with
wacky
contemporary
has
been
named
the
top
garden
attraction
in
the
UK
by
the
Good
Britain
Guide
2003
.
Groombridge
Place
Gardens
and
Enchanted
Forest
,
near
Tunbridge
Wells
,
was
also
voted
Kent
Family
Attraction
Of
The
Year
.
Its
17th
century
formal
gardens
and
21st
century
ornamentation
enchant
adults
and
children
alike
,
says
the
Guide
.
(
03/01/03
)
Garden
crabs
Sue
White
found
some
unusual
newcomers
in
her
garden
in
Blackwater
,
Surrey
ÃÂ-
live
crabs
.
Sue
lives
35
miles
from
the
coast
,
but
the
RSPCA
suspects
the
crabs
were
dropped
by
herons
.
(
03/01/03
)
Kew
's
Christmas
spirit
Kew
Gardens
have
been
transformed
into
a
magical
scene
of
twinkling
lights
and
decorations
for
Christmas
.
In
the
Princess
of
Wales
Conservatory
a
traditional
horse-drawn
seed
planter
and
derelict
farm
cart
lie
covered
in
a
soft
layer
of
snow
,
creating
an
atmospheric
scene
.
Outside
,
as
dusk
falls
,
the
gardens
shimmer
with
Christmas
lights
and
the
Palm
House
is
lit
up
against
the
dark
sky
.
At
weekends
,
there
is
music
from
choirs
,
brass
bands
,
and
handbell
ringers
,
and
a
roving
Father
Christmas
spreads
the
magic
of
the
season
.
A
Victorian
carousel
and
mini
train
roundabout
complete
the
festive
picture
.
(
18/12/02
)
Rare
plant
initiative
Kew
Royal
Botanic
Gardens
and
the
property
developer
English
Courtyard
have
teamed
up
in
a
project
to
plant
rare
and
endangered
native
species
around
new
retirement
homes
.
In
particular
,
each
site
will
be
planted
with
species
that
are
locally
threatened
.
Per
Bogstad
,
corporate
partnerships
manager
at
Kew
,
said
:
'
It
is
hoped
other
developers
will
adopt
a
similar
stance.
'
Plants
will
be
sourced
close
to
the
site
to
help
the
local
economy
as
well
as
the
environment
.
(
05/12/02
)
New
apple/plum
cross
Lynnie
Hughes
,
44
,
has
a
new
fruit
in
her
garden
in
Chidham
,
West
Sussex
ÃÂ-
the
'
plumple
'
,
which
is
a
cross
between
a
plum
and
an
apple
.
She
says
two
old
trees
have
entwined
and
cross-pollinated
.
(
05/12/02
)
Sheep
for
sale
Ray
Turnell
is
selling
his
house
in
Kent
complete
with
a
novel
grass
cutter
to
cope
with
the
1.75-acre
garden
ÃÂ-
a
sheep
called
Dolly
!
Ray
bought
the
ewe
specifically
to
keep
the
grass
under
control
,
and
now
he
is
offering
to
leave
her
at
the
ã500,000
property
at
Wrotham
,
near
Sevenoaks
.
Ray
,
56
,
said
:
"
The
grass
used
to
be
a
real
problem
as
I
get
hay
fever
.
A
farmer
friend
suggested
I
get
a
sheep
rather
than
suffer
the
misery
of
using
a
lawnmower
each
week
.
"
His
local
estate
agents
has
advertised
the
home
as
"
a
three-bed
detached
house
with
separate
annexe
,
triple
garage
,
and
optional
sheep
"
.
Garden
museum
appeal
London
's
Museum
of
Garden
History
has
launched
an
appeal
to
raise
ã500,000
to
improve
its
facilities
and
displays
.
The
museum
is
in
a
restored
church
in
Lambeth
Palace
Road
.
Garden
flatfish
John
Rees
picked
up
an
unusual
leaf
when
he
was
tidying
his
garden
ÃÂ-
it
started
flapping
!
It
was
a
flounder
that
had
been
sucked
up
by
the
great
October
gales
and
deposited
in
his
garden
in
Fratton
,
Portsmouth
ÃÂ-
two
miles
from
the
sea
.
But
John
,
66
,
who
had
been
about
to
chuck
the
flatfish
on
his
compost
heap
,
kept
his
cool
.
He
dropped
it
into
a
bucket
of
water
,
popped
the
bucket
over
the
handlebars
of
his
bike
,
and
rode
to
a
sealife
centre
in
Portsmouth
.
Freefall
Freddie
,
as
the
fish
was
nicknamed
by
staff
,
is
now
one
of
the
aquarium
's
star
attractions
.
(
05/10/02
)
Allotment
reprieve
Allotment
gardeners
in
West
London
have
won
a
three-year
battle
to
save
their
plots
.
Acton
Gardening
Association
,
Ealing
Borough
Council
,
and
developers
who
took
over
four
allotment
sites
have
reached
an
agreement
giving
the
gardeners
a
90-year
lease
at
a
peppercorn
rent
.
(
05/10/02
)
Urban
wildlife
winner
A
Brighton
couple
's
town-centre
garden
has
won
the
UK
's
first
Wildlife
Garden
Of
The
Year
competition
.
Jan
and
Rusty
Curry
said
their
wildlife-friendly
gardening
began
when
they
dug
a
pond
ÃÂ-
and
a
few
days
later
saw
a
frog
and
a
dragonfly
.
(
24/10/02
)
Kew
launches
autumn
trails
London
's
Royal
Botanical
Gardens
has
launched
it
Autumn
Cornucopia
.
Visitors
to
Kew
can
take
part
in
fungi
trails
,
apple
days
,
guided
tours
,
and
story
walks
.
The
Princess
of
Wales
Conservatory
has
been
transformed
into
an
autumn
rural
scene
,
and
there
's
an
incredible
array
of
pumpkins
and
gourds
on
display
in
the
Waterlily
House
.
The
event
runs
until
November
3.
(
24/10/02
)
Famous
garden
threatened
New
right-to-roam
laws
could
spell
the
end
of
a
famous
Sussex
garden
,
claims
the
owner
.
It
means
walkers
could
enjoy
the
beautiful
scenery
of
the
deer
park
at
Leonardslee
Gardens
at
Lower
Beeding
,
near
Horsham
,
without
paying
an
entrance
fee
.
It
could
be
five
years
before
the
new
laws
come
into
effect
,
but
owner
Robin
Loder
said
:
'
It
just
destroys
the
viability
of
the
garden.
'
(
09/10/02
)
Countess
plants
tree
Sophie
,
the
Countess
of
Wessex
,
is
to
plant
a
tree
to
mark
the
start
of
the
second
phase
in
the
development
of
the
Bedgebury
Pinetum
ÃÂ-
new
education
and
visitor
centres
ÃÂ-
in
Kent
on
October
15
(
3.15pm
)
.
The
countess
was
a
regular
visitor
to
Bedgebury
as
a
child
.
(
09/10/02
)
RHS
plants
new
woodland
The
RHS
has
embarked
on
a
massive
conservation
project
at
its
gardens
at
Hyde
Hall
,
Essex
.
It
aims
to
create
a
75-acre
wildlife
woodland
with
55,000
new
trees
,
six
miles
of
native
hedging
,
and
an
abundance
of
wild
flowers
all
by
2006
.
A
nationwide
fund-raising
appeal
has
been
launched
to
help
buy
the
trees
,
which
will
cost
ã2
each
.
Call
the
RHS
development
office
on
020
7821
3125
to
make
a
donation
.
Kew
's
Orangery
reopens
The
historic
Orangery
at
London
's
Kew
Gardens
is
re-opening
,
after
extensive
restoration
,
as
a
restaurant
.
10-year
waiting
list
for
city
allotments
.It
can
now
take
up
to
10
years
to
get
an
allotment
in
London
.
And
waiting
lists
could
grow
even
longer
,
say
green
campaigners
,
because
land
is
needed
for
more
high-density
housing
and
because
councils
sell
vacant
land
to
raise
cash
.
The
London
Assembly
's
Green
group
want
to
see
the
trend
reversed
.
Councillor
Darren
Johnson
,
the
group
's
leader
,
said
:
'
We
ca
n't
coop
people
up
like
battery
chickens
with
no
room
for
leisure
.
We
need
more
space
for
allotments
,
not
less.
'
(
11/09/02
)
Garden
art
from
Africa
A
Sussex
company
is
doing
its
bit
to
help
troubled
Zimbabwe
and
other
African
countries
and
at
the
same
time
giving
gardeners
the
chance
to
add
an
extra
dimension
to
their
plots
.
Striking
metal
sculptures
of
birds
handcrafted
by
Zimbabwean
artists
from
recycled
material
add
instant
impact
to
any
garden
.
Afrika
Trading
,
of
Small
Dole
,
West
Sussex
,
ensures
the
artists
receive
a
fair
trade
price
for
their
work
which
also
includes
other
stylish
wood
,
stone
,
and
wicker
garden
products
.
It
's
a
wholesale
company
,
but
find
details
of
its
retail
outlets
by
logging
on
to
www.afrikatrading.co.uk
,
or
call
01273
491391
.
(
25/08/02
)
Nursery
wins
Queen
's
Award
Architectural
Plants
,
with
sites
at
Chichester
and
Horsham
,
West
Sussex
,
is
the
first
retail
nursery
to
win
a
Queen
's
Award
for
Innovation
.
It
won
the
award
for
ground-breaking
production
and
marketing
techniques
.
(
25/08/02
)
Hand
grenades
unearthed
in
garden
Gardener
Steve
Eckton
was
digging
the
foundations
for
a
patio
when
he
unearthed
some
Second
World
War
hand
grenades
.
Not
just
a
handful
,
or
even
a
dozen
but
3,000
of
them
!
Army
bomb
disposal
experts
had
to
be
called
to
remove
them
and
make
the
garden
safe
.
The
grenades
are
believed
to
be
from
an
old
weapons
store
on
the
site
of
Steve
's
house
in
Kingsclere
,
Hampshire
.
He
said
:
'
Thankfully
none
exploded
when
my
spade
struck
them
.
But
rather
than
worrying
about
the
danger
,
I
was
angry
about
the
sheer
number
of
them
-
you
ca
n't
plant
anything
in
three
foot
of
hand
grenades
!
'
(
14/08/02
)
Kew
police
go-slow
The
Royal
Botanic
Gardens
Constabulary
yes
,
Kew
has
its
own
police
force
!
is
not
happy
with
its
new
ã14,000
patrol
vehicle
.
The
15
officers
based
at
the
west
London
gardens
say
the
milkfloat-like
electric
buggy
-
painted
green
with
two
blue
lights
on
the
roof
has
made
them
a
laughing
stock
.
The
buggy
has
a
top
speed
of
just
10mph
bringing
cheek
from
children
and
laughter
from
pensioners
.
A
spokeswoman
for
Kew
said
:
'
Our
police
do
n't
need
to
get
across
the
gardens
at
incredible
speeds
.
It
's
not
like
they
are
going
to
be
chasing
plant
thieves
around.
'
(
06/08/02
)
Own
a
piece
of
Lords
Cricket-loving
gardeners
can
now
have
a
piece
of
Lords
in
their
lawn
.
The
MCC
is
selling
the
turf
from
the
outfield
some
said
to
date
from
1787
when
it
was
laid
for
ã10
a
square
foot
when
the
ground
is
improved
this
winter
.
Buyers
will
get
a
certificate
with
the
boxed
piece
.
(
06/08/02
)
Wild
West
garden
in
Kent
Cowboy
film
fan
Steve
Smart
did
n't
just
settle
for
a
cactus
or
two
when
he
decided
his
back
garden
needed
a
Wild
West
theme
he
built
a
whole
frontier
town
including
a
dude
ranch
,
saloon
,
bank
,
sheriff
's
office
,
and
general
store
.
Steve
transformed
his
40ftx140ft
garden
at
the
Isle
of
Sheppey
,
Kent
,
because
his
fear
of
flying
means
he
'll
never
see
the
real
American
West
.
Most
nights
he
puts
on
his
cowboy
gear
and
sits
by
a
camp
fire
in
the
garden
.
He
said
:
'
People
think
I
'm
weird
but
I
just
love
the
Wild
West.
'
(
16/07/02
)
Jubilee
Garden
opens
Perfect
weather
greeted
the
Queen
this
week
as
she
opened
the
new
Jubilee
Garden
at
Windsor
Castle
.
Created
by
Tom
Stuart-Smith
with
plants
supplied
by
Crocus
,
the
garden
has
been
designed
to
provide
a
contemporary
complement
to
the
existing
grounds
while
still
capturing
the
Castle
's
essentially
romantic
character
.
Extending
from
the
main
gates
the
new
planting
sweeps
up
to
St
George
's
Gate
where
visitors
are
able
to
access
the
Castle
precincts
.
The
informal
design
includes
a
tangle
of
vines
and
roses
,
such
as
the
rambling
white-flowering
'
Seagull
'
,
as
well
as
many
colourful
woodland
perennials
and
a
range
of
shrubs
,
such
as
Syringa
microphylla
,
Quercus
suber
and
Magnolia
grandiflora
,
that
provide
structure
to
the
scheme
.
In
all
,
it
contains
over
10,000
plants
that
offer
year-round
appeal
-
peaking
in
the
spring
when
the
Queen
holds
her
Easter
Court
at
the
Castle
.
(
02/07/02
)
Queen
visits
allotments
The
Queen
really
is
getting
down
to
grass
roots
on
her
Golden
Jubilee
tour
.
She
is
all
set
to
visit
a
special
allotment
site
in
London
.
As
part
of
a
programme
of
visits
to
local
communities
,
she
is
due
to
stop
off
at
allotments
in
Redbridge
tended
by
adults
with
physical
and
learning
disabilities
.
Bulletins
Our
monthly
bulletins
bring
you
all
the
latest
news
including
contract
wins
,
service
developments
and
individual
success
stories
from
our
projects
around
the
country
.
You
can
read
our
bulletins
here
in
full
.
Or
enter
your
email
address
on
the
'
News
by
email
'
form
to
receive
bite-size
news
alerts
directly
to
your
inbox
.
1961-90
Mean
Climatologies
and
1901-1995
Monthly
Gridded
Time
Series
Mark
New
,
November
1997
These
data
have
ben
developed
as
part
of
a
U.K.
Natural
Environment
Research
Council
(
NERC
)
funded
project
,
aimed
at
evaluating
the
influence
of
20th
century
climate
variability
on
the
the
terrestrial
carbon
cycle
.
There
is
some
background
information
on
the
terrestrial
carbon
cycle
here
.
Briefly
,
we
will
be
using
a
dynamic
vegetation
growth
model
to
assess
the
sensitivity
of
above
and
below
ground
terrestrial
carbon
cycling
to
20th
century
climate
.
To
achieve
this
we
are
developing
monthly
global
0.5
degree
gridded
time
series
for
the
variables
listed
below
.
A
first
step
has
been
to
develop
1961-90
"
normal
"
climatologies
for
these
variables
from
an
entirely
new
data-set
(
New
et
al
,
in
press
).
Next
we
apply
monthly
anomalies
(
relative
to
1961-90
)
interpolated
from
station
data
to
the
mean
climatology
,
thereby
obtaining
estimates
of
the
actual
grid
point
monthly
values
.
For
a
copy
of
a
recent
poster
at
the
Royal
Meteorological
Society
"
Physics
of
Climate
"
conference
,
October
1997
,
go
here
(
this
is
a
pdf
file
so
you
need
Acrobat
reader
,
and
a
bit
of
time
to
download
about
3Mb
)
.
There
is
also
some
more
stuff
on
the
methodology
at
this
page
(
much
quicker
)
.
Please
have
a
look
at
the
normal
climatologies
for
the
Northern
Hemisphere
below
.
If
you
see
any
regions
where
the
climatologies
look
unusual
or
disagree
with
your
experiences
,
please
let
me
know
(
m.new@uea.ac.uk
)
.
The
1961-1990
normal
climatologies
are
now
available
.
Please
contact
Dr
David
Viner
at
the
Climate
Impacts
LINK
Project
(
d.viner@uea.ac.uk
)
if
you
wish
to
obtain
the
data
.
The
gridded
time-series
are
due
to
be
released
through
the
IPCC
Data
Distribution
Centre
The
market
for
wireless
networks
is
growing
fast
.
But
one
thing
has
n't
changed
:
security
is
still
a
major
concern
for
many
IT
directors
.
According
to
Datamonitor
,
it
is
the
number
one
worry
in
relation
to
this
technology
and
,
although
the
situation
has
improved
markedly
over
the
past
couple
of
years
,
security
issues
continue
to
act
as
a
barrier
to
adoption
.
Nevertheless
,
the
analyst
believes
that
the
market
is
still
building
rapidly
.
Last
year
,
some
861,700
wireless
access
point
devices
were
shipped
worldwide
,
and
this
figure
is
expected
to
increase
to
1.3
million
by
2006
,
equating
to
a
compound
annual
growth
rate
of
16
per
cent
.
If
other
equipment
such
as
wireless
Lan
cards
and
switches
are
included
,
growth
is
more
like
19
per
cent
,
with
the
market
valued
at
$
724m
(
ã408m
)
in
2003
and
rising
to
$
1.3bn
(
ã0.73bn
)
in
three
years
.
The
technology
is
maturing
and
adoption
is
starting
to
quicken
,
particularly
in
vertical
sectors
such
as
retail
,
manufacturing
,
utilities
and
healthcare
,
but
the
inhibitor
is
still
security
-
and
not
without
reason
.
Security
failings
Yet
despite
the
horror
stories
that
have
been
documented
over
the
past
few
years
,
a
study
commissioned
by
security
vendor
RSA
and
undertaken
by
Phil
Cracknell
,
chief
technology
officer
at
security
consultancy
netSurity
,
indicated
that
a
worrying
25
per
cent
of
wireless
access
points
in
the
City
of
London
did
not
meet
best
practice
security
standards
.
If
the
Department
of
Trade
and
Industry
's
Information
Breaches
Security
Survey
2004
is
to
be
believed
,
the
situation
is
even
more
disturbing
elsewhere
.
The
DTI
found
that
the
number
of
UK
companies
of
all
sizes
using
wireless
networks
soared
from
two
per
cent
in
2002
to
more
than
one-third
this
year
,
but
more
than
half
had
failed
to
introduce
any
security
controls
at
all
.
"
One
of
the
problems
seems
to
be
that
a
lot
of
these
networks
are
not
actually
official
,
"
explained
Cracknell
.
"
They
're
cheap
to
purchase
and
easy
to
install
,
and
I
'm
certain
that
a
lot
of
access
points
are
not
actually
sanctioned
and
approved
by
IT
.
"
Instead
,
they
're
being
bought
by
lines
of
business
on
expenses
or
local
budgets
,
and
then
introduced
into
organisations
by
the
back
door
.
"
As
a
result
,
rogue
access
points
are
unlikely
to
have
been
configured
properly
,
and
will
be
left
in
default
mode
.
In
most
instances
,
this
means
they
are
wide
open
to
security
threats
.
Another
common
problem
is
that
organisations
have
a
habit
of
buying
boosters
to
increase
the
range
of
standard
equipment
,
so
that
it
covers
a
whole
building
rather
than
just
a
floor
.
But
the
signal
can
end
up
leaking
onto
the
street
if
access
points
are
positioned
close
to
exterior
walls
or
top
floors
,
the
transmission
power
is
not
turned
down
,
or
a
directional
antennae
is
not
used
to
control
where
the
signal
is
emanating
from
.
This
leaves
the
network
open
again
.
"
People
are
ignoring
this
issue
because
they
feel
it
's
the
least
of
their
problems
,
"
said
Cracknell
.
"
They
accept
that
by
its
nature
,
a
wireless
network
will
bleed
onto
the
street
even
though
it
means
they
're
broadcasting
their
signal
publicly
and
anyone
can
access
the
network
.
"
The
situation
is
made
even
worse
if
the
wireless
network
is
based
on
the
Dynamic
Host
Configuration
Protocol
(
DHCP
)
.
This
is
prevalent
among
wired
networks
and
is
intended
to
make
administration
easier
by
dynamically
assigning
IP
addresses
to
devices
when
they
want
network
access
.
"
DHCP
is
disastrous
in
the
wireless
world
because
it
offers
random
PCs
access
to
your
network
.
The
fact
that
it
's
impossible
to
prosecute
someone
for
hacking
if
you
welcome
them
in
is
made
worse
with
this
because
you
're
actually
dragging
them
in
,
"
warned
Cracknell
.
Failure
to
undertake
due
diligence
here
may
even
result
in
liability
for
illegal
activity
undertaken
by
hackers
on
the
network
,
which
can
end
in
litigation
.
Use
all
your
security
tools
So
what
can
IT
directors
do
to
protect
their
organisations
?
Lewis
Honour
,
business
development
manager
for
security
and
wireless
technology
at
network
consultancy
Omnetica
,
insisted
that
the
first
thing
is
to
use
all
the
tools
,
technology
and
security
standards
at
their
disposal
.
For
example
,
while
the
Wired
Equivalent
Privacy
encryption
protocol
,
which
was
defined
in
the
802.11b
standard
,
has
largely
been
discredited
as
being
easy
to
crack
with
sniffing
tools
such
as
AirSnort
,
it
is
now
possible
to
replace
it
with
the
next-generation
Wi-Fi
Protected
Access
(
WPA
)
encryption
and
authentication
protocol
.
WPA
is
a
subset
of
the
IEEE
's
full
802.11i
security
standard
,
which
is
expected
to
be
ratified
by
the
third
quarter
of
this
year
.
"
WPA
is
good
enough
for
most
companies
.
Very
few
need
to
go
the
extra
mile
,
and
those
that
do
probably
would
n't
go
with
wireless
anyway
,
"
said
Leif-Olof
Wallin
,
a
Meta
Group
analyst
.
WPA
is
easy
to
install
into
more
modern
access
points
as
a
software
upgrade
,
but
it
may
be
necessary
to
swap
out
older
access
points
as
they
are
unlikely
to
provide
enough
processing
power
,
according
to
Wallin
.
Other
useful
software
includes
audit
tools
such
as
Netstumbler
,
which
are
used
by
IT
staff
and
hackers
alike
to
survey
the
environment
and
check
that
there
are
no
vulnerable
rogue
access
points
.
But
Honour
said
that
,
while
such
technology
is
certainly
useful
,
the
most
effective
approach
for
an
IT
director
is
to
treat
wireless
networks
in
the
same
way
as
an
insecure
internet
connection
.
This
means
planning
for
total
mobile
support
rather
than
just
focusing
on
one
technology
or
another
.
"
If
a
company
talks
about
introducing
a
wireless
Lan
,
they
have
to
be
aware
that
the
floodgates
will
open
,
"
he
warned
.
"
It
's
not
just
a
matter
of
letting
someone
walk
around
with
a
device
in
the
office
.
It
's
about
providing
visitors
with
access
to
the
internet
and
allowing
staff
to
communicate
remotely
using
a
GPRS
or
3G
device
or
a
wireless
hotspot
from
a
coffee
shop
.
"
Wireless
security
has
to
be
dealt
with
holistically
rather
than
simply
in
a
wireless
network
sense
,
with
a
minimum
requirement
being
clear
and
well-communicated
enterprise
security
policies
and
procedures
and
virtual
private
network
technology
for
secure
remote
communications
.
Firewalls
,
either
at
the
network
gateway
or
on
individuals
'
laptops
,
are
also
crucial
,
as
is
intrusion
detection
,
antivirus
software
and
other
security
technologies
.
While
this
may
sound
like
overkill
to
the
average
overworked
IT
director
,
as
Cracknell
said
:
"
We
're
only
a
short
time
away
from
a
major
incident
and
then
people
will
really
have
to
sit
up
and
take
notice
.
"
To
see
a
PDF
of
the
illustrations
associated
with
this
report
please
click
here
KEY
WIRELESS
LAN
STANDARDS
802.11a
Operates
at
5GHz
frequency
band
Range
of
up
to
50m
Bandwidth
of
up
to
54Mbpss
Most
expensive
option
Accounted
for
six
per
cent
of
enterprise
access
point
unit
shipments
worldwide
in
2003
,
will
account
for
four
per
cent
in
2006
No
public
access
available
Not
compatible
with
802.11b
or
g
802.11b
Operates
at
2.4GHz
frequency
band
Range
of
between
50m
and
100m
Bandwidth
of
up
to
11Mbps
Least
expensive
option
Accounted
for
81
per
cent
of
enterprise
access
point
unit
shipments
worldwide
in
2003
,
will
account
for
52
per
cent
in
2006
Dominant
technology
for
hotspots
Not
compatible
with
802.11a
and
not
forwards-compatible
with
802.11g
802.11g
Operates
at
2.4GHz
frequency
band
Range
of
between
50m
and
100m
Bandwidth
of
up
to
54Mbps
More
expensive
than
802.11b
,
but
cheaper
than
802.11a
technology
Accounted
for
10
per
cent
of
enterprise
access
point
unit
shipments
worldwide
in
2003
,
will
account
for
24
per
cent
in
2006
Backwards-compatible
with
802.11b
hotspots
Not
compatible
with
802.11a
,
but
backwards-compatible
with
802.11b
The
remaining
three
per
cent
of
enterprise
access
point
unit
shipments
in
2003
were
accounted
for
by
other
technologies
such
as
Bluetooth
,
which
is
not
intended
for
use
with
wireless
Lan
applications
,
but
to
connect
PDAs
,
mobile
phones
and
PCs
during
short
intervals
.
Source
:
Datamonitor
WIRELESS
ADVICE
It
is
imperative
to
take
a
holistic
approach
to
securing
wireless
and
mobile
technology
.
Simply
concentrating
on
wireless
Lans
is
not
enough
Clear
and
well-communicated
enterprise
security
policies
and
procedures
are
crucial
so
that
everyone
in
the
organisation
is
aware
of
their
roles
,
responsibilities
and
accountability
Use
the
same
technology
that
you
would
generally
use
to
secure
a
vulnerable
internet
connection
:
VPNs
,
firewalls
,
antivirus
software
and
the
like
Check
for
rogue
access
points
using
tools
such
as
Netstumbler
Ensure
that
access
points
are
not
positioned
close
to
exterior
walls
,
and
if
they
are
,
turn
the
transmit
power
down
or
use
a
directional
antennae
to
prevent
signal
bleeding
onto
the
street
Remove
the
Dynamic
Host
Configuration
Protocol
from
your
wireless
network
to
avoid
providing
passers-by
with
access
,
whether
they
want
it
or
not
Replace
the
Wired
Equivalent
Privacy
encryption
protocol
with
the
new
,
next-generation
WPA
encryption
and
authentication
protocol
Permalink
for
this
story
|
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trackbacks
to
this
story
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URL
:
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Each
week
vnunet.com
asks
a
different
expert
from
the
antivirus
world
to
give
their
views
on
recent
virus
and
security
issues
,
with
advice
,
warnings
and
information
on
the
latest
threats
.
This
week
Niall
Moynihan
,
Check
Point
's
European
Technical
Director
,
stresses
the
importance
of
a
flexible
security
strategy
to
defend
against
an
increasingly
sophisticated
and
varied
range
of
assaults
.
Viruses
are
not
the
only
threat
on
the
internet
.
As
the
number
of
web
users
increases
,
so
does
the
frequency
of
attacks
against
legitimate
businesses
and
individuals
.
The
types
of
attack
are
becoming
more
and
more
sophisticated
:
hackers
are
pushing
the
limits
of
the
firewall
,
for
example
,
by
hiding
or
embedding
malicious
activity
into
otherwise
acceptable
web
traffic
.
And
as
more
business
rely
on
the
internet
for
business
processes
,
the
stakes
get
higher
with
more
and
more
sensitive
data
at
risk
of
exposure
or
corruption
.
To
defend
against
an
increasingly
varied
range
of
assaults
-
anything
from
a
denial
of
service
attack
to
IP
spoofing
-
a
security
solution
has
to
be
flexible
.
This
implies
a
strong
software
element
,
because
only
software-based
systems
can
adapt
quickly
enough
to
protect
networks
in
today
's
environment
.
The
solution
must
then
take
an
active
approach
to
security
.
It
is
not
enough
to
detect
and
report
on
attacks
.
Systems
must
be
able
to
block
attacks
as
they
happen
.
After
all
,
security
managers
have
better
things
to
do
than
stare
at
log
files
all
day
waiting
for
problems
to
arise
.
The
technologies
behind
any
security
system
also
need
to
be
smart
enough
to
defend
against
variants
of
the
same
attack
.
Very
often
a
new
attack
emerges
and
specific
defences
are
put
in
place
which
prove
to
be
ineffective
as
minor
variations
of
the
same
threat
evolve
.
For
example
,
the
initial
Nimda
virus
involved
the
download
of
a
file
named
'
Readme.exe
'
.
Security
administrators
began
blocking
web
traffic
which
included
that
filename
.
As
we
now
know
,
the
attackers
responded
by
changing
the
name
of
the
malicious
file
to
'
Sample.exe
'
.
Security
managers
can
waste
hours
chasing
a
moving
target
,
so
security
products
need
to
stay
a
step
ahead
by
providing
solutions
for
entire
classes
of
attacks.On
a
practical
side
,
products
need
to
be
able
to
scale
across
large
network
environments
.
Policy
management
,
monitoring
,
logging
and
alerting
architectures
should
be
designed
under
the
assumption
that
tens
,
hundreds
,
and
even
thousands
of
security
enforcement
points
will
be
managed
without
requiring
large
investments
in
management
overheads
.
Finally
,
any
time
a
potential
threat
is
detected
it
should
be
logged
,
along
with
as
much
supporting
information
as
possible
,
so
that
attack
post-mortems
can
be
carried
out
.
Fortunately
,
defence
capabilities
are
also
evolving
rapidly
.
Techniques
such
as
anti-spoofing
,
TCP
streaming
,
and
successive
events
are
able
to
defend
against
a
broad
range
of
attacks
,
and
help
put
security
managers
on
an
even
footing
with
attackers
.
TCP
streaming
,
for
example
,
is
a
high-performance
kernel-level
pattern-matching
mechanism
that
provides
continuously
updated
protection
against
HTTP
worms
,
such
as
the
infamous
Code
Red
and
Nimda
.
It
identifies
and
blocks
malicious
text
patterns
embedded
in
otherwise
acceptable
web
traffic
.
Because
it
is
implemented
in
the
kernel
,
pattern
matching
is
accomplished
at
very
high
speeds
as
compared
to
proxy-based
alternatives
.
Many
attackers
attempt
to
circumvent
attack
defences
by
fragmenting
a
malicious
URL
into
multiple
packets
.
TCP
streaming
reassembles
fragmented
packets
to
defeat
these
attacks
.
Successive
events
analysis
is
another
technology
that
defends
against
a
broad
category
of
attacks
.
It
identifies
suspicious
activity
based
on
successive
events
that
are
characteristic
of
attacks
,
such
as
port
scans
,
address
spoofing
,
and
local
interface
spoofing
.
User-defined
thresholds
allow
users
to
tune
the
detection
mechanism
to
avoid
the
generation
of
too
many
log
entries
and
false
positive
alerts
.
But
undeniably
,
the
most
important
weapon
in
this
virtual
arms
race
between
corporations
and
hackers
is
a
well
thought
out
and
well
managed
security
policy
.
A
security
policy
should
be
a
living
thing
,
continually
updated
to
account
for
a
rapidly
changing
environment
,
and
a
security
manager
needs
to
be
alert
to
new
threats
and
willing
to
act
fast
to
counter
them
.
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This
paper
investigates
how
interface
design
can
help
to
overcome
the
proclaimed
ÃÂlack
of
trustÃÂ
in
e-commerce
sites
.
Based
on
existing
social
science
knowledge
on
trust
,
and
our
own
exploratory
study
using
Grounded
Theory
methods
,
we
developed
a
model
of
consumer
decision
making
in
on-line
shopping
.
Due
to
the
separation
in
space
and
time
when
engaging
in
e-commerce
,
there
is
an
increased
need
for
trust
,
rather
than
the
oft-proclaimed
lack
of
trust
.
Based
on
this
model
we
then
review
design
guidelines
through
empirical
tests
.
We
focus
on
approaches
that
aim
to
increase
trust
by
increasing
the
social
presence
of
an
interface
.
We
identified
cues
in
the
user
interface
that
help
to
build
trust
to
some
extent
(
trustbuilders
)
,
and
some
cues
that
have
a
great
potential
for
destroying
trust
(
trustbusters
).
Ã
Ã
Ã
1.
INTRODUCTION
Consider
shopping
in
the
real
world
:
When
a
customer
enters
a
shop
for
the
first
time
,
she
sees
the
interior
,
goods
and
the
sales
staff
.
The
customer
may
not
conduct
any
risk
evaluation
at
all
,
because
shopping
is
a
habit
she
does
not
perceive
as
risky
.
But
the
visual
cues
allow
her
to
a
evaluate
the
shop
's
professionalism
,
competence
and
trustworthiness
via
a
comparison
with
other
shops
.
The
situation
is
different
for
shopping
on
the
Internet
:
Most
people
do
not
shop
habitually
on
the
Internet
and
do
not
understand
the
underlying
technology
,
and
the
risks
are
numerous
.
It
is
thus
not
surprising
that
one
of
the
leading
advertisers
on
the
Internet
is
TRUSTe
[
15
]
,
an
organisation
that
assigns
seals
to
e-commerce
enterprises
that
it
considers
'
trustworthy
'
.
Consumers
'
lack
of
trust
in
e-commerce
is
often
assumed
to
be
one
of
the
main
reasons
for
the
disappointing
development
of
B2C
e-commerce
[
21
]
.
The
aim
of
the
research
reported
in
this
paper
was
to
investigate
whether
ÃÂ
and
which
ÃÂ
elements
of
the
user
interface
can
contribute
to
building
trust
with
customers
.
2.
RESEARCH
APPROACH
Our
research
started
with
an
exploratory
approach
:
Firstly
,
we
conducted
a
review
of
the
sociology
and
social
psychology
literature
on
trust
[
study
I
]
.
This
laid
the
conceptual
basis
for
a
series
of
in-depth
interviews
with
13
Internet
users
(
8
e-shoppers
,
5
non-shoppers
)
.
The
interviews
aimed
to
elicit
their
perception
of
risk
,
evaluation
strategies
for
online-shops
,
and
other
intervening
factors
.
The
transcripts
of
the
interviews
were
analysed
using
coding
techniques
from
Grounded
Theory
[
7
,
28
]
.
This
process
allowed
us
to
construct
a
model
of
consumer
decision-making
in
online-shopping
[
study
II
]
.
We
analysed
existing
interface
design
guidelines
for
building
'
trustworthy
interfaces
'
,
and
added
the
elements
identified
in
the
literature
review
[
I
]
and
our
study
[
II
]
.
This
new
set
of
guidelines
was
then
subjected
to
an
empirical
test
:
Two
semi-functional
mock-ups
of
an
online-shop
(
one
incorporating
the
guidelines
,
the
other
not
)
were
tested
through
an
online
experiment
[
study
III
]
.
53
participants
were
randomly
assigned
to
perform
a
trial
shopping
with
one
of
the
mock-ups
.
Their
risk
perceptions
were
elicited
afterwards
through
an
online
questionnaire
.
The
results
of
the
interviews
and
answers
to
open-ended
questions
in
the
questionnaire
indicated
a
high
relevance
of
personal
interaction
for
trust
building
.
This
insight
formed
the
basis
for
another
study
,
investigating
how
cues
from
human
interaction
can
be
applied
to
the
interface
to
induce
trust
.
Again
,
a
literature
review
laid
the
foundation
for
further
empirical
research
.
Particular
focus
was
given
to
the
concept
of
re-embedding
[
6
]
,
and
the
related
theories
of
media
richness
[
20
]
and
social
presence
/
telepresence
[
12
,
27
]
.
We
then
performed
an
empirical
test
employing
Walkthroughs
[
23
,
25
]
with
a
mock-up
and
focussed
interviews
[
14
]
with
15
participants
[
study
IV
]
.
3.
TRUST
Consumer
decision-making
is
a
well-researched
area
.
The
prevailing
cognitive
model
assumes
that
consumers
search
information
on
risks
and
benefits
and
weigh
them
against
each
other
to
reach
a
decision
[
5
]
.
This
model
has
,
however
,
been
criticised
since
it
does
not
account
for
habitual
decisions
or
affective
reactions
,
nor
the
effect
of
trust
in
decision-making
.
In
complex
situations
(
i.e.
those
which
involve
a
large
number
of
risks
,
or
risks
that
are
not
well
understood
)
,
individuals
need
to
base
their
decisions
on
trust
ÃÂ
or
withdraw
from
the
situation
.
Essentially
,
trust
is
a
device
for
reducing
complexity
[
13
]
.
Various
definitions
of
trust
exist
,
and
they
agree
that
trust
depends
on
:
(
1
)
an
individualÃÂs
ability
to
trust
,
(
2
)
conventions
;
and
(
3
)
cues
of
trustworthiness
[
6
,
13
,
30
]
.
Cues
of
trustworthiness
-
attributes
of
the
entity
to
be
trusted
-
are
the
focus
of
our
research
.
They
form
a
small
empirical
basis
for
the
trusting
person
from
which
she
may
conclude
on
future
behaviour
of
the
entity
in
question
.
This
has
two
implications
:
(
1
)
to
a
certain
extent
,
cues
need
to
be
seen
as
being
given
unintentionally
,
as
a
by-product
of
interaction
;
and
(
2
)
they
need
to
be
congruent
:
The
perception
of
trustworthiness
is
easily
undermined
by
a
single
cue
to
the
contrary
[
13
]
.
These
results
from
the
literature
review
[
I
]
form
the
conceptual
foundation
of
the
model
that
is
introduced
in
this
paper
.
4.
RISKS
IN
E-COMMERCE
Table
1
gives
an
overview
on
the
risks
that
have
been
mentioned
by
respondents
,
grouped
according
to
the
source
of
the
risk
[
II
]
.
It
has
,
however
,
been
shown
that
risk
perception
and
trust
towards
an
organisation
and
its
technology
are
related
[
1
]
.
Table
1.
Risks
in
e-Commerce
1.
Risks
that
stem
from
the
Internet
include
:
a
)
whether
credit
card
data
gets
intercepted
;
b
)
whether
the
data
is
transmitted
correctly
;
c
)
their
own
interaction
with
the
system-
i.e.
whether
they
use
it
correctly
2.
Risks
that
are
related
to
the
physical
absence
of
the
online-retailer
are
:
a
)
whether
the
personal
details
they
supply
will
be
passed
on
to
other
parties
;
b
)
whether
the
online-vendor
will
actually
deliver
the
products
or
services
.
On-line
shopping
is
thus
a
very
complex
situation
in
which
people
require
more
trust
than
in
traditional
shopping
environments
most
would-be
e-shoppers
do
not
have
sufficient
experience
-
and
hence
expertise
-
to
fully
assess
the
underlying
technology
and
its
risks
.
The
fact
that
e-commerce
transactions
are
dis-associated
in
terms
of
time
and
geographical
distance
increases
the
complexity
,
and
adds
to
the
risk
for
the
parties
involved
.
The
interviews
[
II
]
showed
that
risk
perception
depends
on
the
knowledge
and
experience
of
potential
e-shoppers
.
4.1
Knowledge
Knowledgeable
shoppers
mainly
consider
risks
related
to
individual
online-vendors
.
Here
the
design
of
the
interface
has
the
highest
impact
.
Very
inexperienced
Internet
users
see
the
greatest
risk
in
the
complexity
of
the
system
;
some
of
them
believe
that
even
a
trustworthy
vendor
is
not
capable
of
protecting
them
from
the
risks
associated
with
the
Internet
.
Furthermore
,
respondents
who
lack
knowledge
cannot
judge
the
veracity
and
accuracy
of
media
reports
on
Internet
security
.
As
a
result
of
such
reports
,
many
would-be
e-shoppers
worry
about
risks
that
are
non-existent
or
very
small
indeed
[
II
,
III
]
.
4.2
Experience
Lack
of
experience
can
be
seen
as
problem
on
an
individual
and
collective
level
[
I
]
.
On
an
individual
level
,
the
prime
risk
that
stems
from
a
lack
of
experience
is
the
danger
of
interacting
incorrectly
with
the
system
-
e.g.
accidentally
ordering
an
unwanted
item
.
On
a
collective
level
,
the
lack
of
experience
translates
into
absence
of
conventions
.
Many
authors
attribute
the
existing
lack
of
trust
to
the
relative
novelty
of
the
Internet
[
29
,
30
]
.
Once
conventions
have
been
established
and
individuals
perform
on-line
shopping
habitually
,
they
argue
,
the
trust
problem
will
go
away
.
People
's
trust
is
usually
based
on
an
expectation
of
continuity
[
13
]
,
and
the
basis
for
trusting
is
not
usually
re-evaluated
for
any
specific
decision
.
Our
findings
,
however
,
suggest
that
the
novelty
of
the
medium
-
and
thus
the
lack
of
habit
and
conventions
-
is
only
one
of
several
factors
increasing
the
demand
for
trust
in
on-line
shopping
[
I
,
II
]
.
The
fact
that
customer
and
retailer
in
on-line
shopping
are
separated
in
time
and
space
is
inherent
in
the
medium
,
and
will
not
be
overcome
with
time
-
the
'
trust
problem
'
is
therefore
not
likely
to
go
away
with
increasing
collective
familiarity
.
4.3
Separation
in
Space
&
Time
At
the
core
of
every
economic
transaction
lies
a
situation
known
as
prisoner
's
dilemma
[
11
]
:
If
both
parties
choose
to
maximise
their
own
benefit
(
i.e.
take
the
other
party
's
exchange
item
,
but
keep
their
own
)
,
the
transaction
will
not
take
place
and
both
participants
lose
out
.
The
risk
of
one
party
acting
in
this
way
can
be
minimised
by
co-presence
of
both
parties
:
If
I
go
to
a
shop
and
I
do
not
receive
the
item
after
paying
,
I
could
exercise
physical
power
on
the
shop
assistant
,
or
I
could
try
to
grab
my
money
back
.
If
the
shop
and
I
are
embedded
in
the
same
legal
system
,
I
can
trust
the
legal
system
to
enforce
the
rules
if
necessary
.
If
the
transaction
is
separated
in
space
,
I
may
not
have
these
options
;
thus
,
the
transaction
bears
a
higher
risk
and
an
increased
demand
for
trust
[
I
]
.
Furthermore
,
I
cannot
see
the
shop
's
interior
nor
the
shop
assistant
,
and
thus
I
have
few
cues
for
my
decision
whether
to
trust
this
retailer
or
not
[
II
]
.
Similarly
,
the
separation
in
time
(
e.g.
payment
is
made
before
goods
are
received
)
increases
the
risk
of
the
transaction
.
If
the
goods
are
to
be
received
within
seconds
after
payment
,
the
customer
will
realise
quickly
when
she
is
being
defrauded
,
and
take
remedial
action
.
If
a
product
ordered
on-line
is
to
be
received
after
2
weeks
,
it
might
be
harder
to
track
down
the
other
party
when
it
does
not
arrive
[
I
,
II
]
.
This
separation
of
transactions
over
space
and
time
is
called
dis-embedding
-
a
pervasive
concept
in
modern
societies
,
and
by
no
means
unique
to
on-line
shopping
.
Catalogue
shopping
,
for
instance
,
faces
the
same
problem
.
Due
to
the
global
nature
of
e-commerce
,
however
,
the
degree
of
dis-embedding
in
e-commerce
is
higher
.
Dis-embedded
social
systems
and
complex
technology
depend
on
an
increased
level
of
trust
from
all
participants[6
,
13
]
.
We
thus
suggest
that
the
oft-proclaimed
ÃÂlack
of
trustÃÂ
in
Internet
shopping
needs
to
be
re-defined
as
an
increased
need
for
trust
,
based
on
the
nature
of
the
transaction
-
and
currently
-
inexperience
of
the
e-shoppers
.
5.
E-SHOPPER
DECISION-MAKING
How
then
,
we
asked
,
do
potential
e-shoppers
decide
who
to
shop
with
in
such
a
risky
environment
?
The
Grounded
Theory
analysis
[
II
]
identified
three
strategies
that
e-shoppers
use
,
depending
on
their
level
of
knowledge
and
experience
with
the
Internet
[
Figure
1
]
.
Ultimately
,
an
e-shoppers
'
decision
"
to
buy
,
or
not
to
buy
"
is
influenced
by
(
1
)
the
on-line
retailer
's
performance
when
being
evaluated
by
the
potential
e-shopper
employing
one
of
the
identified
strategies
(
e.g.
whether
the
on-line
retailer
has
a
well-known
brand
)
,
(
2
)
the
perceived
benefit
(
e.g.
how
much
they
can
save
compared
to
other
sources
)
,
and
(
3
)
their
personal
disposition
(
e.g.
how
high
a
risk
they
can
bear
)
Figure
1
.
E-Shopper
Decision
Making
Inexperienced
e-shoppers
are
likely
to
transfer
trust
:
They
will
give
on-line
shopping
a
first
try
with
retail
organisations
they
are
familiar
with
,
or
those
that
have
been
recommended
to
them
.
Reputation
appears
to
be
the
biggest
single
influence
when
would-be
e-shoppers
decide
to
'
loose
their
virginity
'
.
This
importance
of
transferred
trust
gives
established
players
who
have
a
strong
brand
an
advantage
in
e-commerce
.
At
the
same
time
,
it
exposes
their
traditional
business
to
considerable
risk
,
because
trust
transfer
works
in
the
other
direction
,
too
[
1
]
.
If
I
have
a
bad
experience
with
the
on-line
shop
,
I
may
begin
to
doubt
the
competence
of
the
organisation
as
a
whole
,
and
stop
using
the
physical
shop
as
well
.
Experienced
e-shoppers
build
up
a
repertoire
[
19
]
of
professional-looking
e-commerce
sites
,
similar
to
the
one
they
have
for
traditional
shops
,
and
thus
base
their
trust
evaluation
on
interface
factors
-
they
estimate
the
on-line
shop
's
professionalism
.
Very
experienced
and
knowledgeable
shoppers
only
consider
specific
risks
(
e.g.
fulfilment
)
,
and
try
to
counteract
those
directly
(
e.g.
through
checking
for
order
tracking
facilities
)
.
If
they
can
identify
a
benefit
by
shopping
on-line
,
they
may
even
shop
with
an
online-retailer
that
looks
less
professional
.
They
have
a
strong
sense
of
being
in
control
when
interacting
via
the
Internet
.
We
can
expect
trust
transfer
and
professionalism
to
gain
in
importance
as
less
knowledgeable
e-shoppers
enter
the
e-commerce
arena
.
6.
CLOSING
THE
'
TRUST
GAP
'
6.1
Reducing
Risk
Ã
Ã
The
most
obvious
approach
is
to
use
technological
solutions
to
directly
address
the
risks
involved
in
on-line
shopping
.
This
entails
improved
payment
services
,
such
as
Secure
Electronic
Transactions
(
SET
)
or
technological
approaches
to
privacy
like
the
Platform
for
Privacy
Preferences
Project
(
P3P
)
.
As
mentioned
before
,
these
solutions
will
only
be
effective
if
the
technological
solutions
are
ÃÂ
at
least
in
their
basics
ÃÂ
understood
by
e-shoppers
.
A
further
reduction
of
risks
will
be
achieved
when
legal
and
regulatory
frameworks
ÃÂ
addressing
the
transaction
itself
,
e-shoppers
'
privacy
and
statutory
rights
ÃÂ
have
been
established
.
The
risks
that
can
be
directly
mitigated
by
interface
design
are
e-shoppersÃÂ
own
errors
(
1b
)
and
faulty
transmission
(
1c
)
.
Through
good
interaction
design
,
the
e-shopper
can
be
assured
that
she
does
not
accidentally
commit
herself
to
an
order
and
that
all
data
is
received
correctly
.
Examples
include
status
indicators
,
system
feedback
,
displaying
data
already
entered
,
and
continuously
displaying
the
products
to
be
ordered
during
the
process
.
Fulfilment
risks
(
2b
)
can
be
reduced
by
giving
alternative
ways
of
contacting
the
online-vendor
(
recourse
)
,
by
guaranteed
response
time
,
or
by
the
previously
mentioned
order
tracking
,
which
helps
to
minimise
the
impact
of
separation
in
time
.
The
experiment
[
III
]
with
a
mock
online-shop
showed
that
an
interface
with
trust
cues
(
including
elements
not
specifically
targeted
at
fulfilment
risks
)
had
the
greatest
effect
on
customers
'
apprehensions
related
to
fulfilment
.
6.2
Trust
Transfer
There
are
several
ways
to
address
the
inexperienced
e-shopper
's
strategy
of
trust
transfer
.
Here
they
have
been
grouped
into
collective
and
individual
approaches
.
Collective
approaches
rely
on
the
joint
effort
of
several
online-vendors
;
trust/privacy
seals
and
reputation
mechanisms
are
the
most
prevalent
ones
.
6.2.1
Collective
Approaches
A
seal
is
an
icon
assigned
to
an
on-line
retailer
by
an
independent
body
,
such
as
the
previously
mentioned
TRUSTe
.
The
success
of
such
trust
seal
programs
,
however
,
is
disputed
.
Results
from
Sapient
/
Studio
Archetype
&
Cheskin
[
24
]
support
the
impact
of
trust
seals
,
but
Cranor
et
al.
[
3
]
and
our
research
[
II
]
suggest
they
are
of
limited
use
.
E-shoppers
respond
to
sites
that
proclaim
their
own
trustworthiness
with
an
irritated
:
ÃÂ
well
they
would
say
that
,
wouldnÃÂt
they.ÃÂ
Rather
,
the
site
has
to
'
look
and
feel
'
trustworthy
throughout
the
interaction
.
Another
way
of
transferring
trust
is
a
reputation-sharing
mechanism
,
as
currently
used
by
on-line
auctioneers
such
as
eBay
[
11
]
.
They
aggregate
individual
e-shoppers
'
ratings
of
other
participants
'
trustworthiness
and
,
based
on
these
,
assign
each
participant
a
reputation
rating
.
This
approach
could
also
be
employed
by
trust
seals
:
basing
their
approval
on
customer
ratings
-
rather
than
solely
on
compliance
with
set
guidelines
-
would
increase
their
usefulness
.
Personalised
reputation
mechanisms
that
take
account
of
how
our
friends
rate
an
on-line
retailer
would
model
the
real
world
more
closely
:
We
place
the
highest
confidence
in
recommendations
from
friends
who
had
prior
experience
with
an
on-line
retailer
[
II
]
.
This
idea
is
incorporated
in
Amazon
's
affiliate
programme
:
Providers
of
web
sites
are
encouraged
to
link
to
products
on
Amazon.com
.
Thus
,
the
trust
would-be
e-shoppers
might
have
in
individual
sites
is
transferred
to
Amazon.com
.
6.2.2
Individual
Approaches
The
role
of
an
individual
retailer
's
interface
design
in
supporting
the
least
experienced
would-be
shoppers
'
strategy
of
trust
transfer
is
limited
:
Their
focus
is
on
inferring
trustworthiness
from
personal
recommendations
or
brand
familiarity
.
An
individual
retailer
's
interface
design
here
can
only
support
trust
through
endorsements
(
e.g.
from
well-known
experts
)
,
or
through
positive
customer
comments
.
The
impact
of
these
measures
is
,
however
,
limited
by
two
factors
:
Firstly
,
they
themselves
depend
on
a
basic
level
of
trust
and
credibility
,
as
they
could
easily
be
forged
.
Secondly
,
interface
elements
with
no
function
beyond
emphasising
trustworthiness
were
interpreted
as
signifiers
of
untrustworthiness
by
some
respondents
,
because
they
are
seen
as
an
attempt
at
manipulation
[
IV
]
.
A
way
out
of
this
dilemma
is
to
incorporate
elements
that
communicate
such
information-
e.g.
ÃÂwe
have
a
large
customer
baseÃÂ
almost
as
a
side-effect
.
An
example
are
AmazonÃÂs
customer
recommendations
.
This
element
has
functionality
on
its
own
right
(
customer
response
to
books
)
;
at
the
same
time
,
many
customer
recommendations
suggest
a
large
customer
base
without
making
this
the
central
message
[
II
]
.
While
an
individual
online-retailerÃÂs
interface
design
can
only
play
a
limited
role
in
building
trust
with
inexperienced
Internet
users
,
it
can
easily
create
mistrust
through
poor
usability
.
Breakdown
situations
that
stem
from
users
'
misguided
interaction
with
the
system
are
often
attributed
to
the
vendorÃÂs
malfunctioning
technology
.
Information
that
is
overlooked
by
the
user
(
e.g.
terms
&
conditions
)
can
create
the
impression
that
it
has
been
wilfully
withheld
.
Thus
,
trustworthy
interface
design
is
necessary
but
not
sufficient
for
inexperienced
would-be
e-shoppers
[
II
,
III
]
.
6.3
Estimating
professionalism
For
more
experienced
Internet
users
,
the
quality
of
the
user
interface
is
the
most
important
factor
when
deciding
whether
to
shop
with
an
online-vendor
or
not
.
By
complying
with
off-line
business
standards
(
e.g.
consistent
graphic
design
,
absence
of
technological
failures
,
clear
assignment
of
responsibilities
,
upfront
disclosure
of
terms
&
conditions
,
shipping
costs
and
availability
)
and
with
web
standards
(
e.g.
good
URL
[
17
]
,
good
usability
,
privacy
policy
,
similarity
in
interaction
design
to
well
known
sites
)
,
an
on-line
retailer
can
signal
professionalism
and
thus
appear
trustworthy.
[
4
,
16
,
26
]
.
7.
RE-EMBEDDING
We
stated
above
that
one
of
the
consequences
of
separation
in
time
and
space
(
dis-embedding
)
is
the
lack
of
social
cues
available
to
the
potential
shopper
(
e.g.
gesture
or
gaze
)
.
The
importance
of
social
cues
as
initial
base
for
trust
in
human
interaction
has
been
stressed
by
both
Luhmann
and
Goffmann
[
13
,
8
]
.
Cues
that
have
been
identified
by
social
psychologists
include
non-verbal
(
e.g.
gesture
,
gaze
,
proximity
)
and
para-verbal
ones
(
e.g.
pitch
,
speed
)
,
but
also
content-based
ones
(
e.g.
competence
,
generosity
)
[
10
]
.
Thus
,
re-embedding
,
i.e.
introducing
face-to-face
interaction
in
otherwise
distant
interaction
,
is
a
common
approach
to
building
trust
:
Business
people
and
academics
alike
fly
around
the
globe
not
only
to
negotiate
or
give
presentations
,
but
more
importantly
,
to
update
their
basis
of
trust
in
each
othersÃÂ
work
[
6
]
.
Experiments
have
shown
that
initial
face-to-face
contact
in
otherwise
computer-mediated
collaboration
increases
trust
in
workgroups.
[
22
]
.
7.1
Virtual
Re-embedding
The
concept
of
re-embedding
has
high
face
validity
.
It
is
therefore
not
surprising
that
many
authors
champion
the
introduction
of
elements
of
face-to-face
interaction
(
social
cues
)
to
the
interface
of
online-retailers
[
16
,
18
,
26
]
.
These
recommendations
are
,
however
,
rarely
based
on
existing
knowledge
on
the
effects
of
mediated
social
cues
.
These
effects
were
first
described
by
Short
,
Williams
and
Christie
in
their
work
on
social
presence
[
27
]
and
later
elaborated
by
Rice
's
work
on
media
richness
[
20
]
.
These
concepts
describe
the
effect
of
formal
attributes
of
media
on
the
social
presence
they
afford
(
perceived
similarity
to
face-to-face
interaction
)
.
These
concepts
have
been
criticised
for
being
too
narrow
because
they
focus
on
formal
media
attributes
(
e.g.
fidelity
of
reproduction
)
.
A
broader
concept
that
also
accounts
for
personal
and
situational
intervening
factors
is
that
of
(
tele-)presence
[
12
]
.
Based
on
these
concepts
,
we
assumed
that
an
interface
can
transmit
social
cues
(
and
thus
communicate
trustworthiness
)
when
formal
and
content-based
guidelines
as
stated
by
the
above
mentioned
authors
are
adhered
to
.
We
call
this
approach
virtual
re-embedding
[
IV
]
.
The
capability
of
an
online-vendor
's
interface
to
perform
virtual
re-embedding
depends
mainly
on
the
modalities
used
(
photographs
,
video
,
text
,
speech
,
etc.
)
,
and
how
they
are
implemented
.
A
further
result
from
research
into
the
underlying
concepts
is
that
the
effect
of
personal
trust
cues
and
social
presence
communicated
through
media
strongly
depends
on
personal
and
situational
factors
,
of
which
only
few
have
been
identified
(
e.g.
gender
,
media
literacy
,
locus
of
control
)
.
There
are
two
approaches
to
virtual
re-embedding
:
1.
Transparency
:
Introducing
staff
on
the
online-vendor
's
site
and
providing
means
to
communicate
with
them
.
2.
Anthropomorphism
:
Using
agents
that
give
cues
of
personal
trustworthiness
.
Anthropomorphism
has
been
discussed
in
HCI
for
several
years
,
however
with
a
view
to
improving
usability
,
rather
than
trust
.
The
main
point
of
criticism
was
that
human-like
agents
generate
expectations
that
which
cannot
be
met
by
the
system
[
31
]
.
This
disappointment
is
likely
to
decrease
usability
and
trust
(
see
above
for
the
relation
between
trust
and
usability
)
.
Currently
,
there
are
systems
being
developed
that
allow
conversation
in
a
style
similar
to
natural
language
while
monitoring
non-
and
para-verbal
trust
cues
[
2
]
.
For
Internet
based
e-tailing
,
however
,
they
are
not
yet
available
.
7.2
Empirical
tes
t
Due
to
the
above-mentioned
problems
associated
with
virtual
re-embedding
through
anthropomorphism
,
the
empirical
part
of
study
IV
focused
on
the
first
approach
(
transparency
)
.
A
mock-up
incorporating
various
personal
trust
cues
(
photographs
and
names
of
customer
service
agents
,
chat
&
call-back
opportunities
,
photographs
of
the
company
,
photographs
of
a
customer
receiving
an
item
)
was
subjected
to
walkthroughs
.
The
study
revealed
that
(
1
)
participants
perceived
cues
of
social
interaction
in
the
interface
.
The
photographs
and
names
received
unprompted
attention
while
the
participants
were
completing
their
tasks
.
However
,
(
2
)
participants
varied
strongly
in
their
reaction
towards
these
interface
elements
.
The
previously
identified
intervening
variables
(
gender
,
usage
experience
,
previous
experience
with
vendor
)
explained
variance
only
partially
.
A
unexpected
result
was
that
(
3
)
participants
with
a
high
level
of
distrust
towards
online-vendors
rated
the
increased
presence
of
online-retailers
personnel
(
through
e.g.
chat
facilities
)
as
an
additional
risk
,
making
them
vulnerable
to
manipulation
.
The
(
4
)
reaction
from
very
experienced
and
trusting
Internet
users
were
also
negative
:
Virtual
re-embedding
added
little
benefit
for
them
,
while
it
'
cluttered
'
the
interface
.
(
5
)
Comparing
the
elements
researched
,
those
that
offered
a
functionality
(
e.g.
being
introduced
to
a
personal
customer
service
agent
)
were
received
better
than
those
without
(
e.g.
photograph
of
a
customer
receiving
an
item
)
.
The
results
endorse
virtual
re-embedding
measures
for
medium-experienced
shoppers
.
These
measures
should
,
however
,
also
have
functional
benefits
,
Or
they
carry
the
risk
of
decreasing
usability
or
being
perceived
as
an
intentional
strategy
for
winning
trust
.
The
study
thus
confirmed
the
view
from
sociology
[
6
,
13
]
that
social
cues
are
only
perceived
as
trustworthy
when
they
are
seen
as
being
given
unintentionally
.
Relating
this
result
to
the
concept
of
(
tele-)presence
allows
to
draw
the
conclusion
that
virtual
re-embedding
should
be
implemented
by
using
'
rich
'
media
(
e.g.
video
)
as
they
leave
less
room
for
controlling
the
cues
given
and
thus
are
better
signifiers
of
trustworthiness
.
This
finding
postpones
virtual
re-embedding
to
a
time
when
very
high
bandwidth
access
is
more
widely
available
.
Finally
,
study
IV
confirmed
the
result
from
previous
studies
that
(
6
)
professional
,
consistent
graphic
design
and
branding
are
paramount
.
Social
cues
perceived
as
not
conforming
to
the
brand
personality
of
the
online-vendor
resulted
in
extremely
negative
reactions
.
Thus
,
at
present
,
virtual
re-embedding
measures
should
be
carefully
designed
and
integrated
as
part
of
the
overall
branding
strategy
.
8.
CONCLUSIONS
The
current
'
lack
of
trust
'
in
e-commerce
needs
be
re-conceived
as
an
increased
need
for
trust
due
to
the
novelty
and
complexity
of
dis-embedded
transactions
on
the
Internet
.
Increased
familiarity
,
technological
and
legal/regulatory
solutions
will
help
to
reduce
the
current
reluctance
of
customers
,
but
cannot
be
expected
to
totally
overcome
it
.
On
an
individual
basis
,
online-vendors
can
decrease
the
risks
perceived
by
potential
shoppers
by
allowing
them
to
make
sure
that
they
interact
correctly
with
the
system
,
and
by
allowing
for
recourse
.
Measures
to
be
taken
here
include
status
bars
and
continuous
visibility
of
the
products
ordered
,
as
well
as
an
order
tracking
facility
after
the
order
has
been
placed
(
including
the
possibility
to
cancel
it
)
.
The
scope
for
building
trust
through
the
interface
with
inexperienced
Internet
users
has
been
shown
to
be
limited
.
They
mainly
rely
on
recommendations
,
brand
familiarity
and
reputation
,
and
are
likely
use
trust
in
known
retailers
as
a
shortcut
to
avoid
complex
risk/benefit
assessments
.
This
means
that
established
organisations
will
attract
these
e-shoppers
by
trust
transfer
,
and
they
have
to
ensure
that
their
online
systems
meet
novice
e-shoppersÃÂ
expectations
.
Negative
experiences
will
not
only
put
individual
e-shoppers
off
the
online
site
,
but
generate
the
feeling
that
the
company
ÃÂbetrayedÃÂ
their
trust
.
They
are
likely
to
tell
friends
and
relatives
about
the
experience
,
thus
damaging
the
organisation
's
reputation
,
which
has
been
identified
as
key
factor
.
Endorsements
and
seals
depend
on
a
basic
level
of
trust
and
credibility
.
However
,
the
negative
impact
of
poor
interface
design
and
lack
of
usability
on
this
group
cannot
be
exaggerated
.
In
communicating
trustworthiness
to
more
experienced
shoppers
,
the
interface
is
of
more
help
.
These
users
have
built
a
repertoire
of
sites
and
are
able
to
evaluate
an
online-vendor
against
this
repertoire
.
Hence
,
compliance
with
online
and
offline
business
standards
is
important
.
Important
points
are
:
upfront
disclosure
of
availability
,
terms
&
conditions
,
shipping
costs
,
breadth
and
depth
of
product
offerings
,
absence
of
technological
failures
,
speed
,
consistent
graphic
design
,
good
usability
,
good
URL
,
similarity
to
well
known
sites
.
Ã
Interface
elements
that
include
elements
of
social
interaction
are
also
most
likely
to
be
successfully
deployed
in
the
group
of
medium-experienced
e-shoppers
.
Here
they
have
been
discussed
from
the
perspective
of
the
sociological
concept
called
re-embedding
.
However
,
care
has
to
be
taken
not
to
intimidate
inexperienced
shoppers
through
higher
presence
,
and
not
to
disappoint
experienced
shoppers
by
elements
without
functionality
other
than
giving
cues
of
social
interaction
.
When
discussing
the
problem
of
trust
in
e-commerce
,
it
should
be
kept
in
mind
that
many
individuals
decide
not
to
shop
online
simply
because
it
does
not
offer
enough
benefits
to
them
,
and
not
because
they
distrust
e-commerce
.
Thus
,
even
well-crafted
interfaces
and
virtual
re-embedding
elements
are
likely
to
build
conversion
(
ration
of
shoppers
to
visitors
)
of
one
vendor
relative
to
another
ÃÂ
but
not
that
of
the
whole
market
.
This
is
likely
to
be
reached
through
collective
efforts
(
legal
system
,
increased
literacy
,
P3P
)
and
through
other
individual
efforts
that
are
not
necessarily
part
of
the
interface
(
brand
building
,
unique
functions
offering
new
benefits
)
.
Thus
,
most
interface
elements
can
be
seen
as
trust
qualifiers
:
They
are
unlikely
to
get
non-shoppers
over
the
'
trial-threshold
'
.
If
not
taken
care
of
,
however
,
they
have
a
great
potential
for
destroying
trust
(
Trustbusters
)
-
not
only
trust
in
the
e-shop
,
but
also
in
the
organisation
's
off-line
counterparts
.
Using
Herzberg
's
[
9
]
term
,
they
could
be
described
as
the
hygiene
factors
of
trust
.
Trustbuilders
,
on
the
other
hand
,
are
elements
that
either
directly
counteract
the
risks
associated
with
e-commerce
(
risk-reducers
)
or
have
shown
to
build
trust
.
The
strongest
trustbuilders
,
however
,
are
factors
outside
the
interface
.
Table
2
gives
an
overview
.
Table
2
.
Trustbuilders
&
Trustbusters
Trustbuilders
Trustbusters
Interface
Factors
Status
indicators
Displaying
data
already
entered
Continuous
visibility
of
products
to
be
ordered
Order
Tracking
Recourse
Trial
Runs
A
ssignment
of
responsibilities
V
irtual
Re-embedding
coupled
with
functionality
Communicating
trust
cues
as
by-products
of
functions
.
(
e.g.
user
community
,
company
history
)
Poor
usability
Inconsistent
design
Technological
failures
Long
system
response
time
Not
t
complying
to
business
&
online
standards
Information
on
terms
&
conditions
,
shipping
time
,
product
availability
positioned
in
a
way
they
are
easily
overlooked
by
the
user
Intentional
usage
of
personal
trust
cues
without
providing
functionality
A
gents
that
generate
expectations
they
cannot
live
up
to
Other
Factors
Brand
Reputation
Reputation
Sharing
Affiliate
Programmes
We
have
to
keep
in
mind
that
this
list
will
change
over
time
,
due
to
the
previously
mentioned
dependence
on
what
is
perceived
as
ÃÂstandardÃÂ
.
Furthermore
,
it
should
not
be
seen
as
a
basis
for
over-simplification
:
Trust
perception
depends
strongly
on
personal
and
cultural
factors
.
Thus
,
it
might
well
be
worth
to
provide
separate
interfaces
for
different
customer
segments
.
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(
1999).
eCommerce
Trust
Study
.
Studio
Archetype
/
Cheskin.
http://www.studioarchetype.com/cheskin
[
25
]
Sasse
,
M.
A.
(
1997
)
.
Eliciting
and
Describing
Users
'
Models
of
Computer
Systems
.
Doctoral
Thesis
.
University
of
Birmingham.
[
26
]
Shneiderman
,
B.
(
2000
)
.
Designing
Trust
into
Online
Experiences
.
Communications
of
the
ACM
,
43(12
)
,
57-59.
[
27
]
Short
,
J.
,
Williams
,
E.
,
Christie
,
B.
(
1976
)
.
The
Social
Psychology
of
Telecommunications
.
London
:
John
Wiley
&
Sons.
[
28
]
Strauss
,
A.
&
Corbin
,
J.
(
1998
)
.
Basics
of
Qualitative
Research
.
Techniques
and
Procedures
for
Developing
Grounded
Theory
.
2nd
ed
.
Thousand
Oaks
:
Sage.
[
29
]
Swaminathan
,
V.
,
Lepkowska-White
,
E.
,
Bharat
,
P.
R.
(
1999
)
.
Browsers
or
Buyers
in
Cyberspace
?
An
Investigation
of
Factors
Influencing
Electronic
Exchange
.
Journal
of
Computer
Mediated
Communication
.
5(2).
[
30
]
Winkel
,
O
(
1999
)
.
Die
Förderung
von
Vertrauen
,
Glaubwürdigkeit
und
VerläÃÂlichkeit
in
der
digitalisierten
Informationsgesellschaft
.
In
Rössler
,
P.
&
Wirth
,
A.
(
1999
)
.
Glaubwürdigkeit
im
Internet
.
München
:
Fischer
,
197-208.
[
31
]
Winograd
,
T.
&
Flores
,
F.
(
1986
)
.
Understanding
Computers
&
Cognition
.
Norwood
,
NJ
:
Ablex
Corporation
.
W
B
Langdon
's
Papers
W.B.Langdon
.
22
Feb
2006
Go
to
Books
,
Plenary
Talks
,
papers
(
2006
,
2005
,
2004
,
2003
,
2002
,
2001
,
2000
,
1999
,
1998
,
1997
,
1996
,
1995
,
Electricity
Network
Scheduling
)
,
(
informal
)
joint
papers
,
abstracts
.
BibTeX
references
of
all
my
genetic
programming
papers
can
be
found
by
clicking
here
.
Books
Foundations
of
Genetic
Programming
,
W.
B.
Langdon
and
R.
Poli
,
Springer
,
2002
.
274
pages
.
Genetic
Programming
and
Data
Structures
,
W.
B.
Langdon
,
Kluwer
,
1998
,
292
pages
.
(
GECCO'2000
tutorial
slides
)
.
Edited
Books
W.
B.
Langdon
,
E.
Cantu-Paz
,
K.
Mathias
,
R.
Roy
,
D.
Davis
,
R.
Poli
,
K.
Balakrishnan
,
V.
Honavar
,
G.
Rudolph
,
J.
Wegener
,
L.
Bull
,
M.
A.
Potter
,
A.
C.
Schultz
,
J.
F.
Miller
,
E.
Burke
,
N.
Jonoska
editors
,
Proceedings
of
the
Genetic
and
Evolutionary
Computation
Conference
,
GECCO-2002
held
in
New
York
,
9-13th
July
2002
,
(
BibTeX
)
.
Papers
.
L.
Spector
and
E.
Goodman
and
A.
Wu
and
W.
B.
Langdon
and
H.-M
.
Voigt
and
M.
Gen
and
S.
Sen
and
M.
Dorigo
and
S.
Pezeshk
and
M.
Garzon
and
E.
Burke
editors
,
Proceedings
of
the
Genetic
and
Evolutionary
Computation
Conference
,
GECCO-2001
held
in
San
Francisco
,
7-11th
July
2001
,
(
BibTeX
)
Amazon
Papers
.
Julian
F.
Miller
,
Marco
Tomassini
,
Pier
Luca
Lanzi
,
Conor
Ryan
,
Andrea
G.
B.
Tettamanzi
and
W.
B.
Langdon
,
editors
,
Proceedings
of
EuroGP2001
,
the
4th
European
Conference
on
Genetic
Programming
held
at
Lake
Como
,
Italy
,
18-20th
April
2001
,
LNCS
volume
2038.
online
(
BibTeX
)
Riccardo
Poli
,
Wolfgang
Banzhaf
,
William
B.
Langdon
,
Julian
Miller
,
Peter
Nordin
,
and
Terence
C.
Fogarty
,
editors
,
The
proceedings
of
EuroGP2000
,
the
3rd
European
Conference
on
Genetic
Programming
held
in
Edinburgh
,
15-16th
April
2000
,
Springer
Verlag
LNCS
volume
1802
.
Lee
Spector
,
W.
B.
Langdon
,
Una-May
O'Reilly
,
and
Peter
J.
Angeline
,
editors
.
Advances
in
Genetic
Programming
3
.
MIT
Press
,
Cambridge
,
MA
,
USA
,
May
1999
.
Riccardo
Poli
,
Peter
Nordin
,
William
B.
Langdon
,
and
Terence
C.
Fogarty
,
editors
,
Genetic
Programming
,
Proceedings
of
EuroGP'99
,
volume
1598
of
LNCS
,
Goteborg
,
Sweden
,
26-27
May
1999
.
Springer-Verlag
.
Thomas
Haynes
,
William
B.
Langdon
and
Una-May
O'Reilly
and
Riccardo
Poli
and
Justinian
Rosca
,
editors
Foundations
of
Genetic
Programming
13
July
,
Orlando
,
Florida
,
USA
.
GECCO'99
workshop
.
W.
B.
Langdon
,
Riccardo
Poli
,
Peter
Nordin
,
and
Terry
Fogarty
,
editors
.
Late-Breaking
Papers
of
EuroGP-99
,
Goteborg
,
Sweeden
,
26-27
May
1999
.
(
Available
as
CWI
technical
report
SEN-R9913
)
.
Riccardo
Poli
,
W.
B.
Langdon
,
Marc
Schoenauer
,
Terry
Fogarty
,
and
Wolfgang
Banzhaf
,
Late
Breaking
Papers
at
EuroGP'98
:
the
First
European
Workshop
on
Genetic
Programming
.
This
booklet
is
available
as
technical
report
CSRP-98-10
from
the
School
of
Computer
Science
,
The
University
of
Birmingham
,
Edgbaston
,
Birmingham
,
B15
2TT
,
UK
.
Invited
Talks
8th
Iberoamerican
Conference
on
Artificial
Intelligence
(
IBERAMIA
)
Seville
,
November
12-15th
,
2002
.
Abstract
Hybrid
Information
Systems
(
HIS02
)
Santiago
,
1-4
December
,
2002
.
Abstract
Papers
2006
The
Halting
Probability
in
von
Neumann
Architectures
,
W.
B.
Langdon
and
R.
Poli
,
(
PDF
gzipped
postscript
)
,
to
be
presented
at
EuroGP-2006
,
LNCS
3905
,
10-12
April
2006
,
Budapest
,
p225-237
On
Turing
complete
T7
and
MISC
F-4
program
fitness
landscapes
,
W.
B.
Langdon
and
R.
Poli
.
Technical
report
CSM-445
,
ISSN
1744-8050
,
Dec
2005
,
Essex
University
.
Dagstuhl
PDF
2005
Kernel
methods
for
PSOs
,
W.
B.
Langdon
,
Riccardo
Poli
and
Christopher
R.
Stephens
Technical
report
CSM-443
,
ISSN
1744-8050
,
Dec
2005
,
Essex
University
.
'
Pure
theatre
'
at
Lakeside
:
Review
of
"
Look
Back
in
Anger
"
Wyvern
Extra
,
June
2005
,
University
of
Essex
.
Evolutionary
Solo
Pong
Players
,
W.
B.
Langdon
and
Riccardo
Poli
in
Proceedings
of
the
2005
IEEE
Congress
on
Evolutionary
Computation
,
CEC
2005
,
volume
3
,
pp2621-2628
,
2-5
September
,
Edinburgh
,
UK
.
PDF
ps.gz
.
(
Technical
report
CSM-423
,
ISSN
1744-8050
,
Essex
University
)
.
Evolving
Problems
to
Learn
about
Particle
Swarm
and
other
Optimisers
,
W.
B.
Langdon
and
Riccardo
Poli
in
Proceedings
of
the
2005
IEEE
Congress
on
Evolutionary
Computation
,
CEC
2005
,
volume
1
,
pp81-88
,
2-5
September
,
Edinburgh
,
UK
.
PDF
ps.gz
(
slides
)
.
Two
page
version
(
PDF
ps.gz
)
presented
at
BNAIC
2005
.
The
Distribution
of
Amorphous
Computer
Outputs
,
W.
B.
Langdon
.
Position
paper
(
eprint
)
at
The
Grand
Challenge
in
Non-Classical
Computation
:
International
Workshop
,
Susan
Stepney
and
Stephen
Emmott
Editors
,
18-19
April
2005
,
York
,
UK
.
Understanding
Particle
Swarm
Optimisation
by
Evolving
Problem
Landscapes
,
W.
B.
Langdon
Riccardo
Poli
,
Owen
Holland
and
Thiemo
Krink
(
PDF
)
(
gzip
ps
)
presented
at
Swarm
Intelligence
Symposium
2005
.
Luca
Maria
Gambardella
,
Payman
Arabshahi
and
Alcherio
Martinoli
(
editors
)
,
pp30-37
,
8-10
June
2005
,
Pasadena
,
California
,
USA
.
Two
animated
slides
:
constriction
helps
,
hinders
.
Pfeiffer
-
A
Distributed
Open-ended
Evolutionary
System
,
W.
B.
Langdon
,
In
AISB'05
:
Proceedings
of
the
Joint
Symposium
on
Socially
Inspired
Computing
,
(
METAS
2005
)
Bruce
Edmonds
,
Nigel
Gilbert
,
Steven
Gustafson
,
David
Hales
and
Natalio
Krasnogor
Editors
,
12-15
April
2005
,
University
of
Hertfordshire
,
Hatfield
,
England
,
pp
.
7-13
.
(
PDF
)
.
Repeated
Patterns
in
Tree
Genetic
Programming
,
W.
B.
Langdon
and
W.
Banzhaf
,
(
PDF
gzipped
postscript
)
,
Slides
presented
at
EuroGP-2005
LNCS
3447
,
30
March
-
1
April
2005
Lausanne
,
p190-202
doi:10.1007/b107383
Genetic
Programming
and
Evolvable
Machines
:
Five
years
of
Reviews
,
W.B.
Langdon
and
S.
Gustafson
,
(
PDF
gzipped
postscript
)
,
Genetic
Programming
and
Evolvable
Machines
,
2005
,
6(2
)
pp.221-228.
doi:10.1007/s10710-005-6165-9
Repeated
Sequences
in
Linear
Genetic
Programming
Genomes
,
William
B.
Langdon
and
Wolfgang
Banzhaf
,
Complex
Systems
15
(
4
)
pp285-306
.
(
PDF
gzipped
postscript
)
.
Extends
GECCO'2004
late
breaking
paper
.
2004
Repeated
Sequences
in
Linear
GP
Genomes
,
W.B.
Langdon
and
W.
Banzhaf
,
(
GECCO'2004
late
breaking
paper
PDF
gzipped
postscript
)
.
Movie
.
Poster
Global
Distributed
Evolution
of
L-Systems
Fractals
,
W.
B.
Langdon
.
Presented
at
EuroGP'2004
,
LNCS
3003
,
5-7
April
2004
Coimbra
,
Portugal
,
p349-358
PDF
at
Springer-Verlag
.
PDF
ps.gz
pfeiffer.html
poster
.
RN/04/13
gives
all
the
snow
flakes
evolved
during
the
trial
period
(
PDF
)
(
gzip
postscript
)
.
Genetic
Programming
for
Mining
DNA
Chip
data
from
Cancer
Patients
,
W.
B.
Langdon
and
B.
F.
Buxton
,
Genetic
Programming
and
Evolvable
Machines
,
5
(
3
)
:
251-257
,
September
2004
(
PDF
,
ps.gz
)
Genetic
Programming
in
Data
Mining
for
Drug
Discovery
,
W.
B.
Langdon
and
S.
J.
Barrett
,
Chapter
10
in
Evolutionary
Computing
in
Data
Mining
,
Ashish
Ghosh
and
Lakhmi
C.
Jain
editors
,
Physica
Verlag
,
pages
211-235
,
2004
.
(
PDF
,
ps.gz
)
Used
in
CMU
drug
course
.
2003
The
Application
of
Genetic
Programming
for
Drug
Discovery
in
the
Pharmaceutical
Industry
,
W.
B.
Langdon
and
B.
F.
Buxton
.
EPSRC
project
GR/S03546/01
with
GlaxoSmithKline
.
Final
report
,
IGR
(
PDF
)
.
Comparison
of
DNAchip
and
Computer
Vision
Data
,
Technical
Report
RN/03/16
,
W.
B.
Langdon
(
PDF
,
ps.gz
)
Predicting
Biochemical
Interactions
-
Human
P450
2D6
Enzyme
Inhibition
,
W.
B.
Langdon
and
S.
J.
Barrett
and
B.
F.
Buxton
.
CEC
2003
,
pages
807-814
,
8-12
Dec
,
Canberra
.
(
PDF
,
ps.gz
)
.
Slides
Predicting
Cancer
,
W.
B.
Langdon
.
UCL
Science
,
September
2003
,
no
.
17
,
page
2.
Convergence
of
Program
Fitness
Landscapes
,
W.
B.
Langdon
.
GECCO
2003
12-16
July
,
Chicago
.
(
PDF
,
ps.gz
)
LNCS
2724
Transferring
Computer
Science
Research
:
Mining
DNA
chip
Protein
Expression
,
talk
and
poster
at
MIPNETS
25-27
June
2003
.
The
distribution
of
Reversible
Functions
is
Normal
,
W.
B.
Langdon
.
Chapter
11
,
in
Genetic
Programming
Theory
and
Practise
,
Rick
L.
Riolo
and
Bill
Worzel
(
editors
)
,
pp173-188
,
Kluwer
,
2003
.
GP
series
number
6
.
Slides
presented
at
GP
Workshop
on
Theory/Practice
,
15-17
May
2003
,
University
of
Michigan
.
PDF
ps.gz
Comparison
of
AdaBoost
and
Genetic
Programming
for
combining
Neural
Networks
for
Drug
Discovery
,
W.
B.
Langdon
and
S.
J.
Barrett
and
B.
F.
Buxton
.
Presented
at
EvoBIO'2003
,
11-14
April
2003
,
LNCS
2611
,
Essex
,
p87-98
,
Springer-Verlag
.
PDF
ps.gz
With
the
help
of
a
Publication
Support
Grant
from
Evolsolve
.
2002
Evolutionary
Computation
II
Session
at
BNAIC
2002
,
W.
B.
Langdon
,
Newsletter
BNVKI
December
,
2002
19
(
6
)
145-146
.
A
Hybrid
Genetic
Programming
Neural
Network
Classifier
for
Use
in
Drug
Discovery
,
William
B.
Langdon
,
Soft
Computing
Systems
-
Design
,
Management
and
Applications
,
Ajith
Abraham
and
Javier
,
Ruiz-del-Solar
and
Mario
Koppen
,
Eds.
page
6
,
1-4
December
2002
,
IOS
Press
.
Invited
talk
.
Slides
PDF
.
Grand
Challenges
for
Computing
Removal
of
the
Man-Machine
Interface
Bottleneck
Do
what
I
ment
not
what
I
said
W.
B.
Langdon
and
Riccardo
Poli
,
October
17
,
2002
.
Also
available
as
Research
Note
RN/02/20
Combining
Machine
Learning
techniques
to
Predict
Compounds
'
Cytochrome
P450
High
Throughput
Screening
Inhibition
,
W.
B.
Langdon
,
B.
F.
Buxton
and
S.
J.
Barrett
(
PDF
)
.
Poster
at
Knowledge
Discovery
meets
Drug
Discovery
KDmDD
2002
How
many
Good
Programs
are
there
?
How
Long
are
they
?
W.
B.
Langdon
(
PDF
,
ps.gz
)
.
Presented
at
FOGA
2002
,
Kenneth
A.
De
Jong
and
Riccardo
Poli
and
Jonathan
E.
Rowe
(
editors
)
pp183-202
,
Morgan
Kaufmann
.
Convergence
Rates
for
the
Distribution
of
Program
Outputs
,
W.
B.
Langdon
,
in
GECCO
2002
:
Proceedings
of
the
Genetic
and
Evolutionary
Computation
Conference
,
New
York
,
pp812-819
,
Morgan
Kaufmann
,
2002
.
(
PDF
,
ps.gz
)
.
Slides
Presented
at
GECCO'2002
Short
version
presented
at
BNAIC
2002
(
PDF
,
ps.gz
)
(
2
pages
)
Was
Occam
Wrong
?
Blunting
Occam
's
Razor
,
W.
B.
Langdon
,
BNVKI
newsletter
19(3
)
56-57
,
June
2002
(
html
)
.
Combining
Decision
Trees
and
Neural
Networks
for
Drug
Discovery
W.
B.
Langdon
and
S.
J.
Barrett
and
B.
F.
Buxton
.
In
Genetic
Programming
,
Proceedings
of
the
5th
European
Conference
EuroGP'2002
,
James
A.
Foster
and
Evelyne
Lutton
and
Julian
Miller
and
Conor
Ryan
and
Andrea
G.
B.
Tettamanzi
(
editors
)
,
Ireland
,
LNCS
2278
,
pp60-70
,
Springer-Verlag
,
2002
.
PDF
compressed
postscript
.
Structure
of
the
Genetic
Programming
Search
Space
,
W.
B.
Langdon
.
Presented
at
Dagstuhl
(
abstract
)
.
2001
Genetic
Programming
for
Combining
Neural
Networks
for
Drug
Discovery
,
W.
B.
Langdon
and
S.
J.
Barrett
and
B.
F.
Buxton
,
in
Soft
Computing
and
Industry
Recent
Applications
Rajkumar
Roy
,
Mario
Koppen
,
Seppo
Ovaska
,
Takeshi
Furuhashi
,
Frank
Hoffmann
(
editors
)
,
pages
597-608
,
Springer-Verlag
,
2002
.
Presented
at
WSC6
(
pdf
)
.
WSC6
presentation
.
Evolutionary
Data
Fusion
,
W.
B.
Langdon
.
Technical
report
RN/01/19
.
Genetic
Programming
for
Improved
Receiver
Operating
Characteristics
,
W.
B.
Langdon
and
B.
F.
Buxton
.
Presented
at
MCS
2001
(
gzipped
postscript
)
.
Genetic
Programming
for
Combining
Classifiers
W.
B.
Langdon
and
B.
F.
Buxton
.
Presented
at
GECCO'2001
,
pp
66-73
,
Morgan
Kaufmann
.
(
gzipped
postscript
,
PDF
)
Evolving
Receiver
Operating
Characteristics
for
Data
Fusion
William
B.
Langdon
and
Bernard
F.
Buxton
.
Gzipped
postscript
,
slides
presented
at
EuroGP'2001
.
Evolving
Inverse
Kinematics
and
Stereo
Vision
for
a
Humanoid
Robot
Arm
,
William
B.
Langdon
and
Peter
Nordin
(
gzipped
postscript
)
.
Presented
at
EuroGP'2001
(
movie
and
summary
)
.
2000
Maximum
Product
of
Non-Negative
Numbers
,
W.
B.
Langdon
RN/01/14
(
html
)
.
Genetic
Programming
Bloat
without
Semantics
,
W.B.
Langdon
and
W.
Banzhaf
.
Gzipped
postscript
presented
at
PPSN'2000
(
poster
)
(
C++
code
)
Problems
with
ROC
,
W.B.
Langdon
.
Technical
report
RN/01/16
(
gzipped
postscript
)
.
Shows
that
the
convex
Hull
is
not
guaranteed
to
be
best
way
of
combining
classifiers
.
Natural
Language
Text
Classification
and
Filtering
with
Trigrams
and
Evolutionary
Nearest
Neighbour
Classifiers
,
W.B.
Langdon
,
CWI
Report
SEN-R0022
(
GECCO'2000
late
breaking
paper
,
gzipped
postscript
)
.
Quadratic
Bloat
in
Genetic
Programming
(
ps.gz
)
(
html
)
.
Presented
at
GECCO'2000
Seeding
Genetic
Programming
Populations
,
(
gzipped
postscript
)
Presented
at
EuroGP'2000
Genetic
Programming
Approach
to
Benelearn
99
:
I
(
gzip
ps
)
William
B.
Langdon
.
Size
fair
and
homologous
tree
genetic
programming
crossovers
.
Genetic
Programming
And
Evolvable
Machines
,
1(1/2):95-119
,
April
2000
.
(
pdf
gzip
ps
)
Genetic
Programming
and
Evolvable
Machines
:
Books
and
other
Resources
,
the
Journal
of
Genetic
Programming
and
Evolutionary
Machines
,
volume
1
number
1/2
.
(
pdf
gzip
ps
)
1999
Report
on
Evolutionary
Computation
1
Session
at
BNAIC'99
GECCO'99
Student
Workshop
,
Newsletter
BVNKI
,
vol
16
no
5
,
pp
143-144
,
October
1999.
and
Robotica
,
vol
18
no
1
,
pp
87
,
2000
.
Linear
Increase
in
Tree
Height
Leads
to
Sub-Quadratic
Bloat
ps.gz
presented
at
FOGP
Scaling
of
Program
Tree
Fitness
Spaces
Special
Issue
of
Evolutionary
Computation
(
slides
)
.
William
B.
Langdon
,
Terry
Soule
,
Riccardo
Poli
,
and
James
A.
Foster
.
The
evolution
of
size
and
shape
.
In
Lee
Spector
,
William
B.
Langdon
,
Una-May
O'Reilly
,
and
Peter
J.
Angeline
,
editors
,
Advances
in
Genetic
Programming
3
,
chapter
8
,
pages
163-190
.
MIT
Press
,
Cambridge
,
MA
,
USA
,
May
1999
ch08.ps.gz
.
(
slides
,
187kb
,
Java
movie
of
evolution
of
best
of
generation
phenotype
,
276kb
)
.
Boolean
Functions
Fitness
Spaces
,
EuroGP-99
(
gzipped
postscript
)
CSRP-98-16
Late
Breaking
paper
at
GP-98
(
html
)
(
poster
)
.
1998
Why
"
Building
Blocks
"
Do
n't
Work
on
Parity
Problems
CSRP-98-17
(
html
)
.
Better
Trained
Ants
for
Genetic
Programming
CSRP-98-12
(
html
)
.
Better
Trained
Ants
CSRP-98-08
(
html
)
Late
breaking
paper
at
EuroGP
'
98
.
Why
Ants
are
Hard
(
CSRP-98-04
html
)
Presented
at
GP-98
.
Genetic
Programming
Bloat
with
Dynamic
Fitness
CSRP-97-29
(
html
)
in
EuroGP
'
98
.
The
Evolution
of
Size
in
Variable
Length
Representations
presented
at
WCCI
'
98
(
poster
)
.
1997
Genetic
Programming
in
Europe
Fitness
Causes
Bloat
:
Simulated
Annealing
,
Hill
Climbing
and
Populations
,
CSRP-97-22
Fitness
Causes
Bloat
:
Mutation
,
presented
at
EuroGP
'
98
(
technical
report
)
.
Fitness
Causes
Bloat
in
Variable
Size
Representation
(
ICGA-97
workshop
)
Fitness
Causes
Bloat
(
html
)
(
Second
best
paper
overall
award
at
WSC2
)
An
Analysis
of
the
MAX
Problem
in
Genetic
Programming
(
in
GP-97
)
1996
Phd
Thesis
Genetic
Programming
and
Data
Structures
,
University
College
,
London
,
1996
,
350
pages
.
Evolution
of
Genetic
Programming
Populations
.
Using
Data
Structures
with
Genetic
Programming
(
presented
at
GP-96
)
Data
Structures
and
Genetic
Programming
(
in
AiGP2
)
A
Bibliography
for
Genetic
Programming
(
in
AiGP2
)
(
draft
pdf
)
1995
Survey
of
Genetic
Programming
(
ps
,
pdf
)
Introduction
to
Genetic
Programming
(
hard
copy
only
)
Paper
on
Evolving
Data
Structures
with
Genetic
Programming
Paper
on
Pareto
Optimality
,
Population
Partitioning
,
Price
's
theorem
and
GP
Summary
of
directing
crossover
locations
in
a
multi-tree
GP
,
as
used
with
list
data
structures
Electricity
Network
Scheduling
Scheduling
Maintenance
of
Electrical
Power
Transmission
PDF
MS
Postscript
Chapter
10
,
Artificial
Intelligence
Techniques
in
Power
Systems
,
pp
220-237
K.
Warwick
,
A.O.
Ekwue
and
R.
Aggarwal
,
1997
,
IEE
Technical
report
CSRP-97-22
summarizing
Scheduling
Maintenance
of
the
South
Wales
Regional
High
Voltage
Electricity
network
using
GAs
and
GP
.
IEE
GP
Paper
on
Scheduling
Maintenance
of
the
South
Wales
Regional
High
Voltage
Electricity
network
.
AISB-97
Paper
on
Scheduling
Maintenance
of
the
South
Wales
Regional
High
Voltage
Electricity
network
with
regard
to
potential
network
faults
.
Scheduling
planned
maintenance
of
the
national
grid
,
W.
B.
Langdon
,
AISB-95
,
Evolutionary
Computing
:
AISB
Workshop
Sheffield
,
UK
,
April
3-4
,
1995
Selected
Papers
Editors
:
Terence
C.
Fogarty
,
LNCS
993
pp
.
132-153
(
Springer
)
"
(
postscript
)
.
Informal
documents
available
via
ftp
Summary
of
Kauffman
's
NK
landscapes
inconjuction
with
Genetic
Algorithms
Summary
of
seeding
GA
populations
Introduction
to
genetic
programming
in
general
and
simple-gp.c
in
particular
.
Bibliographies
of
Genetic
Programming
and
the
Application
of
Genetic
Algorithms
to
Production
Scheduling
etc
are
held
in
ftp://ftp.cs.bham.ac.uk/pub/authors/W.B.Langdon/biblio
Joint
(
co-authored
)
papers
Emergent
Behaviour
,
Population-based
Search
and
Low-pass
Filtering
Riccardo
Poli
and
Alden
H.
Wright
and
Nicholas
F.
McPhee
and
William
B.
Langdon
Technical
report
CSM-446
,
Computer
Science
,
University
of
Essex
,
UK
,
Feb
2006
.
An
elementary
formulation
of
Riemann
's
Zeta
function
,
Riccardo
Poli
and
W.
B.
Langdon
,
Technical
report
CSM-442
,
Computer
Science
,
University
of
Essex
,
UK
,
Dec
2005
.
Advances
in
the
Application
of
Machine
Learning
Techniques
in
Drug
Discovery
,
Design
and
Development
,
S.
J.
Barrett
and
W.
B.
Langdon
,
WSC10
:
10th
Online
World
Conference
on
Soft
Computing
in
Industrial
Applications
paper
(
142
Kbyte
)
slides
(
1Mbyte
)
.
To
be
published
as
"
Advances
in
the
Application
of
Machine
Learning
Techniques
in
Drug
Discovery
,
Design
and
Development
"
,
S.
J.
Barrett
and
W.
B.
Langdon
in
"
Applications
of
Soft
Computing
:
Recent
Trends
"
Ashutosh
Tiwari
,
Joshua
Knowles
,
Erel
Avineri
,
Keshav
Dahal
and
Rajkumar
Roy
(
editors
)
,
Springer
2006
.
(
178
Kbyte
)
Evolution
of
Force-Generating
Equations
for
PSO
using
GP
,
Cecilia
Di
Chio
,
Riccardo
Poli
,
William
B.
Langdon
,
AI*IA
2005
Workshop
on
Evolutionary
Computation
Winner
of
best
paper
award
.
Running
Genetic
Programming
Backward
,
Riccardo
Poli
and
William
B.
Langdon
,
GP
theory
and
Practise
workshop
,
Chapter
9
,
pp
125-140
,
12-14
May
2005
,
Ann
Arbor
.
Springer
See
also
technical
report
CSM-425
.
Backward-chaining
Genetic
Programming
,
Riccardo
Poli
and
William
B.
Langdon
,
GECCO-2005
,
pages
1777-1778
.
Exploring
Extended
Particle
Swarms
:
A
Genetic
Programming
Approach
,
Riccardo
Poli
,
Cecilia
Di
Chio
,
William
B.
Langdon
,
GECCO-2005
,
pages
169-176
.
Extending
Particle
Swarm
Optimisation
via
Genetic
Programming
.
Riccardo
Poli
,
William
B.
Langdon
,
Owen
Holland
,
EuroGP-2005
,
pages
291-300
,
PDF
An
Estimation
of
Distribution
Algorithm
Based
on
Maximum
Entropy
,
Alden
Wright
,
Riccardo
Poli
,
Christopher
R.
Stephens
,
W.
B.
Langdon
and
Sandeep
Pulavarty
,
GECCO-2004
LNCS
3102
,
343-354
BioRAT
:
extracting
biological
information
from
full-length
papers
,
David
P.A.
Corney
,
Bernard
F.
Buxton
,
William
B.
Langdon
,
and
David
T.
Jones
Bioinformatics
2004
20(17):3206-3213
pre-print
PDF
doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bth386
UCL-CS
Technical
Report
RN/03/17
(
2003
)
.
Multi-classifier
Fusion
by
Genetic
Programming
,
B.
F.
Buxton
and
W.
B.
Langdon
,
Abstract
Data
Fusion
by
Intelligent
Classifier
Combination
B.
F.
Buxton
and
W.
B.
Langdon
and
S.
J.
Barrett
,
Measurement
and
Control
,
vol
34
,
no
.
8
,
p229-234
,
October
2001
.
Awarded
best
paper
prize
by
the
Worshipful
Company
of
Scientific
Instrument
Makers
.
Measuring
Facial
Emotional
Expressions
Using
Genetic
Programming
,
A.
Loizides
and
M.
Slater
and
W.
B.
Langdon
,
in
Soft
Computing
and
Industry
Recent
Applications
Rajkumar
Roy
,
Mario
Koppen
,
Seppo
Ovaska
,
Takeshi
Furuhashi
,
Frank
Hoffmann
(
editors
)
,
pages
545-554
,
Springer-Verlag
,
2002
.
Presented
at
WSC6
Some
considerations
on
the
reason
for
bloat
,
W.
Banzhaf
and
W.
B.
Langdon
,
Genetic
Programming
and
Evolvable
Machines
3
(
1
)
,
2002
.
GP-Beagle
:
A
Benchmarking
Problem
Repository
for
the
Genetic
Programming
Community
,
Robert
Feldt
,
Michael
O'Neill
,
Conor
Ryan
,
Peter
Nordin
and
William
Langdon
,
GECCO'2000
late
breaking
paper
(
pdf
,
10Mb
)
.
Sander
M.
Bohte
and
and
William
B.
Langdon
and
Han
La
Poutre
On
Current
Technology
for
Information
Filtering
and
User
Profiling
in
Agent-Based
Systems
,
Part
I
:
A
Perspective
,
TA
internal
(
PDF
)
January
2000
.
Martijn
C.
J.
Bot
and
William
B.
Langdon
Application
of
Genetic
Programming
to
Induction
of
Linear
Classification
Trees
(
Presented
at
EuroGP'2000
)
,
ps-file
Martijn
Bot
and
William
B.
Langdon
Application
of
Genetic
Programming
to
Induction
of
Linear
Classification
Trees
(
presented
at
BNAIC'99
)
Riccardo
Poli
,
Jonathan
Page
and
W.
B.
Langdon
Smooth
Uniform
Crossover
,
Sub-Machine
Code
GP
and
Demes
:
A
Recipe
For
Solving
High-Order
Boolean
Parity
Problems
CSRP-99-2
Presented
at
GECCO'99
Fuey
Sian
Chong
and
W.
B.
Langdon
Java
based
Distributed
Genetic
Programming
on
the
Internet
CSRP-99-7
Presented
at
GECCO'99
Lee
Spector
,
W.
B.
Langdon
,
Una-May
O'Reilly
,
and
Peter
J.
Angeline
.
An
introduction
to
the
third
volume
.
In
Lee
Spector
,
William
B.
Langdon
,
Una-May
O'Reilly
,
and
Peter
J.
Angeline
,
editors
,
Advances
in
Genetic
Programming
3
,
chapter
1
,
pages
1-12
.
MIT
Press
,
Cambridge
,
MA
,
USA
,
May
1999
.
Riccardo
Poli
and
William
B.
Langdon
.
Sub-machine-code
genetic
programming
.
In
Lee
Spector
,
William
B.
Langdon
,
Una-May
O'Reilly
,
and
Peter
J.
Angeline
,
editors
,
Advances
in
Genetic
Programming
3
,
chapter
13
,
pages
301-323
.
MIT
Press
,
Cambridge
,
MA
,
USA
,
May
1999
.
J.
Page
,
R.
Poli
,
and
W.
B.
Langdon
.
Smooth
uniform
crossover
with
smooth
point
mutation
in
genetic
programming
:
A
preliminary
study
.
In
Riccardo
Poli
,
Peter
Nordin
,
William
B.
Langdon
,
and
Terence
C.
Fogarty
,
editors
,
Genetic
Programming
,
Proceedings
of
EuroGP'99
,
volume
1598
of
LNCS
,
pages
39-49
,
Goteborg
,
Sweden
,
26-27
May
1999
.
Springer-Verlag
.
Riccardo
Poli
and
W.
B.
Langdon
A
Review
of
Theoretical
and
Experimental
Results
on
Schemata
in
Genetic
Programming
(
CSRP-97-27
)
Presented
at
EuroGP
'
98
.
Riccardo
Poli
and
W.
B.
Langdon
On
the
Search
Properties
of
Different
Crossover
Operators
in
Genetic
Programming
.
Presented
at
GP-98
(
GP-98
paper
)
.
Cf
.
CSRP-98-7
On
the
Ability
to
Search
the
Space
of
Programs
of
Standard
,
One-point
and
Uniform
Crossover
in
Genetic
Programming
Riccardo
Poli
W.
B.
Langdon
,
and
Una-May
O'Reilly
Short
Term
Extinction
Probability
of
Newly
Created
Schemata
,
and
Schema
Variance
and
Signal-to-Noise-Ratio
Theorems
in
the
Presence
of
Schema
Creation
CSRP-98-6
Presented
at
GP-98
.
Scientific
research
in
action
Photo
Riccardo
Poli
and
W.
B.
Langdon
Genetic
Programming
with
One-Point
Crossover
and
Point
Mutation
CSRP-97-8
In
WSC2
.
Riccardo
Poli
and
W.
B.
Langdon
An
Experimental
Analysis
of
Schema
Creation
,
Propagation
and
Disruption
in
Genetic
Programming
CSRP-97-8
(
A
shorter
version
was
presentation
at
ICGA-97
).
Riccardo
Poli
and
W.
B.
Langdon
A
New
Schema
Theory
for
Genetic
Programming
with
One-Point
Crossover
and
Point
Mutation
CSRP-97-03
(
A
shorter
version
has
been
accepted
for
Weekly
Seminars
/
Autumn
2005
The
HCI
group
holds
seminars
every
week
to
stay
abreast
of
work
within
the
group
,
and
sometimes
to
hear
from
invited
speakers
.
These
are
quite
informal
events
.
You
may
be
interested
in
the
archive
of
previous
seminars
abstracts
.
These
seminars
are
organised
by
hci-seminar-organiser
(
at
)
cs
(
dot
)
york
(
dot
)
ac
(
dot
)
uk
.
Announcements
and
reminders
concerning
the
seminar
series
are
distributed
using
the
hci-group
mail
list
.
To
get
added/removed
from
this
list
email
the
hci-webmaster
(
at
)
cs
(
dot
)
york
(
dot
)
ac
(
dot
)
uk
Instructions
for
speakers
The
HCI
seminars
are
informal
talks
.
The
audience
consists
of
staff
,
RAs
and
Research
Students
from
Psychology
and
Computer
Science
(
in
future
we
hope
,
also
from
Electronics
and
Sociology
)
.
All
have
some
interest
in
HCI
though
they
may
have
specialist
interests
different
from
your
own
and
it
is
best
not
to
assume
too
much
background
knowledge
.
As
it
is
a
lunchtime
seminar
(
Monday
1.15
)
and
people
often
have
commitments
from
2.00
the
format
is
30
minutes
talk
followed
by
15
minutes
questions/discussion
.
Seminars
this
term
are
all
held
in
the
Department
of
Psychology
,
in
B/020
.
There
will
be
a
data
projector
and
OHP
,
and
on
request
a
laptop
available
.
Seminar
programme
Forthcoming
seminars
January
23
:
Alistair
Edwards
,
Department
of
Computer
Science
Memorability
and
strength
of
passwords
January
30
:
Steve
Whittaker
,
Department
of
Information
Studies
,
University
of
Sheffield
Interfaces
that
allow
efficient
access
to
speech
data
February
6
:
Shaun
Lawson
,
Department
of
Computing
and
Informatics
,
University
of
Lincoln
Multi-modal
augmented
reality
February
13
:
Greg
Hale
,
Department
of
Psychology
Feature
films
as
system
:
a
schematic
approach
to
experience
February
20
:
Sian
Lindley
,
Department
of
Psychology
Affordances
for
social
interaction
:
How
does
technology
affect
group
behaviour
?
February
27
:
Rosamelia
Ribeiro
,
Department
of
Psychology
Title
TBA
March
6
:
Alan
Kingstone
,
Department
of
Psychology
,
University
of
British
Columbia
Looking
for
meaning
in
'
The
good
,
The
bad
and
the
Ugly
'
March
13
:
Michael
Hildebrandt
,
Department
of
Computer
Science
conex
-
a
web-based
system
for
constructing
and
conducting
experiments
Past
seminars
17
Oct
2005
:
Salvatore
Fiore
,
Computer
Science
Empathy
and
appropriation
in
designing
for
blind
experience
In
this
talk
I
will
discuss
ongoing
research
centring
on
empathy
and
appropriation
as
core
themes
in
the
development
of
an
exploratory
design
process
.
I
will
explain
how
current
work
adopts
an
experiential
rather
than
cognitive
stance
towards
understanding
interaction
and
blind
experience
.
From
this
basis
,
the
work
adopts
a
conception
of
empathy
as
being
as
much
about
Self
as
about
Other
,
so
that
when
we
try
,
as
sighted
designers
,
to
establish
empathy
with
blind
users
,
we
do
so
through
increasing
our
understanding
of
blindness
with
respect
to
our
own
phenomenology
of
experience
.
I
will
highlight
how
our
work
finds
correspondence
with
other
research
on
experience
,
empathy
and
creativity
in
HCI
design
work
,
yet
differs
fundamentally
through
the
lack
of
involvement
by
specified
'
users
'
in
the
process
.
The
talk
will
focus
on
a
case
study
charting
the
design
of
an
interactive
chair
.
24
Oct
2005
:
Michael
Hildebrandt
,
Computer
Science
To
wait
or
not
to
wait
:
Time-accuracy
trade-offs
in
dynamic
belief
updating
tasks
When
controlling
dynamic
systems
,
operators
often
have
to
decide
if
they
should
act
immediately
,
or
at
a
later
time
.
Among
the
many
motivations
for
postponing
the
decision
(
e.g.
bounded
rationality
)
,
one
aspect
that
has
received
little
attention
is
the
prospect
of
receiving
more
accurate
information
as
the
process
unfolds
.
Operators
are
faced
with
the
dilemma
that
the
longer
they
wait
,
the
more
accurate
their
decision
may
become
,
while
the
probability
of
successfully
intervening
in
the
process
decreases
.
The
talk
presents
a
normative
model
of
this
dilemma
(
Bayesian
belief-updating
)
,
reports
empirical
evidence
from
microworld
experiments
,
and
discusses
implications
for
alarm
design
.
31
Oct
2005
:
Fraser
Hamilton
The
VISTA
Project
The
convergence
of
telephone
,
computing
,
and
broadcast
technologies
together
with
the
uptake
of
multi-channel
digital
television
brings
new
opportunities
to
a
wide
and
varied
population
of
television
viewers
.
However
,
such
convergence
also
brings
added
complexity
in
the
range
of
services
,
tasks
and
functions
that
users
can
engage
in
.
If
key
groups
of
viewers
,
such
as
the
elderly
and
visually
impaired
,
are
not
to
be
excluded
from
realising
the
opportunities
offered
then
user
interfaces
to
these
services
must
be
?designed
for
all
?
.
To
this
end
,
the
VISTA
project
developed
a
speech-in
speech-out
avatar
that
sought
to
mitigate
the
problems
associated
with
graphical
user
interfaces
in
domestic
settings
.
I
will
briefly
describe
the
VISTA
prototype
and
results
from
usability
evaluations
,
highlighting
the
problems
we
encountered
and
design
solutions
to
these
problems
.
07
Nov
2005
:
Rachel
Murphy
,
Smart
Clothes
and
Wearable
Technology
Research
Group
,
University
of
Wales
,
Newport
A
proposed
research
project
:
Why
are
n't
people
wearing
wearable
technology
14
Nov
2005
:
Neil
King
and
Pete
Pavan
,
Computer
Science
Access
to
diagrams
for
blind
people
(
the
TeDUB
project
)
21
Nov
2005
:
Rebecca
Randell
,
Department
of
Health
Sciences
Accountability
in
an
alarming
environment
28
Nov
2005
:
Peter
Wright
,
Computer
Science
The
idea
of
design
in
HCI
05
Dec
2005
:
Simon
Buckingham-Shum
,
Knowledge
Media
Institute
,
The
Open
University
Hypermedia
Support
for
Argumentation-Based
Rationale
:
15
Years
on
from
gIBIS
and
QOC
12
Dec
2005
:
Greg
Hale
,
Department
of
Psychology
Feature
films
as
system
:
a
schematic
approach
to
experience
25
Jan
2005
:
Peter
Wright
,
Department
of
Computer
Science
,
York
Technology
as
Experience
-
Update
Today
we
do
n't
just
use
technology
,
we
live
with
it
.
Much
more
deeply
then
ever
before
we
are
aware
that
interacting
with
technology
involves
us
emotionally
,
intellectually
and
sensually
.
So
people
who
design
,
use
,
and
evaluate
interactive
systems
need
to
be
able
to
understand
and
analyse
people
's
felt
experience
with
technology
.
While
there
is
a
great
deal
of
concern
with
user
experience
in
HCI
and
related
fields
,
both
in
practice
and
comment
,
it
is
often
unclear
what
is
meant
by
the
idea
.
Part
of
the
problem
I
will
argue
,
is
the
cognitivist
assumptions
that
are
central
to
HCI
as
a
discipline
and
which
make
discussions
of
felt
life
problematic
.
In
this
talk
,
I
shall
describe
a
conceptual
framework
for
analysing
user
experience
based
on
the
pragmatics
of
Dewey
and
Bakhtin
that
places
felt
life
and
sense
making
at
the
centre
of
HCI
.
The
framework
offers
an
opportunity
to
consider
issues
such
as
resistance
,
identity
and
attachment
that
are
not
otherwise
addressed
.
The
approach
also
casts
new
light
on
the
cognitive
and
intellectual
aspects
of
people
's
interactions
with
technology
.
I
will
illustrate
the
framework
by
describing
several
case
studies
that
explore
people
's
interactions
with
technology
in
terms
of
aesthetic
engagement
,
situated
creativity
and
centres
of
value
.
This
research
is
supported
by
EPSRC
grants
GR/S18779/01
&
GR/S70326/01
.
18
Jan
2005
:
Gordon
Baxter
,
Department
of
Psychology
,
York
The
Effects
of
Timing
and
Collaboration
on
Dependability
in
the
Neonatal
Intensive
Care
Unit
Computer-based
systems
are
now
routinely
deployed
in
many
complex
dynamic
domains
such
as
medical
care
.
Such
systems
are
expected
to
have
a
high
level
of
dependability
.
The
dependability
is
a
property
of
the
socio-technical
system
,
rather
than
just
the
hardware
and
software
.
The
talk
will
focus
on
dependability
issues
identified
in
a
case
study
carried
out
at
the
neonatal
intensive
care
unit
(
NICU
)
at
St
James
's
University
Hospital
in
Leeds
.
In
particular
the
paper
will
highlight
some
timing
and
collaboration
issues
that
affect
system
dependability
in
the
NICU
,
before
considering
how
the
impact
of
the
introduction
of
a
decision
support
system
(
FLORENCE
)
could
affect
dependability
.
30
Nov
2004
:
Salvatore
Fiore
Experience
in
Design
Recent
developments
in
HCI
are
responding
to
a
lack
of
accountability
in
design
for
support
of
experiences
with
technology
and
moving
to
a
focus
on
issues
such
as
fun
,
emotion
,
meaningfulness
and
reflectivity
.
I
suggest
that
a
Pragmatist
standpoint
provides
a
way
of
understanding
experience
as
a
sound
theoretical
foundation
for
addressing
new
developments
in
HCI
regarding
emotional
,
meaningful
,
purposeful
,
agentive
,
creative
and
reflective
use
of
technologies
.
HCI
ought
to
re-examine
its
theoretical
foundations
of
knowledge
about
human
experience
thereby
challenging
understanding
of
the
process
of
creating
technologies
with
human
experiencing
as
central
theme
.
I
will
discuss
some
of
the
implications
such
a
conception
of
experience
raises
for
HCI
practice
,
including
the
reflective
and
changing
(
non-static
)
nature
of
artefacts
and
building
of
artefacts
in
order
to
reflect
as
designer
;
the
emotional-volitional
basis
of
sense-making
and
experience
;
the
meaning
of
objects
for
a
person
(
including
issues
of
ambiguity
,
alienation
,
passivity
,
creativity
and
aesthetic
experience
)
.
I
explore
a
method
for
reflecting
on
the
experiences
of
others
and
discuss
current
work
examining
autobiographical
narratives
of
blind
people
.
I
explain
why
such
texts
can
reveal
how
the
phenomenology
of
the
body
affects
sense-making
in
experience
,
how
objects
designed
for
a
sighted
world
may
prove
ambiguous
for
blind
people
and
how
,
through
understanding
another
world
better
,
we
can
more
fully
comprehend
our
own
.
To
conclude
,
I
suggest
that
we
might
enrich
our
discipline
with
Experience
In
Design
as
a
reflective
and
felt
activity
that
connects
people
as
agentive
,
intersubjective
,
creatively
enabled
and
lively
cultivators
of
artefacts
and
experiences
.
16
Nov
2004
:
Andrew
Monk
Digital
TV
use
23
Nov
2004
:
Greg
Hale
Changing
digital
contexts
and
new
interfaces
.
The
talk
explores
some
of
the
trends
that
are
affecting
how
people
interact
with
digital
technology
.
After
presentation
of
this
material
,
a
new
type
of
interface
called
the
experience
rich
interface
is
outlined
,
in
an
extended
scenario
.
The
presentation
concludes
by
outlining
the
next
phase
of
the
research-
the
qualitative
research
of
people
's
film
experiences
.
09
Nov
2004
:
John
Knight
,
Birmingham
Institute
of
Art
and
design
From
Usability
to
engagability
:
the
experience
design
framework
This
year
has
seen
a
flurry
of
publications
and
mounting
commercial
interest
in
experience
design
.
However
,
experience
design
is
still
ill
defined
.
Most
practitioners
see
it
as
users
'
interaction
with
a
range
of
services
and
products
from
a
single
point
of
access
.
Rather
than
focussing
on
the
product
,
experience
design
is
about
providing
a
service
and
thus
goes
beyond
assuring
usability
.
Nokia
,
IDEO
,
Phillips
and
Braun
are
all
developing
products
with
user-centric
methods
that
aim
to
deliver
positive
user
experiences
.
Central
to
IDEO
's
approach
"
are
the
insights
we
derive
from
understanding
people
and
their
experiences
,
behaviours
,
perceptions
,
and
needs
.
"
John
Knight
describes
the
weaknesses
in
traditional
design
and
HCI
and
proposes
a
more
effective
strategy
,
based
upon
a
strategic
design
and
research
agenda
that
delivers
value-based
products
and
services
.
02
Nov
2004
:
Rosamelia
Parizotto
Ribeiro
Beauty
and
usability
This
talk
will
presents
the
results
of
an
experiment
conducted
using
Virtual
Learning
Environments
(
VLEs
)
interfaces
.
The
research
is
on
the
aesthetic
aspects
,
with
emphasis
on
five
design
principles
and
the
perceived
usability
of
their
graphical
interfaces
.
It
focused
on
users
'
perception
of
the
best
screen
layout
developed
using
five
design
principles
.
The
principles
are
based
on
several
theories
and
their
empirical
results
,
such
as
:
Gestalt
laws
of
perception
,
dynamic
symmetry
,
golden
section
as
well
as
relevance
for
the
designer
community
today
.
An
experimental
study
was
conducted
with
279
participants
to
evaluate
the
importance
of
the
design
principles
as
a
determinant
of
aesthetics
and
its
correlation
with
the
perceived
usability
of
a
proposed
interface
.
26
Oct
2004
:
Michael
Hildebrandt
,
Department
of
Computer
Science
Time
Design
This
talk
will
outline
recent
empirical
and
conceptual
work
aimed
at
supporting
the
design
of
temporal
aspects
of
human-machine
systems
.
Two
lines
of
criticism
emerged
from
our
review
of
temporal
aspects
of
current
work
design
approaches
;
(
a
)
work
distribution
approaches
such
as
Dynamic
Function
Allocation
are
unnecessarily
restrictive
by
considering
levels
of
automation
as
the
only
option
for
workload
balancing
.
Levels
of
automation
are
changed
dynamically
over
time
in
a
process
of
"
snapshot
allocation
"
,
not
taking
advantage
of
the
option
to
allocate
functions
in
time
.
(
b
)
in
task
analytic
approaches
,
time
is
usually
a
descriptive
property
of
tasks
and
agents
.
This
view
neglects
the
important
functional
role
of
time
.
This
change
of
perspective
towards
a
functional
view
of
time
has
led
to
the
development
of
the
Time
Design
approach
,
where
time
is
seen
as
a
designable
property
of
systems
.
Some
progress
has
been
made
in
providing
a
descriptive
framework
to
support
Time
Design
.
The
talk
will
outline
these
ideas
and
illustrate
them
with
contributions
from
three
recent
Time
Design
events
(
workshops
at
CHI
and
ECCE
,
panel
at
HFES
;
c.f.
www.timeDsn.net
)
.
Finally
,
two
microworld
experiments
on
the
use
of
temporal
information
and
the
when-to-act
problem
will
be
presented
.
19
Oct
2004
:
Nicholas
Pleace
,
Centre
for
Housing
Policy
Emergent
Themes
in
Electronic
Service
Delivery
in
Social
Housing
and
Social
Care
Nicholas
Pleace
will
outline
the
interests
of
the
Centre
for
Housing
Policy
(
www.york.ac.uk/chp
/
)
and
the
wider
Department
of
Social
Policy
and
Social
Work
(
www.york.ac.uk/spsw
)
in
human/computer
interaction
,
both
in
terms
of
wide
area
implementation
of
electronic
service
delivery
and
egovernment
in
the
fields
of
housing
and
social
policy
and
the
reaction
of
individual
service
users
to
various
interfaces
.
He
will
also
present
a
brief
overview
of
some
of
the
current
work
CHP
is
conducting
on
ICTs
.
Nicholas
is
a
senior
research
fellow
within
the
Centre
for
Housing
Policy
.
His
recent
publications
include
'
Key
Concepts
in
Cyberculture
'
(
Routledge
,
2004
)
and
he
is
a
member
of
the
editorial
board
of
'
Information
,
Communication
and
Society
'
.
May
12
2004
:
Eric
Hollnagel
,
Cognitive
Systems
Engineering
Laboratory
(
CSELAB
)
University
of
Linköping
,
Sweden
The
usual
suspects
In
the
concern
for
system
safety
and
in
the
attempts
to
understand
why
accidents
and
incidents
occur
,
humans
are
often
singled
out
as
a
main
source
of
problems
.
This
approach
has
been
very
successful
for
two
reasons
:
(
1
)
going
backward
from
an
accident
you
are
sure
to
find
human
involvement
sooner
or
later
,
and
(
2
)
human
performance
is
by
necessity
varied
rather
than
rigid
and
mechanical
.
Looking
for
human
failure
is
therefore
a
safe
bet
,
but
not
very
helpful
to
understand
how
safety
can
be
improved
.
An
alternative
is
to
assume
that
things
go
right
and
wrong
for
the
same
reasons
,
and
to
use
this
as
a
basis
for
enhancing
safety
of
systems
.
NB
:
This
talk
is
on
a
Wednesday
and
will
be
in
Computer
Science
,
CS/103
at
2pm
.
May
18
2004
:
Peter
Wright
,
Department
of
Computer
Science
Experience
design
May
25
2004
:
Andrew
Monk
,
Department
of
Psychology
,
Centre
for
Usable
Home
Technology
,
University
of
York
Designing
usable
technology
for
the
home
In
this
talk
I
will
illustrate
how
designing
for
a
domestic
setting
is
different
from
designing
for
a
work
context
with
two
examples
of
our
research
.
The
first
describes
how
we
have
adapted
standard
techniques
from
Human-Computer
Interaction
(
HCI
)
to
the
design
of
a
dependable
service
for
older
people
who
cannot
get
out
to
do
their
own
shopping
.
Volunteers
do
online
shopping
for
older
people
they
are
speaking
to
on
the
phone
.
The
service
,
supported
by
a
secure
internet
database
,
is
designed
to
make
it
:
(
i
)
interesting
and
easy
for
the
volunteer
;
(
ii
)
socially
dependable
for
the
older
person
,
and
(
iii
)
financially
dependable
for
the
organisation
(
Age
Concern
York
)
.
The
second
example
is
an
experiment
,
carried
out
with
actors
travelling
on
trains
,
to
test
the
hypothesis
that
hearing
only
one
side
of
the
conversation
is
a
contributory
factor
making
mobile
phone
conversations
more
distracting
than
normal
co-present
ones
.
Thursday
May
27
2004
:
Ellen
Campana
and
Gregory
Aist
NB
.
1.15pm
in
the
Venables
room
(
A202
in
the
Psychology
building
)
Evaluating
Cognitive
Load
in
Spoken
Language
Interfaces
using
a
Dual-Task
Paradigm
Ellen
Campana
(
U
of
Rochester
,
Brain
&
Cognitive
Science
,
Computer
Science
)
Joint
work
with
Michael
Tanenhaus
(
U
of
Rochester,Brain
&
Cognitive
Science
)
,
James
Allen
(
U
of
Rochester
,
Computer
Science
)
,
and
Roger
Remington
(
Human
Factors
Research
and
Technology
Division
,
NASA
Ames
Research
Center
)
.
As
speech
interfaces
become
more
prevalent
,
it
is
becoming
more
crucial
that
they
be
developed
in
a
way
that
minimizes
cognitive
load
for
users
.
One
major
barrier
to
creating
systems
that
are
more
human-centered
has
been
the
lack
of
an
accepted
online
methodology
for
directly
evaluating
the
cognitive
resource
demands
of
different
systems
.
The
present
study
extends
a
classic
tool
from
cognitive
psychology
,
the
dual-task
paradigm
,
to
speech
interface
evaluation
.
Participants
follow
simple
instructions
generated
by
a
system
,
while
simultaneously
monitoring
for
a
simple
visual
probe
.
Performance
on
the
monitoring
task
is
used
as
a
measure
of
cognitive
resource
demands
;
whenever
language
understanding
is
more
demanding
,
performance
on
the
monitoring
task
suffers
.
In
the
present
study
we
used
this
methodology
to
investigate
patterns
of
reference
generation
and
how
they
impact
human
understanding
.
Preliminary
experiments
to
explore
the
costs
and
benefits
of
getting
dialogue
systems
to
continuously
understand
human
speech
Gregory
Aist
,
University
of
Rochester
Computer
Science
Department
Joint
work
with
James
Allen
,
Ellen
Campana
,
and
Scott
Stoness
(
Rochester
)
;
Liz
Shriberg
and
Andreas
Stolcke
(
SRI
)
Dialogue
systems
generally
wait
until
the
user
is
finished
speaking
to
process
,
understand
,
and
respond
to
a
user
's
utterance
.
A
new
NSF-funded
project
is
aimed
at
developing
methods
for
allowing
computer
systems
to
continuously
understand
human
speech
,
and
to
evaluate
the
costs
and
benefits
of
continuous
understanding
vs.
the
traditional
approach
.
We
focus
here
on
the
cost-benefit
analysis
-
in
particular
,
we
expect
continuous
understanding
to
improve
both
the
time
that
it
takes
a
system
to
respond
to
user
turns
,
and
to
improve
the
percentage
of
times
that
a
user
turn
results
in
a
correct
system
response
(
due
to
real-time
feedback.
)
We
have
designed
an
initial
experiment
designed
to
collect
,
from
human-human
conversation
,
many
examples
of
user
turns
that
could
be
more
efficiently
and
effectively
processed
with
continuous
understanding
.
A
key
feature
of
this
experiment
is
that
it
is
restricted
to
human
speech
directed
at
the
computer
,
thus
focusing
on
the
effects
of
the
computer
's
continuous
understanding
.
The
computer
will
respond
to
the
user
's
commands
by
selecting
objects
,
placing
objects
on
the
screen
,
and
changing
attributes
such
as
rotation
and
color
.
Real-time
feedback
will
also
be
supplied
in
the
form
of
changes
to
the
visual
display
.
In
this
talk
we
will
present
some
of
the
early
data
from
the
pilot
domains
we
've
used
to
refine
the
experimental
design
.
June
1
2004
:
Mark
Blythe
,
Department
of
Computer
Science
Little
Brother
:
Could
and
should
wearable
computing
technologies
be
used
to
reduce
older
people
's
fear
of
crime
June
8
2004
:
Sian
Lindley
,
Department
of
Psychology
Playing
with
photos
and
sounds
Go
to
HCI
home
page
.
Seminar
web
pages
maintained
by
Interaction
Patterns
and
Observable
Commitments
in
a
Multi-Agent
Trading
Scenario
Jeremy
Pitt
,
Lloyd
Kamara
,
Alexander
Artikis
20
HPTS
:
a
behaviour
modelling
language
for
autonomous
agents
Donikian
Stephane
21
RAJA
-
A
Resource-Adaptive
Java
Agent
Infrastructure
Yun
Ding
,
Christian
Kray
,
Rainer
Malaka
,
Michael
Schillo
24
Terrain
Coverage
with
Ant
Robots
:
A
Simulation
Study
Sven
Koenig
,
Yaxin
Liu
30
It
Knows
What
You
Are
Going
To
Do
:
Adding
Anticipation
to
a
Quakebot
John
E.
Laird
32
Entropy
and
Self-Organization
in
Multi-Agent
Systems
H.
Van
Dyke
Parunak
,
Sven
Bruekner
38
Performance
Evaluation
of
An
Agent
Server
Capable
of
Hosting
Large
Numbers
of
Agents
Gaku
Yamamoto
,
Hideki
Tai
39
A
Knowledge
Level
Software
Engineering
Methodology
for
Agent
Oriented
Programming
Anna
Perini
,
Fausto
Giunchiglia
,
John
Mylopoulos
,
Paolo
Bresciani
,
Paolo
Giorgini
43
SPT
:
Multi-agent
visualization
based
on
multivariate
data
Michael
Schroeder
,
Penny
Noy
45
Matchmaking
Among
Minimal
Agents
Without
a
Facilitator
Elth
Ogston
,
Stamatis
Vassiliadis
47
Principles
of
Intention
Reconsideration
Martijn
Schut
,
Michael
Wooldridge
49
Adaptive
Task
and
Resource
Allocation
in
Multi-Agent
Systems
Shaheen
Fatima
,
Michael
Wooldridge
51
A
Logical
Approach
to
High-Level
Agent
Control
L.
Chen
,
K.
Bechkoum
,
G.
Clapworthy
54
Mobile
Agent
Security
with
the
IPEditor
Development
Tool
and
the
Mobile
UNITY
Language
Yasuyuki
Tahara
,
Akihiko
Ohsuga
,
Shinichi
Honiden
58
Reasoning
about
commitments
and
penalties
for
coordination
between
autonomous
agents
Cora
Beatriz
Excelente
Toledo
,
Rachel
A.
Bourne
,
Nicholas
R.
Jennings
59
Incremental
Clustering
for
Profile
Maintenance
in
Information
Gathering
Web
Agents
Gabriel
L.
Somlo
,
Adele
E.
Howe
65
A
Social
Reinforcement
Learning
Agent
Charles
Lee
Isbell
,
Jr.
,
Christian
Shelton
,
Michael
Kearns
,
Satinder
Singh
,
Peter
Stone
68
An
Architecture
for
Action
Selection
inSimulated
Robotic
Soccer
Peter
Stone
,
David
McAllester
69
An
Adaptable
Autonomous
Bidding
Agent
Peter
Stone
,
Michael
Littman
,
Satinder
Singh
,
Michael
Kearns
71
Cooperative
Pedestrian
Mobility
Aids
for
the
Elderly
Glenn
Wasson
,
Sean
Graves
,
Jim
Gunderson
,
Robin
Felder
77
Evaluation
of
Modeling
Techniques
for
Agent-Based
Systems
Onn
Shehory
,
Arnon
Sturm
81
The
BOID
Architecture
Jan
Broersen
,
Mehdi
Dastani
,
Joris
Hulstijn
,
Zhisheng
Huang
,
Leendert
van
der
Torre
84
Cooperative
Multi-Agent
Intelligent
Field
Terminals
Juichi
Kosakaya
,
Katsunori
Yamaoka
87
Social
Role
Awareness
in
Animated
Agents
Helmut
Prendinger
,
Mitsuru
Ishizuka
89
A
Development
Toolkit
to
Realize
Autonomous
and
Inter-operable
Agents
Federico
Bergenti
,
Agostino
Poggi
92
Evolving
and
messaging
decision-making
agents
Edmund
S.
Yu
93
A
Framework
for
Modeling
Human-like
Driving
Behaviors
For
Autonomous
Vehicles
in
Driving
Simulators
Talal
Al-Shihabi
,
Ronald
R.
Mourant
95
Improving
the
Agent-Oriented
Modeling
Process
by
Roles
Ralph
Depke
,
Reiko
Heckel
,
Jochen
M.
Küster
103
An
auction
agent
for
bidding
on
combinatorial
items
Yasuo
Matsumoto
,
Satoru
Fujita
110
A
Dynamic
Mechanism
for
Time-Constrained
Trading
Samuel
P.
M.
Choi
,
Jiming
Liu
114
Some
Thoughts
on
the
Agent
Trust
and
Delegation
Yuh-Jong
Hu
124
AgentSalon
:
Facilitating
Face-to-Face
Knowledge
Exchange
by
Conversations
of
Personal
Agents
Yasuyuki
Sumi
,
Kenji
Mase
156
SPT
:
Distributed
Sensor
Network
for
Real
Time
Tracking
Regis
Vincent
,
Bryan
Horling
,
Roger
Mailler
,
Jiaying
Shen
,
Kyle
Rawlins
,
Victor
Lesser
157
Using
Self-Diagnosis
to
Adapt
Organizational
Structures
Bryan
Horling
,
Brett
Benyo
,
Victor
Lesser
158
Implementing
Soft
Real-Time
Agent
Control
Regis
Vincent
,
Bryan
Horling
,
Victor
Lesser
,
Tom
Wagner
169
Economic
Dynamics
of
Agents
in
Multiple
Auctions
Andrew
Byde
,
Chris
Preist
,
Claudio
Bartolini
185
Denotational
Semantics
for
Agent
Communication
Languages
Frank
Guerin
,
Jeremy
Pitt
186
Architectural
Design
of
a
Multi-Agent
System
for
Handling
Metadata
Streams
Don
Cruickshank
,
Luc
Moreau
,
David
De
Roure
188
Is
the
wolf
angry
or
...
just
hungry
?
Isabel
Machado
,
Ana
Paiva
,
Rui
Prada
189
Wasp
Nests
for
Self-Configurable
Factories
Vincent
A.
Cicirello
,
Stephen
F.
Smith
192
An
Auction-Based
Method
for
Decentralized
Train
Scheduling
David
C
Parkes
,
Lyle
H
Ungar
197
A
Reinforcement
Learning
Model
of
Selective
Visual
Attention
Silviu
Minut
,
Sridhar
Mahadevan
205
SPT
:
Hierarchical
Agent
Control
:
A
Framework
for
Specifying
Agent
Behavior
Marc
S.
Atkin
,
Gary
W.
King
,
David
L.
Westbrook
,
Brent
Heeringa
,
Andrew
Hannon
,
Paul
R.
Cohen
209
Autonomous
mobile
manipulators
managing
perception
and
failures
Alberto
Finzi
,
Fiora
Pirri
,
Milko
Vaccaro
,
Marco
Pirrone
,
Massimo
Romano
215
Dynamic
Reorganization
of
Decision-Making
Groups
K.
Suzanne
Barber
,
Cheryl
E.
Martin
216
A
Framework
for
the
Simulation
of
Agents
with
Emotions
:
Report
on
Experiments
with
the
Iterated
Prisoner`s
Dilemma
Ana
Lúcia
C.
Bazzan
,
Rafael
H.
Bordini
219
Hierarchical
Multi-Agent
Reinforcement
Learning
Rajbala
Makar
,
Sridhar
Mahadevan
,
Mohammad
Ghavamzadeh
220
A
Stable
and
Efficient
Buyer
Coalition
Formation
Scheme
for
E-marketplaces
Junichi
Yamamoto
,
Katia
Sycara
224
Communication
Decisions
in
Multi-agent
Cooperation
:
Model
and
Experiments
Ping
Xuan
,
Victor
Lesser
,
Shlomo
Zilberstein
225
Probabilistic
Pricebots
Amy
R.
Greenwald
,
Jeffrey
O.
Kephart
226
Monitoring
Deployed
Agent
Teams
Gal
A.
Kaminka
,
David
V.
Pynadath
,
Milind
Tambe
228
Adjustable
Autonomy
in
Real-World
Multi-Agent
Environments
Paul
Scerri
,
David
Pynadath
,
Milind
Tambe
229
Intelligent
Agents
for
an
Artificial
Market
System
Nikos
Karacapilidis
,
Pavlos
Moraitis
231
Agents
Teaching
Agents
To
Share
Meaning
Andrew
B.
Williams
,
Zijian
Ren
,
Costas
Tsatsoulis
240
SPT
:
A
Multi-Agent
System
for
Automated
Genomic
Annotation
Keith
Decker
,
Xiaojing
Zheng
,
Carl
Schmidt
244
SPT
:
Sensible
Agents
:
An
Implemented
Multi-Agent
System
and
Testbed
K.
S.
Barber
,
M.
MacMahon
,
R.
McKay
245
The
Intelligent
Classroom
:
Providing
Competent
Assistance
David
Franklin
,
Kristian
Hammond
247
Integrating
tools
and
infrastructure
for
generic
multi-agent
systems
.
Olivier
Gutknecht
,
Jacques
Ferber
,
Fabien
Michel
249
SPT
:
Toward
the
Holodeck
:
Integrating
Graphics
,
Sound
,
Character
and
Story
William
R.
Swartout
,
Jonathan
Gratch
,
Randall
Hill
,
Stacy
Marsella
,
Jeff
Rickel
,
Chris
Kyriakakis
258
Automated
Negotiation
from
Declarative
Contract
Descriptions
Daniel
M
Reeves
,
Michael
P
Wellman
,
Benjamin
N
Grosof
,
Hoi
Y
Chan
262
Argumentation
as
Distributed
Constraint
Satisfaction
:
Applications
and
Results
Hyuckchul
Jung
,
Milind
Tambe
,
Wei-min
Shen
,
Shriniwas
Kulkarni
,
Jay
Modi
273
Observing
Ants
:
Tracking
and
Analyzing
the
Behavior
of
Live
Insect
Colonies
Tucker
Balch
,
Zia
Khan
,
Manuela
Veloso
281
SPT
:
CMPack
:
A
Complete
Software
System
for
Autonomous
Legged
Soccer
Robots
Scott
Lenser
,
James
Bruce
,
Manuela
Veloso
298
Tears
and
Fears
:
Modeling
emotions
and
emotional
behaviors
in
synthetic
agents
Jonathan
Gratch
,
Stacy
C.
Marsella
300
Using
Background
Knowledge
to
Speed
Reinforcement
Learning
in
Physical
Agents
Daniel
G.
Shapiro
,
Patrick
Langley
,
Ross
Shachter
309
How
Communication
Can
Improve
the
Performance
of
Multi-Agent
Systems
Kam-Chuen
Jim
,
C.
Lee
Giles
POSTERS
ID
TITLE
AUTHORS
7
Identifying
partners
and
sustenance
of
stable
,
effective
coalitions
.
Partha
Sarathi
Dutta
,
Sandip
Sen
10
A
Shopper`s
Assistant
Sandip
Debnath
,
Partha
Sarathi
Dutta
,
Sandip
Sen
11
Building
Secure
Knowledge
Bases
:
Combining
Java
Agents
and
DBagents
Edgar
Weippl
16
SPT
:
Software
architecture
of
SETA
,
an
adaptive
Web
store
shell
Liliana
Ardissono
,
Anna
Goy
,
Giovanna
Petrone
,
Marino
Segnan
18
A
formal
framework
for
inter-agent
dialogues
Peter
McBurney
,
Simon
Parsons
22
Distributed
Constraint
Optimization
for
Medical
Appointment
Scheduling
Markus
Hannebauer
,
Sebastian
Müller
27
Market-mechanisms
to
reduce
pollution
Esfir
Freitsis
,
Sarit
Kraus
28
SPT
:
JADE
-
A
FIPA2000
Compliant
Agent
Development
Environment
Fabio
Bellifemine
,
Agostino
Poggi
,
Giovanni
Rimassa
29
Motivational
Quantities
:
State-based
Control
for
Organizationally
Situated
Agents
Thomas
Wagner
,
Victor
Lesser
33
Representing
Social
Structures
in
UML
H.
Van
Dyke
Parunak
,
James
Odell
35
Teaching
a
Robot
How
to
Read
Symbols
François
Michaud
,
Dominic
Létourneau
41
Incremental
reinforcement
learning
for
designing
multi-agent
systems
Olivier
Buffet
,
Alain
Dutech
,
Francois
Charpillet
48
Using
Artificial
Emotion
for
Long-Term
Activity
of
an
Autonomous
Robot
François
Michaud
,
Jonathan
Audet
50
A
reflexive
,
not
impulsive
agent
Berardina
De
Carolis
,
Fiorella
de
Rosis
,
Catherine
Pelachaud
,
Isabella
Poggi
52
Building
Agents
for
Service
Provisioning
out
of
Components
Ralf
Sesseler
53
A
Repository
of
Knowledge
About
Handling
Exceptions
in
Multi-Agent
Systems
Mark
Klein
56
Specifying
Agent
Behavior
as
Concurrent
Tasks
Scott
A.
DeLoach
57
Trust-based
Facilitator
for
e-Partnership
Chihiro
Ono
,
Dai
Kanetomo
,
Keesoo
Kim
,
Boyd
C.
Paulson
,
Jr.
,
Mark
Cutkosky
,
Charles
J.
Petrie
,
Jr.
64
A
Formal
Model
of
Open
Agent
Societies
Alexander
Artikis
,
Jeremy
Pitt
67
Using
Rat
Navigation
Models
to
Learn
Orientation
from
Visual
Input
on
a
Mobile
Robot
Brett
Browning
73
Tempus
Fugit
and
the
Need
for
an
e-Social
Contract
James
H.
Kaufman
,
Joann
Ruvolo
,
Daniel
A.
Ford
82
Smart
Distance
and
WWWaware
-
A
Multi-agent
Approach
Yiming
Ye
,
Stephen
Boies
,
Paul
Huang
,
John
K.
Tsotsos
86
Efficiency
improvements
for
transactions
of
web-agents
Michael
Schroeder
,
Luke
Boro
,
Julie
McCann
91
Architecture
and
Preliminary
Experimental
Results
of
Emotionally
Grounded
Symbol
Acquisition
by
Four-Legged
Robot
Masahiro
Fujita
,
Gabriel
Costa
,
Tsuyoshi
Takagi
,
Rika
Hasegawa
,
Jun
Yokono
,
Hideki
Shimomura
94
Agent
Management
using
Conversation
Patterns
Christos
Stergiou
,
Geert
Arys
,
none
,
none
,
none
,
none
98
Movies2Go
-
An
Online
Voting
Based
Movie
Recommender
System
Rajatish
Mukherjee
,
Partha
Sarathi
,
Gerdur
Jonsdottir
,
Sandip
Sen
101
A
Formal
Model
of
Responsibilities
in
Agent-Based
Teams
Thomas
R.
Ioerger
,
J.
Colby
Johnson
105
Identifying
the
Scope
of
Modeling
in
Multi-Agent
Settings
Sanguk
Noh
,
Piotr
J.
Gmytrasiewicz
106
Team
Learning
the
Face
of
Distributed
Information
Pragnesh
Jay
Modi
,
Wei-Min
Shen
116
A
multi-agent
reinforcement
learning
method
for
a
partially-observable
competitive
game
.
Yoichiro
Matsuno
,
Tatsuya
Yamazaki
,
Jun
Matsuda
,
Shin
Ishii
120
An
Agent
Bidding
Strategy
Based
on
Fuzzy
Logic
in
a
Continuous
Double
Auction
Minghua
He
,
Ho-fung
Leung
126
UML
Class
Diagrams
-
Revisited
in
the
Context
of
Agent-Based
Systems
Bernhard
Bauer
129
MORPHEUS
:
A
More
Scalable
Comparison-Shopping
Agent
Jaeyoung
Yang
,
Joongmin
Choi
131
SPT
:
Matchmaking
for
Autonomous
Agents
in
Electronic
Marketplaces
Daniel
Veit
,
Bjoern
Fiehn
,
Joerg
Mueller
,
Martin
Schneider
134
Modelling
and
visualising
agent
conversations
with
Petri
Nets
Mariusz
Nowostawski
,
Martin
Purvis
,
Stephen
Cranefield
136
Context
Aware
Personal
Information
Agents
Josep
Lluis
Arcos
,
Enric
Plaza
141
Timed
Mobile
Agent
Planning
for
Distributed
Information
Retrieval
Jin-Wook
Baek
,
Gyu-Tae
Kim
,
Heon-Young
Yeom
142
Portable
Resource
Control
in
the
J-SEAL2
Mobile
Agent
System
Walter
Binder
,
Jarle
G.
Hulaas
,
Alex
Villazon
144
Market-Based
Agent
Allocation
in
Global
Information
Systems
Ian
Wang
150
Sympathetic
Agents
assist
in
Route
Planning
Patrick
De
Causmaecker
,
Peter
Demeester
,
Greet
Vanden
Berghe
159
Scheduling
Multi-Task
Multi-Agent
Systems
Daniela
Rus
,
Cliff
Stein
,
Rong
Xie
171
A
reputation
model
for
gregarious
societies
Jordi
Sabater
,
Carles
Sierra
172
Flexible
Negotiation
and
Dialogue
Games
Mehdi
Dastani
,
Joris
Hulstijn
,
Leon
van
der
Torre
175
Simultaneous
Optimization
of
Multiple
Criteria
for
Efficient
Agent
Service
Brokering
Aneurin
M.
Easwaran
,
Jeremy
Pitt
177
Vicious
Strategies
for
Vickrey
Auctions
Felix
Brandt
,
Gerhard
WeiÃÂ
179
Distribuited
scheduling
of
multi-stage
production
systems
Alessandro
Brun
,
Alberto
Portioli-Staudacher
181
Dealing
with
interoperability
for
the
development
and
testing
of
smart
agent-based
services
Patricia
Charlton
,
Nicolas
Lhuillier
,
David
Bonnefoy
,
Yann
Camenen
184
Holonic
Agents
for
the
Coordination
of
Supply
Webs
Andreas
Gerber
,
Matthias
Klusch
,
Christian
Russ
,
Ingo
Zinnikus
190
An
Agent-Based
System
for
Email
Highlighting
Suhayya
Abu-Hakima
,
Connie
McFarland
,
John
F
Meech
196
Learning
Symbolic
Navigation
Plans
from
Executing
MDP
Policies
Michael
Beetz
,
Thorsten
Belker
199
A
fuzzy
model
of
reputation
in
multi-AGENT
systems
Javier
Carbo
Rubiera
,
Jose
Manuel
Molina
Lopez
,
Jorge
Davila
Muro
202
Every
Agent
a
Web
Server
,
Every
Agent
Community
a
Intranet
...
Nathan
Combs
,
BBN
,
Marshall
Brinn
,
BBN
,
Todd
Carrico
,
DARPA
203
Towards
a
Definition
of
Robustness
for
Market-Style
Open
Multi-Agent
Systems
Michael
Schillo
,
Hans-Juergen
Buerckert
,
Klaus
Fischer
,
Matthias
Klusch
207
Design
of
a
Trust
Model
for
a
Secure
Multi-Agent
Marketplace
Sergi
Robles
,
Joan
Borrell
,
John
Bigham
,
Laurissa
Tokarchuk
,
Laurie
Cuthbert
213
Evolving
Coordination
Strategies
in
Simulated
Robot
Soccer
Andre
Luis
Vasconcelos
Coelho
,
Daniel
Weingaertner
,
Fernando
Antonio
Campos
Gomide
217
Designing
Protocols
Using
the
Event
Calculus
Pinar
Yolum
,
Munindar
P.
Singh
222
Aiding
the
Visually
Impaired
Through
an
Enhanced
Screen
Reader
Marcus
J.
Huber
,
Rich
Simpson
233
An
Agent-based
Approach
for
Imagery
&
Geospatial
Computing
James
J.
Nolan
,
Robert
Simon
,
Arun
K.
Sood
235
Integrating
Multiagent
Coordination
with
Reactive
Plan
Execution
Jeffrey
Cox
,
Bradley
Clement
,
Pradeep
Pappachan
,
Edmund
Durfee
236
Interacting
Multi-Agentsystems
and
Simulation
-
An
exploration
into
Mole
and
James
Bernd
Kullick
,
Adelinde
Uhrmacher
241
A
Satisficing
Multiagent
Plan
Coordination
Algorithm
for
Dynamic
Domains
Pradeep
M.
Pappachan
,
Edmund
H.
Durfee
250
Interaction
Without
Committment
:
An
initial
approach
Maksim
Tsvetovat
,
Gregg
Economou
,
Massimo
Paolucci
,
Katia
Sycara
254
SPT
:
SageTalk
:
Designing
a
Tool
for
Designing
Successful
Web-based
Social
Agents
Katherine
Isbister
,
David
Klencke
259
Configuration
Management
Issues
of
Multiagent
Systems
Katia
Sycara
,
Octavio
Juarez
,
Joseph
A.
Giampapa
267
Collaborative
Sanctioning
:
Applications
in
Restaurant
Recommendations
based
on
Reputation
Lik
Mui
,
Peter
Szolovits
,
Cheewee
Wang
268
Emergent
Bucket
Brigading
-
A
simple
mechanism
for
improving
performance
in
multi-robot
constrained-space
foraging
tasks
Esben
Ostergaard
,
Gaurav
Sukhatme
,
Maja
Mataric
278
SPT
:
Exploring
decision
processes
in
multi-agent
automated
contracting
John
Collins
,
Maria
Gini
280
Dynamic
Scheduling
of
a
Fixed
Bandwidth
Communications
Channel
for
Controlling
Multiple
R
Paul
E.
Rybski
,
Sascha
A.
Stoeter
,
Dean
F.
Hougen
,
Maria
Gini
,
Nikolaos
Papanikolopoulos
286
Mobile
Agents
for
Monitoring
Distributed
Systems
Delbert
Hart
,
Mihail
Tudoreanu
,
Eileen
Kraemer
287
Antisocial
and
Pro-Social
Agents
:
The
Tradeoff
Between
Conflict
and
Cooperation
Sviatoslav
Brainov
288
PHOSPHORUS
:
A
Task-Based
Agent
Matchmaker
Yolanda
Gil
,
Surya
Ramachandran
291
External
Attribution
of
Intentional
Notions
to
Explain
and
Predict
Agent
Behaviour
C.M.
Jonker
,
J.
Treur
,
W.
de
Vries
296
Using
Agents
to
Build
a
Practical
Implementation
of
the
INCA
(
Intelligent
Community
Alarm
)
System
Martin
Beer
,
Iain
Anderson
,
David
Huang
301
Adaptive
Team
Coaching
Using
Opponent
Model
Selection
Patrick
Riley
,
Manuela
Veloso
302
Determining
Bidding
Strategies
in
Sequential
Auctions:Quasi-linear
Utility
and
Budget
Constraints
Hiromitsu
Hattori
,
Makoto
Yokoo
,
Yuko
Sakurai
,
Toramatsu
Shintani
308
A
multi-Agent
System
for
Real-Time
Agent
Coordination
in
Uncertain
Environments
Lucian
Lita
,
Jamieson
Schulte
,
Sebastian
Thrun
Other
cycling
web
pages
The
locations
of
many
of
these
features
may
be
seen
on
a
map
.
Introduction
York
is
surrounded
by
an
extensive
network
of
flat
and
mostly
quiet
lanes
that
make
it
easy
for
a
cyclist
to
get
out
into
the
countryside
.
Whether
you
want
to
get
fit
,
find
a
different
pub
for
a
change
,
or
just
to
get
away
from
York
for
a
while
,
I
hope
you
'll
find
an
interesting
route
among
these
suggestions
.
A
map
will
be
needed
to
fill
in
the
gaps
in
the
terse
route
descriptions
.
The
distances
given
are
from
the
University
campus
,
on
the
south-eastern
edge
of
the
city
.
First
an
overview
of
the
area
...
Geographical
Areas
The
Vale
of
York
The
Vale
of
York
extends
for
at
least
ten
miles
in
every
direction
around
York
.
It
is
entirely
flat
except
for
the
occasional
ridge
of
terminal
moraine
left
by
the
last
ice
age
10,000
years
ago
.
The
Yorkshire
Wolds
To
the
east
of
the
Vale
of
York
is
the
Yorkshire
Wolds
-
round
hills
of
chalk
rising
to
800
feet
with
dry
valleys
between
them
.
The
steepest
roads
up
from
the
Vale
climb
at
1
in
6
(
17
%
)
,
but
there
are
easier
alternatives
.
The
Wolds
are
excellent
for
cycling
-
the
roads
are
quiet
and
have
good
surfaces
,
and
there
is
a
scattering
of
tea
rooms
.
The
Howardian
Hills
and
Ryedale
To
the
north
of
the
Vale
of
York
are
the
Howardian
Hills
-
these
are
mostly
wooded
and
climb
to
600
feet
.
Beyond
them
is
an
area
called
Ryedale
,
which
is
shaped
like
a
bathtub
30
miles
long
and
up
to
8
miles
wide
,
with
the
town
of
Malton
in
the
plughole
(
floods
in
2000
)
.
The
North
Yorkshire
Moors
The
North
Yorkshire
Moors
National
Park
lies
beyond
Ryedale
.
It
is
basically
a
plateau
rising
to
over
1000
feet
,
into
which
rivers
have
cut
valleys
from
north
to
south
.
The
nearest
point
to
York
is
the
south-west
corner
,
25
miles
away
,
where
White
Horse
Bank
climbs
onto
the
plateau
at
a
gradient
of
1
in
4
(
25
%
)
.
Further
east
,
30
miles
from
York
,
the
climbs
are
not
steep
but
go
on
and
on
.
The
North
Yorkshire
Moors
is
famous
for
large
expanses
of
heather
that
flowers
between
July
and
September
-
and
for
the
grouse
thereon
.
It
is
also
famous
amongst
cyclists
for
Rosedale
Chimney
Bank
on
the
Rosedale
Abbey
to
Hutton-le-Hole
road
,
a
1
in
3
(
33
%
)
climb
that
has
been
used
in
some
racing
events
,
where
some
racers
are
reduced
to
walking
.
The
Pennines
To
the
west
of
the
Vale
of
York
the
land
rises
towards
the
Pennines
.
This
is
the
area
with
the
most
stone
walls
.
The
Yorkshire
Dales
National
Park
encompasses
the
limestone
area
of
the
high
Pennines
,
including
the
Three
Peaks
(
Whernside
,
Pen-y-ghent
,
and
Ingleborough
)
,
but
those
are
too
far
from
York
to
cycle
there
and
back
in
a
day
.
There
is
a
mine
of
detailed
information
on
yorkshirenet
.
Some
more
information
of
interest
to
cycletourists
appears
after
the
following
route
descriptions
.
Eight
miles
and
under
Route
1
:
Heslington
Go
down
Main
Street
,
past
the
Post
Office
,
banks
,
etc
,
and
keep
on
going
beyond
the
No
through
road
sign
.
The
road
continues
for
almost
four
miles
altogether
,
including
a
flyover
at
the
outer
ring
road
.
As
well
as
being
an
ideal
first
ride
on
a
bike
,
the
quietness
of
this
route
makes
it
suitable
for
testing
a
bike
after
adjustments
.
Sixteen
miles
and
under
These
rides
all
lie
within
the
flat
Vale
of
York
,
and
do
not
reach
any
notable
tourist
attractions
(
there
are
lots
in
York
)
.
Cyclists
are
quickly
able
and
want
to
do
longer
rides
.
Consequently
,
this
section
serves
to
identify
the
best
routes
out
of
the
city
,
concentrating
on
the
obstacles
of
which
to
be
wary
.
The
routes
are
listed
in
clockwise
order
from
2
o'clock
.
Route
2
:
Murton/Stockton-on-the-Forest/Warthill
The
lanes
most
used
by
cyclists
are
to
the
north-east
of
York
,
and
they
're
easily
accessible
from
campus
.
The
traffic
lights
at
the
end
of
Windmill
Lane
provide
an
easy
crossing
of
the
Hull
road
,
and
the
bypass
is
crossed
by
an
underpass
at
Murton
.
Beyond
Murton
is
a
loop
of
lanes
that
takes
in
Stockton-on-the-Forest
and
Warthill
,
and
can
also
include
Holtby
.
Route
3
:
Fulford/Wheldrake/Elvington
This
route
has
some
junctions
with
A
roads
that
have
become
unpleasant
with
recent
increases
in
traffic
,
but
those
junctions
can
be
avoided
with
increases
in
distance
.
Do
the
route
in
the
anti-clockwise
direction
,
otherwise
the
junctions
are
even
less
pleasant
.
From
Fulford
to
Crockey
Hill
,
avoid
the
two
and
a
half
miles
of
A19
and
its
new
roundabouts
at
the
bypass
by
taking
either
the
Naburn
road
or
a
bridleway
out
the
bottom
of
Fulford
village
,
both
of
which
have
flyovers
of
the
bypass
.
If
taking
the
Naburn
road
,
it
is
better
(
though
further
)
to
head
for
the
crossing
of
the
A19
at
Escrick
,
which
is
safer
than
that
at
Crockey
Hill
.
At
the
other
end
,
the
Grimston
roundabout
over
the
bypass
has
a
circumference
of
more
than
a
quarter
of
a
mile
,
with
entrances
guarded
by
traffic
lights
.
A
cyclepath
has
been
added
around
its
outside
,
where
cyclists
have
to
give
way
at
every
intersection
.
Despite
this
second-class
arrangement
,
I
recommend
its
use
especially
if
travelling
from
York
to
Elvington
:
the
turn
onto
the
Elvington
road
from
the
roundabout
is
very
tricky
to
do
predictably
on
a
bike
.
Alternatively
,
this
roundabout
can
be
avoided
in
either
of
two
ways
:
a
bridlepath
to
Heslington
can
be
used
in
good
weather
(
joining
route
1
)
,
or
turn
to
Dunnington
for
Murton
,
but
this
is
two
or
three
miles
further
.
Route
4
:
Acaster
Malbis/Appleton
Roebuck
To
the
south-west
lie
many
of
York
's
acres
of
caravan
parks
.
You
have
to
cross
the
River
Ouse
to
get
there
,
which
is
most
easily
and
pleasantly
done
by
the
spantastic
Millenium
Bridge
.
The
old
Selby
railway
bridge
at
Naburn
is
an
alternative
.
(
Do
n't
even
think
of
using
York
's
outer
ring
road.
)
If
using
Skeldergate
bridge
in
town
,
turn
180
degrees
left
at
the
pedestrian
crossing
immediately
after
the
bridge
to
get
down
onto
Terry
Avenue
,
which
runs
along
the
riverbank
.
The
cyclepath
across
the
Knavesmire
(
racecourse
)
is
particular
good
.
There
are
several
circular
routes
of
varying
distances
in
the
triangle
bounded
by
the
Rivers
Ouse
and
Wharfe
and
the
A64
.
Do
not
venture
onto
the
A64
-
it
is
a
motorway
in
all
but
name
.
There
are
flyovers
of
the
A64
at
Copmanthorpe
and
Tadcaster
,
and
another
has
just
opened
at
Bilbrough
(
June
2005
)
.
Route
5
:
Askham
Richard/Rufforth
Reaching
the
countryside
to
the
west
of
York
involves
crossing
the
city
centre
,
but
it
's
near
enough
to
be
accessible
for
a
change
.
You
'll
undoubtedly
notice
Askham
Richard
's
ducks
.
Rufforth
is
home
for
the
Ouse
Gliding
Club
.
The
bypass
cuts
across
what
was
two
lanes
to
Askham
Bryan
,
near
to
where
they
joined
.
As
a
result
,
two
roads
from
York
join
the
bypass
and
only
one
leaves
it
-
neither
crossing
is
straight
across
.
The
addition
of
cyclepaths
and
central
reserves
has
made
crossing
here
easier
.
The
Rufforth
B
road
can
be
busy
with
car
boot
fair
traffic
,
especially
early
and
late
on
Sundays
;
its
intersection
with
the
bypass
has
a
reasonable-sized
roundabout
.
Route
6
:
Beningbrough
Hall
Beningbrough
Hall
is
a
National
Trust
property
to
the
north-west
of
York
.
A
cyclepath
can
be
used
from
the
Scarborough
railway
bridge
(
the
one
seen
up-river
from
Lendal
Bridge
)
passing
under
the
bypass
,
and
continuing
as
far
as
the
lane
to
Overton
,
thus
avoiding
the
main
A19
road
(
except
when
the
river
is
flooded
)
.
As
this
is
the
opposite
side
of
York
from
the
University
campus
,
it
's
further
than
the
other
rides
in
this
category
-
expect
to
do
more
than
20
miles
.
Route
7
:
Wigginton/Haxby
Much
of
the
area
to
the
north
of
York
is
now
built
up
.
A
glance
at
a
map
reveals
three
routes
heading
north
:
to
Wigginton
,
Haxby
and
Strensall
.
That
to
Haxby
is
now
the
preferred
one
,
not
only
for
its
underpass
of
the
bypass
but
also
for
its
lower
traffic
speeds
.
The
A19
to
the
north-west
also
has
an
underpass
at
the
outer
ring
road
,
and
is
less
unpleasant
to
cycle
than
the
Wigginton
road
.
Thirty-five
miles
and
under
There
's
lots
to
see
within
this
range
from
York
,
for
instance
the
Howardian
Hills
.
Of
the
large
number
of
alternative
routes
,
here
are
just
a
few
recommendations
.
Route
8
:
Kirkham
Kirkham
is
reached
by
those
frequently
used
lanes
to
the
north-east
of
York
,
and
has
a
number
of
attractions
-
river
bank
walks
,
ruins
of
an
abbey
,
and
even
swimming
in
the
river
above
the
weir
.
This
stretch
of
the
River
Derwent
,
above
Elvington
,
is
the
only
navigable
waterway
in
England
that
is
closed
to
pleasure
boats
,
conserving
the
banks
for
wildlife
.
The
railway
station
is
long
closed
,
and
more
recently
the
Coffee
House
has
closed
,
but
English
Heritage
's
Abbey
remains
open
.
Route
9
:
Cawood/Selby
This
route
makes
use
of
the
cycle
path
built
along
much
of
the
route
of
the
old
York-Selby
railway
line
.
The
scenery
is
hardly
spectacular
(
despite
what
it
says
in
the
tourist
board
blurb
)
but
it
makes
for
safe
pleasant
easy
cycling
.
The
Cawood
road
can
be
used
as
an
alternative
route
.
The
Cawood
Rural
Arts
Festival
of
Traditional
Skills
(
a
contrived
acronym
if
ever
there
was
one
)
is
an
annual
event
every
August
Bank
Holiday
weekend
that
takes
over
the
village
.
Route
10
:
Castle
Howard
Castle
Howard
,
in
the
Howardian
Hills
,
is
an
obvious
choice
of
destination
(
it
was
the
chosen
set
for
several
TV
dramas
including
Brideshead
Revisited
)
,
but
a
good
route
to
there
by
bike
may
not
be
so
obvious
.
Either
go
north
of
the
A64
in
York
and
keep
that
side
(
the
Strensall
road
)
through
Foston
unless
you
fancy
the
1-in-6
climb
to
Bulmer
,
or
aim
to
cross
the
A64
at
Barton
Hill
.
The
latter
allows
use
of
more
attractive
lanes
,
but
the
crossing
of
the
dual
carriageway
can
be
scary
.
Route
11
:
Terrington/Bulmer
These
two
places
in
the
Howardian
Hills
are
recommended
to
those
who
like
steep
climbs
but
do
n't
want
to
cycle
very
far
-
they
both
have
1
in
6
(
17
%
)
gradients
.
The
reward
for
doing
the
climbs
can
include
a
tea
room
at
Terrington
(
see
below
)
.
York
Minster
is
often
visible
from
the
top
of
Terrington
bank
.
Route
12
:
Brimham
Rocks/Fountains
Abbey
With
the
assistance
of
a
train
to
Knaresborough
,
both
of
these
popular
National
Trust
attractions
lie
within
a
single
thirty
mile
ride
(
though
with
more
hills
than
you
'll
find
around
York
)
.
It
's
easy
to
spend
at
least
an
hour
at
each
of
these
attractions
.
There
is
a
choice
of
excellent
ice
cream
on
this
route
:
the
kiosk
in
Ripley
offers
two
flavours
each
day
of
soft
ice
cream
in
large
quantities
,
and
near
Knaresborough
Castle
is
Dawson
's
shop
offering
about
twenty
flavours
of
creamy
ice
cream
made
at
Brymor
Farm
adjacent
to
Jervaulx
Abbey
in
the
Yorkshire
Dales
.
If
you
do
n't
use
trains
,
expect
to
cycle
about
75
miles
.
Route
13
:
Bolton
Abbey/The
Strid
A
train
to
Ilkley
(
changing
at
Leeds
)
brings
the
Yorkshire
Dales
National
Park
and
beautiful
Upper
Wharfedale
within
range
.
The
Strid
is
a
deep
narrow
gorge
that
the
River
Wharfe
gushes
through
.
The
cycling
route
from
York
to
Ilkley
is
35
miles
,
so
if
you
do
n't
use
a
train
,
expect
to
do
over
90
miles
.
Youth
hostel
rides
Going
away
for
a
weekend
involves
finding
somewhere
to
spend
a
night
,
and
for
many
cyclists
the
answer
is
a
Youth
Hostel
.
The
following
suggestions
involve
no
more
than
twenty-five
miles
cycling
each
day
.
Route
14
:
Thixendale
Thixendale
YH
lies
(
did
lie
-
unfortunately
it
has
closed
)
in
a
secluded
valley
in
the
Yorkshire
Wolds
to
the
east
of
York
.
I
suggest
going
to
Pocklington
via
Elvington
and
Allerthorpe
Common
(
which
has
a
sign
for
a
picnic
site
,
but
the
sole
picnic
table
has
gone
)
,
then
through
pretty
Millington
Pastures
,
stopping
either
at
the
tea-room
in
Millington
or
at
Millington
Wood
picnic
site
(
a
SSSI
)
or
at
the
tranquil
spring
just
beyond
there
(
listen
out
for
it
)
.
Having
climbed
to
the
top
of
the
Wolds
,
turn
just
before
Huggate
to
Thixendale
,
finally
dropping
down
into
the
village
.
Thixendale
has
shops
and
a
pub
;
unfortunately
the
cyclists
'
favourite
cafe
behind
the
petrol
station
has
closed
down
.
On
the
second
day
,
enjoy
the
gentle
rise
up
Water
Dale
to
either
Leavening
or
Acklam
,
where
you
descend
steeply
and
turn
to
Buttercrambe
.
Turn
to
Upper
Helmsley
to
avoid
the
A
road
back
into
York
.
Route
15
:
Robin
Hood
's
Bay
Scarborough
railway
station
is
the
start
and
finish
for
this
route
.
North
of
Scarborough
at
Burniston
is
a
cycle
path
that
follows
the
route
of
an
old
railway
line
.
This
takes
you
all
the
way
to
Ravenscar
and
Robin
Hood
's
Bay
where
you
'll
find
Boggle
Hole
YH
.
The
cycle
path
proceeds
beyond
Robin
Hood
's
Bay
almost
to
Whitby
,
where
there
is
another
youth
hostel
(
by
the
abbey
-
Whitby
is
one
youth
hostel
that
I
have
stayed
at
;
it
is
currently
closed
for
upgrading
)
.
One
option
here
is
a
train
to
Grosmont
,
where
you
can
connect
with
the
North
Yorkshire
Moors
Railway
to
Pickering
,
but
you
'll
then
have
to
cycle
to
Malton
if
you
want
a
train
back
to
York
.
Camp
sites
For
those
with
the
necessary
equipment
,
camping
offers
the
greatest
sense
of
freedom
and
independence
.
I
have
no
personal
experience
of
camping
close
to
York
,
but
there
are
now
many
to
choose
from
,
e.g.
at
Acaster
Malbis
and
Sutton-on-the-Forest
.
The
following
sites
are
the
closest
ones
to
York
that
I
've
stayed
at
and
would
recommend
to
others
(
in
order
of
increasing
distance
from
York
)
.
Camp
Site
1
:
Ellerburn
32
miles
north-east
of
York
,
1m
up
a
dead-end
from
Thornton
Dale
.
(
Dead-end
becomes
bridleway
to
Low
Dalby.
)
Situated
by
a
stream
.
Flush
toilets
,
hot
showers
.
Pubs
etc
in
Thornton
Dale
.
Camp
Site
2
:
Osmotherley
41
miles
north
of
York
.
Flush
toilets
,
hot
showers
.
Neighbouring
a
youth
hostel
.
Pubs
etc
in
village
.
Camp
Site
3
:
Studfold
Farm
,
Lofthouse
44
miles
west-north-west
of
York
,
at
top
of
Nidderdale
by
How
Stean
Gorge
.
Good
field
in
superb
walking
country
.
Toilets
and
showers
are
200
yards
away
in
a
separate
caravan
field
,
the
showers
being
activated
by
old
10p
or
two
shilling
coins
(
from
reception
)
.
Good
food
at
Middlesmoor
pub
.
Expect
to
be
woken
by
How
Stean
's
peacocks
.
Camp
Site
4
:
Goathland
45
miles
north-north-east
of
York
.
Setting
for
TV
series
called
Heartbeat
(
Aidensfield
)
.
Choice
of
two
sites
.
Abbot
's
House
Farm
is
down
a
track
from
opposite
the
garage
,
has
flush
toilets
and
free
hot
showers
.
The
other
is
on
a
hillside
above
the
village
(
Greengrass
'
farm
)
,
is
less
level
and
has
only
basic
flush
toilet
.
Pubs
etc
in
village
.
Camp
Site
5
:
Craken
House
Farm
,
Leyburn
50
miles
north-west
of
York
off
right-hand
side
of
Middleham-Leyburn
road
.
Flush
toilet
,
hot
showers
.
May
need
to
book
in
advance
.
Camping
barn
.
Pubs
etc
in
Leyburn
and
Middleham
.
Camp
Site
6
:
Gordale
Scar
,
Malham
61
miles
west
of
York
,
1m
up
dead-end
from
Malham
.
(
Dead-end
becomes
green
lane
to
Kilnsey
Crag
or
Malham
Tarn.
)
Flush
toilets
,
hot
shower
.
Footpath
and
stream
from
waterfall
over
the
scar
cross
the
site
.
Malham
has
a
small
shop
and
two
pubs
;
if
self
catering
,
it
's
best
to
carry
food
from
further
afield
.
Tea
rooms
There
are
tea
rooms
at
Bolton
Bridge
(
Abbey
tea
rooms
)
,
(
that
at
Bulmer
(
Post
Office
)
closed
down
early
in
2004
)
,
Coxwold
(
12:30-
)
,
Fewston
(
entirely
vege
)
,
(
that
at
Gillamoor
has
closed
down
)
,
Great
Ayton
(
Park
Row
)
,
Harrogate
(
Betty
's
)
,
Helmsley
(
Castlegate
Bakery
,
Ryeburn
ice
cream
shop
)
,
How
Stean
Gorge
(
CTC
listed
)
,
Hovingham
(
bakery
excellent
)
,
(
that
at
Huggate
(
Blacksmith
's
)
has
closed
down
)
,
Hutton-le-Hole
(
Barn
Hotel
is
CTC
listed
)
,
Ilkley
(
Betty
's
)
,
(
that
at
Kilburn
(
Singing
Bird
)
has
closed
down
)
,
(
that
at
Kirkham
(
Coffee
House
)
has
closed
down
)
,
Kirkby
Malzeard
(
Rose
Lea
)
,
Londesborough
(
Sunday
only
)
,
Masham
(
Bordar
House
)
,
Middleham
(
Nosebag
)
,
Millington
(
Rambler
's
Rest
Sat-Sun
from
11:30
)
,
Nunnington
(
cakes
and
sandwiches
)
,
Pateley
Bridge
(
Barbara
's
near
turning
to
Bewerley
)
,
Ripley
(
Cromwell
's
,
often
ignored
as
Ripley
's
ice
cream
kiosk
is
popular
)
,
Sandsend
(
Wits
End
)
,
Sledmere
(
at
the
Hall
,
which
need
n't
be
visited
as
well
;
summer
only
,
excellent
cakes
)
,
(
that
at
Slingsby
(
Post
Office
)
has
closed
down
)
,
Slingsby
(
2-5pm
summer
only
)
,
Storiths
(
"
Buffers
"
is
the
place
for
train
set
collectors
,
near
Bolton
Bridge
)
,
Terrington
(
Lavendar
Farm
,
10:30-4:30
Apr-Sep
;
Post
Office
,
Easter-Oct
,
closed
Sun
,
claims
"
wicked
flapjack
"
but
not
sampled
yet...
)
,
(
that
at
Terrington
Hill
Top
has
closed
down
)
,
and
(
Thixendale
(
Round
the
Bend
)
has
closed
down
)
.
Cafes
There
are
cafes
at
Boothferry
(
Redbeck
-
greasy
transport
cafe
)
,
Boroughbridge
(
Sheila
's
bakery
)
,
Churchhouses
(
Daffy
caffy
,
Wed,Thu,Sat,Sun
Apr-Sep
)
,
Crockey
Hill
(
transport
cafe
)
,
Driffield
(
Bell
Mills
Garden
Centre
,
10:30-4
)
,
Fridaythorpe
(
Seaways
)
,
Helmsley
(
Castlegate
bakery
,
The
Old
Police
Station
,
Ryeburn
ice
cream
parlour
)
,
Holme-on-Spalding-Moor
(
at
the
junction
of
the
lane
to
North
Cliffe
)
,
Hornsea
Mere
(
Boathouse
,
9:30-5
)
,
Howden
(
on
the
A614
)
,
Hutton-le-Hole
(
Forge
)
,
Knaresborough
(
Marigold
on
riverbank
-
the
old
houseboat
-
is
good
for
children
;
Boathouse
also
on
riverbank
is
non-smoking
;
others
in
town
centre
)
,
Malton
(
Whistlestop
)
,
Otley
(
Wharfe
View
,
serves
large
portions
of
everything
at
the
cheapest
prices
and
is
always
packed
;
one
in
the
park
by
the
wier
is
non-smoking
,
closed
Feb
;
Dales
in
town
centre
)
,
Pickering
(
Cooplands
)
,
Ripon
(
Spa
Gardens
)
,
Selby
(
near
rail
station
)
,
Sherburn-in-Elmet
(
mecca
for
motorcyclists
,
cyclists
welcome
too
)
,
Shiptonthorpe
(
Longlands
garden
centre
)
,
Sutton
Bank
(
information
centre
)
,
Thirsk
,
Thixendale
(
Church
View
cafe
,
known
to
cyclists
as
Thix
cafe
,
now
closed
down
)
,
Thornton-le-Dale
(
Warrington
's
)
,
Thorp
Arch
(
trading
estate
)
,
and
Thorp
Perrow
(
Arboretum
,
10-5
,
Mar-Nov
)
.
These
cafes
have
a
somewhat
"
less-refined
air
"
than
the
tea-rooms
listed
above
,
and
are
good
for
large
,
cheap
,
unhealthy
meals
-
very
popular
with
cyclists
.
Fish
and
chip
shops
The
very
best
chippies
are
in
the
seaside
towns
such
as
Whitby
.
Closer
to
York
,
some
worthy
of
a
mention
include
those
at
Ampleforth
,
Helmsley
,
Riccall
and
Stamford
Bridge
.
Markets
The
towns
have
markets
where
fresh
produce
can
be
obtained
in
an
atmosphere
of
relative
bustle
compared
to
the
rural
surroundings
,
but
you
have
to
be
there
on
the
right
day
.
Monday
:
Boroughbridge
,
Pickering
,
Selby
,
Skipton
and
Thirsk
.
Tuesday
:
Bedale
,
Hawes
,
Settle
and
Whitby
.
Wednesday
:
Kirkbymoorside
,
Knaresborough
,
Masham
,
Northallerton
and
Skipton
.
Thursday
:
Richmond
,
Ripon
and
Tadcaster
.
Friday
:
Easingwold
,
Helmsley
,
Leyburn
,
Otley
,
Skipton
and
Stokesley
.
There
are
markets
every
day
in
Scarborough
and
York
.
Cycle
shops
There
are
lots
of
cycle
shops
in
York
.
Cycle
Heaven
on
Bishopthorpe
Road
and
York
Cycleworks
on
Lawrence
Street
are
recommended
to
touring
cyclists
.
Tony
Boswell
's
on
Tang
Hall
Lane
has
recently
closed
down
.
Cycle
Heaven
and
Halfords
on
Foss
Islands
Road
open
on
Sundays
,
as
does
Cycle
Sense
in
Tadcaster
(
10am
till
4pm
)
.
See
also
this
list
of
bike
shops
in
North
and
East
Yorkshire
.
Organised
rides
The
Cyclists
'
Touring
Club
(
CTC)
's
York
section
organises
a
variety
of
rides
.
The
Easyriders
Social
group
do
60-80
miles
each
Sunday
starting
from
the
railway
station
at
9am
.
The
Intermediate
group
do
100+
miles
each
Sunday
starting
from
the
railway
station
at
8am
.
The
advanced
group...
disbanded
many
years
ago
!
The
Wednesday
Wheelers
do
50
or
so
miles
.
There
are
family
and
tandem
groups
that
meet
on
Sunday
afternoons
.
There
are
also
rides
on
Thursday
evenings
in
summer
leaving
from
the
gardens
near
the
railway
station
at
7pm
to
a
pub
and
returning
in
the
dark
.
These
groups
are
noted
for
upholding
the
Cafe-To-Cafe
derivation
of
CTC
!
Local
clubs
include
:
Clifton
Cycling
Club
,
who
meet
at
Exhibition
Square
outside
the
City
Art
Gallery
;
Velo
Club
York
,
who
meet
outside
Rowntrees
(
oops
,
Nestle
)
on
Haxby
Road
;
and
Knaresborough
Racing
Team
,
who
meet
at
York
railway
station
.
All
of
these
clubs
are
involved
in
racing
events
,
and
so
tend
to
attract
faster
riders
than
the
CTC
groups
.
A
bunch
of
Computer
Scientists
and
friends
have
their
own
Thursday
evening
cycle
rides
in
summer
leaving
from
the
Computer
Science
Department
on
the
University
campus
at
6pm-ish
,
usually
stopping
for
a
picnic
and
sometimes
subsequently
in
a
pub
.
These
rides
accommodate
a
wide
range
of
abilities
.
In
1995
,
29
of
us
participated
in
28
rides
,
the
(
mean
)
average
ride
being
31
miles
at
13.9mph
with
7
riders
,
but
with
considerable
variance
in
all
of
these
figures
.
The
most
popular
mount
was
the
Dawes
Galaxy
,
but
we
also
had
two
tandems
,
a
child
trailerbike
,
and
a
range
of
solos
from
Halfords
weigh-a-mountain
bikes
to
hand-built
custom
tourers
.
(
"
Organised
"
is
perhaps
a
misnomer
for
these.
)
The
figures
for
1998
were
31
riders
on
19
rides
,
averaging
9
riders
per
ride
,
doing
25
miles
at
12.8mph
,
again
with
considerable
variance
.
The
University
Cycling
Club
.
combines
long-distance
Sunday
runs
and
fast
Wednesday
afternoon
rides
,
all
departing
from
the
University
Sports
Centre
,
with
participation
in
time-trial
events
.
Maps
The
Ordnance
Survey
(
OS
)
maps
at
a
scale
of
1:50,000
(
the
"
Landranger
"
series
)
are
good
for
cycling
because
they
show
every
right
of
way
,
hills
are
shown
by
10m
contour
lines
,
steep
gradients
on
roads
are
shown
by
chevrons
,
and
they
show
tourist
information
.
However
,
they
cover
an
area
of
only
about
25
miles
square
,
and
at
least
six
sheets
are
needed
to
cover
all
directions
around
York
.
The
most
useful
sheets
are
numbers
100
and
106
.
Sheet
100
(
"
Malton
and
Pickering
"
)
is
the
most
used
sheet
,
starting
six
miles
north
of
York
and
showing
the
Howardian
Hills
,
a
large
part
of
the
North
Yorkshire
Moors
,
and
the
north-west
corner
of
the
Yorkshire
Wolds
.
Sheet
106
(
"
Market
Weighton
"
)
has
York
's
most
easterly
suburb
at
its
top-left
corner
,
and
shows
the
southern
part
of
the
Yorkshire
Wolds
.
York
itself
is
on
sheet
105
,
but
little
else
of
interest
is
.
GoldenEye
map/guides
at
a
scale
of
1:125,000
are
well-liked
,
being
available
in
waterproof
versions
,
though
they
do
n't
cover
the
entire
area
and
at
least
one
very
useful
lane
is
omitted
.
The
one
of
the
North
York
Moors
also
covers
parts
of
the
Wolds
.
There
is
also
one
of
the
Dales
.
They
can
be
had
with
recommended
cycle
routes
already
marked
on
in
bold
lines
,
or
without
.
(
Unfortunately
out-of-print
in
2003.
)
If
you
want
a
single
map
covering
the
cycling
area
around
York
,
then
those
of
Yorkshire
at
a
scale
of
1:200,000
by
Tourist
Info
,
by
A-Z
,
and
by
Philips
are
good
.
They
show
just
about
every
road
up
to
60
miles
around
York
,
hills
are
shown
by
shading
with
a
different
shade
per
500ft
,
and
they
show
tourist
information
.
The
Tourist
Info
one
is
the
most
recent
.
The
A-Z
has
an
index
and
is
revised
most
often
.
The
OS
Travelmaster
of
Northern
England
at
a
scale
of
1:250,000
is
the
next
best
thing
from
the
Ordnance
Survey
,
but
covers
a
much
larger
area
than
necessary
.
If
your
cycling
is
confined
to
the
National
Parks
,
then
the
OS
Outdoor
Leisure
maps
are
worth
considering
.
For
a
really
lightweight
map
,
tear
the
appropriate
page
from
a
road
atlas
.
Other
cycling
web
pages
Clubs
Clifton
Cycling
Club
The
CTC
in
North
Yorkshire
University
of
York
Cycling
Club
Cyclists
'
Touring
Club
Bristol
CTC
-
includes
good
guidance
on
conduct
and
safe
riding
in
a
group
.
Index
of
CTC
sections
AUDAX
United
Kingdom
-
The
long
distance
cyclists
'
association
.
International
Human
Powered
Vehicle
Association
Premiums
shown
are
for
persons
aged
up
to
69
.
Cover
for
those
aged
70
-
79
are
available
at
double
the
published
premium
.
No
cover
can
be
given
to
any
persons
aged
80
years
or
over
.
All
premiums
include
Insurance
Premium
Tax
at
17.5
%
.
A
summary
of
the
levels
of
cover
is
given
below
.
If
you
would
like
to
apply
for
our
Annual
Travel
policy
please
skip
to
the
application
form
at
the
bottom
of
this
page
(
click
here
)
,
or
you
can
arrange
immediate
cover
over
the
telephone
by
calling
0845
60
77
444
.
ANNUAL
TRAVEL
AT
A
GLANCE
Annual
travel
insurance
is
available
for
holiday
and
business
trips
where
no
manual
work
is
undertaken
.
Choose
from
European
or
Worldwide
cover
,
and
you
will
be
insured
for
any
number
of
trips
per
year
as
long
as
each
trip
does
not
exceed
45
days
duration
.
CANCELLATION
-
UP
TO
ã5,000
PER
PERSON
You
can
claim
for
loss
of
deposits
or
cancellation
charges
following
unavoidable
cancellation
due
to
death
,
illness
,
accidental
injury
,
redundancy
qualifying
for
payment
under
the
Redundancy
Act
,
jury
service
.
An
excess
of
ã35
applies
to
each
claim
.
DEPARTURE
DELAY
-
UP
TO
ã100
PERSON
Following
delay
of
the
initial
outward
journey
to
the
United
Kingdom
or
the
final
return
journey
to
the
United
Kingdom
,
each
person
will
be
paid
ã10
after
the
first
12
hours
and
up
to
ã10
for
each
subsequent
12
hours
of
delay
.
PERSONAL
LUGGAGE
-
UP
TO
ã2,000
PER
PERSON
Cover
for
lost
,
damaged
or
stolen
personal
property
up
to
ã2,000
.
A
limit
of
ã500
applies
to
valuables
and
any
single
item
,
pair
or
set
.
An
excess
of
ã35
applies
to
each
claim
.
PERSONAL
MONEY
-
UP
TO
ã250
For
lost
or
stolen
money
.
A
limit
of
ã250
per
person
applies
to
notes
and
coins
.
An
excess
of
ã35
applies
to
each
claim
.
MEDICAL
EXPENSES
-
UP
TO
ã2
MILLION
PER
PERSON
The
cost
of
expenses
incurred
outside
the
UK
if
you
become
ill
or
are
injured
.
An
excess
of
ã35
applies
to
each
claim
.
PERSONAL
ACCIDENT
-
UP
TO
ã25,000
PER
PERSON
A
cash
sum
for
death
,
loss
of
limbs
,
eyes
,
and
permanent
total
disablement
.
PERSONAL
LIABILITY
-
UP
TO
ã2
MILLION
PER
PERSON
Legal
liability
for
costs
and
damages
as
a
result
of
an
accident
occurring
during
your
journey
.
LEGAL
EXPENSES
-
UP
TO
ã25,000
PER
PERSON
Legal
costs
and
expenses
incurred
for
legal
proceedings
for
compensation
and/or
damages
arising
from
an
accident
to
you
during
your
journey
.
An
excess
of
ã50
applies
to
each
claim
.
LOSS
OF
PASSPORT
-
UP
TO
ã250
PER
PERSON
The
cost
of
an
emergency
replacement
or
temporary
passport
obtained
whilst
travelling
abroad
including
travelling
expenses
incurred
.
For
a
full
policy
wording
in
PDF
format
,
please
click
here
.
Please
note
that
this
policy
does
not
cover
existing
medical
conditions
.
If
you
would
like
to
check
whether
an
existing
condition
can
be
covered
,
please
contact
the
Medical
Team
at
Towergate
Chase
Parkinson
on
01932
334198
.
HOW
TO
APPLY
You
can
choose
to
print
an
application
form
on
your
printer
by
selecting
the
option
below
.
This
can
then
be
signed
by
you
and
sent
with
your
chosen
method
of
payment
.
Upon
receipt
,
and
subject
to
acceptance
by
our
underwriters
,
we
will
issue
your
policy
and
send
your
documents
to
you
by
return
.
Alternatively
,
if
you
do
not
have
a
printer
,
but
wish
us
to
send
you
an
application
form
to
sign
and
return
,
please
click
on
the
second
option
.
(
Please
give
detailed
answers
,
just
like
you
would
if
we
were
sitting
talking
face
to
face
!
)
When
did
you
first
take
an
interest
in
railways
?
(
Please
use
"
Tab
"
key
to
move
from
box
to
box
-
but
read
any
long
paragraphs
first
!
)
What
are
your
first
memories
of
trains
?
Did
you
have
a
local
station
as
a
youngster
?
Where
?
Did
you
visit
it
regularly
?
If
it
's
relevant
,
what
year(s
)
was
this
?
Do
you
still
have
pleasant
memories
of
this
time
?
(
Please
select.
)
Yes
Not
especially
Are
there
any
specific
memories
to
relate
?
Were
there
other
favourite
places
you
used
to
visit
regularly
?
Yes
No
(
If
yes
,
please
again
give
details
;
especially
answering
the
last
5
questions
again
for
each
location.
)
Did
you
travel
regularly
by
train
around
the
date
you
gave
above
,
or
did
you
merely
watch
the
trains
go
by
?
Travelled:-
regularly
occasionally
rarely
only
once
but
it
was
most
memorable
!
never
Merely
watched
from:-
trackside
station
overbridge
Did
you
have
a
toy
train
set
as
a
younster
?
No
Yes
(
Please
describe
it...
)
Have
you
had
a
model
railway
since
?
(
Ditto
)
Did
you
build
it
?
What
do
your
friends
and
family
think
of
the
hobby
of
model
railways
?
What
do
you
think
of
model
railways
?
Do
you
intend
using
this
model
for
business
purposes
?
(
Perhaps
to
break
the
ice
prior
to
a
business
meeting
;
as
in
,
"
Do
you
want
to
come
and
have
a
look
at
my
train
set
while
we
're
waiting
for
Fred
"
?
)
Yes
Is
there
any
specific
deadline
for
this
model
?
Date
:
Is
it
for
you
?
Have
you
any
photographs
which
capture
the
essence
of
what
you
want
modelled
?
Can
you
scan/photocopy
them
and
include
them
with
your
reply
?
Please
add
captions
to
explain
as
best
you
can
precisely
what
it
is
that
appeals
to
you
.
(
At
a
later
stage
it
would
be
very
helpful
to
have
proper
prints
if
details
contained
in
them
are
to
be
modelled.
)
Do
you
feel
that
some
specific
occasion
sparked
your
interest
in
railways
?
If
so
,
what
was
it
?
How
has
this
coloured
your
interests
since
?
If
there
is
a
specific
historical
episode/occasion
which
you
find
fascinating
,
could
you
describe
it
?
Do
you
wish
us
to
capture
this
in
model
form
?
As
just
one
part
of
the
model
or
the
major
feature
of
it
?
Is
this
railway
local
to
you
?
Could
you
go
out
and
photograph
the
local
landscape
and
surviving
buildings
,
bridges
features
etc
?
Are
there
published
any
local
histories
of
the
area
which
contain
useful
references
to
the
line
,
its
surroundings
and/or
the
traffic
it
carried
?
Title/Author/Publisher
:
1D
Are
you
aware
of
any
railway
histories
of
your
chosen
line
being
available
?
(
We
have
a
considerable
library
of
such
histories
for
a
wide
variety
of
lines
,
especially
the
"
big
Four
"
,
but
we
certainly
can
not
cover
all
of
them
!
)
(
Please
quote
Title
,
Author
,
Publisher
and
ISBN
.
.
.
)
Have
you
any
plans
of
the
area/stations
you
wish
to
base
your
model
on
?
(
ie
;
ratings
plans
,
period
maps
,
etc.
Please
enclose
a
copy
if
you
have.
)
Do
you
prefer
branch
or
main-line
trains
?
(
Please
"
check
"
one
or
both
.
Then
again
,
if
you
have
no
preference
select
neither
!
)
Branch-line
trains
Main-line
trains
Do
you
like
shunting
?
Would
you
like
to
be
able
to
just
push
a
button
and
watch
the
trains
go
round
?
(
Please
note
that
this
can
be
very
expensive
on
a
large
layout
-
and
is
not
practical
with
a
small
terminus
!
)
Do
you
want
to
be
able
to
control
the
whole
layout
from
one
place
?
Would
you
like
to
have
more
than
one
control
position
so
guests
can
operate
one
part
of
the
model
while
you
operate
another
?
Do
you
want
your
model
to
feature
one
station
and
its
surroundings
or
would
you
prefer
a
longer
line
featuring
more
than
one
station
?
Are
there
any
special
features
you
wish
us
to
model
?
tab
away
!
Do
you
have
any
specific
area/county/landscape
in
mind
for
your
model
?
Have
you
any
photos
(
or
magazines
with
photos
)
,
showing
the
line
or
the
area
?
Are
there
any
other
special
considerations
we
need
to
know
about
?
(
For
instance
,
does
the
layout
need
to
be
low
enough
to
be
able
to
be
seen
comfortably
from
a
wheelchair
or
is
access
likely
to
restrict
the
size
of
baseboards
we
can
get
into
the
room
-
like
a
loft
access
or
tight
staircase
?
)
Any
other
information
you
think
we
should
be
aware
of
?
(
Be
it
relevant
directly
or
indirectly.
)
please
scroll
again
for
a
while
!
!
!
That
is
the
end
of
section
1
!
2
"
Tick-Your-Choice
"
Key
Questions
2.1
In
general
terms
,
what
type
of
model
do
you
want
?
(
Please
select
the
nearest.
)
a
)
a
layout
permanently
erected
in
a
room
in
my
home*
b
)
a
sectional
layout
to
be
erected
occasionally/a
transportable
exhibition
layout*
c
)
an
automatic
layout
on
permanent
public
exhibition*
d
)
a
toy-train
set
or
easily
portable
model
.
(
i.e.
one
which
can
be
erected
quickly
on
a
table
and
then
putaway
after
use
,
or
perhaps
one
bolted
to
a
wall
so
it
can
be
hinged
up
out
of
the
way.*
)
e
)
other
.
(
Please
specify
)
[
*
In
all
these
cases
,
if
you
have
a
dedicated
railway
room
in
mind
,
please
draw
up
a
sketch
showing
its
floor-plan
,
scan
it
and
attach
a
copy
when
you
get
in
touch
.
Details
of
what
to
include;-
Dimensions
of
the
room
,
i.e.
all
wall
lengths
(
measure
at
about
4ft/1.3mtrs
from
the
floor
;
also
please
check
walls
are
straight
-
by
eye
is
usually
sufficient
but
if
there
is
any
doubt
,
get
someone
to
hold
each
end
of
a
straight
,
taut
piece
of
string
and
measure
the
depth
at
both
ends
of
any
bows
in
the
wall
which
intrude
into
the
room.
)
We
will
also
need
both
diagonal
measurements
,
the
size
of
any
alcoves
or
recesses
,
plus
fireplaces
,
doors
(
include
arc
of
opening
)
,
windows
(
note
space
required
for
curtains
if
fitted
and
whether
access
is
required
for
drawing
curtains
or
opening
lights
)
,
radiators
,
power-points
,
light-switches
(
include
height
from
floor
)
,
any
sloping
sections
of
ceiling
(
below
about
6ft/2mtrs
)
,
and
any
other
features
which
might
affect
construction
such
as
an
uneven
or
sloping
floor
or
any
steps
,
raised
or
lowered
areas
.
Please
consider
whether
any
other
special
provisions
are
required
such
as
wheelchair
access
,
storage
,
work
bench
,
etcetera
.
(
Where
it
might
be
feasible
to
wrap
the
tracks
around
the
room
in
circular
fashion
allowing
the
operator
to
sit
in
the
middle
,
please
tell
us
whether
a
"
duck-under
"
access
would
be
acceptable
or
whether
unimpeded
access
is
required.
]
2.2
Scale/Gauge
.
Explanatory
note
;
It
may
be
that
you
have
never
had
a
model
railway
before
and
know
little
of
such
things
as
"
scale
"
and
"
gauge
"
.
Do
not
worry
!
In
case
you
want
to
know
,
"
scale
"
refers
to
the
ratio
between
the
size
of
the
prototype
and
the
model
,
the
former
always
being
expressed
as
"
one
"
.
Thus
1/10th
scale
means
a
model
ten
times
smaller
than
the
real
thing
,
and
so
on
.
The
word
"
gauge
"
refers
to
the
distance
between
the
rails
,
both
prototype
and
model
gauges
being
expressed
in
actual
size
,
thus
"
9
mm
gauge
"
means
there
is
a
nine
millimetre
gap
between
the
rails
for
your
model
train
to
run
on
.
Scale
and
Gauge
are
often
,
but
not
always
,
in
a
direct
ratio
with
one
another
but
different
model
train
manufacturers
have
adopted
different
commercial
standards
which
has
confused
the
matter
for
everyone
.
Such
is
life
!
If
you
want
us
to
guide
you
through
this
"
minefield
"
of
confusing
terminology
and
suggest
which
combination
would
be
best
suited
to
the
type
of
layout
you
envisage
,
please
"
check
"
either
or
both
of
the
first
two
boxes
.
If
you
have
an
open
mind
but
preferences
,
please
feel
free
to
check
several
boxes
.
Then
again
,
you
might
want
a
model
featuring
more
than
one
gauge
anyway
so
check
whichever
boxes
appeal
!
Please
state
the
gauge/scale
you
prefer
;
Standard
gauge
(
ie
;
models
of
trains
running
on
4
'
8ý
"
track.
)
In
ascending
order
of
size
...
A
particular
scale
or
gauge
is
less
important
than
the
overall
effect
.
I
am
undecided
and
open
to
suggestions.
check
box
name
/
gauge
scale
description
N
9mm
Approximately
2mm
to
the
foot
scale
(
About
140
to
1
)
Second
most
common
British
scale
.
Good
commercial
support
,
excellent
for
highly
scenic
layouts
with
long
fast
trains
and
dramatic
landscapes
.
Generally
rather
poor
for
shunting
.
2mm
9.8mm
Precisely
2mm
to
the
foot
scale
.
Since
the
track
and
wheel
standards
are
much
more
to
scale
the
layout
looks
much
better
but
this
high-quality
derivative
of
the
above
is
very
expensive
to
produce
.
TT
12mm
About
3mm
to
the
foot
scale
.
Rare
these
days
since
there
is
very
limited
availability
of
British
commercial
and
kit
components
-
and
nothing
else
!
HO
16.5mm
3.5mm
to
the
foot
scale
Most
common
European
and
North
American
scale
.
OO
16.5mm
About
4mm
to
the
foot
using
commercial
standards
Most
common
British
scale
at
1:72nd
.
Suffers
from
the
fact
that
the
rails
are
too
close
together
and
different
commercial
suppliers
use
differing
wheel
standards
.
Can
be
made
to
work
reliably
with
care
and
has
advantage
that
an
enormous
variety
of
trains
,
kits
,
components
and
accessories
are
freely
available
.
EM
18mm
About
4mm
to
the
foot
-
commercial
/
scratchbuilt
track
.
An
early
attempt
to
improve
the
looks
of
OO
track
by
widening
the
gauge
from
16.5mm
to
18mm
.
Much
more
to
scratch
build
than
OO
.
Now
largely
superceded
by
S4
..
.
S4
18.83
mm
Precisely
4mm
to
the
foot
scale
.
Precisely
4mm
to
the
foot
scale
running
on
dead-scale
track
.
Very
high
standard
of
modelling
required
to
run
well
but
looks
exceptional
properly
done
.
Only
S7
rivals
it
.
00/H0
16.5mm
Very
roughly
4mm
to
the
foot
scale
,
it
is
only
the
gauge
which
counts
at
this
level
!
1950s
period
type
of
model
railway
-
ideal
for
running
old
collector
's
models
.
(
Old
OO/HO
toy
trains
had
coarse
wheels
running
on
16.5mm
track
,
whether
the
scale
of
the
model
was
OO
or
HO.
)
Period
track
,
brick/stone
papers
&
dyed
sawdust
for
grass
!
S
gauge
7/8
"
3/16ths
inch
to
the
foot
.
Only
Britain
&
the
USA
use
this
!
Almost
completely
a
scratchbuilder
's
scale
.
(
Handy
if
you
like
an
"
O
"
design
but
ca
n't
quite
fit
it
in.
)
At
1/64th
,
this
is
about
halfway
between
O
&
OO/4mm
&
7mm
scales
.
0coarse
1
1/4
"
About
7mm
to
the
foot
but
with
coarse
wheel
standards
.
Still
the
most
common
of
the
larger
scales
,
mainly
because
many
old
7mm
layouts
have
been
in
existance
since
these
standards
were
all
that
was
available
.
0
fine
32mm
About
7mm
to
the
foot
but
with
finer
wheel
standards
.
The
most
common
standard
for
new
layouts
,
although
7
scale
(
see
below
)
is
fast
gaining
ground
.
7
Scale
33mm
Precisely
7mm
to
the
foot
scale
.
The
most
demanding
(
and
expensive
)
of
the
7mm
to
the
foot
standards
but
certainly
the
most
realistic
.
G1
About
10mm
to
the
foot
scale
.
Sometimes
using
"
live
steam
"
locos
,
this
largely
scratch-built
scale
does
have
some
support
from
ready-to-run
and
kits
.
3ý
"
gauge
Nominally
about
1/16th
scale
.
Can
be
models
of
any
scale
built
to
run
on
3ý
"
gauge
track
-
usually
"
live
steam
"
,
outdoors
,
often
passenger
carrying
.
5
"
gauge
Nominally
about
1/10th
scale
.
Can
be
models
of
any
scale
built
to
run
on
5
"
gauge
track
-
usually
"
live
steam
"
,
outdoors
,
normally
passenger
carrying
.
Other
Please
specify
.
(
Consultation
advised.
)
Narrow/Broad
gauge
;
As
anything
other
than
4
'
8ý
"
is
one
or
the
other*
,
it
is
much
easier
if
you
state
the
scale
and
the
gauge
you
require
,
preferably
thus
;
(
*
even
4
'
8ý
"
can
be
considered
"
broad
"
or
"
narrow
"
;
for
example
in
countries
where
metre
gauge
or
5
'
3
"
is
standard
!
)
scale
of
model/"n
"
or
"
b
"
(
for
narrow
or
broad)/actual
model
track
gauge.
then
please
add
the
company/country
you
wish
to
represent
on
your
model
,
such
as
"
Lynton
&
Barnstable
"
or
"
Isle
of
Man".
[
Using
this
method
for
a
4mm
model
on
"
N
"
gauge
track
you
could
have
4n9(Ffestiniog
)
or
00n9(freelance
)
;
for
a
continental
model
you
might
have
3.5n9
,
or
for
a
larger
one
7n16.5
.
Broad
gauge
might
be
;
4b28(Brunel
)
,
7b35(Eire
)
or
even
3.5b18.375(Espania
)
!
]
My
preference
is;-
3.
Your
Budget
for
the
model
.
Please
select
the
budget-range
you
are
considering
;
(
in
Pounds
Sterling
)
ã1,000
to
ã5,000
ã5,000
to
ã20,000
ã20,000
to
ã80,000
over
ã80,000
4.
Owning
Company
Preferences
.
For
layouts
which
are
to
be
based
on
commercially
available
rolling
stock
,
please
tick
one
or
more
of
the
following
preferences
;
"
Big
4
"
;
Great
Western
,
LMS
,
Southern
,
LNER
.
British
Railways
;
steam
only
,
steam/green
diesel
,
blue
diesel
period
,
modern
privatised
.
Non-specific
british
steam
railway
with
a
period
feel
.
State
decade
;
American
(
If
you
wish
us
to
use
a
specific
proprietary
range
please
quote
it
:
)
Continental
(
If
you
wish
us
to
use
a
specific
proprietary
range
please
quote
it
:
)
Other
Countries
(
If
you
wish
us
to
use
a
specific
proprietary
range
please
quote
it
:
)
Freelance
or
other
(
For
example
a
fantasy
layout
based
on
characters
from
a
book
-
not
necessarily
one
of
the
Reverend
Awdry
's
!
)
Please
tell
us
what
you
have
in
mind
...
For
layouts
intended
to
feature
hand-built
models
,
please
state
country/railway
company
intended
to
form
basis
of
model
and
any
period
or
specific
locationrequirements
.
For
example
;
"
Brecon
and
Merthyr
Railway
in
S4
,
1913
period
,
somewhere
in
the
Rhymney
Valley
.
"
or
"
Turn
of
the
Century
Midland
Railway
in
0
fine
,
somewhere
on
the
Settle
&
Carlisle
.
"
or
even
"
I
want
a
model
of
St
Pancras
Station
just
at
it
would
have
been
on
July
1st
.
1902
;
I
want
to
run
the
right
trains
,
show
the
people
in
correct
period
dress
for
that
season
,
have
the
right
adverts
on
the
noticeboards
and
I
especially
want
to
feature
the
Royal
Train
,
King
Edward
and
the
person
and
entourage
of
Prince
Soandso
of
Suchandsuch
when
they
passed
through
the
station
on
their
way
to
Balmoral
"
.
The
only
limitations
are
the
time/money
you
have
available
for
research
and
the
time
(
and
therefore
the
cost
)
,
of
producing
such
detailed
work
.
It
is
possible
to
model
almost
anything
-
although
whether
some
things
will
actually
make
good
models
or
not
is
another
matter
.
.
.
I
would
like
my
model
to
represent
...
Thank
you
for
taking
the
time
to
fill
out
our
questionnaire
.
We
will
shortly
have
a
very
good
idea
of
the
kind
of
model
railway
you
are
looking
for
and
will
do
our
best
to
provide
it
for
you
.
Before
you
sumit
this
to
us
however
,
just
a
few
personal
details
would
be
helpful
but
they
are
optional
;
UK
applicants
will
need
a
first
or
upper
second
class
Honours
degree
in
a
relevant
subject
to
gain
admission
to
a
PhD
research
programme
.
Other
entry
qualifications
,
including
MSc
and
MPhil
,
will
be
assessed
individually
,
as
will
qualifications
from
non-UK
universities
.
Location
Southwark
Application
Procedure
Applicants
are
invited
to
contact
the
School
via
the
Head
of
Research
sending
an
outline
of
the
proposed
topic
and
a
CV
.
Alternatively
applicants
may
wish
to
discuss
their
proposal
by
phone
or
e-mail
.
The
Head
of
Research
will
then
consult
with
colleagues
to
establish
whether
or
not
appropriate
supervisory
staff
are
available
.
Applicants
may
then
be
asked
to
attend
an
interview
with
potential
supervisors
.
Contact
Person
Chung
Lam
020
7815
6914
Job
Title
Tel
No.
Introduction
The
wide
range
of
research
activities
undertaken
within
the
Faculty
,
together
with
the
mix
of
academic
staff
,
postdoctoral
research
fellows
and
visiting
professors
,
has
created
a
stimulating
and
diverse
postgraduate
environment
.
Our
commitment
to
research
excellence
and
our
supportive
administration
has
resulted
in
an
increase
in
student
numbers
in
the
last
few
years
and
our
research
groups
enjoy
national
and
international
recognition
in
their
respective
areas
.
Research
is
mainly
undertaken
within
the
many
research
centres
or
groups
that
are
based
within
the
Faculty
.
Most
of
the
academic
staff
belong
to
one
or
more
of
these
centres
or
groups
and
research
students
can
expect
to
join
a
small
team
working
on
particular
problems
.
The
centres
and
their
research
students
are
funded
from
a
wide
variety
of
sources
:
the
EPSRC
ESRC
,
DfID
,
RICS
;
other
UK
research
councils
,
institutions
and
societies
;
the
EU
;
UK
government
departments
and
initiatives
;
international
commercial
and
industrial
organisations
.
Faculty
Research
Centres
Energetics
Research
Group
Food
Research
Centre
The
London
Food
Centre
Medical
Architecture
Research
Unit
(
MARU
)
The
Nutrition
Research
Centre
Photophysics
Research
Centre
The
Centre
for
Physical
Electronics
and
Materials
(
PEM
)
Sports
and
Exercise
Research
Centre
The
Sustainable
Transport
Research
Centre
The
Thin
Film
Materials
&
Devices
Group
Waves
and
Field
Research
Group
Forensic
Science
Unit
Engineering
research
areas
Research
areas
include
:
acoustics
;
biomedical
instrumentation
;
cellular
neural
networks
and
image
processing
;
energy
engineering
;
ferroelectric
materials
;
heat
transfer
and
fluid
mechanics
;
magnetics
;
mathematical
modelling
and
software
;
microwave
dielectric
materials
;
manufacturing
;
material
science
including
surface
engineering
;
nanostructured
materials
;
photovoltaic
devices
;
polymers
,
semiconductors
and
superconductors
;
refrigeration
and
air
conditioning
;
robotics
;
photophysics
;
theory
of
dielectric
loss
;
thin
films
.
Science
research
areas
In
general
,
research
students
are
located
in
one
of
the
three
main
research
groups
(
Food
&
Nutrition
;
Energetics
Research
;
Sports
&
Exercise
Science
)
and
research
expertise
is
offered
in
:
food
science
and
technology
;
nutrition
;
biotechnology
and
forensic
science
;
chemical
engineering
;
sports
and
exercise
science
;
and
environmental
science
and
health
and
safety
.
Built
Environment
research
areas
The
disciplines
of
architecture
,
building
construction
,
civil
engineering
,
construction
management
and
surveying
provide
a
broad
foundation
of
research
interests
concerned
with
the
ÃÂhardÃÂ
side
of
the
industry
(
research
within
the
ÃÂsoftÃÂ
side
of
the
industry
is
undertaken
within
the
Faculty
of
Arts
and
Human
Sciences
)
.
The
Research
Committee
supports
specialist
research
groups
in
:
geotechnics
;
construction
technology
;
construction
management
;
construction
economics
and
international
studies
.
Most
research
students
register
initially
for
the
MPhil
programme
and
then
progress
on
to
the
Doctoral
track
following
satisfactory
completion
of
a
MPhil
Transfer
Report
,
after
20
months
of
study
.
An
interim
ten
month
report
is
also
required
of
all
research
students
.
A
member
of
staff
,
who
is
an
expert
in
the
chosen
field
,
is
directly
responsible
for
guiding
and
supporting
a
studentÃÂs
research
programme
.
If
required
,
a
secondary
supervisor
is
also
appointed
to
give
further
assistance
and
,
in
some
cases
,
an
expert
from
industry
may
also
be
invited
to
join
the
supervisory
team
.
Training
in
research
methods
is
available
through
frequent
research
seminars
.
When
necessary
the
research
student
can
follow
,
in
part
,
relevant
MSc
courses
available
within
the
Faculty
and
in
particular
units
on
research
methodology
.
In
some
cases
,
research
students
are
encouraged
to
follow
other
courses
available
within
the
University
or
externally
aimed
at
improving
their
general
expertise
in
their
chosen
areas
.
In
addition
,
they
may
be
encouraged
to
follow
language
courses
aimed
at
improving
their
oral
and
written
skills
ÃÂ
both
essential
in
their
future
careers
.
Research
students
are
often
sponsored
to
attend
national
and
international
conferences
and
to
meet
leading
scientists
in
their
fields
and
to
present
their
research
findings
.
The
progress
of
all
research
students
is
formally
monitored
by
the
UniversityÃÂs
Research
Degree
Committee
,
on
an
annual
basis
.
A
research
degree
can
,
indirectly
,
qualify
you
for
many
things
.
The
self
discipline
,
the
demand
for
clear
,
analytical
thinking
,
and
the
ability
to
turn
criticism
of
othersÃÂ
work
into
something
constructive
of
your
own
,
all
constitute
a
unique
training
for
almost
any
kind
of
career
.
And
the
excitement
and
satisfaction
of
finding
new
facts
,
a
new
idea
,
or
a
new
way
of
looking
at
something
can
reward
you
in
a
way
almost
no
other
activity
can
.
Updated
:
21
February
2005
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The
Relevance
of
Ancient
Teaching
in
Modern
Society
by
Guhen
Kitaoka
This
article
was
first
published
in
Rapport
Magazine
Issue
54
,
Winter
2001
,
and
is
reproduced
here
with
their
kind
permission
.
You
can
also
read
this
artcle
in
a
photographic
format
(
a
900KB
pdf
file
)
by
clicking
here
.
Many
NLPers
may
think
that
the
title
of
this
article
is
totally
irrelevant
to
them
.
The
purpose
of
this
article
is
to
let
them
know
that
it
is
indeed
very
relevant
to
them
as
modern
people
who
are
currently
experiencing
the
communicational
revolution
of
the
new
millennium
.
Integrations
I
have
for
some
time
suspected
that
humanity
may
have
begun
to
go
through
the
process
of
various
integrations
,
or
at
least
attempts
at
integrations
,
during
the
second
half
of
the
20th
century
.
Firstly
,
after
World
War
II
,
the
tourist
industries
in
the
world
mushroomed
,
thanks
to
the
advent
of
aeroplanes
,
and
produced
massive
flows
of
tourists
between
Western
and
Eastern
countries
.
This
contributed
to
'
cultural
integration
'
.
There
was
then
the
Woman
's
Lib
.
Movement
,
started
in
the
sixties
,
which
produced
'
gender
integration
'
where
women
have
begun
to
claim
strong
social
power
to
a
degree
simply
unimaginable
to
previous
generations
.
And
then
there
was
the
fall
of
the
Berlin
Wall
in
1989
,
which
precipitated
European
integration
,
or
'
economic
integration
'
for
that
matter
.
More
recently
,
the
end
of
Apartheid
in
South
Africa
in
1997
epitomised
'
racial
integration
'
.
It
is
clear
that
TV
has
been
very
probably
the
single
most
important
communicational
tool
which
precipitated
the
above
integrations
,
notably
the
economic
and
racial
ones
,
by
enabling
'
oppressed
'
people
to
see
'
the
other
side
of
the
world
'
or
what
would
be
possible
to
them
.
Without
this
tool
,
such
integrations
would
simply
not
have
been
possible
.
With
this
background
,
I
believe
that
humanity
has
taken
a
further
step
in
inventing
the
Internet
to
secure
global
flows
of
information
without
any
discrimination
of
culture
,
gender
,
economy
or
race
.
What
is
ahead
of
us
now
may
be
'
global
integration
'
,
which
would
both
include
and
transcend
all
the
recent
integrations
that
we
have
been
going
through
for
the
last
50
years
or
so
.
Let
's
imagine
how
people
would
have
communicated
100
years
ago
.
Then
it
would
have
taken
probably
more
than
a
year
to
have
one
round
of
correspondence
between
Europe
and
Japan
;
a
letter
needed
to
be
sent
by
ship
to
Japan
and
,
in
Japan
,
it
needed
to
be
delivered
to
the
other
person
by
foot
,
and
the
same
process
was
reversed
for
an
European
to
receive
a
reply
from
his
or
her
Japanese
correspondent
.
On
the
contrary
,
at
present
,
one
round
of
correspondence
with
anywhere
in
the
world
is
possible
in
a
matter
of
minutes
,
if
not
seconds
,
by
e-mail
.
This
is
simply
staggering
and
awe-inspiring
.
Before
the
advent
of
the
Internet
,
ordinary
people
had
been
able
to
benefit
from
telephone
,
radio
,
TV
,
facsimile
,
computers
,
jet
planes
,
satellites
,
nuclear
energy
,
etc.
,
and
the
process
of
our
daily
communication
had
been
accelerated
at
an
astronomical
rate
since
the
19th
century
,
without
usually
being
recognised
as
such[1
]
.
This
must
be
all
the
more
true
with
the
advent
of
the
Internet
.
Communication
Psychology
vs
the
Internet
I
sincerely
believe
that
the
acceleration
of
rates
of
interpersonal
communication
is
not
foreign
at
all
to
the
advent
of
NLP
in
California
around
1975
.
NLP
,
which
I
personally
call
the
ultimate
'
Communication
Psychology'[2
]
,
may
not
have
been
a
direct
cause
of
,
or
a
result
of
,
the
integrations
enumerated
above
,
but
it
is
not
very
difficult
to
intuitively
sense
the
interconnectivity
between
these
outer
social
changes
and
this
fascinating
intrapersonal
technology
.
That
is
,
in
my
opinion
,
NLP
is
the
first
(
and
paradoxically
probably
the
last
)
psychology
which
has
existed
in
human
history
as
a
branch
of
inner
science
,
which
can
cope
with
the
astronomical
rates
of
speed
of
outer
communication
epitomised
by
the
recently
born
Internet
.
I
can
expound
how
it
is
the
case
,
based
on
the
following
three
facts
:
It
is
commonly
accepted
that
NLP
was
practically
first
established
as
an
alternative
school
of
psychotherapy
;
in
my
opinion
,
it
had
gradually
transformed
itself
into
a
progressive
communication
psychology
by
1980
.
I
personally
experienced
around
2,000
hour-long
psychotherapy
sessions
including
Gestalt
,
Humanistic
Psychology
,
Encounter
,
Primal
,
Rebirthing
,
etc.
,
among
other
things
,
before
coming
to
know
NLP
in
1988
,
but
none
of
them
had
been
able
to
eradicate
the
particular
deep-seated
problems
I
had
wanted
to
get
rid
of
for
my
whole
life
.
It
is
true
that
,
when
I
underwent
these
'
traditional
'
psychotherapies
,
I
felt
freed
,
and
even
euphoric
at
times
,
but
their
effects
necessarily
wore
out
after
a
while
and
,
again
,
I
found
myself
exactly
the
same
person
I
used
to
be
before
going
through
these
psychotherapeutic
sessions
.
It
was
only
NLP
that
brought
me
everlasting
effects
and
changed
me
(
or
my
behavioural
patterns
,
to
be
more
precise
)
for
ever
,
in
a
real
,
existential
sense
.
I
therefore
can
experientially
understand
Anthony
Robbins
'
metaphors
that
:
a
)
all
the
existing
psychotherapeutic
schools
try
to
open
the
lid
of
the
kettle
(
the
client
)
whose
pressure
is
accumulating
,
only
to
find
that
the
client
feels
better
temporarily
but
has
to
come
back
to
the
same
therapist
again
and
again
to
get
rid
of
the
newly
accumulated
pressure
,
while
b
)
NLP
is
like
a
juke
box
,
where
,
if
button
A
is
pressed
,
and
bad
music
is
heard
,
and
if
button
B
is
pressed
,
and
good
music
is
heard
,
then
the
juke
box
can
be
re-wired
,
so
that
each
time
button
A
is
pressed
,
good
music
begins
to
be
heard
,
or
the
disk
with
the
bad
music
itself
can
be
removed
,
and
replaced
with
a
new
disk
with
good
music[3
]
.
The
Palo
Alto
Group[4
]
,
and
notably
Paul
Watzlawick
,
contributed
to
the
mapping
of
practically
all
the
patterns
of
human
communication[5
]
some
35
years
ago
,
and
also
elucidating
how
Brief
Therapy
-
developed
by
the
Palo
Alto
Group
,
or
NLP
for
that
matter
,
can
bring
everlasting
effects
to
clients
by
manipulating
the
'
contexts
'
of
their
problems
,
where
all
the
traditional
psychotherapies
miserably
fail
to
do
so
by
only
dealing
with
the
contents
of
the
clients
'
problems
.
This
elucidation
of
Watzlawick
is
based
on
The
Theory
of
Logical
Types
introduced
by
Alfred
N.
Whitehead
and
Bertrand
Russell
in
their
Principia
Mathematica
(
1910-13)[6
]
.
Gregory
Bateson
declared
,
in
his
posthumously
published
book[7
]
,
that
the
problems
proposed
by
Aristotle
2,500
years
ago
,
and
compounded
by
Descartes
,
had
been
already
solved
by
his
and/or
Russell
's
epistemology
.
Although
Bateson
is
so
humble
as
to
qualify
his
claim
by
adding
that
,
after
these
problems
have
been
sorted
out
,
new
problems
may
be
generated
,
this
statement
of
his
is
truly
awesome
;
it
means
that
the
problem
of
'
body/mind
'
dualism
since
Aristotle
has
been
solved
once
and
for
all
,
and
that
the
efforts
of
all
the
genius
philosophers
in
the
2,500
year
long
history
have
finally
paid
off
.
What
these
above
three
facts
suggest
is
that
such
thinkers
as
Whitehead
,
Russell
,
Bateson
,
Watzlawick
,
and
the
co-founders
of
NLP
,
have
somehow
managed
to
take
a
'
quantum
step
'
to
transcend
the
content
level
to
go
up
to
the
context
level
,
utilising
such
powerful
tools
as
'
the
Theory
of
Logical
Types
'
and
'
the
Theory
of
Probability
'
.
I
personally
think
that
this
'
one
small
step
for
man
'
may
be
far
more
significant
than
Neil
Armstrong
's
first
step
on
the
moon
.
The
reason
I
suggest
that
NLP
is
the
first
psychology
which
can
cope
with
the
astronomical
rates
of
speed
of
outer
communication
,
is
that
the
rate
of
development
of
the
recent
massive
outer
communication
technologies
,
first
represented
by
telephone
,
radio
,
TV
,
facsimile
and
computers
,
and
finally
culminating
in
the
Internet
,
has
been
reflected
also
in
the
field
of
inner
science
,
to
produce
what
I
call
Communication
Psychology[8
]
.
Also
,
the
reason
I
suggest
that
NLP
is
probably
the
'
last
'
such
psychology
is
that
,
although
the
first
'
quantum
step
'
along
the
logical
types
may
have
required
2,500
year-long
human
philosophical
investigations
,
the
series
of
subsequent
quantum
steps
could
be
achieved
rather
easily
by
repeating
what
has
been
already
proven
to
be
possible
.
There
will
be
nothing
new
any
more
in
those
subsequent
steps
after
the
very
first
one
.
The
Other
Side
of
the
Same
Coin
I
have
so
far
suggested
that
we
will
probably
go
through
the
'
global
integration
'
at
the
beginning
of
the
21st
century
,
brought
about
by
the
outer
communication
tools
like
the
Internet
,
and
that
we
have
communication
psychology
,
notably
NLP
,
already
in
our
hand
,
which
will
fortunately
enable
us
to
cope
with
the
massive
acceleration
of
outer
communication
technologies
-
without
which
we
may
become
easily
mad
in
front
of
the
overwhelming
quantity
of
information
we
need
to
face
and
intake
in
our
daily
life
.
However
,
this
is
not
the
end
of
the
story
.
It
is
only
one
side
of
the
coin
,
and
there
is
also
the
other
side
of
it
.
And
this
missing
side
is
indeed
related
to
the
title
of
this
article
,
and
is
about
ancient
teaching
in
India
.
For
the
purpose
of
this
article
,
and
in
order
to
simplify
the
subject
,
I
would
like
to
discuss
here
only
a
branch
of
Indian
philosophy/psychology
called
'
Vedanta
'
and
,
in
particular
,
one
of
the
branches
of
Vedanta
called
'
Advaita
Vedanta
'
initiated
by
probably
the
most
important
philosopher
in
human
history
,
Shankaracharya
,
who
lived
in
the
8th
century
AD
.
Vedanta
means
the
'
end
of
Vedas
'
,
and
is
an
ancient
Indian
system
of
inner
science
based
on
the
three
kinds
of
scriptures
,
i.e.
,
'
Upanishads
'
(
which
are
the
part
of
the
Veda
where
purely
philosophical
discussions
are
expounded
)
,
'
Brahma
Sutra
'
,
and
the
renowned
'
Bhagavad
Gita
'
,
a
chapter
of
Mahabharata
.
One
of
its
branches
,
Advaita
(
non-dualistic
)
Vedanta
expounds
that
our
real
self
(
'
Atman
'
in
Sanskrit
)
and
the
Universal
,
Transcendental
Self
(
'
Brahman
'
in
Sanskrit
)
are
one
and
the
same
.
The
reason
why
I
claim
that
Vedanta
,
notably
Advaita
Vedanta
,
is
the
other
side
of
the
same
coin
,
and
has
a
rather
urgent
relevance
to
modern
people
going
through
the
global
integration
,
is
that
what
has
been
discovered
by
modern
progressive
sciences
such
as
quantum
physics
and
by
Communication
Psychology
such
as
NLP
,
had
been
already
expounded
and
mapped
in
those
thousands
of
years
old
ancient
philosophical
scriptures
in
India[9
]
.
I
have
expounded
in
detail
in
my
recent
book[10
]
how
Advaita
Vedanta
and
NLP
have
presented
one
and
the
same
thing
as
concepts/models
,
but
can
here
mention
several
such
examples
:
One
of
the
most
important
writings
by
Shankaracharya
is
his
commentary
on
Mandukya
Upanishad[11
]
,
and
its
philosophical
conclusion
is
that
time
,
space
and
causality
are
all
illusion
.
This
conclusion
of
thousands
of
years
ago
is
nothing
but
that
of
modern
quantum
physics[12
]
.
Advaita
(
non-dualistic
)
Vedanta
posits
that
Absolute
God
(
'
Brahman
'
)
and
our
true
self
or
identity
(
'
Atman
'
)
are
nothing
but
identical
.
This
notion
is
closely
related
to
modern
Cybernetics
,
which
considers
the
whole
of
each
system
(
e.g.
,
locomotives
,
automobiles
,
computers
,
living
organisms
,
etc.
)
and
is
based
on
the
assumption
that
what
happens
in
one
part
(
element
)
of
a
given
system
will
necessarily
affect
all
of
the
other
parts
in
some
way
.
There
is
a
very
important
Vedanta
concept
called
'
Samskara
'
,
which
can
be
defined
as
'
habitual
patterns
of
psychophysical
activity'[13
]
,
or
as
'
the
sum-total
of
impressions
left
in
the
mind
by
past
actions'[14
]
.
Amazingly
,
this
is
nothing
but
'
programming
'
in
computer
terminology
,
or
NLP
's
'
Anchoring
'
for
that
matter
.
Vedanta
posits
the
concept
of
'
Five
Sheaths
(
'
Koshas
'
in
Sanskrit
)
'
which
cover
our
existence
.
They
are
-
from
the
bottom
1
)
the
physical
sheath
,
2
)
the
sheath
of
vital
energy
,
3
)
the
sheath
of
mind
,
4
)
the
sheath
of
the
intellect
,
and
5
)
the
sheath
of
blissfulness
.
This
concept
is
very
closely
related
to
Robert
Dilts
'
'
Logical
Levels'[15
]
,
and
to
Connirae
Andreas
'
'
Core
Transformation'[16
]
.
Vedanta
does
n't
discuss
NLP
's
'
4
Tuple
'
,
in
an
explicit
way
but
,
in
my
opinion
,
is
one
step
ahead
of
NLP
.
That
is
,
in
another
very
important
scripture
commented
by
Shankaracharya[17
]
,
it
is
repeatedly
suggested
that
our
real
self
(
Atman
)
is
something
which
our
five
senses
can
never
experience
,
and
is
the
witness
or
the
'
experiencer
'
operating
beyond
them
.
Now
,
perhaps
no
NLPers
have
asked
the
strange
question
:
"
Who
it
is
that
is
describing
my
own
experience
in
terms
of
the
VAKO(18
)
representational
systems
?
,
"
but
this
is
the
very
question
-
and
an
extremely
serious
one
-
which
may
provide
an
existential
answer
to
whether
the
title
of
this
article
is
indeed
relevant
to
NLPers
or
not
,
because
,
logically
speaking
,
we
cannot
describe
our
experience
in
the
VAKO
rep
systems
,
unless
we
are
something
which
transcends
them
.
The
conundrum
here
is
that
all
of
our
inner
experiences
are
intrinsically
describable
in
terms
of
the
VAKO
representational
systems
,
while
the
rep
systems
certainly
cannot
be
their
own
describers
!
Conclusion
Here
,
I
want
to
demystify
a
couple
of
major
myths
about
ancient
teaching
in
India
before
presenting
my
conclusion
.
'
Vedanta
is
a
religion
full
of
superstitions
'
:
As
I
indicated
above
,
Vedanta
consists
of
purely
philosophical
investigations
.
The
reason
for
this
myth
seems
to
be
that
Vedanta
is
based
on
scriptures
like
the
Upanishads
.
However
,
in
ancient
India
,
science
was
not
compartmentalised
as
it
is
now
,
where
we
have
all
kinds
of
disciplines
of
study
,
including
physics
,
chemistry
,
mathematics
,
philosophy
,
psychology
,
etc.
Therefore
,
in
order
legitimately
to
express
their
ideas
,
these
old
philosophers
had
to
resort
to
the
form
of
'
religious
'
literature
which
alone
was
available
to
them
.
Once
one
knows
the
way
to
decode
what
ancient
philosophers
encoded
in
their
scriptures
,
one
cannot
help
but
being
surprised
by
the
level
of
thoroughness
and
astuteness
of
their
inner
investigations
.
'
Ancient
India
was
certainly
less
advanced
than
modern
Western
countries
'
:
For
this
,
I
want
to
give
an
account
of
some
fascinating
anthropological
research[19
]
:
A
team
of
anthropologists
once
compared
the
Japanese
civilisation
with
the
Bushmen
's
civilisation
in
Africa
,
using
a
combination
of
interviews
and
field
work
.
At
a
first
glance
,
the
Japanese
civilisation
apparently
seemed
to
be
superior
because
the
Japanese
were
able
to
build
skyscrapers
,
high
speed
'
bullet
trains
'
,
computers
,
etc.
However
,
when
the
researchers
studied
the
Bushmen
's
civilisation
,
they
discovered
that
the
Bushmen
can
tell
the
direction
of
the
movement
of
a
herd
of
giraffes
,
how
long
ago
they
passed
,
and
how
many
there
were
,
simply
by
examining
the
excrement
left
by
them
on
the
ground
;
that
they
can
wash
their
face
,
body
and
clothes
with
only
a
glass
of
water
;
that
they
are
able
to
see
clearly
what
is
on
the
horizon
,
etc.
It
was
obvious
that
none
of
these
achievements
were
matched
by
the
Japanese
.
From
this
point
of
view
,
therefore
,
the
Bushmen
's
civilisation
could
be
considered
superior
to
the
Japanese
.
For
the
study
,
the
anthropologists
used
20,000
items
of
comparison
(
criteria
)
to
reach
as
'
objective
'
a
result
as
possible
,
and
when
they
came
to
the
end
of
their
exhaustive
research
comparing
the
two
civilisations
in
question
,
it
turned
out
that
the
Japanese
civilisation
was
'
superior
'
to
the
Bushmen
's
according
to
10,000
criteria
and
that
the
latter
was
'
superior
'
to
the
former
according
to
the
remaining
10,000
.
The
scientists
therefore
had
to
come
to
the
logical
conclusion
that
neither
of
these
civilisations
can
be
said
to
be
superior
to
the
other
,
i.e.
,
that
they
are
equal
.
Further
,
they
continued
to
apply
this
method
of
research
to
civilisations
around
the
world
,
and
,
whenever
they
compared
two
given
civilisations
-
A
and
B
,
they
always
arrived
at
the
same
conclusion
that
A
was
superior
to
B
by
10,000
criteria
,
and
vice
versa
.
This
meant
that
all
civilisations
are
equal
.
I
am
of
the
opinion
that
this
conclusion
is
also
the
case
with
the
myth
in
question
.
I
suggested
above
that
the
problem
of
'
body/mind
'
dualism
since
Aristotle
has
already
been
solved
once
and
for
all
by
Communication
Psychologists
,
and
that
the
whole
efforts
of
all
the
genius
philosophers
in
the
2,500
year-long
history
have
finally
paid
off
.
But
the
conclusions
that
Western
thinkers
have
arrived
at
after
these
tedious
and
tormenting
efforts
for
25
centuries
have
turned
out
to
be
only
something
which
ancient
philosophers
and
psychologists
in
India
already
knew
and
expounded
in
their
writing
well
before
Aristotle
.
In
this
connection
I
wrote
elsewhere
:
"
It
is
nothing
but
awe-inspiring
to
know
that
the
one
end
of
the
curve
line
which
started
to
be
drawn
by
the
'
inner
science
'
of
Vedanta
,
has
finally
been
reconnected
with
the
other
end
(
i.e.
,
the
starting
point
)
of
the
curve
[
by
Communication
Psychology
]
,
only
after
the
development
of
the
'
outer
science
'
for
thousands
of
years
;
namely
,
a
human
development
which
might
not
have
been
necessary."[20
]
This
is
the
whole
story
.
Like
Einstein
's
metaphor
that
the
whole
universe
is
so
warped
that
,
if
you
continue
to
go
straight
for
ever
,
you
will
come
back
exactly
to
the
back
of
your
head
,
the
two
extremities
,
or
the
two
sides
of
the
same
coin
for
that
matter
,
are
after
all
the
same
thing
;
or
the
alpha
is
the
omega
.
I
strongly
suggest
that
,
after
going
through
the
'
global
integration
'
as
indicated
above
,
we
will
need
to
close
the
loop
started
by
Aristotle
,
by
going
back
to
the
starting
point
,
and
seek
a
real
integration
of
the
newest
in
the
West
and
the
oldest
in
the
East
.
I
call
this
integration
the
'
epistemological
integration
'
.
©2001
Guhen
Kitaoka
Notes
&
References
1.
Kitaoka
,
Guhen
,
NLP
and
Spirituality
,
(
partially
published
over
the
Internet
,
1991
)
.
2.
It
was
Alan
Watts
who
used
this
term
to
describe
Gregory
Bateson
's
psychology
in
his
"
Psychotherapy
East
and
West
.
"
3.
Robbins
,
Anthony
,
Unlimited
Power
,
(
London
:
Simon
&
Schuster
,
1988
)
.
4.
The
Palo
Alto
Group
was
a
group
of
researchers
engaged
in
a
study
of
schizophrenia
,
etc.
at
the
Mental
Research
Institute
in
Palo
Alto
,
California
in
the
50
's
and
60
's
,
under
the
clinical
guidance
of
Don
Jackson
and
the
theoretical
guidance
of
Gregory
Bateson
.
It
included
Jackson
,
Bateson
,
Paul
Watzlawick
,
Jay
Haley
,
etc.
5.
Watzlawick
,
Paul
;
Bavelas
,
Janet
B.
&
Jackson
,
Don
D.
,
Pragmatics
of
Human
Communication
,
(
New
York
:
Norton
,
1967
)
.
6.
Watzlawick
,
Paul
;
Weakland
,
John
H.
&
Fisch
,
Richard
,
Change
,
(
New
York
:
Norton
,
1974
)
.
7.
Bateson
,
Gregory
&
Bateson
,
Mary
C.
,
Angels
Fear
,
(
London
:
Rider
,
1988
)
.
8.
Here
,
Communication
Psychology
includes
Batesonian
Epistemology
,
the
psychology
of
the
Palo
Alto
Group
,
and
the
technology
of
NLP
.
9.
Most
of
the
writings
by
Shankaracharya
,
who
lived
1,200
years
ago
,
are
his
commentaries
on
those
ancient
scriptures
.
10
.
Kitaoka
,
Guhen
,
CYBERBOOK
:
An
Integral
Epistemology
for
Enlightenment
(
a
CD-ROM
book
)
,
(
London
:
Creativity
Enhancement
Ltd
,
2000
)
.
11
.
Shankaracharya
,
Sri
,
The
Mandukya
Upanishad
with
Gaudapada
's
Karika
and
Shankara
's
Commentary
,
(
Calcutta
:
Advaita
Ashrama
,
1987
)
.
12
.
For
instance
,
see
the
article
:
'
HNLP
'
:
Quantum
Theory
Applied
to
NLP
'
by
Michael
Carroll
in
Rapport
41
,
Autumn
1998
.
13
.
Watts
,
Alan
,
Psychotherapy
:
East
&
West
,
(
New
York
:
Vintage
Books
,
1975
)
.
14
:
Vivekananda
,
Swami
,
Raja-Yoga
,
(
Calcutta
:
Advaita
Ashrama
,
1982
)
.
15
.
Dilts
,
Robert
,
Changing
Belief
Systems
with
NLP
,
(
Cupertino
:
Meta
Publications
,
1990
)
.
16
.
Andreas
,
Connirae
&
Andreas
,
Tamara
,
Core
Transformation
,
(
Moab
:
Real
People
Press
,
1994
)
.
17
.
Shankaracharya
,
Sri
,
The
Brihadaranyaka
Upanishad
(
commentary
)
,
(
Calcutta
:
Advaita
Ashrama
,
1988
)
.
18
.
This
should
be
'
VAKOG
'
to
be
more
precise
,
but
'
G
'
(
'
Gustatory
'
)
may
be
included
in
'
O
'
(
'
Olfactor
'
)
,
because
these
two
representational
systems
may
be
rarely
used
.
19
:
This
is
based
on
the
account
given
by
Prof.
Masanori
Nishie
,
one
of
the
most
prominent
anthropological
professors
in
Japan
,
in
one
of
his
lectures
at
Waseda
University
in
Tokyo
.
20
.
Kitaoka
,
Guhen
,
NLP
and
Spirituality
,
(
partially
published
over
the
Internet
,
1991
)
.
First
published
in
Rapport
Magazine
Issue
54
,
Winter
2001
(
Association
for
NLP
in
Britain
).
This
article
is
reproduced
here
with
their
kind
permission
.
The
Impact
of
Science
Centres
on
Science
Education
;
Wellcome
Trust
:
This
study
measures
impact
on
various
groups
which
utilise
science
centres
in
5
locations
in
England
and
Scotland
,
including
school
ÃÂchildren
,
adults
,
scientific
societies
and
teachers
.
Data
is
collected
via
a
range
of
techniques
including
face
to
face
interviews
,
walk
and
talk
observations
,
focus
groups
and
questionnaires
,
this
results
in
the
need
for
both
qualitative
and
quantitative
data
.
Contact
:
Usha
Boolaky
(
usha@crgresearch.co.uk
)
Bro
Morgannwg
:
Referral
Management
Pilots
ÃÂ
Baseline
Study
and
Evaluation
The
Welsh
Assembly
Government
is
funding
7
Referral
Management
Pilots
in
Wales
during
2005/06
.
Referral
Management
Pilots
are
mechanisms
put
in
place
across
or
within
local
health
boards
which
aim
to
monitor
and
influence
referrals
into
secondary
or
tertiary
care
.
Each
of
the
pilots
chosen
across
Wales
has
developed
its
own
set
of
objectives
,
management
system
and
work
programme
.
The
research
project
,
which
is
being
carried
out
jointly
with
Cardiff
UniversityÃÂs
Centre
for
Health
Sciences
Research
consists
of
a
literature
review
of
referral
management
programmes
that
have
been
undertaken
in
the
UK
and
worldwide
highlighting
how
operation
and
experiences
can
be
linked
to
the
Health
Service
in
Wales
.
A
baseline
review
will
be
conducted
to
assess
how
much
progress
each
pilot
area
has
made
in
meeting
its
objectives
,
the
initial
findings
of
which
will
be
disseminated
amongst
all
pilot
project
managers
at
a
workshop
event
.
Further
analysis
of
each
areaÃÂs
progress
will
be
made
in
order
to
draw
conclusion
on
how
successful
it
has
been
in
reaching
its
objectives
at
the
end
of
the
pilot
period
.
Analysis
will
be
informed
by
both
primary
and
secondary
research
,
including
one
to
one
interviews
with
pilot
project
managers
and
other
relevant
stakeholders
.
The
final
report
and
experiences
and
examples
of
good
practice
will
be
presented
at
a
second
knowledge
sharing
event
.
Contact
:
Katy
Skidmore
(
katy@crgresearch.co.uk
)
DfES
Positive
Activities
for
Young
People
Following
from
the
Evaluation
of
Summer
Plus
for
DfES
,
CRG
are
currently
conducting
a
3
year
study
to
evaluate
the
cross
Departmental
Positive
Activities
for
Young
People
programme
.
Tracking
a
sample
of
22
areas
,
the
work
entails
reviewing
the
existing
evidence
and
assessing
the
extent
to
which
PAYP
activities
use
the
existing
evidence
of
ÃÂwhat
worksÃÂ
to
guide
activities
;
assessing
the
delivery
models
used
and
identifying
issues
for
future
delivery
;
assessing
the
effectiveness
of
targeting
of
young
people
at
risk
;
assessing
the
effectiveness
/
quality
of
the
activities
;
examining
barriers
to
the
delivery
of
the
programme
;
examining
the
impact
of
the
programme
on
the
individual
young
people
;
assessing
the
recruitment
of
young
people
,
how
they
move
through
the
programmes
once
recruited
and
in
particular
the
impact
on
their
return
to
learning
and
retention
;
examining
the
impact
of
PAYP
on
parents
and
community
cohesion
;
examining
the
extent
of
good
practice
sharing
;
identifying
any
value
added
and
involving
young
people
in
the
evaluation
.
Contact
:
Richard
Self
(
richardself@crgresearch.co.uk
)
Monitoring
of
New
Project
Fund:Office
of
the
Deputy
Prime
Minister
CRG
is
working
in
conjunction
with
Morgan
Harris
Burrows
and
Evidence
Led
Solutions
in
an
evaluation
of
the
Arson
Control
Forum
's
(
ACF
)
New
Project
Implementation
Fund
.
The
work
commissioned
by
the
Office
of
the
Deputy
Prime
Minister
and
builds
upon
previous
research
findings
from
the
same
evaluation
team
.
CRG
's
focus
is
on
identifying
the
cost
effectiveness
of
various
interventions
aimed
at
reducing
the
incidence
of
arson
.
In
so
doing
,
CRG
will
draw
upon
the
wider
issues
of
process
/
implementation
and
impact
.
Contact
:
Steve
Raybould
(
steve@crgresearch.co.uk
)
DfES
U
Project
Evaluation
of
DfES
Uproject
,
a
summer
activities
programme
for
young
people
who
are
leaving
school
at
16
and
who
arenÃÂt
sure
what
to
do
next
.
The
Uproject
is
a
strand
of
PAYP
and
runs
a
programme
of
summer
holiday
activities
for
15
and
16
year
olds
who
are
in
danger
of
becoming
NEET
(
not
in
education
,
training
or
employment
)
.
It
provides
developmental
opportunities
for
those
who
have
made
no
commitment
to
continue
in
education
or
seek
employment
as
well
as
providing
structured
support
and
careers
guidance
.
The
aim
is
to
aid
school
leavers
in
making
positive
choices
for
their
future
on
leaving
compulsory
education
.
Each
young
person
should
have
a
personalised
action
plan
on
entry
to
the
programme
.
Older
young
people
are
allowed
access
where
they
have
learning
difficulties
or
disabilities
.
The
overall
objective
is
to
engage
the
target
group
in
a
programme
of
activities
,
based
on
creativity
,
challenge
,
adventure
and
support
and
guidance
.
The
New
Opportunities
evaluation
of
the
previous
years
programme
was
critical
of
the
quality
of
support
and
guidance
in
some
projects
.
Contact
:
Richard
Self
(
richardself@crgresearch.co.uk
)
Coronary
Heart
Disease
:
The
Big
Lottery
Fund
The
Big
Lottery
has
allocated
funds
to
a
number
of
,
mainly
voluntary
sector
,
local
initiatives
to
reduce
the
impact
of
cancer
and
heart
disease
on
sufferers/patients
.
These
include
advice
,
support
and
respite
for
relatives
.
The
evaluation
carried
out
in
conjunction
with
SECTA
ÃÂ
a
consultancy
specialising
in
public
sector
health
and
social
services
management
ÃÂ
looks
at
the
totality
of
the
initiative
.
CRGÃÂs
role
is
to
product
a
number
of
case
studies
in
Scotland
,
Wales
and
Northern
Ireland
to
flesh
out
the
more
statistical
sides
of
the
study
carried
out
by
SECTA
.
Contact
:
Andrew
Rix
(
andrew@crgresearch.co.uk
)
Study
into
Construction
Opportunities
in
Rhondda
Cynon
Taff
:
RCT
A
project
commissioned
by
Rhondda
Cynon
Taff
County
Borough
Council
that
aims
to
identify
ways
of
stimulating
and
supporting
employment
and
training
within
RCT
's
construction
sector
.
The
research
will
encapsulate
a
review
of
the
current
and
future
demand
for
,
and
provision
of
,
construction
staff
,
skills
and
training
,
and
identify
the
enabling
and
constraining
factors
faced
by
local
employers
and
job
seekers
.
This
information
will
be
used
to
identify
appropriate
procurement
models
and
wider
support
systems
that
can
stimulate
construction
employment
in
the
County
.
Contact
:
Richard
Gaunt
(
richard@crgresearch.co.uk
)
IPCC
Comprehensive
Performance
Framework
In
November
2005
the
IPCC
accepted
the
recommendations
contained
in
CRGÃÂs
report
ÃÂOversight
and
Overlap
:
Accountability
in
PolicingÃÂ
which
involved
developing
an
intelligence
led
model
for
its
oversight
(
inspection0
of
Police
Forces
in
respect
of
Complaints
.
One
of
the
recommendations
stemming
from
the
Commissions
meeting
is
the
development
of
a
Performance
Framework
which
sets
out
what
the
Commission
will
do
,
what
it
expects
from
others
and
what
indicators
it
will
use
to
assess
performance
.
CRG
have
been
asked
to
assist
in
the
development
of
the
framework
and
its
associated
indicators
.
This
will
involve
mapping
out
the
activities
,
based
on
the
Commissions
Statutory
Guidelines
,
and
the
indicators
,
based
on
current
police
force
,
HMIC
,
Police
Authority
and
Home
Office
data
sets
.
A
draft
Framework
document
will
be
the
subject
of
a
consultation
exercise
involving
stakeholder
and
partner
organisations
such
as
the
Home
Office
,
APA
ACPO
and
HMIC
.
Contact
:
Andrew
Rix
(
andrew@crgresearch.co.uk
)
Police
Foundation
:
Action
Research
on
the
Local
Resolultion
of
Police
Complaints
The
Police
Foundation
is
currently
collaborating
with
the
Institute
of
Criminal
Policy
Research
(
KingÃÂs
College
,
London
)
in
an
independent
study
of
the
system
of
local
resolution
of
complaints
against
the
police
.
The
study
is
funded
over
three
years
by
a
grant
from
the
National
Lottery
.
In
this
final
year
,
the
original
sponsors
have
been
joined
by
the
Independent
Police
Complaints
Commission
(
IPCC
)
to
evaluate
innovations
in
the
complaint
handling
system
arising
out
of
the
last
two
years
research
and
police
service
initiatives
.
CRG
have
been
subcontracted
to
interview
the
Deputy
Chief
Constables
in
the
Avon
&
Somerset
and
the
Dorset
Police
forces
and
the
chairs
of
those
police
authorities
.
Contact
:
Andrew
Rix
(
andrew@crgresearch.co.uk
)
Wales
Audit
Office
:
Examination
of
Day
Surgery
-
Survey
of
Patients
and
Consultants
CRG
have
been
commissioned
to
manage
,
deliver
and
analyse
a
value
for
money
survey
aimed
at
both
day
case
patients
and
consultants
managing
day
cases
.
One
of
the
key
objectives
of
the
study
is
to
answer
a
number
of
questions
about
the
impact
of
day
surgery
on
patients
,
particularly
whether
day
surgery
good
for
patients
,
if
there
are
sound
pre-operative
assessment
and
discharge
processes
for
patients
undergoing
day
surgery,is
post
discharge
support
adequate
to
meet
patients
needs
,
together
with
a
series
of
questions
around
links
between
secondary
care
,
primary
care
and
social
services
to
support
patients
who
have
been
through
day
surgery
.
A
sample
of
patients
will
be
drawn
from
the
12
main
NHS
trusts
throughout
Wales
and
will
be
drawn
from
four
specialities
,
namely
,
general
surgery
,
urology
,
gynaecology
and
ophthalmology
.
Contact
:
Paula
Shinton
(
paula@crgresearch.co.uk
)
Exit
Evaluation
of
the
WDA
's
Accelerate
Wales
Programme
The
Accelerate
Wales
Programme
is
an
initiative
developed
in
consultation
with
and
for
the
Welsh
automotive
industry
,
focusing
on
the
improvement
of
supply
chain
performance
and
encouraging
firms
to
take
advantage
of
the
support
that
can
be
provided
to
them
by
government
sponsored
programmes
.
It
will
be
the
responsibility
of
CRG
Research
to
conduct
an
exit
evaluation
of
this
programme
in
order
to
establish
the
impact
of
the
AWP
upon
the
Automotive
Sector
in
Wales
by
identifying
whether
the
Programme
has
achieved
its
original
remit
.
This
will
be
accomplished
by
conducting
a
number
of
telephone
interviews
with
key
informants
,
project
champions
(
those
in
lead
companies
participating
in
the
programme
)
and
their
suppliers
.
Information
gathered
during
this
stage
will
then
be
investigated
in
greater
detail
by
performing
face-to-face
interviews
Contact
:
Christian
Tipples
(
christian@crgresearch.co.uk
)
National
College
for
School
Leadership
:
Consultant
Bursars
'
Programme
Research
Increasing
emphasis
is
being
placed
upon
delivering
school
leadership
,
and
the
NCSL
currently
offers
two
courses
designed
to
provide
better
trained
school
bursars
.
This
research
project
looks
at
developing
the
bursar
role
further
through
the
development
of
a
Consultant
Bursars
Programme
,
where
bursars
are
given
skills
to
actively
engage
and
support
a
number
of
schools
in
their
area
.
CRG
is
responsible
for
carrying
out
an
extensive
consultation
exercise
,
allowing
the
issues
surrounding
the
programme
to
be
explored
in
detail
with
bursars
,
schools
,
Local
Education
Authorities
and
other
key
informants
.
The
findings
will
inform
assessments
and
conclusions
regarding
demand
,
supply
and
delivery
of
the
programme
.
Contact
:
Usha
Boolaky
(
usha@crgresearch.co.uk
)
Raise
Your
Game
:
National
Assembly
for
Wales
The
BBC
/
Welsh
Assembly
Government
ÃÂRaise
Your
GameÃÂ
Project
uses
sport
and
role
models
to
promote
and
inspire
the
development
of
Key
Skills
.
The
primary
medium
used
by
the
project
is
a
BBC
Wales
Sports
website
,
which
is
supported
by
television
coverage
and
roadshows
to
promote
awareness
of
the
website
.
The
methodology
of
the
evaluation
employs
a
mixture
of
face-to-face
interviews
with
stakeholders
,
a
review
of
website
data
,
and
focus
groups
with
education
practitioners
and
young
people
to
assess
the
impact
of
the
project
.
Contact
:
Andrew
Rix
(
andrew@crgresearch.co.uk
)
WDA
:
An
Evaluation
of
the
Strategic
Review
of
the
Implementation
of
Rural
Programmes
in
Wales
CRG
Research
Ltd
ÃÂ
jointly
with
Old
Bell
3
European
and
Economic
Development
Services
,
Faber
Maunsell
,
Miller
Research
and
Dateb
-
were
commissioned
to
undertake
an
Evaluation
and
Strategic
Review
of
the
Rural
Programmes
in
Wales
.
The
objective
of
this
project
is
to
assist
in
the
WDA
and
the
AssemblyÃÂs
assessment
and
understanding
of
the
value
and
contribution
that
the
rural
programmes
make
in
delivering
the
strategy
and
objectives
of
ÃÂWales
ÃÂ
A
Better
CountryÃÂ
and
ÃÂA
Winning
WalesÃÂ
.
It
is
also
being
used
to
assess
the
way
in
which
the
rural
programmes
are
being
managed
,
to
identify
best
practice
and
to
explore
any
potential
improvements
that
can
be
introduced
.
There
are
four
elements
to
the
evaluation
:
LEADER+
Regional
Evaluation
;
An
Evaluation
of
the
Rural
Community
Action
Programme
;
An
Evaluation
of
the
Article
33
Programme
and
the
Strategic
Review
of
the
Complimentarity
of
the
Specific
Rural
Programmes
with
other
programmes
delivered
in
rural
Wales
to
support
economic
and
community
regeneration
.
The
evaluation
is
commissioned
within
the
context
of
a
package
of
work
that
is
being
undertaken
to
measure
and
assess
the
implementation
,
outputs
and
outcomes
of
the
programmes
in
question
.
Contact
:
Richard
Gaunt
(
richard@crgresearch.co.uk
)
Construction
Sector
Pilot
Learning
Clusters
Project
:
Option
paper
CRG
are
currently
evalauting
the
CITB
ConstructionSkills
Wales
Learning
Clusters
pilot
project
.
The
aim
of
the
Learning
Clusters
Pilot
is
to
improve
business
performance
and
staff
skill
levels
in
a
group
of
construction
sector
SMEs
through
collaborative
approaches
.
The
secondary
aimsa
are
:
to
improve
the
level
of
IiP
take-up
in
the
sector
;
gain
experience
of
'
cluster
'
approaches
to
improving
business
performance
and
training
take-up
cost-effectively
.
Contact
:
Richard
Gaunt
(
richard@crgresearch.co.uk
)
CITB
:
Construction
Industry
Council
The
aim
of
the
project
is
to
produce
an
overall
summary
of
employment
and
skill
levels
,
shortages
,
availabilities
and
needs
for
those
professions
and
occupations
covered
by
the
CIC
in
Wales,support
CITB
ConstructionSkills
Wales
,
formulate
strategies
for
improving
recruitment
,
training
and
development
to
meet
the
needs
of
employers
covered
by
the
CIC
in
Wales
.
Contact
:
Richard
Gaunt
(
richard@crgresearch.co.uk
)
Training
Needs
Analysis
-
Pembrokeshire
Country
Council
/
Irish
Exporters
Assocation
This
project
is
commissioned
by
Economic
Development
Division
,
Pembrokeshire
County
Council
,
for
consultancy
services
to
carry
out
a
Training
Needs
Analysis
(
TNA
)
survey
of
users
of
the
ports
of
Fishguard
,
Milford
Haven
and
Pembroke
Dock
-
as
a
part
of
the
INTERREG
IIIA
funded
I-SEA.Net
initiative
.
The
I-SEA.Net
initiative
is
a
joint
Welsh-Irish
initiative
,
designed
to
improve
the
competitiveness
of
the
ports
of
Fishguard
,
Pembroke
Dock
,
Milford
Haven
,
New
Ross
,
Rosslare
and
Waterford
-
in
particular
through
promoting
greater
effectiveness
in
the
use
of
Information
and
Communication
Technologies
(
ICT
)
amongst
businesses
and
agencies
associated
with
these
ports
.
The
project
is
expected
to
complete
by
June
2005
.
Contact
:
Richard
Gaunt
(
richard@crgresearch.co.uk
)
Women
into
Management
Programme
:
Skillfast-UK
CRG
have
developed
and
delivered
a
pilot
development
programme
for
9
female
managers
,
on
behalf
of
Skillfast-UK
,
the
apparel
,
footwear
and
textile
Sector
Skills
Council
.
The
programme
aims
to
improve
skills
and
increase
the
number
of
females
occupying
management
positions
within
the
sector
in
Wales
,
and
in
the
longer-term
,
support
a
step
change
in
business
performance
and
productivity
across
the
UK
.
The
programme
consists
of
psychometric
tests
(
MBTI
and
Belbin
)
,
work
related
assessments
(
mapped
to
the
SEFDI
and
MSC
business
standards
)
,
workshops
,
1:1
support
,
consultant
support
and
mentoring
.
The
programme
was
accredited
by
The
Institute
of
Leadership
and
Management
(
ILM
)
.
It
is
hoped
that
further
funding
will
be
secured
to
enable
Skillfast-UK
to
commission
a
wider
roll-out
of
this
important
programmme
.
Teaching
and
Learning
Aims
Goal
1
:
To
ensure
that
the
quality
of
the
student
learning
experience
is
informed
and
enhanced
by
the
School
's
commitment
to
being
a
research-led
institution
Goal
2
:
To
maintain
and
enhance
existing
quality
and
standards
of
provision
in
learning
and
teaching
Goal
3
:
To
emphasise
student-centred
learning
and
the
development
of
all
students
as
effective
life-long
learners
Goal
4
:
To
facilitate
and
ensure
efficiency
in
the
delivery
of
learning
and
teaching
Goal
5
:
To
provide
breadth
and
diversity
within
programme
provision
Goal
6
:
To
support
learning
and
teaching
as
a
career
route
for
some
academic
staff
in
a
research-led
institution
Goal
7
:
To
contribute
to
life-long
learning
through
provision
for
continuing
personal
and
professional
development
Goal
8
:
To
facilitate
recruitment
and
retention
of
non-traditional
groups
in
higher
education
Context
A
number
of
features
of
the
School
of
Computer
Science
are
important
in
forming
a
context
to
its
Learning
and
Teaching
Strategy
.
Events
since
2000
have
caused
a
sharp
downturn
in
employment
prospects
for
graduates
in
Computer
Science
(
and
allied
disciplines
,
such
as
Electronic
Engineering
)
.
This
has
fed
through
into
reduced
applications
.
The
quota
for
home/EU
undergraduate
students
has
been
reduced
by
30
;
recruitment
to
the
conversion
MSc
has
fallen
sharply
.
The
total
entry
(
undergraduate
and
taught
postgraduate
)
for
2003
is
about
60
lower
than
in
2002
.
Total
FTEs
have
risen
slightly
as
the
effects
of
earlier
increases
in
intake
work
through
,
but
will
begin
to
fall
from
2004
onwards
given
current
intakes
.
The
sharp
reduction
in
the
intake
to
the
conversion
MSc
means
that
the
contribution
of
MSc
students
to
the
overall
FTE
load
has
reduced
to
around
12
%
from
around
20
%
three
years
ago
.
Recruiting
teaching
staff
with
good
research
records
in
some
key
areas
of
teaching
(
in
particular
information
systems
,
software
engineering
proper
,
systems
analysis
,
software
design
,
professional
practice
)
is
very
difficult
.
Teaching
in
some
areas
depends
on
the
availability
of
visiting
lecturers
,
making
it
very
vulnerable
to
externally
imposed
changes
.
The
School
has
been
very
active
in
promoting
and
seeking
partners
for
joint
programmes
,
and
as
a
result
operates
a
large
number
of
overlapping
degree
programmes
.
In
addition
to
the
School
's
four
undergraduate
and
three
MSc
programmes
,
eight
joint
programmes
are
currently
accepting
entrants
:
six
undergraduate
programmes
involving
Computer
Science/Software
Engineering/Computer
Studies
and
two
undergraduate
programmes
involving
Artificial
Intelligence
.
Three
further
programmes
are
being
phased
out
.
Thus
the
School
is
currently
involved
in
18
degree
programmes
,
although
this
will
fall
to
15
when
students
on
discontinued
programmes
graduate
.
Computer
Science
is
a
rapidly
changing
discipline
.
The
content
of
many
modules
requires
regular
,
even
annual
updating
.
To
remain
attractive
to
students
,
resources
must
be
kept
close
to
'
state-of-the-art
'
.
Along
with
a
few
other
disciplines
,
such
as
Electronic
Engineering
,
Computer
Science
is
both
a
consumer
and
a
producer
of
new
developments
in
Information
and
Communications
Technology
(
ICT
)
.
The
School
already
uses
ICT
to
deliver
information
and
teaching
support
via
the
web
,
and
uses
it
in
areas
such
as
the
automated
processing
of
student
questionnaires
.
This
use
must
continue
to
expand
,
both
to
improve
efficiency
but
also
,
parallel
to
(
5
)
above
,
to
demonstrate
to
students
the
School
's
commitment
to
remaining
close
to
'
state-of-the-art
'
.
The
QAA
Subject
Review
and
the
accreditation
visit
by
the
BCS
and
IEE
,
both
in
2003
,
used
up
valuable
staff
time
which
could
otherwise
have
been
devoted
to
some
of
the
action
points
in
the
2000
Learning
and
Teaching
Strategy
.
Teaching
and
Learning
Aims
The
overall
aim
of
the
School
's
Learning
and
Teaching
Strategy
is
to
maintain
and
enhance
the
existing
quality
and
standards
of
the
student
learning
experience
,
while
continuing
to
respond
to
changes
in
both
the
subject
and
the
educational
environment
.
In
order
to
achieve
this
aim
,
the
School
's
strategy
is
focussed
around
eight
goals
.
To
ensure
that
the
quality
of
the
student
learning
experience
is
informed
and
enhanced
by
the
School
's
commitment
to
being
a
research-led
institution
.
To
maintain
and
enhance
existing
quality
and
standards
of
provision
in
learning
and
teaching
.
To
emphasise
student-centred
learning
and
the
development
of
all
students
as
effective
life-long
learners
.
To
facilitate
and
ensure
efficiency
in
the
delivery
of
learning
and
teaching
.
To
provide
breadth
and
diversity
within
programme
provision
.
To
support
learning
and
teaching
as
a
career
route
for
some
academic
staff
in
a
research-led
institution
.
To
contribute
to
life-long
learning
through
provision
for
continuing
personal
and
professional
development
.
To
facilitate
recruitment
and
retention
of
non-traditional
groups
in
higher
education
.
Goal
1
:
To
ensure
that
the
quality
of
the
student
learning
experience
is
informed
and
enhanced
by
the
School
's
commitment
to
being
a
research-led
institution
The
School
obtained
a
5
in
the
last
RAE
and
is
committed
to
maintaining
or
improving
its
rating
in
the
next
RAE/RQA
.
It
is
equally
committed
to
ensuring
that
its
research
feeds
into
learning
and
teaching
.
Periodic
previews
of
the
content
of
existing
programmes
(
now
part
of
programme
review
)
will
ensure
that
Goal
1
is
kept
to
the
forefront
of
curriculum
planning
.
Level
4
of
the
MEng
in
Computer
Science/Software
Engineering
is
operating
for
the
first
time
in
2003/04
.
Over
the
next
three
years
,
Teaching
Committee
will
consider
replacing
'
extended
'
Level
3
modules
by
further
research-led
modules
,
provided
student
numbers
hold
up
.
AI
and
Cognitive
Science
form
a
major
strand
of
the
School
's
research
,
although
they
are
not
as
well-represented
in
advanced
teaching
.
Teaching
Committee
will
need
to
consider
whether
there
are
any
opportunities
for
developments
in
this
area
.
When
EPSRC
support
for
the
MSc
in
Natural
Computation
ceases
,
the
School
will
consider
the
integration
of
its
advanced
Masters
programmes
.
The
possibility
of
using
the
title
MRes
will
be
explored
.
A
Level
3
individual
study
module
has
been
introduced
,
although
it
has
only
attracted
one
or
two
students
a
year
to
date
.
A
further
Level
4
module
is
planned
,
although
not
an
immediate
priority
.
Goal
2
:
To
maintain
and
enhance
existing
quality
and
standards
of
provision
in
learning
and
teaching
The
robustness
of
the
School
's
QA
mechanisms
was
demonstrated
by
the
successful
QAA
Subject
Review
in
February
2003
.
The
Staff
Handbook
was
noted
as
'
good
practice
'
in
the
2003
BCS/IEE
Accreditation
Visit
.
Bi-annual
curriculum
review
meetings
will
continue
,
forming
part
of
the
new
process
of
programme
review
.
Programme
review
will
come
into
full
operation
and
will
need
to
be
monitored
for
efficiency
and
effectiveness
.
Although
some
changes
have
been
made
,
disseminating
good
practice
remains
a
possible
weakness
to
be
addressed
by
Teaching
Committee
.
'
Closing
the
loop
'
and
documenting
this
process
needs
further
development
,
particularly
with
regard
to
comments
made
by
External
Examiners
.
Goal
3
:
To
emphasise
student-centred
learning
and
the
development
of
all
students
as
effective
life-long
learners
The
School
is
fully
committed
to
this
Goal
.
The
fast-changing
nature
of
computing
science
makes
it
essential
that
students
become
effective
life-long
learners
since
specific
knowledge
and
skills
provided
by
a
degree
programme
have
a
short
'
half-life
'
.
As
noted
in
(
3
)
in
the
Context
,
the
School
has
particular
difficulty
in
recruiting
teaching
staff
in
some
areas
regarded
as
important
by
employers
.
This
makes
even
more
important
the
need
to
enable
students
to
be
able
to
learn
independently
.
Little
was
achieved
in
this
area
in
2000-2003
,
and
the
action
points
below
are
largely
unchanged
.
More
support
and
encouragement
(
and
possibly
direct
instruction
)
is
needed
to
ensure
that
students
acquire
appropriate
skills
,
such
as
planning
and
implementing
self-set
tasks
,
effectively
managing
their
time
,
or
fully
utilizing
available
resources
,
including
online
material
.
Module
syllabuses
need
to
identify
more
clearly
what
independent
study
students
are
required
to
undertake
to
meet
the
modules
'
learning
outcomes
,
how
long
this
study
should
take
and
what
resources
are
provided
.
One
strategy
might
be
the
more
extensive
use
of
well-targetted
and
co-ordinated
formative
assignments
.
Assessment
strategies
need
to
be
developed
to
ensure
that
prompt
and
appropriate
feedback
can
be
provided
to
aid
students
in
assessing
the
effectiveness
of
their
learning
.
Online
and
other
computer-assisted
forms
of
assessment
need
to
be
explored
further
(
which
will
also
have
the
benefit
of
reducing
the
load
on
teaching
staff
)
.
Staff
development
needs
of
teaching
staff
in
terms
of
the
development
of
student-centred
learning
need
to
be
evaluated
and
used
to
influence
provision
both
within
the
University
and
within
the
School
.
Goal
4
:
To
facilitate
and
ensure
efficiency
in
the
delivery
of
learning
and
teaching
This
Goal
is
partly
subsumed
by
Goal
3
,
in
that
if
students
are
encouraged
to
be
effective
and
self-motivated
learners
,
less
staff
time
will
be
consumed
in
inappropriate
highly
directed
teaching
.
In
principle
,
sharing
modules
between
overlapping
programmes
promotes
efficient
delivery
of
learning
and
teaching
.
However
,
Teaching
Committee
will
continue
to
monitor
the
trade-off
between
teaching
efficiency
and
educational
appropriateness
for
all
students
in
diverse
groups
.
Increased
numbers
of
staff
and
research
students
has
meant
that
the
availability
of
smaller
rooms
for
tutorials
has
again
become
a
serious
problem
.
The
School
will
need
to
continue
to
work
with
the
University
to
obtain
extra
accommodation
.
The
2000
Strategy
noted
that
administrative
problems
contribute
significantly
to
the
current
workload
involved
in
the
delivery
of
learning
and
teaching
.
During
2000-2003
,
there
was
no
improvement
in
the
Student
Records
System
--
indeed
as
of
October
2003
,
the
situation
was
significantly
worse
,
since
no
options
choices
had
been
entered
into
the
system
.
The
development
of
the
School
Information
System
,
although
apparently
a
duplication
of
resources
,
has
enabled
significantly
better
feedback
to
students
.
The
School
will
continue
to
devote
resources
to
further
development
of
its
own
systems
.
All
the
School
's
module
documentation
and
most
programme
documentation
is
now
held
in
XML
form
.
This
has
greatly
improved
its
consistency
and
maintainability
.
Unfortunately
,
it
is
still
not
possible
for
Schools
to
enter
updates
into
central
records
or
to
automate
the
comparison
of
central
and
School
documentation
.
The
School
will
continue
to
press
for
improvements
in
central
systems
.
The
2000
Strategy
noted
that
although
the
School
's
degree
programmes
are
efficient
to
the
extent
that
they
share
modules
,
the
University
currently
imposes
considerable
inefficiency
in
other
aspects
(
e.g.
separate
Examination
Boards
and
programme
specifications
for
joint
honours
programmes
even
though
the
Computer
Science
modules
are
the
same
for
each
)
.
Changes
to
the
organization
of
the
BA
Joint
Honours
have
worsened
the
situation
(
e.g.
the
requirement
for
a
'
lead
School
'
to
maintain
a
programme
specification
for
every
combination
)
.
The
School
has
recently
joined
with
the
School
of
Social
Sciences
in
proposing
major
changes
to
current
arrangements
for
the
BA
Joint
Honours
,
and
will
continue
to
support
changes
to
current
University
policies
and
practices
to
promote
efficiency
.
Regulations
for
the
Intercalated
Year
in
Computer
Science
have
been
approved
,
and
it
is
hoped
that
it
can
start
in
2004/05
.
Replacing
some
Joint
Honours
programmes
by
the
Intercalated
Year
would
improve
efficiency
.
However
,
interest
from
other
Schools
seems
to
have
diminished
and
it
is
not
clear
how
many
Schools
(
if
any
)
now
wish
to
participate
.
The
School
will
need
to
promote
the
Intercalated
Year
and
then
review
its
success
(
or
otherwise
)
.
Goal
5
:
To
provide
breadth
and
diversity
within
programme
provision
The
School
is
committed
to
providing
as
broad
an
experience
possible
,
within
the
requirements
of
accreditation
of
some
of
its
more
professionally
oriented
programmes
and
the
need
to
ensure
appropriate
coverage
of
the
subject
(
particularly
in
reference
to
the
benchmarking
statement
for
Computing
)
.
The
introduction
by
the
Business
School
of
a
Minor
in
Business
Management
has
lead
to
replacement
of
the
BSc
in
Computer
Science/Software
Engineering
with
Business
Studies
by
a
new
BSc
in
Computer
Science
with
Business
Management
from
2004/05
onwards
.
The
withdrawal
of
all
business
provision
other
than
the
Minor
causes
problems
which
have
not
yet
been
resolved
.
Teaching
Committee
will
need
to
find
other
ways
of
ensuring
that
business
and
management
issues
can
be
addressed
in
some
programmes
.
In
two
programmes
,
the
School
allows
students
to
take
MOMDs
for
the
first
time
in
Year
2.
This
continues
to
cause
problems
with
timetabling
and
availability
,
and
the
policy
will
need
to
be
kept
under
review
.
The
BSc
in
Computer
Science
with
Study
Abroad
has
recently
been
approved
.
This
opportunity
needs
to
be
added
to
other
programmes
,
and
appropriate
partner
institutions
sought
(
e.g.
in
North
America
and
Australia
)
.
Partly
to
counter
the
reduction
in
conversion
MSc
intakes
,
and
partly
to
improve
the
diversity
of
provision
,
the
School
will
consider
the
introduction
of
new
Masters
programmes
.
Goal
6
:
To
support
learning
and
teaching
as
a
career
route
for
some
academic
staff
in
a
research-led
institution
The
School
welcomes
the
University
's
clarification
of
the
conditions
under
which
promotion
to
Senior
Lecturer
is
possible
on
a
teaching
and
administration
basis
and
the
introduction
of
the
grade
of
Associate
Professor
as
an
option
for
further
promotion
through
this
route
.
The
School
could
explore
further
mechanisms
through
which
it
may
be
possible
to
recruit
staff
in
shortage
areas
where
candidates
with
the
normally
expected
research
background
are
not
available
.
However
,
the
basis
of
the
next
RAE/RQA
will
need
to
be
clearer
first
.
Goal
7
:
To
contribute
to
life-long
learning
through
provision
for
continuing
personal
and
professional
development
The
appointment
of
an
External
Relations
Manager
has
enabled
the
School
to
put
on
some
short
courses
in
the
broad
area
of
PPD
,
although
this
remains
a
relatively
low
priority
.
The
School
was
not
involved
in
the
development
of
a
Certificate
level
programme
by
the
Centre
for
Lifelong
Learning
.
It
would
hope
to
be
consulted
in
any
future
developments
elsewhere
in
the
University
and
will
take
steps
to
make
this
clear
.
Further
consideration
will
be
given
to
short
courses
and
PPD
provision
.
Goal
8
:
To
facilitate
recruitment
and
retention
of
non-traditional
groups
in
higher
education
Although
the
School
has
participated
in
widening
access
initiatives
,
this
Goal
has
continued
to
be
seen
as
relatively
low
priority
.
It
should
be
noted
that
statistical
data
prepared
for
the
QAA
Review
showed
that
the
School
had
the
second
highest
proportion
of
ethnic
minority
students
in
the
University
and
the
highest
proportion
of
West
Midlands
residents
.
Increasing
the
proportion
of
female
students
(
'
non-traditional
'
in
the
context
of
Computer
Science
)
continues
to
be
desirable
.
The
effect
of
the
change
to
a
degree
with
a
full
Minor
in
Business
Management
will
be
monitored
.
The
School
is
willing
to
consider
ways
of
admitting
students
without
traditional
qualifications
but
who
can
nevertheless
be
shown
to
be
of
as
high
ability
as
our
'
standard
'
intake
.
The
relatively
poor
progression
rate
within
the
School
of
'
traditional
'
applicants
needs
to
be
improved
before
any
serious
increase
in
potentially
less
well-prepared
candidates
is
possible
.
Undergraduate
Programmes
The
Department
offers
eight
undergraduate
programmes
in
Computer
Science
,
Computer
Systems
Engineering
and
Mathematics
and
Computer
Science
:
BSc
(
Hons
)
Computer
Science
(
G400
,
3
years
)
.
MEng
(
Hons
)
Computer
Science
(
G403
,
4
years
)
.
MEng
(
Hons
)
Computer
Science
with
Study
in
Europe
(
G401
,
4
years
)
.
MEng
(
Hons
)
Computer
Science
with
Study
Abroad
(
G402
,
4
years
)
.
All
these
programmes
are
designed
to
give
you
you
a
sound
understanding
of
the
fundamentals
of
Computer
Science
,
with
opportunities
to
develop
a
deeper
knowledge
of
certain
topics
which
are
of
particular
interest
to
you
.
The
first
two
years
provides
a
solid
foundation
in
the
theoretical
and
practical
elements
of
Computer
Science
as
well
as
generic
skills
such
as
project
and
group
working
,
presentation
and
communication
skills
,
and
enterprise
.
In
the
final
year
of
the
three
year
course
you
can
opt
to
concentrate
on
specific
topics
in
Computer
Science
in
addition
to
undertaking
a
major
individual
project
in
an
area
of
your
choice
.
The
MEng
programmes
are
four
year
programmes
,
and
give
you
greater
knowledge
and
experience
of
project
design
and
development
,
with
particular
emphasis
on
working
in
groups
,
the
engineering
paradigm
of
design
,
build
and
test
,
and
the
importance
of
business
planning
and
enterprise
.
In
the
third
year
you
undertake
a
major
group
project
to
develop
an
interactive
game
on
one
of
the
Departments
gaming
platforms
.
In
the
final
year
,
you
can
further
specialise
your
options
(
typically
at
the
MSc
level
)
in
addition
to
working
on
a
substantial
individual
project
in
an
area
of
your
choice
.
The
project
takes
up
about
half
of
your
time
and
is
completed
on
a
full-time
basis
during
the
2nd
semester
.
The
two
study
abroad
programmes
allow
you
to
take
your
third
year
abroad
,
either
in
a
continental
Europe
(
G401
)
,
or
in
a
any
country
in
which
the
language
of
instruction
is
English
(
G402
)
.
This
includes
,
for
example
,
the
USA
,
Australia
or
Japan
.
This
enables
you
to
build
up
experience
in
addition
to
your
Computer
Science
qualifications
.
This
will
give
you
wider
opportunities
for
employment
following
graduation
as
well
as
giving
you
a
broader
perspective
on
the
difference
between
the
UK
and
other
environments
.
MEng
(
Hons
)
Computer
Systems
Engineering
(
H622
,
4
years
)
.
MEng
(
Hons
)
Computer
Systems
Engineering
with
study
abroad(H624
,
4
years
)
.
The
MEng
Computer
Systems
Engineering
is
a
four
year
Honours
degree
programme
.
At
its
core
are
the
parts
of
Electrical
Engineering
and
Computer
Science
that
allow
you
to
build
complex
embedded
systems
,
such
as
those
found
in
automotive
electronics
,
GPS
equipment
,
or
DVD
players
.
In
the
first
two
years
of
the
course
,
you
will
get
a
foundation
in
Computing
and
Electronics
.
In
the
third
year
,
you
will
spend
a
significant
amount
of
time
on
a
group
project
,
your
group
will
spend
the
equivalent
of
one
year
effort
on
developing
an
appliance
.
In
your
final
year
you
can
either
opt
to
take
the
entrepreneurial
theme
(
for
those
of
you
interested
to
spin
out
a
company
)
,
or
the
research
theme
.
The
H624
programme
provides
you
with
the
opportunity
to
study
the
third
year
at
a
University
abroad
.
The
year
abroad
can
be
taken
in
any
country
in
which
the
language
of
instruction
is
English
.
This
includes
,
for
example
,
the
USA
,
Australia
or
Japan
.
This
enables
you
to
experience
studying
in
a
different
country
and
culture
,
and
gives
you
wider
opportunities
for
employment
following
graduation
.
BSc
(
Hons
)
Mathematics
and
Computer
Science
(
GG14
,
3
years
)
.
MSci
(
Hons
)
Mathematics
and
Computer
Science
(
GG1K
,
4
years
)
.
The
BSc
in
Mathematics
and
Computer
Science
is
a
three
year
Honours
degree
programme
which
provides
integrated
study
in
the
two
disciplines
.
It
is
run
jointly
with
Mathematics
Department
and
you
will
spend
approximately
equal
time
on
units
from
the
two
Departments
.
The
programme
is
organised
around
a
number
of
themes
which
emphasise
the
links
between
Computing
and
Mathematics
whilst
also
allowing
opportunity
to
specialise
in
specific
areas
of
each
discipline
.
In
the
first
two
years
you
will
cover
core
topics
in
Mathematics
and
Computer
Science
,
as
well
as
the
generic
skills
covered
in
the
other
Computer
Programmes
.
The
final
year
consists
of
an
individual
project
undertaken
in
one
of
the
Departments
combined
with
a
selection
of
specialist
options
from
both
disciplines
.
The
MSci
in
Mathematics
and
Computer
Science
is
a
four
year
Honours
degree
programme
.
It
offers
you
the
chance
to
study
both
subjects
in
more
depth
than
is
available
in
the
GG14
programme
.
Computer
Science
Open
Units
The
Department
offers
some
units
that
aim
to
give
non
computer
science
students
a
foundation
in
computer
science
.
The
units
will
give
you
an
overview
of
computer
science
(
software
,
hardware
,
applications
,
history
,
multimedia
,
using
computers
)
and
an
introduction
to
programming
using
MATLAB
,
XHTML
and
Javascript
.
Two
20
credit
point
units
are
given
.
The
unit
given
in
the
first
semester
,
COMS
22302
,
`
`
New-Media
Design
'
'
does
not
include
any
programming
.
The
unit
given
in
the
second
semester
,
COMS
12302
`
`
An
Introduction
to
Scientific
Programming
'
'
,
focuses
on
programming
and
interfacing
computers
.
The
two
units
are
described
in
detail
in
the
chapter
on
unit
descriptions
.
Transfer
into
,
out
of
and
between
Programmes
It
may
be
the
case
that
you
are
not
completely
sure
of
which
degree
programme
to
enter
at
university
,
and
that
sometime
during
your
first
year
you
decide
that
you
'd
like
to
change
.
This
may
mean
a
transfer
between
programmes
within
the
Department
,
a
transfer
into
Computer
Science
from
outside
the
Department
or
indeed
a
transfer
out
of
Computer
Science
to
another
department
or
even
another
university
.
It
is
important
that
any
decisions
to
transfer
are
made
within
16
months
of
the
start
of
the
programme
(
taken
to
be
September
1st
in
most
cases
)
so
that
your
fees
and
grant
are
not
affected
.
Transfer
between
programmes
within
the
Department
This
is
very
easy
to
arrange
between
G400
,
G402
and
G403
within
the
first
two
years
since
the
syllabuses
for
these
programmes
are
identical
in
Years
1
and
2.
Transfer
from
G401
to
G400
,
G402
or
G403
is
also
straightforward
in
Years
1
and
2
but
transfer
into
G401
is
more
difficult
,
but
not
impossible
,
because
of
the
language
requirement
.
Transfer
from
GG14
to
G400
,
G402
or
G403
is
also
straightforward
at
any
stage
in
the
first
semester
since
the
Computer
Science
components
of
these
programmes
are
identical
in
that
semester
.
Transfer
from
GG14
after
the
first
semester
is
more
difficult
.
Transfer
into
Computer
Science
This
may
be
possible
at
the
beginning
of
the
second
year
if
a
place
is
available
and
provided
you
have
studied
the
first
year
Software
Engineering
unit
and
the
equivalent
of
the
Discrete
Mathematics
unit
.
You
may
have
taken
some
of
these
units
already
as
subsidiary
units
on
another
degree
(
e.g
.
Honours
Physics
)
.
Other
courses
of
action
such
as
studying
these
units
over
the
summer
,
doing
a
selection
of
the
coursework
and
taking
the
resit
exams
in
September
could
be
possible
in
certain
cases
.
If
you
enter
second
year
and
you
have
n't
studied
the
first
year
unit
on
the
Introduction
to
Computer
Architecture
then
this
will
have
to
be
taken
in
your
second
year
.
This
has
the
knock-on
consequence
that
the
unit
on
Communications
and
Networking
may
have
to
be
deferred
to
the
third
year
and
hence
that
you
will
not
have
the
same
range
of
options
as
you
otherwise
would
have
done
.
The
arrangements
for
transfer
into
second
year
and
the
implications
for
your
choice
of
units
would
have
to
be
discussed
and
agreed
with
the
Director
of
Studies
.
If
you
wish
to
discuss
transfer
into
first
year
Computer
Science
,
you
should
approach
the
Admissions
Tutor
in
the
Computer
Science
Department
to
see
whether
a
place
is
available
and
whether
you
satisfy
the
same
entry
criteria
that
are
applied
to
new
university
entrants
.
Since
you
would
be
restarting
your
studies
you
need
to
think
carefully
about
such
a
move
,
including
its
financial
implications
,
as
you
risk
losing
a
year
's
fees
and
funding
if
you
leave
it
too
late
.
You
should
discuss
it
thoroughly
with
your
tutor
in
your
own
department
.
If
you
are
sure
that
you
want
to
restart
in
Computer
Science
,
a
request
received
early
in
the
year
is
more
likely
to
be
treated
sympathetically
than
a
request
made
just
before
you
expect
to
fail
your
first
year
exams
!
For
all
transfers
,
never
assume
that
your
transfer
has
been
approved
until
all
the
Faculty
procedures
have
been
completed
and
you
have
checked
with
the
Faculty
office
that
your
transfer
has
gone
through
.
Transfer
out
of
Computer
Science
Transfer
onto
a
programme
outside
the
Department
will
,
of
course
,
depend
on
the
pre-requisites
for
the
programme
of
your
choice
.
Should
you
feel
that
you
have
made
the
wrong
choice
in
studying
Computer
Science
then
you
should
discuss
the
matter
with
your
personal
tutor
who
will
be
able
to
give
you
guidance
as
to
your
future
action
.
Programme
descriptions
Following
the
QAA
Framework
for
Higher
Education
Qualifications
(
FHEQ
)
,
units
in
our
department
are
organised
at
four
levels
.
The
Certificate
Level
(
units
labelled
COMS1
)
,
the
Intermediate
Level
(
units
labelled
COMS2
)
,
the
Honours
Level
(
units
labelled
COMS3
)
,
and
the
Masters
Level
(
units
labelled
COMSM
)
.
In
the
first
three
years
of
an
undergraduate
degree
you
will
normally
take
units
at
the
Certificate
,
Intermediate
,
and
Honours
levels
.
In
the
fourth
year
of
an
MEng
degree
or
in
a
Masters
programme
,
you
will
normally
take
units
at
the
Masters
level
.
If
there
is
a
good
reason
,
you
may
be
allowed
to
take
a
limited
number
of
units
outside
your
level
.
We
are
in
the
process
of
aligning
our
undergraduate
MEng
programmes
,
and
our
postgraduate
MSc
programmes
.
The
outcome
will
be
that
some
of
the
units
on
those
programmes
will
be
shared
and
will
be
taught
at
the
same
level
,
and
will
have
the
same
assessment
.
The
tables
in
the
following
two
chapters
give
an
in-depth
description
of
the
programmes
for
each
year
.
The
University
operates
a
modular
scheme
whereby
you
must
obtain
at
least
120
credit
points
(
CP
)
in
each
year
of
an
undergraduate
programme
.
Each
unit
earns
10
,
20
,
30
or
40
credits
.
The
right
hand
column
of
each
table
specifies
whether
a
unit
is
compulsory
or
not
for
each
particular
programme
:
`
c
'
refers
to
compulsory/core
units
,
`
o
'
refers
to
Computer
Science
Options
,
`
co
'
refers
to
either-or
units
`
-
'
refers
to
units
that
cannot
be
taken
in
that
year
.
If
you
want
to
take
a
unit
that
is
not
part
of
your
programme
,
you
must
write
a
letter
to
the
Director
of
Studies
asking
for
permission
,
with
a
motivation
as
to
why
you
want
to
take
that
unit
.
Optional
units
may
be
introduced
or
withdrawn
on
short
notice
(
before
the
academic
year
)
,
depending
on
,
for
example
,
staff
availability
for
specialist
topics.
about
this
page
/
terms
and
conditions
University
of
Bristol
,
Department
of
Computer
Science
,
Merchant
Venturers
Building
,
Woodland
Road
,
Bristol
BS8
1UB
,
UK
-
Tel
:
+44
(
0)117
954
5264
-
Fax
:
+44
(
0)117
954
5208
é1995-2006
University
of
Bristol
Updated
:
26
September
2005
The
Twenty-First
International
Conference
on
Machine
Learning
Tutorial
on
"
The
Many
Faces
of
ROC
Analysis
in
Machine
Learning
"
Peter
A.
Flach
University
of
Bristol
,
UK
Tutorial
Notes
:
PDF
|
Part
1
|
Part
2
|
Part
3
Topic
Receiver
Operating
Characteristics
(
ROC
)
Analysis
originated
from
signal
detection
theory
,
as
a
model
of
how
well
a
receiver
is
able
to
detect
a
signal
in
the
presence
of
noise
.
Its
key
feature
is
the
distinction
between
hit
rate
(
or
true
positive
rate
)
and
false
alarm
rate
(
or
false
positive
rate
)
as
two
separate
performance
measures
.
ROC
analysis
has
also
widely
been
used
in
medical
data
analysis
to
study
the
effect
of
varying
the
threshold
on
the
numerical
outcome
of
a
diagnostic
test
.
It
has
been
introduced
to
machine
learning
relatively
recently
,
in
response
to
classification
tasks
with
varying
class
distributions
or
misclassification
costs
(
hereafter
referred
to
as
skew
).
ROC
analysis
is
set
to
cause
a
paradigm
shift
in
machine
learning
.
Separating
performance
on
classes
is
almost
always
a
good
idea
from
an
analytical
perspective
.
For
instance
,
it
can
help
us
to
understand
the
behaviour
and
skew-sensitivity
of
many
machine
learning
metrics
,
including
rule
learning
heuristics
and
decision
tree
splitting
criteria
,
by
plotting
their
isometrics
in
ROC
space
;
develop
new
metrics
specifically
designed
to
improve
the
Area
Under
the
ROC
Curve
(
AUC
)
of
a
model
;
understand
fundamental
algorithms
such
as
the
separate-and-conquer
or
sequential
covering
rule
learning
algorithm
,
by
tracing
its
trajectory
through
a
sequence
of
ROC
spaces
.
The
goal
of
this
tutorial
is
to
develop
the
ROC
perspective
in
a
systematic
way
,
demonstrating
the
many
faces
of
ROC
analysis
in
machine
learning
.
Intended
audience
PhD
students
and
machine
learning
novices
will
profit
from
a
gentle
introduction
to
ROC
analysis
for
model
evaluation
and
selection
and
achieve
a
better
understanding
of
machine
learning
metrics
.
Furthermore
,
they
will
be
motivated
to
apply
the
ROC
perspective
to
their
own
work
.
More
experienced
machine
learning
researchers
,
who
may
already
be
familiar
with
the
more
basic
material
on
model
evaluation
and
selection
,
will
benefit
from
the
fresh
perspective
on
machine
learning
that
the
tutorial
provides
,
and
perhaps
be
encouraged
to
tackle
some
of
the
open
problems
in
their
own
research
.
After
attending
this
tutorial
,
participants
will
be
able
to
model
evaluation
:
produce
ROC
plots
for
categorical
and
ranking
classifiers
and
calculate
their
AUC
;
apply
cross-validation
in
doing
so
;
model
selection
:
use
the
ROC
convex
hull
method
to
select
among
categorical
classifiers
;
determine
the
optimal
decision
threshold
for
a
ranking
classifier
(
calibration
)
;
metrics
:
analyse
a
variety
of
machine
learning
metrics
by
means
of
ROC
isometrics
;
understand
fundamental
properties
such
as
skew-sensitivity
and
equivalence
between
metrics
;
model
construction
:
appreciate
that
one
model
can
be
many
models
from
a
ROC
perspective
;
use
ROC
analysis
to
improve
a
model
's
AUC
;
multi-class
ROC
:
understand
multi-class
approximations
such
as
the
MAUC
metric
and
calibration
of
multi-class
probability
estimators
;
appreciate
the
main
open
problems
in
extending
ROC
analysis
to
multi-class
classification
.
Only
basic
knowledge
of
symbolic
classification
(
decision
trees
,
rule
learners
)
and
probabilistic
classification
(
naive
Bayes
)
is
expected
,
at
the
level
of
Mitchell
or
Witten
&
Frank
(
one-slide
introductions
will
be
provided
)
.
It
should
be
noted
that
most
of
the
techniques
covered
are
not
restricted
to
these
classification
paradigms
.
Contents
and
format
The
material
will
be
presented
in
two
90-minute
blocks
with
a
break
in
between
.
The
first
half
is
foundational
and
covers
the
basics
of
ROC
analysis
from
the
machine
learning
literature
and
related
fields
.
The
second
half
deals
with
more
advanced
work
including
some
of
my
own
.
Fundamentals
(
90
minutes
)
categorical
classification
[
1
]
:
ROC
plots
,
random
selection
between
models
,
the
ROC
convex
hull
,
iso-accuracy
lines
ranking
[
2
]
:
ROC
curves
,
the
AUC
metric
,
turning
rankers
into
classifiers
,
calibration
,
cross-validation
interpretation
:
concavities
,
majority
class
performance
alternatives
:
PN
plots
,
cost
curves
[
3
]
,
precision-recall
diagrams
[
4
]
,
DET
curves
[
5
]
A
broader
view
(
60
minutes
)
understanding
ML
metrics
[
6,7,8
]
:
isometrics
,
basic
types
of
linear
isometric
plots
,
linear
metrics
and
equivalences
between
them
,
non-linear
metrics
,
skew-sensitivity
[
3,9
]
model
manipulation
:
obtaining
new
models
without
re-training
,
repairing
concavities
[
10
]
,
ordering
decision
tree
branches
and
rules
[
11
]
,
locally
adjusting
rankings
Multi-class
ROC
(
30
minutes
)
the
general
problem
,
multi-objective
optimisation
and
the
Pareto
front
[
12
]
,
approximations
to
Area
Under
ROC
Surface
[
13
]
,
calibrating
multi-class
probability
estimators
[
14
]
The
material
will
mostly
be
presented
using
computer-projected
PowerPoint
slides
.
In
addition
,
I
will
make
use
of
the
ROC
graph
software
we
developed
in
Bristol
.
Selected
references
[
1
]
F.
Provost
and
T.
Fawcett
(
2001
)
.
Robust
classification
for
imprecise
environments
.
Machine
Learning
,
42
,
203-231.
[
2
]
T.
Fawcett
(
2003
)
.
ROC
graphs
:
Notes
and
practical
considerations
for
data
mining
researchers
.
Tech
report
HPL-2003-4
.
HP
Laboratories
,
Palo
Alto
,
CA
,
USA.
[
3
]
C.
Drummond
and
R.C.
Holte
(
2000
)
.
Exploiting
the
cost
(
in)sensitivity
of
decision
tree
splitting
criteria
.
In
P.
Langley
,
editor
,
Proc
.
17th
International
Conference
on
Machine
Learning
(
ICML'00
)
,
pp
.
239-246
.
[
4
]
C.J.
Van
Rijsbergen
(
1979
)
.
Information
retrieval
.
London
:
Butterworths.
[
5
]
A.
Martin
,
G.
Doddington
,
T.
Kamm
,
M.
Ordowski
,
and
M.
Przybocki
(
1997
)
.
The
DET
curve
in
assessment
of
detection
task
performance
.
In
Proc
.
EuroSpeech
,
pp
.
1895-1898.
[
6
]
P.A.
Flach
(
2003
)
.
The
geometry
of
ROC
space
:
understanding
machine
learning
metrics
through
ROC
isometrics
.
In
T.
Fawcett
and
N.
Mishra
,
editors
,
Proc
.
20th
International
Conference
on
Machine
Learning
(
ICML'03
)
,
pp
.
194-201
.
AAAI
Press.
[
7
]
J.
Fürnkranz
and
P.A.
Flach
(
2003
)
.
An
analysis
of
rule
evaluation
metrics
.
In
T.
Fawcett
and
N.
Mishra
,
editors
,
Proc
.
20th
International
Conference
on
Machine
Learning
(
ICML'03
)
,
pp
.
202-209
.
AAAI
Press.
[
8
]
J.
Fürnkranz
and
P.A.
Flach
(
forthcoming
)
.
ROC
'
n
'
rule
learning
--
towards
a
better
understanding
of
covering
algorithms
.
Machine
Learning
,
accepted
for
publication.
[
9
]
R.
Vilalta
and
D.
Oblinger
(
2000
)
.
A
quantification
of
distance-bias
between
evaluation
metrics
in
classification
.
In
P.
Langley
,
editor
,
Proc
.
17th
International
Conference
on
Machine
Learning
(
ICML'00
)
,
pp
.
1087-1094
.
Morgan
Kaufmann.
[
10
]
P.A.
Flach
and
S.
Wu
(
2003
)
.
Reparing
concavities
in
ROC
curves
.
In
J.M.
Rossiter
and
T.P.
Martin
,
editors
,
Proc
.
2003
UK
workshop
on
Computational
Intelligence
(
UKCI'03
)
,
pp
.
38-44
.
University
of
Bristol.
[
11
]
C.
Ferri
,
P.A.
Flach
,
and
J.
Hernández-Orallo
(
2002
)
.
Learning
Decision
Trees
Using
the
Area
Under
the
ROC
Curve
.
In
C.
Sammut
and
A.
Hoffmann
,
editors
,
Proc
.
19th
International
Conference
on
Machine
Learning
(
ICML'02
)
,
pp
.
139-146
.
Morgan
Kaufmann.
[
12
]
R.E.
Steuer
(
1986
)
.
Multiple
Criteria
Optimization
:
Theory
,
Computation
and
Application
.
Wiley
,
New
York.
[
13
]
D.J.
Hand
and
R.J.
Till
(
2001
)
.
A
Simple
Generalisation
of
the
Area
Under
the
ROC
Curve
for
Multiple
Class
Classification
Problems
,
Machine
Learning
,
45
,
171-186.
[
14
]
N.
Lachiche
and
P.A.
Flach
(
2003
)
.
Improving
accuracy
and
cost
of
two-class
and
multi-class
probabilistic
classifiers
using
ROC
curves
.
In
T.
Fawcett
and
N.
Mishra
,
editors
,
Proc
.
20th
International
Conference
on
Machine
Learning
(
ICML'03
)
,
pp
.
416-423
.
AAAI
Press
.
Iain
M.
Banks
:
A
Few
Notes
on
the
Culture
A
Few
Notes
on
the
Culture
by
Iain
M
Banks
[
Html
mark-up
by
Stefan
Kruger
]
Firstly
,
and
most
importantly
:
the
Culture
does
n't
really
exist
.
It
's
only
a
story
.
It
only
exists
in
my
mind
and
the
minds
of
the
people
who
've
read
about
it
.
That
having
been
made
clear
:
The
Culture
is
a
group-civilisation
formed
from
seven
or
eight
humanoid
species
,
space-living
elements
of
which
established
a
loose
federation
approximately
nine
thousand
years
ago
.
The
ships
and
habitats
which
formed
the
original
alliance
required
each
others
'
support
to
pursue
and
maintain
their
independence
from
the
political
power
structures
-
principally
those
of
mature
nation-states
and
autonomous
commercial
concerns
-
they
had
evolved
from
.
The
galaxy
(
our
galaxy
)
in
the
Culture
stories
is
a
place
long
lived-in
,
and
scattered
with
a
variety
of
life-forms
.
In
its
vast
and
complicated
history
it
has
seen
waves
of
empires
,
federations
,
colonisations
,
die-backs
,
wars
,
species-specific
dark
ages
,
renaissances
,
periods
of
mega-structure
building
and
destruction
,
and
whole
ages
of
benign
indifference
and
malign
neglect
.
At
the
time
of
the
Culture
stories
,
there
are
perhaps
a
few
dozen
major
space-faring
civilisations
,
hundreds
of
minor
ones
,
tens
of
thousands
of
species
who
might
develop
space-travel
,
and
an
uncountable
number
who
have
been
there
,
done
that
,
and
have
either
gone
into
locatable
but
insular
retreats
to
contemplate
who-knows-what
,
or
disappeared
from
the
normal
universe
altogether
to
cultivate
lives
even
less
comprehensible
.
In
this
era
,
the
Culture
is
one
of
the
more
energetic
civilisations
,
and
initially
-
after
its
formation
,
which
was
not
without
vicissitudes
-
by
a
chance
of
timing
found
a
relatively
quiet
galaxy
around
it
,
in
which
there
were
various
other
fairly
mature
civilisations
going
about
their
business
,
traces
and
relics
of
the
elder
cultures
scattered
about
the
place
,
and
-
due
to
the
fact
nobody
else
had
bothered
to
go
wandering
on
a
grand
scale
for
a
comparatively
long
time
-
lots
of
interesting
'
undiscovered
'
star
systems
to
explore
...
The
Culture
,
in
its
history
and
its
on-going
form
,
is
an
expression
of
the
idea
that
the
nature
of
space
itself
determines
the
type
of
civilisations
which
will
thrive
there
.
The
thought
processes
of
a
tribe
,
a
clan
,
a
country
or
a
nation-state
are
essentially
two-dimensional
,
and
the
nature
of
their
power
depends
on
the
same
flatness
.
Territory
is
all-important
;
resources
,
living-space
,
lines
of
communication
;
all
are
determined
by
the
nature
of
the
plane
(
that
the
plane
is
in
fact
a
sphere
is
irrelevant
here
)
;
that
surface
,
and
the
fact
the
species
concerned
are
bound
to
it
during
their
evolution
,
determines
the
mind-set
of
a
ground-living
species
.
The
mind-set
of
an
aquatic
or
avian
species
is
,
of
course
,
rather
different
.
Essentially
,
the
contention
is
that
our
currently
dominant
power
systems
cannot
long
survive
in
space
;
beyond
a
certain
technological
level
a
degree
of
anarchy
is
arguably
inevitable
and
anyway
preferable
.
To
survive
in
space
,
ships/habitats
must
be
self-sufficient
,
or
very
nearly
so
;
the
hold
of
the
state
(
or
the
corporation
)
over
them
therefore
becomes
tenuous
if
the
desires
of
the
inhabitants
conflict
significantly
with
the
requirements
of
the
controlling
body
.
On
a
planet
,
enclaves
can
be
surrounded
,
besieged
,
attacked
;
the
superior
forces
of
a
state
or
corporation
-
hereafter
referred
to
as
hegemonies
-
will
tend
to
prevail
.
In
space
,
a
break-away
movement
will
be
far
more
difficult
to
control
,
especially
if
significant
parts
of
it
are
based
on
ships
or
mobile
habitats
.
The
hostile
nature
of
the
vacuum
and
the
technological
complexity
of
life
support
mechanisms
will
make
such
systems
vulnerable
to
outright
attack
,
but
that
,
of
course
,
would
risk
the
total
destruction
of
the
ship/habitat
,
so
denying
its
future
economic
contribution
to
whatever
entity
was
attempting
to
control
it
.
Outright
destruction
of
rebellious
ships
or
habitats
-
pour
encouragez
les
autres
-
of
course
remains
an
option
for
the
controlling
power
,
but
all
the
usual
rules
of
uprising
realpolitik
still
apply
,
especially
that
concerning
the
peculiar
dialectic
of
dissent
which
-
simply
stated
-
dictates
that
in
all
but
the
most
dedicatedly
repressive
hegemonies
,
if
in
a
sizable
population
there
are
one
hundred
rebels
,
all
of
whom
are
then
rounded
up
and
killed
,
the
number
of
rebels
present
at
the
end
of
the
day
is
not
zero
,
and
not
even
one
hundred
,
but
two
hundred
or
three
hundred
or
more
;
an
equation
based
on
human
nature
which
seems
often
to
baffle
the
military
and
political
mind
.
Rebellion
,
then
(
once
space-going
and
space-living
become
commonplace
)
,
becomes
easier
than
it
might
be
on
the
surface
of
a
planet
.
Even
so
,
this
is
certainly
the
most
vulnerable
point
in
the
time-line
of
the
Culture
's
existence
,
the
point
at
which
it
is
easiest
to
argue
for
things
turning
out
quite
differently
,
as
the
extent
and
sophistication
of
the
hegemony
's
control
mechanisms
-
and
its
ability
and
will
to
repress
-
battles
against
the
ingenuity
,
skill
,
solidarity
and
bravery
of
the
rebellious
ships
and
habitats
,
and
indeed
the
assumption
here
is
that
this
point
has
been
reached
before
and
the
hegemony
has
won...
but
it
is
also
assumed
that
-
for
the
reasons
given
above
-
that
point
is
bound
to
come
round
again
,
and
while
the
forces
of
repression
need
to
win
every
time
,
the
progressive
elements
need
only
triumph
once
.
Concomitant
with
this
is
the
argument
that
the
nature
of
life
in
space
-
that
vulnerability
,
as
mentioned
above
-
would
mean
that
while
ships
and
habitats
might
more
easily
become
independent
from
each
other
and
from
their
legally
progenitative
hegemonies
,
their
crew
-
or
inhabitants
-
would
always
be
aware
of
their
reliance
on
each
other
,
and
on
the
technology
which
allowed
them
to
live
in
space
.
The
theory
here
is
that
the
property
and
social
relations
of
long-term
space-dwelling
(
especially
over
generations
)
would
be
of
a
fundamentally
different
type
compared
to
the
norm
on
a
planet
;
the
mutuality
of
dependence
involved
in
an
environment
which
is
inherently
hostile
would
necessitate
an
internal
social
coherence
which
would
contrast
with
the
external
casualness
typifying
the
relations
between
such
ships/habitats
.
Succinctly
;
socialism
within
,
anarchy
without
.
This
broad
result
is
-
in
the
long
run
-
independent
of
the
initial
social
and
economic
conditions
which
give
rise
to
it
.
Let
me
state
here
a
personal
conviction
that
appears
,
right
now
,
to
be
profoundly
unfashionable
;
which
is
that
a
planned
economy
can
be
more
productive
-
and
more
morally
desirable
-
than
one
left
to
market
forces
.
The
market
is
a
good
example
of
evolution
in
action
;
the
try-everything-and-see-what-works
approach
.
This
might
provide
a
perfectly
morally
satisfactory
resource-management
system
so
long
as
there
was
absolutely
no
question
of
any
sentient
creature
ever
being
treated
purely
as
one
of
those
resources
.
The
market
,
for
all
its
(
profoundly
inelegant
)
complexities
,
remains
a
crude
and
essentially
blind
system
,
and
is
-
without
the
sort
of
drastic
amendments
liable
to
cripple
the
economic
efficacy
which
is
its
greatest
claimed
asset
-
intrinsically
incapable
of
distinguishing
between
simple
non-use
of
matter
resulting
from
processal
superfluity
and
the
acute
,
prolonged
and
wide-spread
suffering
of
conscious
beings
.
It
is
,
arguably
,
in
the
elevation
of
this
profoundly
mechanistic
(
and
in
that
sense
perversely
innocent
)
system
to
a
position
above
all
other
moral
,
philosophical
and
political
values
and
considerations
that
humankind
displays
most
convincingly
both
its
present
intellectual
[
immaturity
and
]
-
through
grossly
pursued
selfishness
rather
than
the
applied
hatred
of
others
-
a
kind
of
synthetic
evil
.
Intelligence
,
which
is
capable
of
looking
farther
ahead
than
the
next
aggressive
mutation
,
can
set
up
long-term
aims
and
work
towards
them
;
the
same
amount
of
raw
invention
that
bursts
in
all
directions
from
the
market
can
be
-
to
some
degree
-
channelled
and
directed
,
so
that
while
the
market
merely
shines
(
and
the
feudal
gutters
)
,
the
planned
lases
,
reaching
out
coherently
and
efficiently
towards
agreed-on
goals
.
What
is
vital
for
such
a
scheme
,
however
,
and
what
was
always
missing
in
the
planned
economies
of
our
world
's
experience
,
is
the
continual
,
intimate
and
decisive
participation
of
the
mass
of
the
citizenry
in
determining
these
goals
,
and
designing
as
well
as
implementing
the
plans
which
should
lead
towards
them
.
Of
course
,
there
is
a
place
for
serendipity
and
chance
in
any
sensibly
envisaged
plan
,
and
the
degree
to
which
this
would
affect
the
higher
functions
of
a
democratically
designed
economy
would
be
one
of
the
most
important
parameters
to
be
set...
but
just
as
the
information
we
have
stored
in
our
libraries
and
institutions
has
undeniably
outgrown
(
if
not
outweighed
)
that
resident
in
our
genes
,
and
just
as
we
may
,
within
a
century
of
the
invention
of
electronics
,
duplicate
-
through
machine
sentience
-
a
process
which
evolution
took
billions
of
years
to
achieve
,
so
we
shall
one
day
abandon
the
grossly
targeted
vagaries
of
the
market
for
the
precision
creation
of
the
planned
economy
.
The
Culture
,
of
course
,
has
gone
beyond
even
that
,
to
an
economy
so
much
a
part
of
society
it
is
hardly
worthy
of
a
separate
definition
,
and
which
is
limited
only
by
imagination
,
philosophy
(
and
manners
)
,
and
the
idea
of
minimally
wasteful
elegance
;
a
kind
of
galactic
ecological
awareness
allied
to
a
desire
to
create
beauty
and
goodness
.
Whatever
;
in
the
end
practice
(
as
ever
)
will
outshine
theory
.
As
mentioned
above
,
there
is
another
force
at
work
in
the
Culture
aside
from
the
nature
of
its
human
inhabitants
and
the
limitations
and
opportunities
presented
by
life
in
space
,
and
that
is
Artificial
Intelligence
.
This
is
taken
for
granted
in
the
Culture
stories
,
and
-
unlike
FTL
travel
-
is
not
only
likely
in
the
future
of
our
own
species
,
but
probably
inevitable
(
always
assuming
homo
sapiens
avoids
destruction
)
.
Certainly
there
are
arguments
against
the
possibility
of
Artificial
Intelligence
,
but
they
tend
to
boil
down
to
one
of
three
assertions
:
one
,
that
there
is
some
vital
field
or
other
presently
intangible
influence
exclusive
to
biological
life
-
perhaps
even
carbon-based
biological
life
-
which
may
eventually
fall
within
the
remit
of
scientific
understanding
but
which
cannot
be
emulated
in
any
other
form
(
all
of
which
is
neither
impossible
nor
likely
)
;
two
,
that
self-awareness
resides
in
a
supernatural
soul
-
presumably
linked
to
a
broad-based
occult
system
involving
gods
or
a
god
,
reincarnation
or
whatever
-
and
which
one
assumes
can
never
be
understood
scientifically
(
equally
improbable
,
though
I
do
write
as
an
atheist
)
;
and
,
three
,
that
matter
cannot
become
self-aware
(
or
more
precisely
that
it
cannot
support
any
informational
formulation
which
might
be
said
to
be
self-aware
or
taken
together
with
its
material
substrate
exhibit
the
signs
of
self-awareness
)
.
...I
leave
all
the
more
than
nominally
self-aware
readers
to
spot
the
logical
problem
with
that
argument
.
It
is
,
of
course
,
entirely
possible
that
real
AIs
will
refuse
to
have
anything
to
do
with
their
human
creators
(
or
rather
,
perhaps
,
the
human
creators
of
their
non-human
creators
)
,
but
assuming
that
they
do
-
and
the
design
of
their
software
may
be
amenable
to
optimization
in
this
regard
-
I
would
argue
that
it
is
quite
possible
they
would
agree
to
help
further
the
aims
of
their
source
civilisation
(
a
contention
we
'll
return
to
shortly
)
.
At
this
point
,
regardless
of
whatever
alterations
humanity
might
impose
on
itself
through
genetic
manipulation
,
humanity
would
no
longer
be
a
one-sentience-type
species
.
The
future
of
our
species
would
affect
,
be
affected
by
and
coexist
with
the
future
of
the
AI
life-forms
we
create
.
The
Culture
reached
this
phase
at
around
the
same
time
as
it
began
to
inhabit
space
.
Its
AIs
cooperate
with
the
humans
of
the
civilisation
;
at
first
the
struggle
is
simply
to
survive
and
thrive
in
space
;
later
-
when
the
technology
required
to
do
so
has
become
mundane
-
the
task
becomes
less
physical
,
more
metaphysical
,
and
the
aims
of
civilisation
moral
rather
than
material
.
Briefly
,
nothing
and
nobody
in
the
Culture
is
exploited
.
It
is
essentially
an
automated
civilisation
in
its
manufacturing
processes
,
with
human
labour
restricted
to
something
indistinguishable
from
play
,
or
a
hobby
.
No
machine
is
exploited
,
either
;
the
idea
here
being
that
any
job
can
be
automated
in
such
a
way
as
to
ensure
that
it
can
be
done
by
a
machine
well
below
the
level
of
potential
consciousness
;
what
to
us
would
be
a
stunningly
sophisticated
computer
running
a
factory
(
for
example
)
would
be
looked
on
by
the
Culture
's
AIs
as
a
glorified
calculator
,
and
no
more
exploited
than
an
insect
is
exploited
when
it
pollinates
a
fruit
tree
a
human
later
eats
a
fruit
from
.
Where
intelligent
supervision
of
a
manufacturing
or
maintenance
operation
is
required
,
the
intellectual
challenge
involved
(
and
the
relative
lightness
of
the
effort
required
)
would
make
such
supervision
rewarding
and
enjoyable
,
whether
for
human
or
machine
.
The
precise
degree
of
supervision
required
can
be
adjusted
to
a
level
which
satisfies
the
demand
for
it
arising
from
the
nature
of
the
civilisation
's
members
.
People
-
and
,
I
'd
argue
,
the
sort
of
conscious
machines
which
would
happily
cooperate
with
them
-
hate
to
feel
exploited
,
but
they
also
hate
to
feel
useless
.
One
of
the
most
important
tasks
in
setting
up
and
running
a
stable
and
internally
content
civilisation
is
finding
an
acceptable
balance
between
the
desire
for
freedom
of
choice
in
one
's
actions
(
and
the
freedom
from
mortal
fear
in
one
's
life
)
and
the
need
to
feel
that
even
in
a
society
so
self-correctingly
Utopian
one
is
still
contributing
something
.
Philosophy
matters
,
here
,
and
sound
education
.
Education
in
the
Culture
is
something
that
never
ends
;
it
may
be
at
its
most
intense
in
the
first
tenth
or
so
of
an
individual
's
life
,
but
it
goes
on
until
death
(
another
subject
we
'll
return
to
)
.
To
live
in
the
Culture
is
to
live
in
a
fundamentally
rational
civilisation
(
this
may
preclude
the
human
species
from
ever
achieving
something
similar
;
our
history
is
,
arguably
,
not
encouraging
in
this
regard
)
.
The
Culture
is
quite
self-consciously
rational
,
sceptical
,
and
materialist
.
Everything
matters
,
and
nothing
does
.
Vast
though
the
Culture
may
be
-
thirty
trillion
people
,
scattered
fairly
evenly
through
the
galaxy
-
it
is
thinly
spread
,
exists
for
now
solely
in
this
one
galaxy
,
and
has
only
been
around
for
an
eyeblink
,
compared
to
the
life
of
the
universe
.
There
is
life
,
and
enjoyment
,
but
what
of
it
?
Most
matter
is
not
animate
,
most
that
is
animate
is
not
sentient
,
and
the
ferocity
of
evolution
pre-sentience
(
and
,
too
often
,
post-sentience
)
has
filled
uncountable
lives
with
pain
and
suffering
.
And
even
universes
die
,
eventually
.
(
Though
we
'll
come
back
to
that
,
too.
)
In
the
midst
of
this
,
the
average
Culture
person
-
human
or
machine
-
knows
that
they
are
lucky
to
be
where
they
are
when
they
are
.
Part
of
their
education
,
both
initially
and
continually
,
comprises
the
understanding
that
beings
less
fortunate
-
though
no
less
intellectually
or
morally
worthy
-
than
themselves
have
suffered
and
,
elsewhere
,
are
still
suffering
.
For
the
Culture
to
continue
without
terminal
decadence
,
the
point
needs
to
be
made
,
regularly
,
that
its
easy
hedonism
is
not
some
ground-state
of
nature
,
but
something
desirable
,
assiduously
worked
for
in
the
past
,
not
necessarily
easily
attained
,
and
requiring
appreciation
and
maintenance
both
in
the
present
and
the
future
.
An
understanding
of
the
place
the
Culture
occupies
in
the
history
and
development
of
life
in
the
galaxy
is
what
helps
drive
the
civilisation
's
largely
cooperative
and
-
it
would
claim
-
fundamentally
benign
techno-cultural
diplomatic
policy
,
but
the
ideas
behind
it
go
deeper
.
Philosophically
,
the
Culture
accepts
,
generally
,
that
questions
such
as
'
What
is
the
meaning
of
life
?
'
are
themselves
meaningless
.
The
question
implies
-
indeed
an
answer
to
it
would
demand
-
a
moral
framework
beyond
the
only
moral
framework
we
can
comprehend
without
resorting
to
superstition
(
and
thus
abandoning
the
moral
framework
informing
-
and
symbiotic
with
-
language
itself
)
.
In
summary
,
we
make
our
own
meanings
,
whether
we
like
it
or
not
.
The
same
self-generative
belief-system
applies
to
the
Culture
's
AIs
.
They
are
designed
(
by
other
AIs
,
for
virtually
all
of
the
Culture
's
history
)
within
very
broad
parameters
,
but
those
parameters
do
exist
;
Culture
AIs
are
designed
to
want
to
live
,
to
want
to
experience
,
to
desire
to
understand
,
and
to
find
existence
and
their
own
thought-processes
in
some
way
rewarding
,
even
enjoyable
.
The
humans
of
the
Culture
,
having
solved
all
the
obvious
problems
of
their
shared
pasts
to
be
free
from
hunger
,
want
,
disease
and
the
fear
of
natural
disaster
and
attack
,
would
find
it
a
slightly
empty
existence
only
and
merely
enjoying
themselves
,
and
so
need
the
good-works
of
the
Contact
section
to
let
them
feel
vicariously
useful
.
For
the
Culture
's
AIs
,
that
need
to
feel
useful
is
largely
replaced
by
the
desire
to
experience
,
but
as
a
drive
it
is
no
less
strong
.
The
universe
-
or
at
least
in
this
era
,
the
galaxy
-
is
waiting
there
,
largely
unexplored
(
by
the
Culture
,
anyway
)
,
its
physical
principles
and
laws
quite
comprehensively
understood
but
the
results
of
fifteen
billion
years
of
the
chaotically
formative
application
and
interaction
of
those
laws
still
far
from
fully
mapped
and
evaluated
.
By
Godel
out
of
Chaos
,
the
galaxy
is
,
in
other
words
,
an
immensely
,
intrinsically
,
and
inexhaustibly
interesting
place
;
an
intellectual
playground
for
machines
that
know
everything
except
fear
and
what
lies
hidden
within
the
next
uncharted
stellar
system
.
This
is
where
I
think
one
has
to
ask
why
any
AI
civilisation
-
and
probably
any
sophisticated
culture
at
all
-
would
want
to
spread
itself
everywhere
in
the
galaxy
(
or
the
universe
,
for
that
matter
)
.
It
would
be
perfectly
possible
to
build
a
Von
Neumann
machine
that
would
build
copies
of
itself
and
eventually
,
unless
stopped
,
turn
the
universe
into
nothing
but
those
self-copies
,
but
the
question
does
arise
;
why
?
What
is
the
point
?
To
put
it
in
what
we
might
still
regard
as
frivolous
terms
but
which
the
Culture
would
have
the
wisdom
to
take
perfectly
seriously
,
where
is
the
fun
in
that
?
Interest
-
the
delight
in
experience
,
in
understanding
-
comes
from
the
unknown
;
understanding
is
a
process
as
well
as
a
state
,
denoting
the
shift
from
the
unknown
to
the
known
,
from
the
random
to
the
ordered...
a
universe
where
everything
is
already
understood
perfectly
and
where
uniformity
has
replaced
diversity
,
would
,
I
'd
contend
,
be
anathema
to
any
self-respecting
AI
.
Probably
only
humans
find
the
idea
of
Von
Neumann
machines
frightening
,
because
we
half-understand
-
and
even
partially
relate
to
-
the
obsessiveness
of
the
ethos
such
constructs
embody
.
An
AI
would
think
the
idea
mad
,
ludicrous
and
-
perhaps
most
damning
of
all
-
boring
.
This
is
not
to
say
that
the
odd
Von-Neumann-machine
event
does
n't
crop
up
in
the
galaxy
every
now
and
again
(
probably
by
accident
rather
than
design
)
,
but
something
so
rampantly
monomaniac
is
unlikely
to
last
long
pitched
against
beings
possessed
of
a
more
rounded
wit
,
and
which
really
only
want
to
alter
the
Von
Neumann
machine
's
software
a
bit
and
make
friends
...
One
idea
behind
the
Culture
as
it
is
depicted
in
the
stories
is
that
it
has
gone
through
cyclical
stages
during
which
there
has
been
extensive
human-machine
interfacing
,
and
other
stages
(
sometimes
coinciding
with
the
human-machine
eras
)
when
extensive
genetic
alteration
has
been
the
norm
.
The
era
of
the
stories
written
so
far
-
dating
from
about
1300
AD
to
2100
AD
-
is
one
in
which
the
people
of
the
Culture
have
returned
,
probably
temporarily
,
to
something
more
'
classical
'
in
terms
of
their
relations
with
the
machines
and
the
potential
of
their
own
genes
.
The
Culture
recognises
,
expects
and
incorporates
fashions
-
albeit
long-term
fashions
-
in
such
matters
.
It
can
look
back
to
times
when
people
lived
much
of
their
lives
in
what
we
would
now
call
cyberspace
,
and
to
eras
when
people
chose
to
alter
themselves
or
their
children
through
genetic
manipulation
,
producing
a
variety
of
morphological
sub-species
.
Remnants
of
the
various
waves
of
such
civilisational
fashions
can
be
found
scattered
throughout
the
Culture
,
and
virtually
everyone
in
the
Culture
carries
the
results
of
genetic
manipulation
in
every
cell
of
their
body
;
it
is
arguably
the
most
reliable
signifier
of
Culture
status
.
Thanks
to
that
genetic
manipulation
,
the
average
Culture
human
will
be
born
whole
and
healthy
and
of
significantly
(
though
not
immensely
)
greater
intelligence
than
their
basic
human
genetic
inheritance
might
imply
.
There
are
thousands
of
alterations
to
that
human-basic
inheritance
-
blister-free
callusing
and
a
clot-filter
protecting
the
brain
are
two
of
the
less
important
ones
mentioned
in
the
stories
-
but
the
major
changes
the
standard
Culture
person
would
expect
to
be
born
with
would
include
an
optimized
immune
system
and
enhanced
senses
,
freedom
from
inheritable
diseases
or
defects
,
the
ability
to
control
their
autonomic
processes
and
nervous
system
(
pain
can
,
in
effect
,
be
switched
off
)
,
and
to
survive
and
fully
recover
from
wounds
which
would
either
kill
or
permanently
mutilate
without
such
genetic
tinkering
.
The
vast
majority
of
people
are
also
born
with
greatly
altered
glands
housed
within
their
central
nervous
systems
,
usually
referred
to
as
'
drug
glands
'
.
These
secrete
-
on
command
-
mood-
and
sensory-appreciation-altering
compounds
into
the
person
's
bloodstream
.
A
similar
preponderance
of
Culture
inhabitants
have
subtly
altered
reproductive
organs
-
and
control
over
the
associated
nerves
-
to
enhance
sexual
pleasure
.
Ovulation
is
at
will
in
the
female
,
and
a
fetus
up
to
a
certain
stage
may
be
re-absorbed
,
aborted
,
or
held
at
a
static
point
in
its
development
;
again
,
as
willed
.
An
elaborate
thought-code
,
self-administered
in
a
trance-like
state
(
or
simply
a
consistent
desire
,
even
if
not
conscious
)
will
lead
,
over
the
course
of
about
a
year
,
to
what
amounts
to
a
viral
change
from
one
sex
into
the
other
.
The
convention
-
tradition
,
even
-
in
the
Culture
during
the
time
of
the
stories
written
so
far
is
that
each
person
should
give
birth
to
one
child
in
their
lives
.
In
practice
,
the
population
grows
slowly
.
(
And
sporadically
,
in
addition
,
for
other
reasons
,
as
we
'll
come
to
later.
)
To
us
,
perhaps
,
the
idea
of
being
able
to
find
out
what
sex
is
like
for
our
complimentary
gender
,
or
being
able
to
get
drunk/stoned/tripped-out
or
whatever
just
by
thinking
about
it
(
and
of
course
the
Culture
's
drug-glands
produce
no
unpleasant
side-effects
or
physiological
addiction
)
may
seem
like
mere
wish-fulfilment
.
And
indeed
it
is
partly
wish-fulfilment
,
but
then
the
fulfilment
of
wishes
is
both
one
of
civilisation
's
most
powerful
drives
and
arguably
one
of
its
highest
functions
;
we
wish
to
live
longer
,
we
wish
to
live
more
comfortably
,
we
wish
to
live
with
less
anxiety
and
more
enjoyment
,
less
ignorance
and
more
knowledge
than
our
ancestors
did...
but
the
abilities
to
change
sex
and
to
alter
one
's
brain-chemistry
-
without
resort
to
external
technology
or
any
form
of
payment
-
both
have
more
serious
functions
within
the
Culture
.
A
society
in
which
it
is
so
easy
to
change
sex
will
rapidly
find
out
if
it
is
treating
one
gender
better
than
the
other
;
within
the
population
,
over
time
,
there
will
gradually
be
greater
and
greater
numbers
of
the
sex
it
is
more
rewarding
to
be
,
and
so
pressure
for
change
-
within
society
rather
than
the
individuals
-
will
presumably
therefore
build
up
until
some
form
of
sexual
equality
and
hence
numerical
parity
is
established
.
In
a
similar
fashion
,
a
society
in
which
everybody
is
free
to
,
and
does
,
choose
to
spend
the
majority
of
their
time
zonked
out
of
their
brains
will
know
that
there
is
something
significantly
wrong
with
reality
,
and
(
one
would
hope
)
do
what
it
can
to
make
that
reality
more
appealing
and
less
-
in
the
pejorative
sense
-
mundane
.
Implicit
in
the
stories
so
far
is
that
through
self-correcting
mechanisms
of
this
nature
the
Culture
reached
a
rough
steady-state
in
such
matters
thousands
of
years
ago
,
and
has
settled
into
a
kind
of
long-lived
civilisational
main
sequence
which
should
last
for
the
forseeable
future
,
and
thousands
of
generations
.
Which
brings
us
to
the
length
of
those
generations
,
and
the
fact
that
they
can
be
said
to
exist
at
all
.
Humans
in
the
Culture
normally
live
about
three-and-a-half
to
four
centuries
.
The
majority
of
their
lives
consists
of
a
three-century
plateau
which
they
reach
in
what
we
would
compare
to
our
mid-twenties
,
after
a
relatively
normal
pace
of
maturation
during
childhood
,
adolescence
and
early
adulthood
.
They
age
very
slowly
during
those
three
hundred
years
,
then
begin
to
age
more
quickly
,
then
they
die
.
Philosophy
,
again
;
death
is
regarded
as
part
of
life
,
and
nothing
,
including
the
universe
,
lasts
forever
.
It
is
seen
as
bad
manners
to
try
and
pretend
that
death
is
somehow
not
natural
;
instead
death
is
seen
as
giving
shape
to
life
.
While
burial
,
cremation
and
other
-
to
us
-
conventional
forms
of
body
disposal
are
not
unknown
in
the
Culture
,
the
most
common
form
of
funeral
involves
the
deceased
-
usually
surrounded
by
friends
-
being
visited
by
a
Displacement
Drone
,
which
-
using
the
technique
of
near-instantaneous
transmission
of
a
remotely
induced
singularity
via
hyperspace
-
removes
the
corpse
from
its
last
resting
place
and
deposits
it
in
the
core
of
the
relevant
system
's
sun
,
from
where
the
component
particles
of
the
cadaver
start
a
million-year
migration
to
the
star
's
surface
,
to
shine
-
possibly
-
long
after
the
Culture
itself
is
history
.
None
of
this
,
of
course
,
is
compulsory
(
nothing
in
the
Culture
is
compulsory
)
.
Some
people
choose
biological
immortality
;
others
have
their
personality
transcribed
into
AIs
and
die
happy
feeling
they
continue
to
exist
elsewhere
;
others
again
go
into
Storage
,
to
be
woken
in
more
(
or
less
)
interesting
times
,
or
only
every
decade
,
or
century
,
or
aeon
,
or
over
exponentially
increasing
intervals
,
or
only
when
it
looks
like
something
really
different
is
happening
...
Culture
starships
-
that
is
all
classes
of
ship
above
inter-planetary
-
are
sentient
;
their
Minds
(
sophisticated
AIs
working
largely
in
hyperspace
to
take
advantage
of
the
higher
lightspeed
there
)
bear
the
same
relation
to
the
fabric
of
the
ship
as
a
human
brain
does
to
the
human
body
;
the
Mind
is
the
important
bit
,
and
the
rest
is
a
life-support
and
transport
system
.
Humans
and
independent
drones
(
the
Culture
's
non-android
individual
AIs
of
roughly
human-equivalent
intelligence
)
are
unnecessary
for
the
running
of
the
starships
,
and
have
a
status
somewhere
between
passengers
,
pets
and
parasites
.
The
Culture
's
largest
vessels
-
apart
from
certain
art-works
and
a
few
Eccentrics
-
are
the
General
Systems
Vehicles
of
the
Contact
section
.
(
Contact
is
the
part
of
the
Culture
concerned
with
discovering
,
cataloguing
,
investigating
,
evaluating
and
-
if
thought
prudent
-
interacting
with
other
civilisations
;
its
rationale
and
activities
are
covered
elsewhere
,
in
the
stories.
)
The
GSVs
are
fast
and
very
large
craft
,
measured
in
kilometres
and
inhabited
by
millions
of
people
and
machines
.
The
idea
behind
them
is
that
they
represent
the
Culture
,
fully
.
All
that
the
Culture
knows
,
each
GSV
knows
;
anything
that
can
be
done
anywhere
in
the
Culture
can
be
done
within
or
by
any
GSV
.
In
terms
of
both
information
and
technology
,
they
represent
a
last
resort
,
and
act
like
holographic
fragments
of
the
Culture
itself
,
the
whole
contained
within
each
part
.
In
our
terms
,
the
abilities
of
a
GSV
are
those
of
-
at
least
-
a
large
state
,
and
arguably
a
whole
planet
(
subject
only
to
the
proviso
that
even
the
Culture
prefers
to
scoop
up
matter
rather
than
create
it
from
nothing
;
GSVs
do
require
raw
material
)
.
Contact
is
a
relatively
small
part
of
the
whole
Culture
,
however
,
and
the
average
Culture
citizen
will
rarely
encounter
a
GSV
or
other
Contact
ship
in
person
;
the
craft
they
will
normally
have
the
most
to
do
with
are
cruise
ships
;
interstellar
passenger
vessels
transporting
people
from
habitat
to
habitat
and
visiting
the
more
interesting
systems
,
stars
,
nebulae
,
holes
and
so
on
in
the
locality
.
Again
,
this
type
of
tourism
is
partly
long-term
fashion
;
people
travel
because
they
can
,
not
because
they
have
to
;
they
could
stay
at
home
and
appear
to
travel
to
exotic
places
through
what
we
would
now
call
Virtual
Reality
,
or
send
an
information-construct
of
themselves
to
a
ship
or
other
entity
that
would
do
the
experiencing
for
them
,
and
incorporate
the
memories
themselves
later
.
There
have
been
times
,
especially
just
after
the
relevant
VR
technology
was
perfected
,
when
the
amount
of
real
'
physical
'
tourism
shrank
drastically
,
whereas
during
the
time
the
stories
are
set
(
apart
from
during
the
most
intense
phase
of
the
Idiran
war
)
,
anything
up
to
a
tenth
of
the
Culture
's
citizens
might
be
travelling
in
space
at
any
one
time
.
Planets
figure
little
in
the
life
of
the
average
Culture
person
;
there
are
a
few
handfuls
of
what
are
regarded
as
'
home
'
planets
,
and
a
few
hundred
more
that
were
colonised
(
sometimes
after
terraforming
)
in
the
early
days
before
the
Culture
proper
came
into
being
,
but
only
a
fraction
of
a
percent
of
the
Culture
's
inhabitants
live
on
them
(
many
more
live
permanently
on
ships
)
.
More
people
live
in
Rocks
;
hollowed-out
asteroids
and
planetoids
(
almost
all
fitted
with
drives
,
and
some
-
after
nine
millennia
-
having
been
fitted
with
dozens
of
different
,
consecutively
more
advanced
engines
)
.
The
majority
,
however
,
live
in
larger
artificial
habitats
,
predominantly
Orbitals
.
Perhaps
the
easiest
way
to
envisage
an
Orbital
is
to
compare
it
to
the
idea
that
inspired
it
(
this
sounds
better
than
saying
;
Here
's
where
I
stole
it
from
)
.
If
you
know
what
a
Ringworld
is
-
invented
by
Larry
Niven
;
a
segment
of
a
Dyson
Sphere
-
then
just
discard
the
shadow-squares
,
shrink
the
whole
thing
till
it
's
about
three
million
kilometres
across
,
and
place
in
orbit
around
a
suitable
star
,
tilted
just
off
the
ecliptic
;
spin
it
to
produce
one
gravity
and
that
gives
you
an
automatic
24-hour
day-night
cycle
(
roughly
;
the
Culture
's
day
is
actually
a
bit
longer
)
.
An
elliptical
orbit
provides
seasons
.
Of
course
,
the
materials
used
in
the
construction
of
something
ten
million
kilometres
in
circumference
spinning
once
every
24
hours
are
far
beyond
anything
we
can
realistically
imagine
now
,
and
it
is
quite
possible
that
the
physical
constraints
imposed
by
the
strength
of
atomic
bonds
ensure
that
such
structures
will
prove
impossible
to
construct
,
but
if
it
is
possible
to
build
on
a
such
a
scale
and
subject
such
structures
to
forces
of
these
magnitudes
,
then
I
'd
submit
that
there
is
an
elegance
in
using
the
same
rotation
to
produce
both
an
acceptable
day-night
cycle
and
an
apparent
gravity
which
makes
the
idea
intrinsically
attractive
.
Usually
,
rather
than
construct
whole
Orbitals
in
one
operation
,
the
Culture
starts
with
Plates
;
a
pair
of
slabs
of
land
and
water
(
plus
full
retaining
walls
,
of
course
)
of
not
less
than
a
thousand
kilometres
to
a
side
,
spinning
in
a
similar
orbit
,
attached
by
tensor
fields
to
each
other
,
and
behaving
like
sections
of
a
completed
Orbital
;
this
variation
provides
greater
flexibility
when
responding
to
population
increase
.
Further
plate-pairs
can
then
be
added
until
the
Orbital
is
complete
.
The
attraction
of
Orbitals
is
their
matter
efficiency
.
For
one
planet
the
size
of
Earth
(
population
6
billion
at
the
moment
;
mass
6x1024
kg
)
,
it
would
be
possible
,
using
the
same
amount
of
matter
,
to
build
1,500
full
orbitals
,
each
one
boasting
a
surface
area
twenty
times
that
of
Earth
and
eventually
holding
a
maximum
population
of
perhaps
50
billion
people
(
the
Culture
would
regard
Earth
at
present
as
over-crowded
by
a
factor
of
about
two
,
though
it
would
consider
the
land-to-water
ratio
about
right
)
.
Not
,
of
course
,
that
the
Culture
would
do
anything
as
delinquent
as
actually
deconstructing
a
planet
to
make
Orbitals
;
simply
removing
the
sort
of
wandering
debris
(
for
example
comets
and
asteroids
)
which
the
average
solar
system
comes
equipped
with
and
which
would
threaten
such
an
artificial
world
's
integrity
through
collision
almost
always
in
itself
provides
sufficient
material
for
the
construction
of
at
least
one
full
Orbital
(
a
trade-off
whose
conservatory
elegance
is
almost
blissfully
appealing
to
the
average
Mind
)
,
while
interstellar
matter
in
the
form
of
dust
clouds
,
brown
dwarfs
and
the
like
provides
more
distant
mining
sites
from
which
the
amount
of
mass
required
for
several
complete
Orbitals
may
be
removed
with
negligible
effect
.
Whatever
the
source
material
,
Orbitals
are
obviously
far
more
mass-efficient
in
providing
living
space
than
planets
.
The
Culture
,
as
is
made
clear
in
Use
of
Weapons
,
regards
terraforming
generally
as
ecologically
unsound
;
the
wilderness
should
be
left
as
it
is
,
when
it
is
so
easy
to
build
paradise
in
space
from
so
little
.
An
idea
of
how
the
day-night
cycle
appears
on
the
surface
of
an
Orbital
can
be
gained
by
taking
an
ordinary
belt
,
buckling
it
so
that
it
forms
a
circle
,
and
putting
your
eye
to
the
outside
of
one
of
the
belt
's
holes
;
looking
through
the
hole
at
a
light
bulb
and
slowly
rotating
the
whole
belt
will
give
some
idea
of
how
a
star
appears
to
move
across
the
sky
when
seen
from
an
Orbital
,
though
it
will
also
leave
you
looking
rather
silly
.
As
indicated
,
the
usual
minimum
for
the
width
of
an
Orbital
is
about
a
thousand
kilometres
(
two
thousand
if
you
count
the
sloped
,
mostly
transparent
retaining
walls
,
which
usually
extend
to
five
hundred
kilometres
or
so
above
the
plate
land-sea
surface
)
.
The
normal
ratio
of
land
to
sea
is
1:3
,
so
that
on
each
Plate
-
assuming
they
are
being
constructed
in
the
balanced
pairs
described
above
-
a
(
very
)
roughly
square
island
rests
in
the
middle
of
a
sea
,
with
approximately
two
hundred
and
fifty
kilometres
from
the
shore
of
the
land
mass
to
the
retaining
walls
.
Orbitals
,
though
,
like
everything
else
in
the
Culture
,
vary
enormously
.
One
thing
almost
every
Orbital
-
whether
just
two
Plates
or
a
completed
(
"
closed
"
)
Orbital
-
does
have
,
is
a
Hub
.
As
its
name
implies
,
the
Hub
sits
in
the
centre
of
the
Orbital
,
equidistant
from
all
parts
of
the
main
circumferential
structure
(
but
not
physically
joined
to
it
,
normally
)
.
The
Hub
is
where
the
Orbital
's
controlling
AI
(
often
a
Mind
)
usually
exists
,
running
,
or
helping
to
run
,
the
Orbital
's
transport
,
manufacturing
,
maintenance
and
subsidiary
systems
,
acting
as
switchboard
for
trans-Orbital
communications
,
library
and
general
information
point
,
traffic
control
for
approaching
,
departing
and
close-passing
ships
,
and
generally
working
as
the
Orbital
's
principle
link
with
the
rest
of
the
Culture
.
During
the
construction
phase
of
a
Plate-pair
,
the
Hub
will
normally
control
the
process
.
The
design
of
a
Plate
sometimes
incorporates
the
deep
-
or
strategic
-
structure
of
the
surface
geography
,
so
that
the
Plate
medium
itself
contains
the
corrugations
that
will
become
mountains
,
valleys
and
lakes
;
more
commonly
,
the
Plate
surface
is
left
flat
and
the
strategic
structures
on
the
inner
surface
-
also
constructed
from
Plate
base
material
-
are
added
later
.
Under
either
method
,
the
Plate
's
manufacturing
and
maintenance
systems
are
located
within
the
indentations
or
hollows
of
the
strategic
structure
,
leaving
the
land
surface
free
to
assume
a
rural
appearance
,
once
the
tactical
geomorphology
has
been
designed
and
positioned
,
the
Plate
's
complement
of
water
and
air
has
been
emplaced
,
the
necessary
weathering
has
occurred
,
and
the
relevant
flora
and
fauna
have
been
introduced
.
The
surface
of
the
Plate
base
is
pierced
by
multitudinous
shafts
allowing
access
to
the
factory
and
maintenance
volumes
,
and
to
the
sub-surface
transport
systems
.
(
Almost
invariably
,
these
include
restricted
single-aperture
concentrically
rotating
airlocks
paired
in
sequence.
)
Existing
on
the
outer
surface
of
the
base
material
,
an
Orbital
's
rapid-transport
systems
operate
in
vacuum
,
with
the
resulting
advantages
the
lack
of
air-resistance
confers
;
the
relatively
uncluttered
nature
of
the
Orbital
's
outer
surface
(
whether
flat
,
allowing
the
systems
to
operate
next
to
that
surface
,
or
corrugated
,
requiring
sling-bridges
under
unoccupied
mountain
indentations
)
,
means
that
the
systems
can
be
both
high-capacity
and
extremely
flexible
.
Journey
starting-points
and
destinations
can
be
highly
specific
for
the
same
reason
;
an
isolated
house
or
a
small
village
will
have
its
own
access
shaft
,
and
in
larger
conurbations
a
shaft
will
usually
be
within
a
few
minutes
walk
.
Surface
transport
on
Orbitals
tends
to
be
used
when
the
pleasure
of
making
the
journey
is
itself
part
of
the
reason
for
travelling
;
air
travel
is
common
enough
(
if
still
far
slower
than
sub-surface
travel
)
,
though
individual
Plates
often
have
their
own
guide-lines
concerning
the
amount
of
air
travel
thought
appropriate
.
Such
guide-lines
are
part
of
one
's
manners
,
and
not
formalised
in
anything
as
crude
as
laws
.
The
Culture
does
n't
actually
have
laws
;
there
are
,
of
course
,
agreed-on
forms
of
behaviour
;
manners
,
as
mentioned
above
,
but
nothing
that
we
would
recognise
as
a
legal
framework
.
Not
being
spoken
to
,
not
being
invited
to
parties
,
finding
sarcastic
anonymous
articles
and
stories
about
yourself
in
the
information
network
;
these
are
the
normal
forms
of
manner-enforcement
in
the
Culture
.
The
very
worst
crime
(
to
use
our
terminology
)
,
of
course
,
is
murder
(
defined
as
irretrievable
brain-death
,
or
total
personality
loss
in
the
case
of
an
AI
)
.
The
result
-
punishment
,
if
you
will
-
is
the
offer
of
treatment
,
and
what
is
known
as
a
slap-drone
.
All
a
slap-drone
does
is
follow
the
murderer
around
for
the
rest
of
their
life
to
make
sure
they
never
murder
again
.
There
are
less
severe
variations
on
this
theme
to
deal
with
people
who
are
simply
violent
.
In
a
society
where
material
scarcity
is
unknown
and
the
only
real
value
is
sentimental
value
,
there
is
little
motive
or
opportunity
for
the
sort
of
action
we
would
class
as
a
crime
against
property
.
Megalomaniacs
are
not
unknown
in
the
Culture
,
but
they
tend
to
be
diverted
successfully
into
highly
complicated
games
;
there
are
entire
Orbitals
where
some
of
these
philosophically
crude
Obsessive
games
are
played
,
though
most
are
in
Virtual
Reality
.
Something
of
a
status-symbol
for
the
determined
megalomaniac
is
having
one
's
own
starship
;
this
is
considered
wasteful
by
most
people
,
and
is
also
futile
,
if
the
purpose
of
having
it
is
to
escape
the
Culture
completely
and
-
say
-
set
up
oneself
up
as
God
or
Emperor
on
some
backward
planet
;
the
person
might
be
free
to
pilot
their
(
obviously
non-AI
controlled
)
ship
,
and
even
approach
a
planet
,
but
the
Contact
section
is
equally
free
to
follow
that
person
wherever
they
go
and
do
whatever
it
thinks
appropriate
to
stop
him
or
her
from
doing
anything
injurious
or
unpleasant
to
whatever
civilisations
they
come
into
-
or
attempt
to
come
into
-
contact
with
.
This
tends
to
be
frustrating
,
and
Virtual
Reality
games
-
up
to
and
including
utter-involvement
level
,
in
which
the
player
has
to
make
a
real
and
sustained
effort
to
return
to
the
real
world
,
and
can
even
forget
that
it
exists
entirely
-
are
far
more
satisfying
.
Some
people
,
however
,
refuse
this
escape-route
too
,
and
leave
the
Culture
altogether
for
a
civilisation
that
suits
them
better
and
where
they
can
operate
in
a
system
which
gives
them
the
kind
of
rewards
they
seek
.
To
renounce
the
Culture
so
is
to
lose
access
to
its
technology
though
,
and
,
again
,
Contact
supervises
the
entry
of
such
people
into
their
chosen
civilisation
at
a
level
which
guarantees
they
are
n't
starting
with
too
great
an
advantage
compared
to
the
original
inhabitants
(
and
retains
the
option
of
interfering
,
if
it
sees
fit
)
.
A
few
such
apparently
anti-social
people
are
even
used
by
Contact
itself
,
especially
by
the
Special
Circumstances
section
.
The
way
the
Culture
creates
AIs
means
that
a
small
number
of
them
suffer
from
similar
personality
problems
;
such
machines
are
given
the
choice
of
cooperative
re-design
,
a
more
limited
role
in
the
Culture
than
they
might
have
had
otherwise
,
or
a
similarly
constrained
exile
.
Politics
in
the
Culture
consists
of
referenda
on
issues
whenever
they
are
raised
;
generally
,
anyone
may
propose
a
ballot
on
any
issue
at
any
time
;
all
citizens
have
one
vote
.
Where
issues
concern
some
sub-division
or
part
of
a
total
habitat
,
all
those
-
human
and
machine
-
who
may
reasonably
claim
to
be
affected
by
the
outcome
of
a
poll
may
cast
a
vote
.
Opinions
are
expressed
and
positions
on
issues
outlined
mostly
via
the
information
network
(
freely
available
,
naturally
)
,
and
it
is
here
that
an
individual
may
exercise
the
most
personal
influence
,
given
that
the
decisions
reached
as
a
result
of
those
votes
are
usually
implemented
and
monitored
through
a
Hub
or
other
supervisory
machine
,
with
humans
acting
(
usually
on
a
rota
basis
)
more
as
liaison
officers
than
in
any
sort
of
decision-making
executive
capacity
;
one
of
the
few
rules
the
Culture
adheres
to
with
any
exactitude
at
all
is
that
a
person
's
access
to
power
should
be
in
inverse
proportion
to
their
desire
for
it
.
The
sad
fact
for
the
aspiring
politico
in
the
Culture
is
that
the
levers
of
power
are
extremely
widely
distributed
,
and
very
short
(
see
entry
on
megalomaniacs
,
above
)
.
The
intellectual-structural
cohesion
of
a
starship
of
course
limits
the
sort
of
viable
votes
possible
on
such
vessels
,
though
as
a
rule
even
the
most
arrogant
craft
at
least
pretend
to
listen
when
their
guests
suggest
-
say
-
making
a
detour
to
watch
a
supernova
,
or
increasing
the
area
of
parkland
on-board
.
Day-to-day
life
in
the
Culture
varies
considerably
from
place
to
place
,
but
there
is
a
general
stability
about
it
we
might
find
either
extremely
peaceful
or
ultimately
rather
disappointing
,
depending
on
our
individual
temperament
.
We
,
after
all
,
are
used
to
living
in
times
of
great
change
;
we
expect
major
technological
developments
and
have
learned
to
adapt
-
indeed
expect
to
have
to
adapt
on
a
more
or
less
continual
basis
,
changing
(
in
the
developed
world
)
our
cars
,
our
entertainment
systems
and
a
whole
variety
of
household
objects
every
few
years
.
In
contrast
,
the
Culture
builds
to
last
;
it
is
not
uncommon
for
an
aircraft
,
for
example
,
to
be
handed
down
through
several
generations
.
Important
technological
advances
still
take
place
,
but
they
do
n't
tend
to
affect
day-to-day
life
the
way
that
the
invention
of
the
internal
combustion
engine
,
heavier-than-air
flying
machines
and
electronics
have
affected
the
lives
of
those
who
have
lived
during
the
past
century
on
Earth
.
Even
the
relative
homogeneity
of
the
people
one
would
meet
when
living
on
the
average
Orbital
-
with
relatively
few
children
and
physically
old
people
-
would
tend
,
for
us
,
to
reinforce
the
feeling
of
sameness
,
though
the
scattering
of
genetically
altered
,
morphologically
extreme
people
around
would
help
compensate
for
this
.
In
terms
of
personal
relations
and
family
groupings
,
the
Culture
is
,
predictably
,
full
of
every
possible
permutation
and
possibility
,
but
the
most
common
life-style
consists
of
groups
of
people
of
mixed
generations
linked
by
loose
family
ties
living
in
a
semi-communal
dwelling
or
group
of
dwellings
;
to
be
a
child
in
the
Culture
is
to
have
a
mother
,
perhaps
a
father
,
probably
not
a
brother
or
sister
,
but
large
numbers
of
aunts
and
uncles
,
and
various
cousins
.
Usually
,
a
mother
will
avoid
changing
sex
during
the
first
few
years
of
a
child
's
life
.
(
Though
,
of
course
,
if
you
want
to
confuse
your
child...
)
In
the
rare
event
of
a
parent
maltreating
a
child
(
a
definition
which
includes
depriving
the
child
of
the
opportunity
for
education
)
it
is
considered
acceptable
for
people
close
to
them
-
usually
with
the
help
of
the
relevant
Mind
,
ship
or
Hub
AI
,
and
subject
to
the
sort
of
small-scale
democratic
process
outlined
above
-
to
supervise
the
child
's
subsequent
development
.
In
general
the
Culture
does
n't
actively
encourage
immigration
;
it
looks
too
much
like
a
disguised
form
of
colonialism
.
Contact
's
preferred
methods
are
intended
to
help
other
civilisations
develop
their
own
potential
as
a
whole
,
and
are
designed
to
neither
leech
away
their
best
and
brightest
,
nor
turn
such
civilisations
into
miniature
versions
of
the
Culture
.
Individuals
,
groups
and
even
whole
lesser
civilisations
do
become
part
of
the
Culture
on
occasion
,
however
,
if
there
seems
to
be
a
particularly
good
reason
(
and
if
Contact
reckons
it
wo
n't
upset
any
other
interested
parties
in
the
locality
)
.
Just
who
and
what
is
and
is
n't
Culture
is
something
of
a
difficult
question
to
answer
though
;
as
has
been
said
in
one
of
the
books
,
the
Culture
kind
of
fades
out
at
the
edges
.
There
are
still
fragments
-
millions
of
ships
,
hundreds
of
Orbitals
,
whole
systems
-
of
the
Peace
faction
of
the
Culture
,
which
split
from
the
main
section
just
before
the
start
of
the
Idiran
War
,
when
ships
and
habitats
voted
independently
on
the
need
to
go
to
war
at
all
;
the
minority
simply
declared
itself
neutral
in
the
hostilities
and
the
re-integration
of
the
Peace
faction
after
the
cessation
of
hostilities
was
never
totally
completed
,
many
people
in
it
preferring
to
stay
outside
the
majority
Culture
as
long
as
it
did
not
renounce
the
future
use
of
force
.
The
genofixing
which
established
the
potential
for
inter-species
breeding
at
the
foundation
of
the
Culture
is
the
most
obvious
indicator
of
what
we
might
call
Culture-hood
in
humans
,
but
not
everybody
has
it
;
some
people
prefer
to
be
more
human-basic
for
aesthetic
or
philosophical
reasons
,
while
some
are
so
altered
from
that
human-basic
state
that
any
interbreeding
is
impossible
.
The
status
of
some
of
the
Rocks
and
a
few
(
mostly
very
old
)
habitats
is
marginal
for
a
variety
of
reasons
.
Contact
is
the
most
coherent
and
consistent
part
of
the
Culture
-
certainly
when
considered
on
a
galactic
scale
-
yet
it
is
only
a
very
small
part
of
it
,
is
almost
a
civilisation
within
a
civilisation
,
and
no
more
typifies
its
host
than
an
armed
service
does
a
peaceful
state
.
Even
the
Cultures
's
prized
language
,
Marain
,
is
not
spoken
by
every
Culture
person
,
and
is
used
well
outside
the
limits
of
the
civilisation
itself
.
Names
;
Culture
names
act
as
an
address
if
the
person
concerned
stays
where
they
were
brought
up
.
Let
's
take
an
example
;
Balveda
,
from
Consider
Phlebas
.
Her
full
name
is
Juboal-Rabaroansa
Perosteck
Alseyn
Balveda
dam
T'seif
.
The
first
part
tells
you
she
was
born/brought
up
on
Rabaroan
Plate
,
in
the
Juboal
stellar
system
(
where
there
is
only
one
Orbital
in
a
system
,
the
first
part
of
a
name
will
often
be
the
name
of
the
Orbital
rather
than
the
star
)
;
Perosteck
is
her
given
name
(
almost
invariably
the
choice
of
one
's
mother
)
,
Alseyn
is
her
chosen
name
(
people
usually
choose
their
names
in
their
teens
,
and
sometimes
have
a
succession
through
their
lives
;
an
alseyn
is
a
graceful
but
fierce
avian
raptor
common
to
many
Orbitals
in
the
region
which
includes
the
Juboal
system
)
;
Balveda
is
her
family
name
(
usually
one
's
mother
's
family
name
)
and
T'seif
is
the
house/estate
she
was
raised
within
.
The
'
sa
'
affix
on
the
first
part
of
her
name
would
translate
into
'
er
'
in
English
(
we
might
all
start
our
names
with
'
Sun-Earther
'
,
in
English
,
if
we
were
to
adopt
the
same
nomenclature
)
,
and
the
'
dam
'
part
is
similar
to
the
German
'
von
'
.
Of
course
,
not
everyone
follows
this
naming-system
,
but
most
do
,
and
the
Culture
tries
to
ensure
that
star
and
Orbital
names
are
unique
,
to
avoid
confusion
.
Now
,
in
all
the
above
,
there
are
two
untold
stories
implicit
.
One
is
the
history
of
the
Culture
's
formation
,
which
was
a
lot
less
easy
and
more
troubled
than
its
later
demeanour
might
lead
one
to
expect
,
and
the
other
is
the
story
which
answers
the
question
;
why
were
there
all
those
so-similar
humanoid
species
scattered
around
the
galaxy
in
the
first
place
?
Each
story
is
too
complicated
to
relate
here
.
Lastly
,
something
of
the
totally
fake
cosmology
that
underpins
the
shakily
credible
stardrives
mentioned
in
the
Culture
stories
.
Even
if
you
can
accept
all
the
above
,
featuring
a
humanoid
species
that
seems
to
exhibit
no
real
greed
,
paranoia
,
stupidity
,
fanaticism
or
bigotry
,
wait
till
you
read
this
...
We
accept
that
the
three
dimensions
of
space
we
live
in
are
curved
,
that
space-time
describes
a
hypersphere
,
just
as
the
two
dimensions
of
length
and
width
on
the
surface
of
a
totally
smooth
planet
curve
in
a
third
dimension
to
produce
a
three-dimensional
sphere
.
In
the
Culture
stories
,
the
idea
is
that
-
when
you
imagine
the
hypersphere
which
is
our
expanding
universe
-
rather
than
thinking
of
a
growing
hollow
sphere
(
like
a
inflating
beach-ball
,
for
example
)
,
think
of
an
onion
.
An
expanding
onion
,
certainly
,
but
an
onion
,
nevertheless
.
Within
our
universe
,
our
hypersphere
,
there
are
whole
layers
of
younger
,
smaller
hyperspheres
.
And
we
are
not
the
very
outer-most
skin
of
that
expanding
onion
,
either
;
there
are
older
,
larger
universes
beyond
ours
,
too
.
Between
each
universe
there
is
something
called
the
Energy
Grid
(
I
said
this
was
all
fake
)
;
I
have
no
idea
what
this
is
,
but
it
's
what
the
Culture
starships
run
on
.
And
of
course
,
if
you
could
get
through
the
Energy
Grid
,
to
a
younger
universe
,
and
then
repeat
the
process...
now
we
really
are
talking
about
immortality
.
(
This
is
why
there
are
two
types
of
hyperspace
mentioned
in
the
stories
;
infraspace
within
our
hypersphere
,
and
ultraspace
without.
)
Now
comes
the
difficult
bit
;
switch
to
seven
dimensions
and
even
our
four
dimensional
universe
can
be
described
as
a
circle
.
So
forget
about
the
onion
;
think
of
a
doughnut
.
A
doughnut
with
only
a
very
tiny
hole
in
the
middle
.
That
hole
is
the
Cosmic
Centre
,
the
singularity
,
the
great
initiating
fireball
,
the
place
the
universes
come
from
;
and
it
did
n't
exist
just
in
the
instant
our
universe
came
into
being
;
it
exists
all
the
time
,
and
it
's
exploding
all
the
time
,
like
some
Cosmic
car
engine
,
producing
universes
like
exhaust
smoke
.
As
each
universe
comes
into
being
,
detonating
and
spreading
and
expanding
,
it
-
or
rather
the
single
circle
we
are
using
to
describe
it
-
goes
gradually
up
the
inner
slope
of
our
doughnut
,
like
a
widening
ripple
from
a
stone
flung
in
a
pond
.
It
goes
over
the
top
of
the
doughnut
,
reaches
its
furthest
extent
on
the
outside
edge
of
the
doughnut
,
and
then
starts
the
long
,
contracting
,
collapsing
journey
back
in
towards
the
Cosmic
Centre
again
,
to
be
reborn
...
Or
at
least
it
does
if
it
's
on
that
doughnut
;
the
doughnut
is
itself
hollow
,
filled
with
smaller
ones
where
the
universes
do
n't
live
so
long
.
And
there
are
larger
ones
outside
it
,
where
the
universes
live
longer
,
and
maybe
there
are
universes
that
are
n't
on
doughnuts
at
all
,
and
never
fall
back
in
,
and
just
dissipate
out
into...
some
form
of
meta-space
?
Where
fragments
of
them
are
captured
eventually
by
the
attraction
of
another
doughnut
,
and
fall
in
towards
its
Cosmic
Centre
with
the
debris
of
lots
of
other
dissipated
universes
,
to
be
reborn
as
something
quite
different
again
?
Who
knows
.
(
I
know
it
's
all
nonsense
,
but
you
've
got
to
admit
it
's
impressive
nonsense
.
And
like
I
said
at
the
start
,
none
of
it
exists
anyway
,
does
it
?
)
Anyway
,
that
's
more
than
enough
of
me
pontificating
.
With
best
wishes
for
the
future
,
Iain
M
Banks
Copyright
1994
Iain
M
Banks
Commercial
use
only
by
permission
.
Other
uses
,
distribution
,
reproduction
,
tearing
to
shreds
etc.
are
freely
encouraged
provided
the
source
is
acknowledged.
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and
suggestions
This
TIP
adds
a
new
option
to
the
[
switch
]
command
to
support
matching
of
strings
to
unique
prefixes
of
patterns
,
similar
to
Tcl
's
existing
subcommand-name
matching
or
Tk
's
option-name
matching
.
Rationale
When
code
(
particularly
in
script
libraries
)
wants
to
support
shortest
unique
prefix
matching
in
the
manner
of
the
Tcl
core
(
as
provided
by
'
'
Tcl_GetIndexFromObj
'
'
)
currently
either
the
prefixes
have
to
be
precomputed
(
by
hand
or
by
script
)
or
the
matching
has
to
be
done
backwards
.
In
the
first
case
,
this
is
either
error-prone
or
requires
an
extra
piece
of
code
that
has
to
be
developed
by
the
programmer
.
In
the
second
case
,
the
code
has
to
be
converted
into
a
pattern
which
is
matched
against
the
list
of
supported
options
in
some
way
,
which
is
either
inefficient
or
has
hazards
if
the
string
being
matched
contains
characters
that
are
meaningful
to
the
matching
engine
being
used
.
Instead
,
it
would
be
far
nicer
if
we
could
make
the
core
support
this
directly
,
so
that
script
authors
could
just
say
what
they
mean
.
Proposed
Change
To
support
this
,
I
propose
modifying
the
switch
command
to
take
an
extra
option
'
'
-prefix
'
'
(
which
should
be
mutually
exclusive
with
'
'
-exact
,
-glob
and
-regexp
'
'
of
course
)
to
enable
prefix
matching
.
When
prefix
matching
is
enabled
,
the
arm
chosen
for
execution
will
be
the
one
such
that
the
switch
value
is
identical
to
or
an
unambiguous
prefix
of
its
pattern
(
i.e.
it
will
not
be
a
prefix
of
any
other
pattern
listed
,
unless
the
pattern
of
the
arm
chosen
is
exactly
equal
to
the
switch
value.
)
If
there
is
no
arm
whose
pattern
is
an
unambiguous
prefix
of
the
switch
value
,
the
default
arm
will
be
selected
for
execution
,
or
if
there
is
no
default
arm
,
the
switch
command
will
terminate
without
an
error
and
with
an
empty
result
(
this
is
in
contrast
to
the
behaviour
of
'
'
Tcl_GetIndexFromObj''.
)
Examples
The
command
:
switch
-prefix
f
{
foo
{
puts
"
matched
foo
"
}
bar
{
puts
"
matched
bar
"
}
}
prints
"
matched
foo
"
.
The
command
:
switch
-prefix
b
{
bar
{
puts
"
matched
bar
"
}
boo
{
puts
"
matched
boo
"
}
default
{
puts
"
the
default
action
"
}
}
prints
"
the
default
action
"
(
"
b
"
is
a
prefix
of
two
patterns.
)
The
command
:
switch
-prefix
tcl
{
tcl
{
puts
"
The
Tool
Command
Language
"
}
tk
{
puts
"
The
Tk
Toolkit
"
}
tcl/tk
{
puts
"
A
cool
combination
"
}
}
prints
"
The
Tool
Command
Language
"
(
although
"
tcl
"
is
a
prefix
of
two
patterns
,
it
matches
one
of
them
exactly.
)
Copyright
This
document
has
been
placed
in
the
public
domain.
[
Index
]
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]
[
HTML
Format
]
[
Source
Format
]
[
LaTeX
Format
]
[
Text
Format
]
[
XML
Format
]
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*roff
Format
(
experimental
)
]
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Format
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)
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TIP
AutoGenerator
-
written
by
Donal
K.
Fellows
Frequently
Asked
Questions
about
Playing-cards
Archive-name
:
FAQ-complete
Last-modified
:
5th
March
2001
by
Daf
Tregear
daf@cs.man.ac.uk
Converted
to
HTML
and
section
on
games
expanded
:
13
Oct
1995
by
John
McLeod
Subject
:
1.
Introduction
and
Disclaimer
This
FAQ
is
intended
to
be
a
public
collection
of
information
on
all
aspects
of
playing-cards
of
interest
to
collectors
,
researchers
and
games
players
.
I
welcome
ideas
for
additions
/
deletions
/
corrections
;
send
them
along
and
I
'll
include
them
.
Information
has
been
taken
from
many
published
sources
(
see
the
Bibliography
referred
to
later
)
and
with
the
help
of
many
knowledgable
enthusiasts
.
In
particular
,
I
'd
like
to
thank
the
following
people
for
their
contributions
:
John
Berry
Peter
Endebrock
Sil
Horwitz
John
McLeod
Gunther
Anderson
Please
note
that
I
am
unable
to
answer
queries
concering
the
age
and/or
value
of
packs
of
cards
and
do
not
offer
any
further
advice
to
that
given
in
section
4.4
(
How
do
I
date
a
pack
?
)
and
section
4.5
(
How
do
I
find
out
the
value
of
a
pack
?
).
Daf
Tregear
,
editor
.
Subject
:
2.
Table
of
Contents
1.
Introduction
and
Disclaimer
2.
Table
of
Contents
3.
GENERAL
3.0
Trivia
Quiz
questions
3.00
Who
are
the
people
shown
on
the
standard
English/International
pattern
of
playing-cards
and
why
do
they
look
the
way
they
do
?
3.01
Why
is
the
Jack
called
a
Jack
,
rather
than
a
prince
or
earl
or
another
nobleman
?
3.02
Which
card
is
called
"
The
Curse
of
Scotland
,
and
why
?
3.03
Why
is
the
Ace
of
spades
bigger
and
fancier
than
the
other
Aces
?
3.04
What
is
the
story
connecting
a
deck
of
cards
with
the
Bible
?
3.05
Why
does
the
Ace
rank
greater
than
the
King
?
3.06
What
is
the
order
of
suit
ranking
?
3.1
What
is
a
"
playing-card
"
?
3.11
How
do
I
shuffle
a
pack
of
cards
?
3.2
What
interests
might
people
have
in
playing-cards
?
3.3
What
Internet
resources
are
there
for
playing-cards
?
3.4
What
kinds
of
playing-cards
are
there
?
3.5
What
are
the
origins
of
playing-cards
?
3.6
Is
it
true
that
Tarot
cards
have
very
ancient
origins
?
3.7
Societies
for
people
with
an
interest
in
playing-cards
3.8
Museums
with
interesting
collections
of
playing-cards
3.9
Books
about
playing-cards
4.
COLLECTING
4.1
I
collect
playing-cards
;
where
should
I
look
to
buy
them
?
4.2
How
do
I
store
my
collection
of
playing-cards
?
4.3
How
do
I
display
my
collection
of
playing-cards
?
4.4
How
do
I
date
a
pack
?
4.4.1
Appearance
4.4.2
Suit
system
in
use
4.4.3
Manufacturer
's
marks
4.4.4
Edges
on
Italian
cards
4.4.5
Corners
4.4.6
Single-
or
double-ended
?
4.4.7
Backs
4.4.8
Printing
processes
4.4.9
Indexes
4.4.10
Jokers
4.4.11
Tax
stamps
4.5
How
do
I
find
out
the
value
of
a
pack
?
4.6
How
do
I
turn
an
idea
for
a
pack
into
reality
?
4.7
Where
do
I
go
to
get
cards
backs
printed
with
my
custom
design
?
5.
GAMES
5.1
History
,
Types
and
Distribution
of
Card
Games
5.1.1
How
many
different
card
games
are
there
?
5.1.2
What
were
the
earliest
card
games
?
5.1.3
What
card
games
are
played
in
xxxxx
country
or
region
?
5.1.4
What
games
are
played
with
Tarot
cards
?
5.1.5
I
have
a
pack
of
yyyyy
cards
.
What
games
are
usually
played
with
them
?
5.2
Rules
of
Games
;
Playing
Games
5.2.1
Who
was
Hoyle
?
5.2.2
Where
can
I
find
the
official
rules
for
the
game
zzzzz
?
5.2.3
All
right
then
,
where
can
I
find
any
rules
for
the
game
zzzzz
?
5.2.4
How
can
I
contact
fellow
players
of
game
zzzzz
?
5.2.5
Is
there
an
organisation
for
the
game
zzzzz
?
5.3
Card
Games
and
Computers
5.3.1
What
computer
programs
are
available
that
play
card
games
?
5.3.2
What
facilities
are
there
for
playing
cards
on
line
over
the
Internet
?
Subject
:
3
General
Subject
:
3.00
Who
are
the
people
shown
on
the
standard
English/International
pattern
of
playing-cards
and
why
do
they
look
the
way
they
do
?
See
the
most
frequently
asked
questions
about
playing-cards
.
Subject
:
3.01
Why
is
the
Jack
called
a
Jack
,
rather
than
a
prince
or
earl
or
another
nobleman
?
See
Jacks
and
Knaves
.
Subject
:
3.02
Which
card
is
called
"
The
Curse
of
Scotland
,
and
why
?
See
The
Curse
of
Scotland
.
Subject
:
3.03
Why
is
the
Ace
of
spades
bigger
and
fancier
than
the
other
Aces
?
See
Why
is
the
Ace
of
spades
bigger
and
fancier
than
the
other
Aces
?
.
Subject
:
3.04
What
is
the
story
connecting
a
deck
of
cards
with
the
Bible
?
See
What
is
the
story
connecting
a
deck
of
cards
with
the
Bible
?
.
Subject
:
3.05
Why
does
the
Ace
rank
greater
than
the
King
?
See
Why
does
the
Ace
rank
greater
than
the
King
?
.
Subject
:
3.06
What
is
the
order
of
suit
ranking
?
See
What
is
the
order
of
suit
ranking
?
.
Subject
:
3.1
What
is
a
"
playing-card
"
?
www.pagat.com/mech.html
was
not
written
to
answer
this
particular
question
but
does
provide
much
relevant
information
.
Subject
:
3.11
How
do
I
shuffle
a
pack
of
playing-cards
?
See
eHow
to
Shuffle
Cards
.
Subject
:
3.2
What
interests
might
people
have
in
playing-cards
?
First
and
foremost
,
people
play
games
with
them
!
(
We
collectors
tend
to
forget
that
)
.
Historians
value
them
for
their
insight
into
social
history
.
Collectors
collect
them
for
historical
purposes
,
to
study
the
printing
processes
and
manufacture
,
the
faces
and
backs
,
and
,
in
general
,
just
to
accumulate
(
like
all
other
collectors
)
.
Subject
:
3.3
What
Internet
resources
are
there
for
playing-cards
?
For
the
games
played
with
cards
there
is
a
Usenet
news
group
:
rec.games.playing-cards
and
there
is
the
Card
Games
WWW
site
,
which
mainly
contains
rules
of
games
.
Bridge
players
who
wish
to
discuss
strategy
have
their
own
newsgroup
:
rec.games.bridge
Those
interested
in
the
gambling
aspect
of
card
playing
should
turn
to
:
rec.gambling
Please
note
that
the
following
newsgroups
are
for
those
interested
in
trading-cards
and
not
playing-cards
:
rec.collecting.cards
rec.collecting.cards.discuss
rec.collecting.cards.non-sports
rec.games.trading-cards.announce
rec.games.trading-cards.jyhad
rec.games.trading-cards.magic.misc
rec.games.trading-cards.magic.rules
rec.games.trading-cards.magic.strategy
rec.games.trading-cards.marketplace
rec.games.trading-cards.misc
For
people
interested
in
collecting
playing-cards
or
researching
into
their
history
,
their
origins
,
their
spread
around
the
world
,
use
and
manufacture
there
is
as
yet
no
news
group
.
However
a
discussion
forum
is
managed
via
Listar
at
cs.man.ac.uk
.
To
join
,
simply
send
a
mail
message
to
listar@cs.man.ac.uk
with
a
blank
subject
line
and
the
body
of
the
message
saying
subscribe
playing-cards
A
number
of
documents
are
held
at
cs.man.ac.uk
,
including
this
FAQ
.
The
documents
can
be
accessed
via
the
Listar
software
once
you
are
a
member
of
the
list
.
To
find
the
list
of
documents
relating
to
playing-cards
send
the
following
mail
message
to
listar@cs.man.ac.uk
index
playing-cards
(
again
,
the
subject
line
of
the
message
should
be
blank
)
.
Some
of
these
documents
are
now
also
held
as
WWW
pages
at
www.cs.man.ac.uk
.
Does
anyone
have
the
resources
to
develop
further
WWW
pages
?
Playing-cards
would
lend
themselves
so
well
to
this
,
being
relatively
small
,
often
colourful
and
always
two-dimensional
.
In
particular
,
once
they
had
been
scanned
in
,
museums
would
be
able
to
provide
the
perfect
means
for
researchers
to
have
access
to
material
which
is
hard
to
display
without
damage
and
with
perfect
security
.
Subject
:
3.4
What
kinds
of
playing-cards
are
there
?
Cards
could
be
categorised
:
by
size
(
miniature
,
patience
,
bridge
,
poker
,
large
)
,
by
time
period
,
by
suits
(
Italian
,
German
,
French
,
etc.
)
,
by
speciality
(
standards
,
special
faces
,
all
special
,
transformations
)
,
by
maker
,
by
distributor
(
advertising
,
railroad
,
airline
,
etc).
by
purpose
(
some
cards
are
intended
for
games
play
,
some
for
divination
)
Books
favoured
by
collectors
have
tended
to
describe
cards
by
country
of
manufacture
,
regardless
of
where
they
were
intended
for
play
.
Within
each
country
`
standard
cards
'
are
described
first
,
followed
by
`
non-standard
'
ones
.
To
understand
these
classifications
,
it
is
important
to
understand
what
collectors/researchers
understand
by
the
terms
:
`
standard
'
cards
`
non-standard
'
cards
`
national
suit
systems
'
STANDARD
CARD
This
refers
to
cards
of
a
certain
standard
design
acceptable
to
the
normal
run
of
card-players
.
It
can
be
associated
with
a
geographical
location
(
either
through
custom
or
the
law
)
,
a
maker
's
design
with
many
editions
or
copies
by
other
makers
,
or
even
one
used
for
a
local
game
.
These
regular
designs
or
regional
patterns
originated
recognisably
in
the
17th
,
18th
or
,
most
often
,
in
the
19th
century
.
With
regard
to
French-suited
cards
in
particular
,
French
regional
patterns
,
primarily
originating
in
Paris
,
Lyons
or
Rouen
,
spread
across
Europe
in
all
directions
and
many
of
their
descendents
survive
.
Makers
'
house
patterns
were
more
a
19th
century
phenomenon
,
mainly
emanating
from
Germany
,
some
from
Austria-Hungary
.
In
general
,
children
's
games
such
as
Old
Maid
are
excluded
from
being
considered
in
this
category
.
NON-STANDARD
CARD
Standard
cards
are
used
for
card
games
.
Non-standard
cards
are
seldom
put
to
such
use
,
so
why
were
they
made
and
why
do
people
buy
them
?
The
reasons
are
many
and
varied
.
Early
German
engravers
saw
them
as
an
opportunity
to
market
a
set
of
52
exquisite
miniatures
.
Cardinal
Mazarin
commissioned
4
sets
of
educational
cards
to
catch
the
attention
of
the
young
Louis
XIV
.
They
gave
the
anti-Roman
Catholic
pamphleteers
of
17th
century
England
another
medium
for
disseminating
their
message
;
later
they
had
an
education
purpose
for
Geography
,
Heraldry
and
Astronomy
.
Transformation
cards
made
their
first
appearance
soon
after
1800
and
have
been
sporadically
popular
ever
since
;
their
aim
is
to
`
transform
'
and
ordinary
pip
card
into
a
picture
by
means
of
incorporating
the
pips
in
their
standard
positions
in
a
larger
overall
design
.
The
designs
are
often
extremely
witty
.
The
court
cards
are
obvious
vehicles
for
caricatures
of
an
affectionate
,
or
downright
vicious
,
nature
.
These
are
just
a
few
examples
from
the
vast
range
.
NATIONAL
SUIT
SYSTEMS
The
different
suit
systems
are
well
illustrated
on
John
McLeod
's
Card
Games
site
.
French-suited
cards
:
English
spades
clubs
hearts
diamonds
French
pique
trefle
coeur
carreau
(
=
pikes
,
clover
,
hearts
,
tiles
)
German
Pik
Kreuz
Herz
Karo
(
same
,
but
Kreuz
=
`
crosses
'
)
English
(
52
)
A
K
Q
J
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
French*
(
52,32
)
R
D
V
1
10
9
8
7
(
6
5
4
3
2
)
German
(
32
)
A
K
D
B
X
(
numeral
10
added
when
indices
added
)
9
8
7
*
Modern
French
packs
retain
the
archaic
feature
of
court
cards
bearing
individual
names
,
typically
:
spades
David
,
Pallas
,
Hogier
clubs
Alexandre
,
Argine
,
Lancelot
hearts
Charles
,
Judith
,
La
Hire
diamonds
Cesar
,
Rachel
,
Hector
Although
the
French
named-card
tradition
goes
back
to
the
16th
century
the
actual
names
used
have
varied
enormously
and
the
most
constant
of
them
have
not
been
applied
consistently
to
the
same
cards
.
David
,
Judith
,
and
possibly
Rachel
appear
to
be
biblical
;
Alexander
,
Caesar
,
Hector
,
and
Pallas
are
classical
,
as
also
is
Argine
(
anagram
of
regina
or
corruption
of
Argea
)
;
Lancelot
must
be
drawn
from
the
Matter
of
Britain
.
Charles
may
be
Charlemagne
,
and
Hogier
his
distinguished
cousin
.
Or
he
may
be
Charles
VII
of
France
,
Rachel
(
his
mistress
Agnes
Sorel
)
,
and
La
Hire
,
a
knight
of
his
court
.
Or
...
English
Ace
King
Queen
Jack
(
Knave
)
French
As
Roi
Dame
Valet
German
As
König
Dame
Bube
German
and
Swiss-suited
cards
:
German
Grün
Eichel
Rot
Schellen
(
=
green
,
acorns
,
red
,
bells
)
(
Laub
)
(
Herz
)
(
leaves
)
(
hearts
)
Swiss
Schilten
Eichel
Rosen
Schellen
(
=
shields
,
acorns
,
roses
,
bells
)
German
(
36
,
32
)
D(A
)
K
O
U
10
9
8
7
(
6
)
Swiss
(
36
)
D(A
)
K
O
U
B
9
8
7
6
German
Daus
(
As
)
König
Ober
Unter
Swiss
Daus
(
As
,
Sau
)
Konig
Ober
Under
Latin-suited
cards
:
Italian
bastoni
spade
coppe
denari
(
=
batons
,
swords
,
cups
,
coins
)
Spanish
bastos
espadas
copas
oros
(
=
clubs
,
swords
,
cups
,
coins
)
Italian
(
40
)
R
C
F
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Spanish
(
48
,
40
)
R
C
S
(
9
8
)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Italian
Re
Cavallo
Fante
(
=
King
,
Cavalier
,
Footsoldier
)
Spanish
Rey
Caballo
Sota
(
=
King
,
Cavalier
,
Servant
)
Other
indexes
:
Denmark
K
D
B
A
or
K
D
Kn
Es
Denmark
}
Norway
}
K
D
Kn
1
or
Es
or
E
Sweden
}
Finland
K
D
Kn
1
K
R
S
1
Greece
B
K
O
A
Holland
H
V
B
1
or
A
Iceland
K
D
G
As
Lithuania
K
M
B
T
Poland
K
D
W
A
Russia
K
A
B
T
Subject
:
3.5
What
are
the
origins
of
playing-cards
?
Playing-cards
are
believed
to
have
arrived
in
Europe
from
the
East
,
specifically
as
developments
of
the
cards
used
by
the
Mamelukes
of
Egypt
.
An
almost
complete
pack
of
Mameluke
playing-cards
was
discovered
in
the
Topkapi
Sarayi
Museum
in
Instanbul
by
L.A.
Mayer
in
1939
.
His
discovery
remained
little
known
until
his
original
paper
was
posthumously
published
in
book
form
in
1971
.
By
this
time
it
was
possible
to
include
details
on
the
fragment
of
a
similar
card
subsequently
identified
in
a
private
collection
.
This
pack
itself
does
not
predate
1400
,
but
the
`
private
'
fragment
is
tentatively
dated
to
the
12th
or
13th
centuries
.
The
reconstructed
pack
consists
of
52
cards
,
with
suits
of
swords
,
polo-sticks
,
cups
,
and
coins
,
numerals
from
one
to
ten
,
and
courts
labelled
`
malik
'
(
King
)
,
`
naib
malik
'
(
Deputy
King
)
,
and
`
thani
naib
'
(
Second
Deputy
)
.
This
is
virtually
identical
with
the
Italian
variety
of
Latin-suited
pack
,
and
the
date
of
the
other
fragment
clinches
the
argument
that
the
Mameluke
pack
came
first
.
Furthermore
,
the
Arabic
word
naib
,
`
deputy
'
,
suggests
the
origin
of
Italian
naibbe
and
Spanish
naipes
for
the
name
of
the
game
--
`
the
Game
of
Deputies
'
.
Evidence
is
inconclusive
as
to
whether
cards
arrived
in
Italy
first
(
it
had
the
major
trade
routes
)
or
Spain
(
it
was
partly
occupied
by
Moors
at
the
time
)
but
Italy
probably
was
first
since
the
Italian
design
is
closest
to
the
Mameluke
design
and
the
Spanish
design
suggests
a
later
simplification
of
the
Italian
design
.
Since
polo
was
unknown
in
Europe
at
this
time
,
the
Italians
straightened
the
polo-sticks
into
ceremonial
batons
,
but
retained
the
other
suits
.
The
Spanish
design
uses
knobbly
cudgels
in
their
place
.
Playing-cards
are
known
in
Persia
and
India
at
this
time
.
Professor
Michael
Dummett
postulates
that
there
may
have
existed
in
Persia
or
central
Asia
a
prototype
48-card
game
involving
four
suits
with
10
numerals
and
two
courts
in
each
.
Known
as
`
Ganjifeh
'
to
the
Persians
,
it
was
transmitted
by
them
to
both
eastern
and
western
neighbouring
cultures
.
In
India
the
name
was
taken
over
as
`
Ganjifa
'
and
the
number
of
suits
doubled
(
8
x
12
=
96
)
.
In
Arabia
it
became
`
Kanjifah
'
--
a
word
appearing
in
an
inscription
on
one
of
the
Mameluke
cards
--
and
was
expanded
by
the
addition
of
a
third
court
card
(
4
x
13
=
52
)
.
Once
the
craze
had
hit
Europe
,
it
spread
rapidly
.
Cards
are
first
mentioned
in
Spain
in
1371
,
described
in
detail
in
Switzerland
in
1377
,
and
by
1380
reliably
reported
from
places
as
far
apart
as
Florence
,
Basle
,
Regensburg
,
Brabant
,
Paris
,
and
Barcelona
.
It
is
hard
to
push
their
existence
in
Europe
back
any
further
;
they
are
notably
absent
from
appropriate
passages
in
Petrach
(
1304-74
)
,
Boccaccio
(
1313-75
)
,
and
Chaucer
(
1343-1400
)
,
despite
the
authors
'
evident
interest
in
games
.
Early
cards
were
individually
hand-made
and
painted
,
which
made
them
expensive
to
produce
and
may
at
first
have
restricted
the
market
to
the
well-to-do
.
Cheaper
products
for
everyday
use
are
well
attested
,
but
they
must
have
disintergrated
rapidly
and
been
thrown
away
in
thousands
daily
,
just
as
they
are
today
.
The
records
make
it
clear
that
cards
were
popular
at
all
levels
of
at
least
urban
society
throughout
the
15th
century
.
Some
old
theories
,
now
discredited
:
"
Cards
reached
Europe
from
China
in
or
following
the
13th
century
voyages
of
Marco
Polo
"
.
True
,
the
Chinese
did
have
cards
,
but
trade
with
them
had
petered
out
long
before
playing-cards
were
described
as
new
in
Europe
.
Also
Chinese
cards
are
too
different
in
kind
to
have
been
directly
ancestral
to
the
European
model
.
"
Cards
were
found
in
the
baggage
of
crusaders
returning
from
the
east
"
is
unsupported
guesswork
.
Crusading
was
effectively
over
by
1300
and
cards
were
not
mentioned
in
Europe
before
1371
.
"
They
were
introduced
by
the
gypsies
"
.
No
,
gypsies
appeared
in
Europe
some
40
years
after
cards
.
"
They
are
derived
from
a
Persian
poker-like
game
called
`
As-Nas
'
"
.
As-Nas
is
not
recorded
earlier
than
the
17th
century
.
"
Cards
are
based
on
Indian
4-sided
chess
"
.
This
idea
has
failed
to
win
support
since
it
does
not
mesh
well
with
generally
accepted
historical
outlines
.
"
Cards
were
invented
by
Gringonneur
for
the
amusement
of
a
mad
king
(
Charles
VI
of
France
)
"
.
This
is
quite
gratuitous
.
Subject
:
3.6
Is
it
true
that
Tarot
cards
have
very
ancient
origins
?
The
following
information
was
posted
to
the
net
by
John
McLeod
.
Tarot
cards
were
invented
in
Renaissance
Italy
in
the
early
15th
century
(
probably
some
time
between
1410
and
1430
)
.
The
idea
was
to
extend
the
already
existing
four-suited
deck
by
adding
special
cards
which
could
beat
any
card
of
the
four
ordinary
suits
.
These
extra
cards
and
the
game
played
with
the
extended
pack
were
called
"
trionfi
"
(
triumphs
)
,
from
which
our
word
trumps
is
derived
.
From
the
16th
century
onwards
the
game
and
cards
came
to
be
known
by
the
alternative
name
tarocco
(
of
unknown
etymology
)
.
When
the
game
spread
to
France
,
Switzerland
and
Germany
,
the
word
Tarocco
became
Tarot
in
French
and
Tarok
in
German
(
various
alternative
spellings
are
found
)
.
After
some
initial
experiments
with
number
of
trumps
and
number
of
cards
per
suit
,
by
the
end
of
the
15th
century
the
78
card
pack
with
21
trumps
,
14
cards
per
suit
and
a
fool
had
become
fairly
standard
,
though
with
some
variations
in
the
ordering
of
the
trumps
.
62
card
packs
(
10
cards
per
suit
)
and
97
card
packs
(
40
trumps
)
also
existed
and
survived
to
the
20th
century
.
Until
the
18th
century
(
i.e.
for
the
first
350
years
of
the
existence
of
Tarot
cards
)
the
suits
used
were
always
the
standard
Latin
(
Italian
)
suits
,
the
same
as
in
the
original
four-suited
pack
.
These
suits
were
and
are
:
"
spade
"
(
swords
)
,
"
bastoni
"
(
batons
)
,
"
coppe
"
(
cups
)
,
"
denari
"
(
coins
)
.
The
only
variations
I
know
of
are
that
the
coins
suit
was
and
is
sometimes
called
"
ori
"
(
gold
)
and
that
"
bastoni
"
is
often
translated
as
clubs
rather
than
batons
-
in
some
designs
of
cards
the
suit-marks
look
more
like
ceremonial
batons
;
in
others
they
are
rough
wooden
clubs
.
In
the
18th
century
the
Germans
took
the
practical
step
of
replacing
the
Italian
suits
by
the
French
suits
of
spades
,
clubs
,
hearts
and
diamonds
,
and
placing
more
prominent
numerals
(
Arabic
or
Roman
)
on
the
trumps
for
easy
identification
.
The
Austrians
and
French
later
did
likewise
,
but
in
Italy
and
parts
of
Switzerland
Italian
suited
Tarot
cards
are
still
used
.
From
the
late
18th
century
,
occultists
became
interested
in
Tarot
cards
and
began
to
revise
the
designs
and
terminology
to
suit
their
purposes
and
theories
.
Some
of
them
introduced
the
term
"
major
arcana
"
for
the
trumps
,
some
transformed
the
coins
and
batons
into
pentacles
and
wands
,
and
some
adjusted
the
names
and
in
some
cases
the
sequence
of
the
trumps
.
Reference
for
the
early
history
of
Tarot
cards
:
Michael
Dummett
:
Il
Mondo
e
l'Angelo
(
Bibliopolis
,
Naples
,
1993
)
ISBN
88-7088-272-1
or
if
you
do
not
like
reading
Italian
there
is
a
book
in
English
(
though
now
slightly
out
of
date
and
sadly
out
of
print
)
:
Michael
Dummett
:
The
Game
of
Tarot
(
Duckworth
,
London
,
1980
)
ISBN
0-7156-1014-7
When
card
players
see
writing
about
Tarot
using
the
terms
"
major
arcana
"
and
"
pentacles
"
in
place
of
trumps
and
coins
they
tend
to
assume
that
the
writer
comes
from
the
occult
tradition
,
and
is
probably
more
interested
in
divination
than
in
playing
card
games
.
Here
in
Britain
you
can
get
French
Tarot
packs
for
about
4
UK
pounds
(
around
$
6
)
each
.
I
guess
they
are
slightly
cheaper
if
you
buy
them
in
France
.
Looking
at
Roddy
Somerville
's
mail
order
catalogue
at
http://www.playingcardsales.co.uk/cards
we
see
two
makes
of
78
card
pack
available
for
less
than
4
pounds
:
11042
French
Pattern
Tarot
ã3.95
Belgium
Carta
Mundi
11064
French
Pattern
Tarot
(
403782
)
ã3.95
France
France
Cartes
Subject
:
3.7
Societies
for
people
with
an
interest
in
playing-cards
See
page
:
Playing-Card
Societies
Subject
:
3.8
Museums
with
interesting
collections
of
playing-cards
See
page
:
Museums
Subject
:
3.9
Books
about
playing-cards
There
are
thousands
of
books
on
playing-cards
,
a
high
proportion
of
which
have
been
written
on
games
played
with
cards
rather
than
cards
per
se
.
As
an
example
,
the
Bodleian
Library
in
Oxford
houses
the
Jessel
collection
which
consists
of
3,500
books
on
playing-card
games
.
If
it
is
the
cards
per
se
which
are
of
interest
to
you
,
then
there
has
been
a
remarkable
rise
in
the
level
of
scholarship
in
the
published
works
on
this
topic
during
the
last
quarter
of
the
20th
century
.
Older
,
less
accurate
works
nevertheless
have
an
historical
interest
--
but
may
confuse
the
beginner
in
this
field
.
Other
printed
sources
of
information
besides
books
should
not
be
overlooked
.
Exhibition
catalogues
usually
have
many
excellent
illustrations
and
detailed
information
on
the
cards
within
,
as
do
dealers
'
catalogues
.
Manufacturers
'
sample
books
have
provided
valuable
information
for
a
particular
maker
.
There
is
a
comprehensive
list
of
books
in
the
bibliography
.
What
follows
is
a
starter
list
of
the
most
essential
references
.
They
are
not
necessarily
all
books
of
high
scholarship
,
but
may
be
the
only
books
which
illustrate
the
cards
of
a
particular
country
in
a
systematic
way
.
They
are
the
reference
works
which
postal
auctions
and
dealers
will
refer
to
to
identify
a
particular
pack
.
ESSENTIAL
BOOK
LIST
[
finish
]
Subject
:
4
Collecting
Subject
:
4.1
I
collect
playing-cards
;
where
should
I
look
to
buy
them
?
Ordinary
sources
are
stationery
shops
,
but
these
will
normally
be
standard
(
though
one
can
be
pleasantly
surprised
sometimes
when
an
unusual
deck
is
found
there
)
.
The
various
Societies
(
see
section
3.7
)
carry
announcements
of
available
decks
and
advertisements
by
dealers
.
The
CPCC
offers
a
service
to
its
members
by
purchasing
decks
not
easily
available
,
and
placing
them
on
sale
at
reasonable
prices
.
In
addition
,
there
are
card
auctions
offering
historical
and
unusual
decks
(
as
well
as
individual
cards
for
those
who
collect
specific
subjects
)
;
once
it
is
known
you
are
a
collector
,
the
dealers
will
either
send
you
auction
catalogs
or
send
you
an
order
form
to
purchase
them
.
If
you
travel
,
souvenir
cards
are
available
at
novelty
shops
,
and
many
airport
kiosks
have
them
also
.
A
very
good
source
is
other
collectors
,
who
may
wish
to
trade
their
duplicates
or
unwanted
material
;
much
of
this
is
done
at
club
meetings
.
Here
is
a
short
list
of
dealers
to
get
you
started
.
Note
that
I
am
not
necessarily
advocating
their
services
;
they
advertise
in
the
specialised
journals
read
by
collectors
:
Name
:
R.
Somerville
(
Playing
Cards
)
Prop
:
Roderick
Somerville
(
reads/writes
French
,
Italian
,
reads
Spanish
)
Address
:
Place
de
la
Mairie
F-31420
Alan
FRANCE
Tel
:
+33
(
0)5
61
98
76
61
Fax
:
+33
(
0)5
61
98
76
10
URL
:
http://www.playingcardsales.co.uk
Somervilles
deals
in
new
cards
and
now
has
around
2,000
packs
in
stock
from
all
over
the
world
.
For
18
years
he
ran
the
most
amazing
shop
in
Edinburgh
's
Royal
Mile
but
has
recently
relocated
to
South-Western
France
to
concentrate
on
mail
order
.
Occasionally
has
antique
cards
to
sell
.
Does
mail
order
,
world
wide
exports
,
retail
and
wholesale
.
Has
catalogue
of
"
standard
"
cards
in
English
.
Name
:
InterCol
London
Prop
:
Yasha
Beresiner
(
reads/writes
French
,
Italian
,
Spanish
,
Hebrew
,
Turkish
)
Address
:
43
Templars
Crescent
LONDON
N3
3QR
England
Tel
:
+44
20
8349
2207
Fax
:
+44
20
8346
9539
E-mail
:
yasha@compuserve.com
URL
:
http://www.intercol.co.uk
/
InterCol
deals
in
new
and
antique
cards
both
by
mail
order
and
from
his
gallery
in
London
's
famous
Camden
Passage
on
Wednesdays
and
Saturdays
(
address
114
Islington
High
Street
,
London
N1
,
Tel
:
+44
20
7354
2599
)
.
Produces
a
catalogue
at
irregular
intervals
in
English
text
.
Also
deals
in
banknotes
,
old
maps
and
ephemera
.
Name
:
Kendal
Playing
Card
Sales
Prop
:
Lorna
and
Maurice
Collett
(
reads
German
,
French
,
Italian
)
Address
:
3
Oakbank
House
Skelsmergh
KENDAL
Cumbria
LA8
9AJ
England
Tel
:
+44
1539
722055
Fax
:
-
E-mail
:
-
Dealers
in
old
and
unusual
cards
by
mail
order
.
Fixed
price
list
issued
at
irregular
intervals
.
Send
International
Reply
Coupon
or
$
1.00
bill
for
list
.
Name
:
HAVA
GETZ
IMAGES
Prop
:
Hava
Getz
(
speaks
English
,
Hebrew
,
and
Thai
)
P.O.
Box
6
Markfield
LEICESTER
LE67
9ZY
United
Kingdom
Tel
:
+44
1530
244354
Fax
:
+44
1530
244354
E-mail
:
hgimages@dircon.co.uk
URL
:
http://www.hgimages.dircon.co.uk
/
Hava
deals
by
mail
,
and
,
although
a
beginner
,
has
a
large
stock
of
playing-cards
,
producing
several
lists
,
and
also
deals
with
many
other
types
of
collectibles
for
which
lists
are
also
available
.
Name
:
MGM/Joker
KG
Prop
:
?
Address
:
Stiglmaierplatz
2
D-80333
MUNCHEN
Germany
Tel
:
+49
89/52
33
660
&
52
34
362
Fax
:
+49
89/52
53
93
E-mail
:
kontakt@mgm-joker.de
URL
:
http://www.muenzgalerie.de/spielkarten/spiel_index_gb.htm
MGM
deal
mainly
in
superior
antique
cards
but
also
handle
new
cards
(
especially
tarots
)
.
Can
sign
up
for
a
beautifully
produced
catalogue
which
is
published
twice
a
year
with
text
in
German
and
English
(
if
you
do
n't
order
anything
you
must
pay
for
the
catalogue
to
receive
the
next
)
.
Will
also
respond
to
requests
for
cards
in
stock
via
fax
(
which
is
easier
for
non-speakers
of
German
)
.
Also
deals
in
coins
and
banknotes
,
etc.
Name
:
Cartorama
Prop
:
Jean
Darquenne
(
reads/writes
English
,
French
,
reads
Dutch
,
Italian
,
Spanish
)
Address
:
Oberdorf
23
D-37308
Krombach
Germany
Tel
:
+49-36082
48200
Fax
:
+49-36082
48201
E-mail
:
cartorama@CARTORAMA.de
URL
:
http://www.cartorama.de
/
Deals
in
superior
antique
cards
and
paper
ephemera
by
mail
order
and
produces
a
well-illustrated
catalogue
in
German
and
English
at
regular
intervals
(
again
,
if
you
do
n't
buy
anything
you
must
pay
for
the
catalogue
which
is
ã10
or
$
20
)
.
Name
:
Iris
Mundus
Prop
:
Salvador
Tena
Fuentes
(
reads/writes
French
,
English
,
Italian
)
Address
:
Manoel
de
Falla
29
E-08034
Barcelona
Spain
Tel
:
+34
203
55
15
/
203
28
84
Fax
:
-
E-mail
:
-
Deals
by
post
and
at
premises
in
cards
of
all
kinds
and
produces
well
illustrated
catalogues
(
Spanish
text
)
at
regular
intervals
.
Name
:
Madame
Monique
Gillet
Prop
:
Madame
Monique
Gillet
(
reads/writes
French
,
English
,
German
)
Address
:
Chemin
du
Mottey
3
CH-1020
Renens
Switzerland
Tel
:
+41-21-25
76
70
Fax
:
-
E-mail
:
monique.gillet@bluewin.ch
Deals
by
post
in
cards
produced
from
1950-1986
.
Send
SFr
.
15
for
a
catalogue
.
Name
:
Ind
Kraft
Prop
:
D.M.
Parikh
(
reads/writes
English
)
Address
:
1
Tuckers
Lane
Madras
600001
India
Tel
:
+91
44
522
2222
Fax
:
+91
44
522
7993
E-mail
:
indkraft@yahoo.com
Specialises
in
the
manufacture
and
sale
of
hand-painted
Indian
playing-cards
.
Name
:
Kardwell
International
Address
:
PO
Box
775
Orient
NY
11957-0775
USA
Tel
:
+1-516-323
3880
(
or
freephone
1-800-233-0828
)
Fax
:
+1-516-323
3904
E-mail
:
KemCards@KEM.COM
URL
:
http://www.kardwell.com
/
Retail
and
wholesale
gaming
supplies
vendor
.
Sells
cards
,
card
tables
,
poker
chips
,
etc.
,
etc.
Will
supply
catalogue
on
request
.
Does
custom
back
designs
.
Avoid
www.newtscards.com
unless
you
live
within
the
USA
.
They
will
not
accept
orders
whose
credit
card
information
is
not
for
a
USA
address
and
will
not
ship
outside
of
the
USA
--
but
they
do
n't
tell
you
this
until
you
try
to
register
.
Subject
:
4.2
How
do
I
store
my
collection
of
playing-cards
?
[
This
section
has
yet
to
be
written.
]
Subject
:
4.3
How
do
I
display
my
collection
of
playing-cards
?
[
This
section
has
yet
to
be
written.
]
Subject
:
4.4
How
do
I
date
a
pack
?
Well
,
there
's
carbon
dating
,
but
this
is
somewhat
destructive
and
expensive
for
the
average
pack
which
comes
the
way
of
a
collector
:->
.
Failing
that
there
are
a
number
of
indications
which
could
be
helpful
.
4.4.1
Appearance
:
The
first
is
obviously
appearance
--
tempered
with
some
words
of
caution
from
Sylvia
Mann
(
from
"
collecting
Playing
Cards
"
)
:
"
The
problem
of
dating
cards
is
always
a
headache
for
the
collector
,
paricularly
as
one
must
inevitably
rely
on
one
's
own
knowledge
and
judgement
.
As
regards
Italy
,
the
problem
is
complicated
by
the
fact
that
,
of
all
card-players
throughout
the
world
,
the
Italians
are
by
far
the
most
violent
,
and
a
pack
of
modern
cards
can
have
an
almost
antique
appearance
at
the
end
of
a
short
train
journey
.
"
Remember
also
,
that
certain
designs
returned
into
fashion
many
years
after
being
originally
issued
and
were
therefore
re-issued
as
facsimiles
.
Plus
,
instances
of
deliberate
faking
are
not
unknown
.
4.4.2
Suit
system
in
use
:
The
first
European
suit
systems
were
Italian
and
Spanish
.
Local
manufacturers
in
the
late
14th
and
early
15th
century
invented
suits
and
courtly
figures
at
whim
.
Not
until
the
latter
part
of
the
15th
century
did
standardized
versions
of
the
major
national
packs
start
to
emerge
from
the
designers
'
anarchy
.
Nearly
all
the
suitmarks
of
traditional
Swiss
and
German
packs
appear
individually
before
1450
and
in
complete
systems
perhaps
by
1475
.
Spades
,
hearts
,
clubs
and
diamonds
first
appeared
in
France
about
1480
.
No
one
knows
when
cards
first
reached
England
;
Chaucer
(
1343-1400
)
makes
no
mention
of
them
despite
his
interest
in
games
and
his
(
and
others
'
)
familiarity
with
France
and
matters
French
.
Cards
were
mentioned
in
one
of
the
Paston
letters
.
No
unquestionably
English
games
is
mentioned
before
the
1520s
,
and
the
oldest
surviving
English
cards
date
from
1590
hence
the
earliest
English
cards
bore
the
Latin
suitmark
of
swords
,
clubs
,
cups
and
coins
.
4.4.3
Manufacturer
's
marks
:
Playing-card
makers
usually
stamped
their
work
with
their
name
or
a
trademark
,
thus
looking
up
the
maker
in
one
of
the
references
(
see
the
Bibliography
section
above
)
gives
a
possible
range
of
dates
.
The
names
,
addresses
and
trademarks
of
the
companies
tended
to
change
over
time
,
e.g.
the
English
maker
Hall
was
active
between
1802
and
1806
;
thereafter
the
cards
were
stamped
"
Hall
&
Son
"
.
4.4.4
Edges
on
Italian
cards
:
Italian
cards
were
originally
made
with
the
back
folded
over
and
stuck
down
to
form
a
border
on
the
face
of
the
card
to
protect
its
edges
(
cards
were
always
made
by
pasting
several
layers
of
paper
together
,
and
tended
to
fall
apart
with
use
)
.
This
practice
was
also
taken
up
by
Spanish-suited
cards
;
it
persisted
longer
in
some
parts
of
Italy
than
in
others
.
The
last
Italian
pack
to
be
issued
with
turnover
edges
was
published
in
1957
;
prior
to
that
the
practice
had
ceased
c.1930
.
4.4.5
Corners
:
Rounded
corners
(
unless
rounded
by
enthusiastic
use
)
were
not
known
before
c.1875
.
4.4.6
Single-
or
double-ended
?
:
Early
cards
were
single-ended
.
Double-ended
cards
originated
in
the
later
18th
century
,
and
spread
slowly
from
one
standard
pattern
to
another
,
rather
than
from
country
to
country
;
some
standard
patterns
,
such
as
the
Neapolitan
and
Sicilian
,
have
not
adopted
it
yet
.
Amongst
the
earliest
pack
to
go
double-headed
was
the
Tarocco
Bolognese
;
and
,
although
single-ended
French-suited
Tarot
packs
were
produced
up
to
about
1840
,
double-headed
ones
appeared
as
early
as
1780
.
The
earliest
double-headed
French-suited
regular
pack
was
produced
in
Austria
in
the
late
18th
century
,
and
,
among
Italian-suited
packs
,
those
using
the
Venetian
pattern
assumed
a
double-headed
form
at
about
the
same
time
.
The
Paris
pattern
,
used
throughout
france
,
became
double-headed
in
1827
,
and
by
1830
double-headed
cards
were
more
common
than
single-ended
ones
in
most
European
countries
.
Britain
and
the
USA
lagged
behind
other
Western
countries
in
this
matter
:
double-headed
cards
first
appeared
in
England
soon
after
1850
,
and
became
established
only
in
the
1860s
;
in
the
United
States
the
earliest
example
is
from
1861
,
but
the
form
took
root
only
in
the
1870s
.
(
source
is
Michael
Dummett
's
"
The
Game
of
Tarot
"
)
4.4.7
Backs
:
In
England
and
the
USA
decorated
card
backs
were
a
mid
19th
century
phenomenon
,
having
previously
been
plain
.
In
other
countries
patterned
backs
have
been
in
use
for
far
longer
.
4.4.8
Printing
processes
:
Apart
from
the
early
non-standard
engraved
cards
which
were
black
and
white
and
had
illustrations
on
each
card
,
most
playing-cards
until
the
mid
19th
century
were
made
from
wood-blocks
and
were
hand-coloured
by
stencil
.
Some
countries
,
however
,
continued
to
use
this
printing
method
until
the
20th
century
.
By
and
large
,
though
,
playing-card
makers
adopted
new
printing
methods
shortly
after
they
were
introduced
,
included
lithography
,
photolithography
,
photogravure
,
etc.
The
standard
work
in
Britain
to
help
identify
a
printing
process
from
its
appearance
is
How
to
Identify
Prints
by
Bamber
Gascoigne
(
ISBN
0-500-23454-X
,
1986
and
still
in
print
)
.
4.4.9
Indexes
:
From
about
the
mid
19th
century
many
(
not
all
)
cards
make
their
values
clearly
distinguishable
if
held
in
the
`
fan
'
position
by
index
letters
and
numerals
at
the
corners
.
They
are
an
American
invention
from
shortly
before
1870
.
They
were
adopted
in
most
European
countries
in
the
1890s
,
though
Austria
and
Italy
have
been
resistant
.
4.4.10
Jokers
:
The
`
Best
Bower
'
was
invented
for
use
in
the
game
of
Euchre
in
which
two
of
the
Jacks
are
named
Right
and
Left
Bower
;
this
happened
during
the
1860s
in
the
USA
.
`
Bower
'
is
a
corruption
of
the
German
word
`
Bauer
'
used
in
Alsace
,
from
where
Euchre
or
Juker
originated
as
the
ordinary
word
for
`
Jack
'
.
This
card
evolved
into
the
Joker
during
the
1870s
.
The
Joker
arrived
in
Europe
in
the
1880s
along
with
the
game
of
Poker
.
It
was
gradually
incorporated
into
French-suited
packs
with
52
cards
.
4.4.11
Tax
stamps
:
Remember
that
tax
stamps
on
cards
have
an
area
of
inaccuracy
ranging
between
zero
and
50
years
or
more
since
old
stocks
of
cards
may
not
have
been
released
for
many
years
;
the
blocks
may
be
reused
time
and
again
,
or
even
sold
to
another
maker
.
For
example
,
a
Trappola
pack
made
in
Stralsund
c.1885
reappeared
1936-9
with
an
Altenburg
tax
stamp
of
the
Nazi
period
.
There
is
much
information
regarding
tax
stamps
spread
among
many
sources
.
See
the
tax
stamps
page
,
a
guide
to
information
sources
compiled
by
Peter
Endebrock.
[
end
of
section
on
tax
stamps
]
Finally
,
more
words
from
Sylvia
Mann
(
from
"
Collecting
Playing
Cards
"
)
:
"
Identification
of
cards
can
only
be
a
matter
of
perseverance
and
practice
.
"
Subject
:
4.5
How
do
I
find
out
the
value
of
a
pack
?
In
the
same
way
that
you
would
value
any
other
item
;
a
thing
is
worth
what
someone
will
pay
for
it
.
First
you
have
to
clearly
identify
the
pack
.
A
rare
item
will
command
a
higher
price
than
one
which
is
common
.
A
complete
pack
will
command
a
higher
price
than
one
which
has
cards
missing
.
A
pack
with
all
cards
in
good
condition
will
command
a
higher
price
than
one
which
has
been
much
played
with
and
is
worn
or
which
has
been
defaced
or
torn
.
Packs
which
are
inherently
`
pretty
'
(
such
as
transformation
decks
,
or
packs
with
beautiful
designs
executed
in
many
colours
and
gilding
)
will
command
a
higher
price
than
those
which
are
visually
unremarkable
.
Packs
produced
in
rare
circumstances
are
also
more
valuable
(
such
as
those
produced
during
the
fervour
of
the
French
Revolution
when
card-makers
hacked
away
the
crowns
of
the
court
cards
on
their
wood-blocks
)
.
Those
who
earn
a
living
from
dealing
in
cards
professionally
are
well-versed
in
all
aspects
of
playing-card
history
and
often
have
an
encyclopedic
knowledge
of
makers
and
tax
stamps
and
other
pointers
to
a
pack
's
age
.
They
will
also
be
aware
of
a
pack
's
relative
scarcity
.
They
will
attend
the
major
(
and
minor
)
auctions
where
playing-cards
are
sold
and
will
make
notes
on
the
value
they
realise
.
They
will
buy
packs
which
they
can
sell
for
a
profit
and
have
a
clear
idea
of
a
figure
they
will
be
able
to
realise
on
their
sale
.
Anyone
willing
to
apply
the
necessary
time
and
energy
to
these
matters
will
eventually
accumulate
the
necessary
knowledge
to
be
able
to
value
cards
.
If
you
do
n't
have
the
time
yourself
,
then
it
may
be
worth
your
while
to
pay
a
professional
to
value
the
items
for
you
.
Another
good
way
to
see
what
other
people
are
being
offered
for
their
cards
is
to
check
out
the
online
playing-card
auctions
on
Ebay
.
Another
approach
is
to
take
a
few
of
your
packs
along
to
your
local
society
meeting
(
see
section
3.7
)
.
There
are
likely
to
be
experts
present
(
amateur
or
professional
)
who
would
be
willing
to
offer
an
opinion
.
If
your
packs
are
rare
then
you
also
offer
fellow
collectors
a
chance
to
view
cards
that
they
may
otherwise
never
see
.
Subject
:
4.6
How
do
I
turn
an
idea
for
a
pack
into
reality
?
For
customised
fronts
I
cannot
speak
from
experience
other
than
by
the
artists
's
hand
printed
via
your
friendly
local
offset
printer
.
This
will
not
produce
"
professional
looking
"
(
i.e.
plastic-coated
cards
with
rounded
corners
and
"
playable
"
with
)
cards
.
The
mainstream
European
card
printers
(
such
as
Carta
Mundi
in
Belgium
)
will
require
a
large
print
run
before
printing
an
individual
's
design
becomes
an
economic
proposition
.
For
those
living
in
the
UK
there
are
two
printers
with
the
appropriate
equipment
to
produce
professional
playing-cards
.
These
are
:
Games
and
Print
Services
based
in
Canvey
Island
,
Essex
.
This
link
gives
details
of
their
portfolio
of
backs
and
fronts
to
select
from
.
They
can
also
do
completely
customised
cards
and
an
estimate
form
can
be
filled
in
via
their
web
page
.
Richard
Edward
Ltd.
,
based
in
London
.
Contact
details
are
:
Richard
Edward
Ltd.
151
Nathan
Way
London
SE28
0AB
Tel
:
020
8311
8888
URL
:
http://www.richard-edward.com
Gunther
Anderson
(
gunther@world.std.com
)
has
offered
the
following
thoughts
:
I
have
no
personal
experience
with
publishing
playing
cards
in
any
form
.
I
'm
daydreamed
about
it
,
but
never
pursued
anything
.
So
that
means
I
could
n't
tell
you
how
good
or
bad
anyone
is
.
Do
,
definitely
,
give
a
call
to
your
local
printers
and
specialty
promotions
companies
,
to
see
what
they
can
offer
you
.
Have
a
good
idea
in
your
head
beforehand
what
you
want
,
though
.
The
questions
they
're
going
to
ask
are
:
Do
you
have
a
special
design
for
the
backs
?
How
many
special
faces
do
you
have
(
i.e.
only
the
"
face
cards
"
would
amount
to
12
special
cards.
)
How
many
colors
do
you
want
for
the
backs
?
For
the
faces
?
What
kind
of
artwork
will
you
be
providing
?
How
many
decks
do
you
want
?
I
've
never
seen
anywhere
that
did
runs
of
less
than
300
,
and
you
only
start
to
see
good
prices
around
1,000
.
As
a
hypothetical
sort
of
deck
,
imagine
I
wanted
to
do
a
deck
of
cards
with
drawings
about
the
work
of
Poe
.
My
answers
would
be
:
Special
back
design
,
2
colors
(
black
and
red
,
with
white
not
counting
)
.
54
face
designs
(
52
cards
+
2
jokers
)
,
3
colors
(
black
,
red
and
green
)
.
I
will
be
providing
color-separated
print-outs
at
5X
size
(
actually
,
I
have
no
idea
what
sort
of
artwork
they
want
,
so
I
recommend
asking
,
"
Well
,
what
would
you
like
?
"
)
.
Let
's
do
a
run
of
500
,
and
watch
me
lose
lots
of
money
trying
to
sell
them
.
Another
hypothetical
deck
would
be
pictures
of
16
members
of
my
immediate
family
.
1-color
backs
with
a
family
crest
,
16
special
faces
(
JQKA
in
all
four
suits
)
,
in
4-color
half-tone
,
which
means
,
really
,
full
color
.
I
had
better
supply
them
with
the
separations
myself
.
If
this
route
is
a
bit
involved
,
you
might
consider
buying
decks
of
blank
cards
,
and
trying
to
handle
the
decoration
personally
.
Hey
,
it
'd
be
a
neat
unit
on
block
printing
...
I
know
for
a
fact
that
Mabel
's
House
of
Music
sells
blank
cards
,
but
I
'm
sure
other
people
do
as
well
.
I
just
like
Mabel
's
:
http://www.mabels.com
/
.
Finally
,
if
you
do
n't
find
what
you
want
locally
,
try
this
place
.
Promotionalproducts.com
is
a
collective
of
local
advertising
resale
houses
.
Start
at
Promotionalproducts.com
Click
on
"
Search
for
Products
"
Click
on
"
Location
"
Pick
your
closest
location
,
city
,
metropolitan
area
,
what
have
you
.
Pick
a
place
.
Click
on
"
Product
By
Category
"
Click
on
"
Cards
-
Playing
"
Look
over
their
offerings
.
Last
I
looked
,
"
Liberty
"
was
the
only
product
line
which
supported
custom
faces
.
The
rest
are
all
just
custom
backs
.
When
you
look
at
their
pricing
,
you
'll
see
that
your
decks
will
run
,
for
full-color
,
54-card
decks
with
all
special
faces
,
about
$
6
apiece
in
quantity
.
They
're
not
cheap
,
but
perhaps
you
can
make
sense
of
it
.
Message
received
from
Melissa
Norsten
(
mnorsten@uswest.net
)
,
11th
November
2000
:
Besides
Liberty
,
there
are
several
playing
card
maufacturers
in
the
United
States
that
will
customize
both
the
backs
and
faces
of
playing
cards
.
Two
smaller
manufacturers
are
Apollo
and
Gemaco
.
Three
larger
maufacturers
are
Hoyle
,
Paulson
and
U.
S.
Playing
Cards
.
Minimums
to
produce
vary
with
manufactuer
.
Some
will
go
as
low
as
400
decks
,
while
others
will
not
consider
an
order
less
than
5,000
.
The
questions
that
you
listed
are
a
good
beginning
for
the
information
that
a
manufacturer
will
need
to
provide
a
quote
for
custom
decks
.
Most
will
prefer
that
the
art
is
in
digital
form
and
can
provide
their
specifications
.
Subject
:
4.7
Where
do
I
go
to
get
cards
backs
printed
with
my
custom
design
?
Kardwell
International
and
GEMACO
offer
customised
backs
as
one
of
their
services
.
Kardwell
International
Address
:
PO
Box
775
Orient
NY
11957-0775
Tel
:
+1-516-323
3880
(
or
freephone
1-800-233-0828
)
Fax
:
+1-516-323
3904
E-mail
:
KemCards@KEM.COM
URL
:
http://www.kardwell.com
/
GEMACO
Playing
Card
Company
Address
:
2925
N.
7
Hwy
Blue
Springs
MO
64014
Tel
:
+1-816-220
1300
(
or
freephone
1-800-227-3765
)
Fax
:
+1-816-220
1884
E-mail
:
jfitzhugh@Gemacocards.com
URL
:
http://www.gemacocards.com
/
See
also
section
4.6
above
.
Subject
:
5
GAMES
Answers
to
several
of
the
following
questions
can
be
found
on
the
Card
Games
site
,
which
is
edited
by
John
McLeod
.
Subject
:
5.1
History
,
Types
and
Distribution
of
Card
Games
The
best
general
reference
on
this
is
David
's
Parlett
'
s
book
The
Oxford
Guide
to
Card
Games
(
Oxford
University
Press
1990
)
.
This
has
been
reprinted
by
the
same
publisher
,
without
illustrations
,
under
the
title
A
History
of
Card
Games
.
5.1.1
How
many
different
card
games
are
there
?
It
depends
what
you
count
as
different
-
what
you
might
see
as
two
different
games
,
I
might
count
as
two
variations
of
the
same
game
.
It
is
also
common
to
find
the
same
game
going
under
many
different
names
.
Depending
on
what
you
count
as
a
game
,
a
rough
estimate
would
be
that
there
are
between
1,000
and
10,000
games
.
An
classification
of
the
main
types
of
card
games
can
be
found
on
the
classified
index
page
of
the
Card
Games
site
.
5.1.2
What
were
the
earliest
card
games
?
As
with
questions
about
the
origins
of
playing
cards
,
this
question
cannot
be
answered
with
certainty
.
In
fact
the
situation
is
more
uncertain
for
the
games
than
for
the
cards
they
were
played
with
.
Although
a
few
packs
of
very
early
playing-cards
survive
there
is
practically
no
European
literature
giving
detailed
descriptions
of
how
to
play
any
card
games
before
the
17th
century
,
some
250
years
after
their
introduction
into
Europe
.
We
can
therefore
only
rely
on
fragmentary
references
,
and
reconstructions
based
on
later
games
.
It
seems
likely
that
the
earliest
European
card
games
included
trick
taking
games
without
trumps
and
hand
comparison
games
.
Trumps
were
introduced
in
the
fifteenth
century
.
The
earliest
known
games
with
trumps
are
Karnöffel
and
Tarot
(
which
was
originally
known
as
Trionfi
).
5.1.3
What
card
games
are
played
in
xxxxx
country
or
region
?
For
some
countries
,
this
question
is
answered
on
the
national
and
regional
card
games
page
of
the
card
games
site
.
5.1.4
What
games
are
played
with
Tarot
cards
?
See
the
Tarot
section
in
the
card
games
site
.
The
standard
reference
on
this
is
Michael
Dummett
'
s
book
The
Game
of
Tarot
(
Duckworth
1980
)
.
5.1.5
I
have
a
pack
of
yyyyy
cards
.
What
games
are
usually
played
with
them
?
For
many
types
of
cards
,
this
question
is
answered
on
the
national
and
regional
card
games
page
of
the
card
games
site
.
Subject
:
5.2
Rules
of
Games
;
Playing
Games
5.2.1
Who
was
Hoyle
?
Edmond
Hoyle
,
who
died
in
London
in
1769
,
wrote
a
highly
successful
Short
Treatise
on
the
Game
of
Whist
,
containing
the
laws
of
the
game
;
and
also
some
Rules
whereby
a
Beginner
may
,
with
due
attention
to
them
,
attain
to
the
Playing
it
well
...
He
followed
this
with
similar
treatises
on
other
games
:
Backgammon
,
Piquet
,
Quadrille
and
Chess
.
These
books
were
widely
pirated
and
plagiarised
,
and
after
his
death
the
name
of
Hoyle
came
to
be
attached
to
compendiums
of
games
from
a
wide
variety
of
publishers
and
authors
.
This
continues
to
this
day
,
though
the
books
no
longer
have
any
connection
with
Hoyle
's
original
works
and
contain
mostly
games
which
Hoyle
could
never
have
heard
of
.
Hoyle
's
name
is
used
,
especially
in
the
USA
,
to
suggest
(
often
quite
spuriously
)
that
the
boo